60YearsoftheLoebSourirajanMembrane Principles,NewMaterials,Modelling,
Characterization,andApplications
Editedby Hui-HsinTseng
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,NationalChungHsingUniversity, Taichung,Taiwan
WoeiJyeLau
AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre(AMTEC),SchoolofChemical andEnergyEngineering,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,Skudai,Malaysia
MohammadA.Al-Ghouti EnvironmentalScienceProgram,DepartmentofBiologicaland EnvironmentalSciences,CollegeofArtsandSciences,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar
LiangAn DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheHongKong PolytechnicUniversity,HongKong,P.R.China
Elsevier
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Contents
Listofcontributors.................................................................................xvii
Abouttheeditors....................................................................................xxv
Preface..................................................................................................xxvii
Chapter1 Ionicliquid basedmembranesforgasseparation....................1 EijiKamio
1.1Introduction.........................................................................................1
1.1.1Ionicliquids............................................................................2
1.1.2Gaspermeabilityofroom-temperatureionic liquid basedmembranes.....................................................4
1.2Ionicliquid basedCO2 separationmembranes.............................8
1.2.1Supportedionicliquidmembranes....................................10
1.2.2Pressure-resistantionicliquid basedmembranes.........11
1.3CO2-reactiveionicliquid basedfacilitated-transport membranes.......................................................................................17
1.3.1DesignconceptsofCO2-reactiveionicliquidsand CO2 permeationmechanismsofCO2-reactiveionic liquid basedsupportedionicliquidmembranes.............17
1.3.2Amine-functionalizedionicliquid basedsupported ionicliquidmembranes.......................................................18
1.3.3Aminoacidionicliquid basedsupportedionicliquid membranes..........................................................................19
1.3.4Supportedionicliquidmembranescontainingaprotic heterocyclicanion basedionicliquids.............................21
1.3.5Supportedionicliquidmembranescontainingionic liquidswithcarboxylateanions...........................................22
1.4Iongelmembranescontainingtask-specificionicliquids...........23
1.4.1Iongelmembranescontainingaminoacidionic liquidsandaproticheterocyclicanion basedionic liquids....................................................................................23
1.4.2Iongelmembraneswithepoxyaminegelnetworks........25
1.5Conclusionandremarks.................................................................26 References................................................................................................26
Chapter2 Zwitterionicpolymersinbiofoulingandinorganicfouling mechanisms..................................................................................33 HaroutArabaghian,MengWang,JohnOrdonezand DeboraF.Rodrigues
2.1Introduction.......................................................................................33
2.2Zwitterionicmembranefabricationandcharacterization............37
2.2.1Graftingprocessesformembranemodification...............37
2.2.2Membranemodificationbyinsitumodification................42
2.3Zwitterionicpolymersandinorganicfouling.................................44
2.3.1Zwitterionicpolymersandionicinteractions.....................45
2.3.2MineralscalingonZI-modifiedmembranes.....................46
2.4Zwitterionicpolymersandorganicfouling....................................47
2.4.1TheMechanismsofzwitterionicpolymers’ resistance toorganicfouling.................................................................48
2.4.2Theenvironmentalconditionsandorganicfoulants thatinfluencezwitterionicpolymers..................................51
2.5Zwitterionicpolymersandbiofouling.............................................53
2.5.1Zwitterionicpolymersandtheirinteractionwith prokaryoticcells...................................................................56
2.5.2Zwitterionicpolymersandtheirinteractionwith eukaryoticcells....................................................................60
Chapter3 Recentadvancesin3Dprintedmembranesforwater applications....................................................................................71 WaeZinTan,ChaiHoonKoo,WoeiJyeLau,WoonChanChong andJingYuenTey
3.1Introduction.......................................................................................71
3.23Dprintingtechnologiesandclassification...................................73
3.2.1Directedenergydeposition.................................................74
3.2.2Materialjetting.....................................................................74
3.2.3Sheetlamination..................................................................76
3.2.4Binderjetting........................................................................76
3.2.5Materialextrusion................................................................76
3.2.6Powderbedfusion...............................................................77
3.2.7VatPhotopolymerization......................................................77
3.2.8Advantagesandlimitationsof3Dprintingmethods.........78
3.2.9Roleandtrendof3Dprintinginmembranetechnology forwaterapplications..........................................................78
3.3Applicationsof3Dprintinginmembranetechnology...................80
3.3.1Membranefabricationviadirect3Dprinting.....................81
3.3.2Membranesurfacemodificationviacoatingaidedby 3Dprinting............................................................................83
3.4Conclusionandfutureperspectives...............................................94 References................................................................................................94
Chapter4 A15-yearreviewofnovelmonomersforthin-filmcomposite membranefabricationforwaterapplications............................97 JohnOgbeOrigomisan,YingSiewKhoo,WoeiJyeLau, AhmadFauziIsmailandAdewaleAdewuyi
