3DPRINTING AREVOLUTIONARY PROCESSFORINDUSTRY APPLICATIONS
RICHARDSHENG
JiaotongUniversity,Shanghai,China
WebsterUniversity,Shanghai,China
SAEInternational,Shanghai,China
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TypesetbyTNQTechnologies
2.3-Dprintingintheaerospaceindustry3
2.1 What3
2.2 When7
2.3 Where8
2.4 Keybenefitsofadditivetechnologiesforaerospacemanufacturing9
2.5 Why9
2.6 How10
2.7 Who10
2.8 3-Dbioprintinginspace11
2.9 Constructionofstructuresusing3-Dprinting11
2.10 Conclusion12 References12
3.3-Dprintingofairplaneparts13
3.1 3-Dprintingairplaneparts13
3.2 Advantages14
3.3 Airplaneparts15
3.4 What17
3.5 Where17
3.6 Who18
3.7 Why18
3.8 When18
3.9 How18 References19 Furtherreading20
4.3-Dprintingintheautoindustry21
4.1 When:sincewhenhas3-Dprintingbeenusedintheautoindustry21
4.2 How:howhas3-Dprintingimpactedtheracingworld?22
4.3 What:whatarethebenefitsof3-Dmaterialsandtechnologies?23
4.4 Why:whyshouldautomotivecompaniesuse3-Dtechnology?25
4.5 Where:whereis3-Dprintingbeingused?26
4.6 Who:whoisgettingthebenefitfrom3-Dtechnology?27 References29 Furtherreading29
5.3-Dprintinginthechemicalindustry31
5.1 Introduction31
5.2 What32
5.3 When33
5.4 Who33
5.5 Where34
5.6 How35 References38
6.3-Dprintingintheconstructionindustry39
7.3-Dprintingindentalcare47
7.1 3-DIntroduction47
7.2 Howhavedentistsused3-Dprinters?50
7.3 Capabilitiesof3-Dprintingindentistry51
7.4 Benefitsof3-Dprintingindentistry54
7.5 Useof3-Dprintingtechnologyinendodonticsandperiodontics55
7.6 Advantagesof3-Dprintingtechnologyindentistry55
7.7 Disadvantagesof3-Dprintingtechnologyindentistry55 References57
8.3-Dprintinginthedroneindustry59
8.1 What59 8.2 Why61
8.3 Where62
12.3-Dprintinginthefootwearindustry103
13.16 Who119 13.17 ThecaseofEricMoger119 13.18 ThecaseofKaibaGionfriddo119 References120 Furtherreading120
14.3-Dprintinginthehearingaidindustry121
14.1 Introduction121
14.2 What122 14.3 Where124
14.4 Who124
14.5 Why125
14.6 When128
14.7 How128
14.8 Conclusion129 References129 Furtherreading130
15.3-Dprintinginthemaritimeindustry131
15.1 What131
15.2 Prototypes,interiors,spareparts,tools132
15.3 Largeshippartsfromindustrial3-Dprinters132
15.4 When133
15.5 Where133
15.6 Who135
15.7 Why136
15.8 How137 References139
16.3-Dprintinginthemechanicsindustry141
16.1 What141
16.2 Why142 16.3 Where143
16.4 When143
16.5 Who146
16.6 How147 References149
17.3-Dprintinginthemovieindustry151
17.1 Introduction151 17.2 What151 17.3 Why152 17.4 When153 17.5 Who154 17.6 Where155 17.7 How155
17.8 Typesofglassesfor3-D158
17.9 Passive3-Dglasses(anaglyphlenses)158 References159
18.3-Dprintinginthetoolanddieindustries161
18.1 How161 18.2 Who162 18.3 Why163 18.4 When164 18.5 Where165
18.6 Advantagesof3-Dprintingintoolmanufacturing168 18.7 What169 References170
19.3-Dprintinginthetoyindustry171
19.1 What171 19.2 When172 19.3 Where173 19.4 Who174
19.5 How175
19.6 3-Dprintingstillfacesmanytechnicalchallenges177 References178
20.Summaryandconclusion179
20.1 Summary179 20.2 Conclusion179
Preface
Themainpurposeofthisbookistointroducetheimportanceof3-D printing/additivemanufacturingandhowthistechnologyisimpacting ourdailylives.3-Dprinting/additivemanufacturingisoneofthemost revolutionaryinventionsofthe21stcentury.The3-Dprinterisafascinatingpieceofequipmentasitprintsreal-lifethree-dimensionalobjects insteadofjustprintingsomewordsorimagesonapieceofpaper.3-D printing/additivemanufacturingmakessolidobjectsfromadigital file. Anobjectisprintedusinganadditiveprocess,whichcreatesanobjectby layingdownlayersofmaterialsuntiltheobjectis finallycreated.A3-D printerproducescomplexshapeswhileusinglessmaterialascomparedto traditionalmanufacturingprocesses.3-Dprinterscanbeusedtoprintany object,irrespectiveoftheirmaterial.Nowadays,throughtechnicaladvancements,3-Dprintersarebeingusedtocreateobjectsfortransport, buildings,humanorgans,etc.Thereisagreatdealofsoftwareusedin3-D printing.Theycanbefromindustrialgradetoopensource.Thepurposeof thisbookistodirectlyapplyintellectualinsightstouse3-Dprinting/additivemanufacturingtechnologytosolveourindustrialproblems.