4.1Introduction.......................................................................................97
4.2Commercialthin-filmcompositemembranes............................100
4.3Novelaminemonomers................................................................101
4.3.1Monomersbearingonly NH2 ..........................................101
4.3.2MonomersBearing NH2/ OHand OH/ SO3.............108
4.3.3Monomersbearingmultiple hydroxylgroups...............110
4.3.4Monomersforimprovedchlorinestability.......................114
4.4Novelacylchloridemonomers.....................................................115
4.4.1Monomerswithsingle/dualCOCl.....................................118
4.4.2MonomerswiththreeCOCls.............................................119
4.4.3MonomerswithMultipleCOCls........................................122
4.5Comparisonofnovelthin-filmcompositemembraneswith commercialmembranes...............................................................123
4.6Conclusion......................................................................................125 References..............................................................................................126
Chapter5 Recentadvancesinhigh-performancemembranesfor vanadiumredoxflowbattery......................................................131 JiayeYe,JunSu,HuiyunLiandLidongSun
5.1Introduction.....................................................................................131
5.1.1Thedevelopmentofredoxflowbatteries........................131
5.1.2Theessentialroleofmembraneinavanadium redoxflowbattery..............................................................135
5.2Inorganicmodification...................................................................136
5.2.1Zero-dimensionalnanoparticles.......................................136
5.2.2One-dimensionalnanowires/nanotubes...........................140
5.2.3Two-dimensionalnanosheets/nanoplates.......................143
5.3Organicmodification......................................................................145
5.3.1Covalentmodification........................................................145
5.3.2Noncovalentmodification..................................................146
5.4Summaryandoutlook....................................................................148 References..............................................................................................148
Chapter6 Membranesforvanadium-airredoxflowbatteries.................155 XingyiShi,YandingBi,OladapoChristopherEsanand LiangAn
6.1Introduction.....................................................................................155
6.2Generaldescription........................................................................158
6.2.1Workingprinciples.............................................................158
6.2.2Functionalrequirementsofmembranes.........................158
6.3.1CommercialNafionmembranes......................................159
6.3.2Othermembranes..............................................................160
6.4Mechanismsandinfluencesofspeciescrossover......................164
6.4.1Oxygenpermeation............................................................164
6.4.2Vanadiumioncrossover....................................................166
6.4.3Watertransport..................................................................168
6.5Performance-enhancingstrategiesformembranes..................169
Chapter7 Carbonmembranefortheapplicationingasseparation: recentdevelopmentandprospects...........................................177 Yu-TingLin,Ming-YenWeyandHui-HsinTseng
7.1Introduction.....................................................................................177 7.2Designsofcarbonmembrane.......................................................180
7.2.1Geometricalclassifications...............................................180
7.2.2Precursorselectionforcarbonmembrane.....................182
7.2.3Preparationofpolymericmembrane...............................185
7.2.4Pyrolysisprocedure...........................................................188
7.2.5Methodsfortuningtheporedimension...........................190
7.2.6Moduleconstruction..........................................................193 7.3Gastransportmechanism.............................................................195
7.4.1Raman.................................................................................198
7.4.2X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy....................................198
7.4.3X-raydiffraction.................................................................199
7.4.4Focusedionbeamandtransmissionelectron microscopy..........................................................................200
7.5Overallperformancereviewforeachgaspair............................200
7.5.1Hydrogenpurification........................................................200
7.5.2Carbonsequestration........................................................203
7.5.3Airseparation.....................................................................205
7.5.4Naturalgassweetening.....................................................205
Chapter8 Metal-organicframeworkmembranesforgasseparation andpervaporation.......................................................................215 Dun-YenKang,Han-LunHung,Hsin-YuTsai,Jun-YuLaiand Ting-HsiangHung
8.1Introduction.....................................................................................215
8.2Fabricationofpuremetal-organicframeworkmembranes......216
8.3Metal-organicframeworkmembranesforgasseparations......220
8.4Computationaleffortsonmetal-organicframework membranesforgasseparations...................................................227
8.5Metal-organicframeworkmembranesforpervaporation..........230
8.6Conclusionsandoutlook...............................................................232 References..............................................................................................233
Chapter9 Advancedceramicmembranedesignforgasseparation andenergyapplication...............................................................239 TaoLi,MohamadFairusRabuni,UnalomeWetwatanaHartley andKangLi
9.1Introduction.....................................................................................239
9.1.1Micro-structuredceramicmembranes............................240
9.1.2Phaseinversion assistedfabrication..............................242
9.1.3Micro-channelformationandmicro-structure tailoring...............................................................................243
9.2Oxygen-permeablemembraneandmembranereactor.............245
9.2.1Oxygentransportinhigh-temperatureion conductors..........................................................................245
9.2.2Designofhigh-performanceoxygenpermeation membrane..........................................................................247
9.2.3Catalyticreactorbasedonoxygen-permeable membrane..........................................................................253
9.3Ceramicmembraneinenergyapplications.................................254
9.3.1Solidoxidefuelcell............................................................255
9.3.2Coextrusionoffunctionalmembranefor high-performancemicro-tubular-solidoxide fuelcells.............................................................................257
9.3.3Newmicro-monolithicsolidoxidefuelcelland utilizationofwastemethane.............................................258
9.4Conclusion......................................................................................263 References..............................................................................................264
Chapter10 Recentadvancesinlithium-ionbatteryseparatorswith enhancedsafety........................................................................269 WeiqiangLvandXingyiZhang
10.1Introduction...............................................................................269
10.2Self-shutdownseparators........................................................271
10.3Mechanicallystrongseparators..............................................273
10.3.1Increasingthetensilestrengthofseparators..........274
10.3.2Increasingthepuncturestrengthofseparators......278
10.4Nonflammableseparators.......................................................280
10.4.1Ceramic-coatedfibrousseparators..........................284
10.4.2Separatorswithflame-retardantadditives..............286
10.5All-solid-stateelectrolytes.......................................................289
10.5.1Solidpolymerelectrolytes.........................................289
10.5.2Inorganicall-solid-stateelectrolytes........................292
10.5.3Compositeorganic inorganicsolidelectrolytes.....295
10.6Futureperspectives..................................................................297 References...........................................................................................298
Chapter11 Silicon-basedsubnanoporousmembraneswithamorphous structures..................................................................................305 ToshinoriTsuru
11.1Introduction...............................................................................305
11.2Developmentofsubnanoporousmembranes.........................306
11.2.1Organosilicamembranes...........................................306
11.2.2Siliconcarbide basedmembranes..........................309
11.2.3Plasma-enhancedchemicalvapordeposition membranes.................................................................309
11.3Applicationsofmembraneforgasphaseseparation............311
11.3.1Applicationofsiliconoxide basedmembranes forgasseparation.......................................................311
11.3.2Applicationofsilicon-basednonoxidemembranes forgasseparation.......................................................314
11.3.3Applicationofmembranesforhigh-temperature watervaporrecovery..................................................314
11.4Applicationsofmembranesforsolventseparation...............317
11.4.1Evaluationoftheseparationenergyofsolvent mixture........................................................................317
11.4.2Developmentandapplicationoforganicsolvent nanofiltrationmembranes.........................................319
11.4.3Developmentandapplicationofmembranesfor organicsolventreverseosmosis...............................321
11.5Applicationtopervaporation....................................................322
11.5.1Pervaporationdehydrationusingorganosilica membranes.................................................................323
11.5.2Pervaporationoforganicsolventmixtures..............324
11.6Conclusion.................................................................................325 References...........................................................................................325
Chapter12 Ultrafiltrationmixedmatrixmembranes:metal organic frameworksasemergingenhancers......................................329 MariamOuda,YazanIbrahim,HanaaHegab,FawziBanatand ShadiW.Hasan
12.1Introduction...............................................................................329
12.2Microenhancersandnanoenhancers......................................331
12.3Antifoulingandantibacterialproperties.................................334
12.4Dyerejection..............................................................................339
12.5Otherapplications.....................................................................341
12.6Conclusionsandfutureoutlook...............................................344 References...........................................................................................345
Chapter13 Zwitterion-modifiedmembranesforwaterreclamation......349 GanshengLiu,ChristineMatindi,MengyangHu,XianhuiLi, XiaohuaMaandJianxinLi
13.1Introduction...............................................................................349
13.2Classificationofzwitterionicpolymers...................................351
13.2.1Polybetaines................................................................351
13.2.2Polyampholytes...........................................................355
13.3Antifoulingmechanismsofzwitterionicunitsin membranes...............................................................................357
13.3.1Classificationofmembranefoulants........................357
13.3.2Establishmentofahydrationlayeronthe membranesurface.....................................................358
13.3.3Sterichindranceeffect...............................................359
13.4Preparationofzwitterion-modifiedmembranes....................360
13.4.1Modificationbyblendingofzwitterionic polymers......................................................................360
13.4.2Modificationbygrafting..............................................363
13.4.3Modificationbysurfacecoating.................................366
13.4.4Modificationbysurfacequaternization.....................367
13.5Applicationsofzwitterion-modifiedpolymer membranes...............................................................................368
13.5.1Treatmentofnaturalorganicmatterinwater.........368
13.5.2Oilywastewatertreatment.........................................370
13.5.3Textilewastewatertreatment....................................374
13.5.4Desalination.................................................................375
13.6Conclusionandprospects........................................................377 Acknowledgments.................................................................................377 References...........................................................................................377
Chapter14 Modellingofspiral-woundmembraneforgasseparation: currentdevelopmentsandfuturedirection............................391 AbdulAimanAbdulLatif,KokKeongLauand SereneSowMunLock
14.1Introduction...............................................................................391
14.2Constructionandflowconfigurationofspiral-wound membrane.................................................................................394
14.3Modellingstrategies.................................................................394
14.3.1One-dimensionalmodel.............................................396 14.3.2Two-dimensionalmodel.............................................399 14.3.3Three-dimensionalmodel..........................................402
14.3.4Summaryofthemathematicalmodelsfor spiral-woundmembrane............................................405
14.4Challengesandfuturedirectioninmodellingof spiral-woundmembraneingasseparation...........................408
14.4.1Multicomponentseparation.......................................408
14.4.2Effectofpressuredropinfeedandpermeate channel........................................................................408
14.4.3Effectofheattransferwithinthemodule................409 14.5Conclusion.................................................................................410
Chapter15 Modellingflowandmasstransferinsidespacer-filled channelsforreverseosmosismembranemodules..............413 YieKaiChong,YongYeowLiang,WoeiJyeLauand GustavoAdolfoFimbresWeihs 15.1Introduction...............................................................................413
Chapter16 Transportmodel-basedpredictionofpolymeric membranefiltrationforwatertreatment...............................433 KrishnasriV.KuradaandSirshenduDe
16.1Introduction...............................................................................433
16.2Transportphenomena-basedmodels.....................................436
16.2.1Osmoticpressure-basedmodels..............................436 16.3Gellayer controlledmechanism............................................449
16.3.1Transientone-dimensionalgellayercontrolling modelcoupledwithfilmtheory.................................449
16.3.2Transientone-dimensionalgellayer controlling modelcoupledwithaporeflowtransport...............452
16.3.3Modellingofmixedmatrixmembranes....................454 16.4Conclusion.................................................................................459
Chapter17 Molecularmodellingandsimulationofmembrane formation...................................................................................463 ZhenWang,SherLingLee,Tse-ChiangHuang, Geng-ShengLin,TomohisaYoshiokaandKuo-LunTung
17.1Molecularmodellingandsimulation.......................................463 17.1.1Introduction.................................................................463
17.1.2Typesofsimulationmethods.....................................464
17.1.3Sectionconclusions....................................................468 17.2Modellingandsimulationsofmembraneformation.............468
17.2.1Phaseseparation........................................................469
17.2.2Drycasting..................................................................476
17.2.3Interfacialpolymerization..........................................476 17.3Modellingandsimulationonhollow-fibermembrane..........479
17.3.1Physicalmasstransfermodel...................................479
17.3.2Dissipativeparticledynamics....................................481 17.3.3Finiteelementmethod...............................................482
17.4Simulationandmodellinginmembranedesign....................482
17.4.1Grapheneandtwo-dimensionalcarbonmaterial....482 17.4.2Zeoliteimidazolateframeworkand metal-organicmembranes........................................485 17.5Futuretrendsinmolecularsimulationsofmembrane formation...................................................................................489 References...........................................................................................491
Chapter18 Advancedcharacterizationofmembranesurfacefouling....499 KangXiao,YirongXu,XuyangCao,HaoXuandYufangLi
18.1Introduction...............................................................................499 18.2Modellingofsurfacefouling....................................................500
18.2.1Filtrationlaws.............................................................500
18.2.2Compressionofsurfacefoulantlayer.......................502
18.2.3Maturationandretardationofsurface foulantlayer................................................................503
18.2.4Concentrationpolarizationboundarylayer..............503 18.3Onlinecharacterizationofsurfacefouling.............................504
18.3.1Directobservation.......................................................504
18.3.2Opticalcoherencetomography..................................505
18.3.3Attenuatedtotalreflection Fouriertransform infraredspectroscopy.................................................506
18.3.4Ramanspectroscopy..................................................506
18.3.5Fluorescencespectroscopy.......................................507
18.3.6Electrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy...............509
18.3.7Quartzcrystalmicrobalancewithdissipation..........510
18.3.8Surfaceplasmonresonance......................................510
18.3.9Lightsheetfluorescencemicroscopy.......................511 18.4Offlinecharacterizationofsurfacefouling.............................511
18.4.1Microscopicmethods.................................................511
18.4.2Spectroscopicmethods..............................................513
18.4.3Othermethods............................................................519
18.4.4Furtherdataminingviastatisticalanalysis.............521
18.5Characterizationofextractsfromthesurfacefoulantlayer521
18.5.1Extractionofsurfacefoulants...................................522
18.5.2Chemicalcomposition................................................522
18.5.3Physicochemicalproperties.......................................522
18.5.4Spectroscopicproperties...........................................523
18.5.5Chromatography.........................................................524
18.5.6Biologicalproperties..................................................525
18.6Concludingremarks.................................................................526 References...........................................................................................527
Chapter19 Reverseosmosismembranefoulinganditsphysical, chemical,andbiologicalcharacterization..............................533 MohammadYousafAshfaqandMohammadA.Al-Ghouti
19.1Introduction...............................................................................533
19.2Typesofmembranefouling.....................................................534
19.2.1Biofouling....................................................................535
19.2.2Inorganicfouling/scaling............................................538
19.2.3Organicfouling............................................................541
19.2.4Colloidal/particulatefouling......................................541
19.3Membranefoulingcharacterization........................................542
19.3.1Microscopictechniques..............................................544
19.3.2Spectroscopicandanalyticaltechniques..................553
19.4Conclusions...............................................................................565 Acknowledgment..................................................................................566 References...........................................................................................566
Chapter20 Currentstatusofionexchangemembranesfor electrodialysis/reverseelectrodialysisandmembrane capacitivedeionization/capacitivemixing...............................575 NalanKabay,EnverGüler,KatarzynaSmolinska-Kempisty andMarekBryjak
20.1Ionexchangemembranesinelectrodialysisand membranecapacitivedeionizationsystemsforwater demineralization.......................................................................575
20.1.1Introduction.................................................................575
20.1.2Electrodialysis.............................................................576
20.1.3Membranecapacitivedeionization............................583
20.2Ionexchangemembranesforharvestingsalinitygradient energy........................................................................................586
20.2.1Introduction.................................................................586
20.2.2Reverseelectrodialysis..............................................587
20.2.3Capacitivemixing........................................................592
20.3Conclusionandfutureperspectives........................................594 Acknowledgments.................................................................................594
Chapter21 Reverseosmosismembranescalingduringbrackish groundwaterdesalination.........................................................603 Kai-GeLu,HaiouHuangandMengyaLi
21.1Introduction...............................................................................603
21.2Establishedtheoriesformembrane-scalingformation........604
21.2.1Scalingthermodynamics............................................604
21.2.2Scalingkinetics...........................................................605
21.3Membranescalinginbrackishgroundwaterdesalination....607
21.3.1Brackishgroundwaterquality...................................607
21.3.2Scalingtypesandmorphology...................................608
21.3.3Effectsofwaterqualityonmineralscaling..............610
21.3.4Relationshipsbetweenmembranescalingand permeateflux..............................................................612
21.4Controlstrategiesformembranescaling..............................613
21.4.1Feedwaterpretreatment............................................613
21.4.2Antiscalants.................................................................613
21.4.3Operationmodeofreverseosmosissystem............615
21.4.4Scaling-resistantreverseosmosismembrane........616
21.5Futurechallengesformineral-scalingcontrol......................618
References...........................................................................................620
Chapter22 Ceramicmembraneinasolidoxidefuelcell basedgas sensor........................................................................................627
SutidaMarthosaandMontriLuengchavanon
22.1Introduction...............................................................................627
22.2Researchprogressonceramicmembrane............................631
22.3Issuesindevelopingamicro-solidoxidefuelcell methanesensor........................................................................634
22.4HightemperatureO-ringinafuelcelltestingstation..........636
22.4.1Currentsituation.........................................................636
22.4.2O-ringcharacteristics................................................636
22.4.3O-ringperformanceandthermallyresistive filler..............................................................................638
22.5Micro-solidoxidefuelcellmethanesensor...........................639
22.5.1Currentsituation.........................................................639
22.5.2Sensordevelopmentoverview...................................640
22.5.3Designandcharacterofthesensor..........................640
22.5.4Sensordevelopment...................................................642
22.6Conclusion.................................................................................646
Acknowledgment..................................................................................647
References............................................................................................647
Listofcontributors
AbdulAimanAbdulLatif
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CO2 ResearchCenter(CO2RES),Universiti TeknologiPETRONAS,BandarSeriIskandar,Malaysia
AdewaleAdewuyi
DepartmentofChemicalSciences,FacultyofChemicalSciences,Redeemer'sUniversity, Ede,Nigeria
MohammadA.Al-Ghouti
EnvironmentalScienceProgram,DepartmentofBiologicalandEnvironmentalSciences, CollegeofArtsandSciences,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar
LiangAn
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,Hung Hom,Kowloon,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,P.R.China
HaroutArabaghian
DepartmentofBiologyandBiochemistry,UniversityofHouston,Houston,TX, UnitedStates
MohammadYousafAshfaq
EnvironmentalScienceProgram,DepartmentofBiologicalandEnvironmentalSciences, CollegeofArtsandSciences,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar
FawziBanat
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CenterforMembranesandAdvancedWater Technology(CMAT),KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab Emirates;DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceand Technology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmirates
YandingBi
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,Hung Hom,Kowloon,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,P.R.China
MarekBryjak
FacultyofChemistry,WroclawUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wroclaw,Poland
XuyangCao
CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences, Beijing,P.R.China xvii
WoonChanChong
LeeKongChianFacultyofEngineeringandScience,UniversitiTunkuAbdulRahman, Kajang,Malaysia
YieKaiChong
CollegeofEngineering,UniversitiMalaysiaPahang,LebuhrayaTunRazak,Gambang, Kuantan,Pahang,Malaysia
SirshenduDe
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur, Kharagpur,India
OladapoChristopherEsan
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity, HungHom,Kowloon,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,P.R.China
GustavoAdolfoFimbresWeihs
TheUniversityofSydney,SchoolofChemicalandBiomolecularEngineering,NSW,Australia
EnverGüler
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,AtılımUniversity,Ankara,Turkey
UnalomeWetwatanaHartley
ChemicalProcessEngineering,TheSirindhornInternationalThai-GermanGraduateSchool ofEngineering,KingMongkut'sUniversityofTechnologyNorthBangkok,Bangkok,Thailand
ShadiW.Hasan
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CenterforMembranesandAdvancedWater Technology(CMAT),KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab Emirates;DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceand Technology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmirates
HanaaHegab
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CenterforMembranesandAdvancedWater Technology(CMAT),KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab Emirates;DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceand Technology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmirates
MengyangHu
StateKeyLaboratoryofSeparationMembranesandMembraneProcesses,Schoolof MaterialsScienceandEngineering,TiangongUniversity,Tianjin,P.R.China
HaiouHuang
SchoolofEnvironment,BeijingNormalUniversity,Beijing,P.R.China;Departmentof EnvironmentalHealthandEngineering,TheJohnHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD, UnitedStates
Tse-ChiangHuang
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan,ROC; AdvancedResearchCenterforGreenMaterialsScienceandTechnology(ARC-GMST), NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan,ROC
Han-LunHung
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan
Ting-HsiangHung
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan
YazanIbrahim
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CenterforMembranesandAdvancedWater Technology(CMAT),KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab Emirates;DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceand Technology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmirates
AhmadFauziIsmail
AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre(AMTEC),SchoolofChemicaland EnergyEngineering,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,Skudai,Malaysia
NalanKabay
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,EgeUniversity,IzmirBornova,Turkey
EijiKamio
CenterforEnvironmentalManagement,KobeUniversity,Nada-ku,Kobe,Japan;Department ofChemicalScienceandEngineering,KobeUniversity,Nada-ku,Kobe,Japan;Research CenterforMembraneandFilmTechnology,KobeUniversity,Nada-ku,Kobe,Japan
Dun-YenKang
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan
YingSiewKhoo
AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre(AMTEC),SchoolofChemicaland EnergyEngineering,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,Skudai,Malaysia
ChaiHoonKoo
LeeKongChianFacultyofEngineeringandScience,UniversitiTunkuAbdulRahman, Kajang,Malaysia
KrishnasriV.Kurada
DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringGMRInstituteofTechnology,Rajam,India
Jun-YuLai
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan
KokKeongLau
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CO2 ResearchCenter(CO2RES),Universiti TeknologiPETRONAS,BandarSeriIskandar,Malaysia
WoeiJyeLau
AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre(AMTEC),SchoolofChemicaland EnergyEngineering,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,Skudai,Malaysia
SherLingLee
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan,ROC; AdvancedResearchCenterforGreenMaterialsScienceandTechnology(ARC-GMST), NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan,ROC
HuiyunLi
CenterforAutomotiveElectronics,ShenzhenInstituteofAdvancedTechnology,Chinese AcademyofSciences,Shenzhen,P.R.China
JianxinLi
StateKeyLaboratoryofSeparationMembranesandMembraneProcesses,Schoolof MaterialsScienceandEngineering,TiangongUniversity,Tianjin,P.R.China
KangLi
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
MengyaLi
SchoolofEnvironment,BeijingNormalUniversity,Beijing,P.R.China
TaoLi
JiangsuProvincialKeyLaboratoryofSolarEnergyScienceandTechnology/Energy StorageJointResearchCenter,SchoolofEnergyandEnvironment,SoutheastUniversity, Nanjing,P.R.China;DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,ImperialCollegeLondon, London,UnitedKingdom
XianhuiLi
KeyLaboratoryforCityClusterEnvironmentalSafetyandGreenDevelopmentofthe MinistryofEducation,InstituteofEnvironmentalandEcologicalEngineering,Guangdong UniversityofTechnology,Guangzhou,P.R.China
YufangLi
SchoolofEnvironment,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,P.R.China
YongYeowLiang
CollegeofEngineering,UniversitiMalaysiaPahang,LebuhrayaTunRazak,Gambang, Kuantan,Pahang,Malaysia
Geng-ShengLin
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan,ROC; AdvancedResearchCenterforGreenMaterialsScienceandTechnology(ARC-GMST), NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan,ROC
Yu-TingLin
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,NationalChungHsingUniversity,Taichung, Taiwan
GanshengLiu
StateKeyLaboratoryofSeparationMembranesandMembraneProcesses,Schoolof MaterialsScienceandEngineering,TiangongUniversity,Tianjin,P.R.China;Schoolof TextileScienceandEngineering,TiangongUniversity,Tianjin,P.R.China
SereneSowMunLock
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CO2 ResearchCenter(CO2RES),Universiti TeknologiPETRONAS,BandarSeriIskandar,Malaysia
Kai-GeLu
CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,HenanAgriculturalUniversity,Zhengzhou, P.R.China
MontriLuengchavanon
WindEnergyandEnergyStorageSystemsCentre(WEESYC),FacultyofEnvironmental Management,PrinceofSongklaUniversity,Songkhla,Thailand;CenterofExcellencein MetalandMaterialsEngineering(CEMME),PrinceofSongklaUniversity,HatYai,Thailand
WeiqiangLv
YangtzeDeltaRegionInstitute(Huzhou)&SchoolofPhysics,UniversityofElectronic ScienceandTechnologyofChina,Huzhou,P.R.China
XiaohuaMa
StateKeyLaboratoryofSeparationMembranesandMembraneProcesses,Schoolof MaterialsScienceandEngineering,TiangongUniversity,Tianjin,P.R.China
SutidaMarthosa
CenterofExcellenceinMembraneScienceandTechnology,FacultyofScienceand IndustrialTechnology,PrinceofSongklaUniversity,SuratThaniCampus,SuratThani, Thailand
ChristineMatindi
StateKeyLaboratoryofSeparationMembranesandMembraneProcesses,Schoolof MaterialsScienceandEngineering,TiangongUniversity,Tianjin,P.R.China
JohnOrdonez
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofHouston,Houston,TX, UnitedStates
JohnOgbeOrigomisan
AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre(AMTEC),SchoolofChemicaland EnergyEngineering,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,Skudai,Malaysia;Departmentof ChemicalSciences,FacultyofChemicalSciences,Redeemer'sUniversity,Ede,Nigeria
MariamOuda
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CenterforMembranesandAdvancedWater Technology(CMAT),KhalifaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArab Emirates;DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KhalifaUniversityofScienceand Technology,AbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmirates
MohamadFairusRabuni
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom; DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,UniversitiMalaya,KualaLumpur,Malaysia
DeboraF.Rodrigues
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofHouston,Houston,TX, UnitedStates
XingyiShi
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,Hung Hom,Kowloon,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,P.R.China
KatarzynaSmolinska-Kempisty
FacultyofChemistry,WroclawUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wroclaw,Poland
JunSu
StateKeyLaboratoryofMechanicalTransmission,SchoolofMaterialsScienceand Engineering,ChongqingUniversity,Chongqing,P.R.China
LidongSun
StateKeyLaboratoryofMechanicalTransmission,SchoolofMaterialsScienceand Engineering,ChongqingUniversity,Chongqing,P.R.China
WaeZinTan
LeeKongChianFacultyofEngineeringandScience,UniversitiTunkuAbdulRahman, Kajang,Malaysia
JingYuenTey
LeeKongChianFacultyofEngineeringandScience,UniversitiTunkuAbdulRahman, Kajang,Malaysia
Hsin-YuTsai
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan
Hui-HsinTseng
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,NationalChungHsingUniversity,Taichung,Taiwan
ToshinoriTsuru
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,HiroshimaUniversity,Higashi-Hiroshima,Japan
Kuo-LunTung
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan,ROC; AdvancedResearchCenterforGreenMaterialsScienceandTechnology(ARC-GMST), NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan,ROC;WaterInnovation,LowCarbonand EnvironmentalSustainabilityResearchCenter(WInnER),NationalTaiwanUniversity, Taipei,Taiwan,ROC
MengWang
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofHouston,Houston,TX, UnitedStates
ZhenWang
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan,ROC; AdvancedResearchCenterforGreenMaterialsScienceandTechnology(ARC-GMST), NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan,ROC
Ming-YenWey
DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,NationalChungHsingUniversity,Taichung, Taiwan
KangXiao
CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences, Beijing,P.R.China
HaoXu
CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences, Beijing,P.R.China
YirongXu
CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences, Beijing,P.R.China
JiayeYe
CenterforAutomotiveElectronics,ShenzhenInstituteofAdvancedTechnology,Chinese AcademyofSciences,Shenzhen,P.R.China
TomohisaYoshioka
ResearchCenterforMembraneandFilmTechnologyandGraduateSchoolofScience, TechnologyandInnovation,KobeUniversity,Kobe,Japan
XingyiZhang
YangtzeDeltaRegionInstitute(Huzhou)&SchoolofPhysics,UniversityofElectronic ScienceandTechnologyofChina,Huzhou,P.R.China
Preface
Ithasbeenover60yearssincethedevelopmentofthefirstasymmetricpolymericmembranebyDr.SidneyLoebandDr.SrinivasaSourirajan(University ofCalifornia,LosAngeles,UnitedStates)forseawaterdesalination.Research inmembranescienceandtechnologyhasprogressedrapidlyoverthepast decades,andmanynewandadvancedmaterials(bothorganicandinorganic)havebeendiscoveredandemployedinthefabricationofmembranes andthemodificationoftheirproperties.Itisthereforeofparamountimportancetosummarizethefundamentalunderstandingofandinformation aboutthesemembranesandtheirdistinctiveapplications.Inthisbooka comprehensiveoverviewofmembranetechnologyispresented,fromthe fundamentalknowledgeoffabricationprinciplesandseparationmechanisms toawiderangeofapplications,includingnewandemergingprocesses.
Inmoredetail,thisbookprovidesessentialguidanceforstudents,researchers,andscientistsworkinginthefieldofmembranescienceandtechnology. Thefundamentalsofmembranesindifferenttechnologies,includingtheir workingprinciples,transportmechanisms,andrequirementsforpractical applications,arediscussedinthisbook.Keyreferencesandpracticalsources arealsoprovided,enablinganin-depthunderstandingofthenumerous aspectsofmembranescienceandtechnology.
Furthermore,studiesonmembranesandtheirapplications,suchasinwater andwastewatertreatment,chemicala ndbiomedicalprocesses,gasseparation,andrenewablepowergeneration,arereviewedinthisbook.For instance,recentadvancesinthree-d imensionalmembranesforwaterapplications,organosilicaandmetal-organic frameworkmembranesforgasseparation,high-performancemembranesforvanadiumredoxflowbatteries andvanadium-airredoxflowbatteries ,ceramicmembranesforfuelcells, andmembraneswithenhancedsafetyfo rlithium-ionbatteriesaresummarizedanddiscussedextensively.Recentadvancesinmodelingandsimulationsofdifferentmembranesandtheircomponents,suchasspiral-wound membranesandspacer-filledchannels, arealsoincludedtoprovidebetter insights.
Tofacilitateacomprehensivecharacterizationofmembranesatdifferent levels,thebookalsopresentsthecommontestingmethods,alongwithsome cutting-edgetechniquesfortheaccurateevaluationofthemembranepropertiesandperformances,whichareofvitalimportancetothefuturedevelopmentofadvancedmembranes.Forinstance,theadvancedcharacterization formembranesurfacefoulingisdiscussedindetail.
Finally,toenableabetterunderstandingofthelatesttrendsandcurrent researchonmembranetechnology,themostup-to-datedetailsontheuseof advancedorganicandinorganicmaterialsandnovelmembranefabrication techniquesforthedevelopmentofmembranesarealsoreviewed.Theadvantagesofthesenewmaterialsalongwiththesuperiorityofthenewlydevelopedfabricationmethodsincomparisontoconventionalstrategiesarealso extensivelydiscussed.
Thisbookwillequipfutureresearcherswiththeideasanddirectionsthat theyneedtounderstandthegreatpotentialandprospectsofnext-generation membranefabrication.Itisalsotheaimofthisbooktoreflecttheample researchactivitiesandoutcomesinthemembranefieldwithaneyetoward globalutilizationandimpact.
Thisbookisanessentialreferenceresourcenotonlyforstudentsand researchersbutalsoforprofessionalsandpolicymakersaroundtheglobe workinginthreemainsectors:academia,industry,andgovernment.
Wewouldliketoexpressourgratitudetoalltheauthorswhocontributedto thisbookandsharedtheirvaluablestate-of-the-artknowledgeandexperiencewiththeassociatedtopics.Lastbutnottheleast,weacknowledgethe professionalstaffofElsevierfortheircontinuoussupport.
Hui-HsinTseng1,WoeiJyeLau2,MohammadA.Al-Ghouti3 and LiangAn4
1DepartmentofEnvironmentalEngineering,NationalChungHsingUniversity, Taichung,Taiwan, 2AdvancedMembraneTechnologyResearchCentre(AMTEC), SchoolofChemicalandEnergyEngineering,UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia,Skudai, Malaysia, 3DepartmentofBiologicalandEnvironmentalSciences,CollegeofArts andSciences,QatarUniversity,Doha,Qatar, 4DepartmentofMechanical Engineering,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,HongKong,P.R.China