My30plusyearsofexperienceacrossmanydifferent fieldshelpsto provideuniqueperspectivesonsolvingproblemsthatwewillbechallenged withandhelpreaderstogainanunderstandingofhowthisisdone.Iama verymotivatedself-learnerandamlookingforwardtosharingmypast challengeswithyou,andIonlyhopethatyouarejustasexcitedtoreadmy bookasIwaswhenIstartedwritingit.
3-Dprinting/additivemanufacturingtechnologyisofinteresttome becauseitfocusesoncreatingcomplexsystemsthatcrossmultipleengineeringdisciplines.EverydayasachiefengineeratTheBoeingCompany, GE,andCOMAC,Iworkonsystemsfromawidearrayofdisciplinesthat havebeenbroughttogethertobuildenormouslycomplexdefensesystems. ThisbookwillhelptoprovidetheskillsthataChiefEngineershould possessandenableyoutoaddressmanufacturingproblemsthatyouwillbe challengedbyeverysingleday.
Byreadingthisbook,youwillbeableto:
• Learnhowsomelargecompanieshaveadopted3-Dprinting/additive manufacturingtechnologyfordesigningandproducingcomplexparts fordifferentindustries.
• Determineallessential3-Dprinting/additivemanufacturingsuppliers forsupportingdifferentindustries.
• Learnhowsomecompanieshavealreadyconvertedtheirtraditional design/productionprocessto3-Dprinting/additivemanufacturing technology.
• Acquirethelifecyclestrategyusing3-Dprinting/additivemanufacturing.
• Identifyalltheinfluencesofthecostdriversforusing3-Dprinting/additivemanufacturingindifferentindustries.
3-Dprintingintheaerospace industry
Contents
2.1 What3
2.2 When7
2.3 Where8
2.4 Keybenefitsofadditivetechnologiesforaerospacemanufacturing9
2.5 Why9
2.6 How10
2.7 Who10
2.8 3-Dbioprintinginspace11
2.9 Constructionofstructuresusing3-Dprinting11
2.10 Conclusion12 References12
2.1What
A3-Dprinterisadevicethatusesthemethodoflayer-by-layercreationof aphysical(solid)objectusingadigital3-Dmodel.3-Dprintingcanbe carriedoutusingvariousmaterials:plastic,metal,stemcells,andevenfood components.Therearemany3-Dprintingtechnologiescurrentlyavailable, andnewonesareconstantlyappearing.Therearetwomaintechnologies forforminglayers:laserandinkjet.Themostcommonlyusedarelaser stereolithographyandselectivelasersintering.
3-Dprintingcanbeusedinspaceinthefollowingpromisingareas (Attaran,2017):
1. 3-Dprintersforcreatingsparepartsandtoolsonboardthespaceship. TheAmericanspaceagencyNASAandMadeinSpacesentthe first 3-DprintertotheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)inthefallof2014 fortheproductionofvariousparts,including:spareparts,instruments, andscientificequipment.Theprinterisabletomakemodelslayerby
3DPrinting
ISBN978-0-323-99463-7
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99463-7.00002-5
layerfrompolymersandothermaterials.3-Dmodelsforcreatingobjectsareplacedinthedevice’smemoryortransmittedfromEarthif necessary.
Thisnewtechnologyisassociatedwithgrandioseprospectsinoptimizingworkinspace:fromthesimplestthings,suchasthreedimensionalprintingofbrokenparts,totheindependentcreationof robots,navigationsystems,spacesuits,andresearchequipment.
2. 3-Dprintersforcreatinglarge-sizedstructuresinspace.
NASA,undertheNIACprogram,in2013allocatedTethersUnlimited,Inc.(TUI)$500,000tofurtherdevelopSpiderFab’sautomatedassemblytechnologyinspace.
ThetechnologyisbasedontheTrusselator adevicethatisakind ofcrossbetweena3-Dprinterandaknittingmachine.Thedeviceis currentlybeingsuccessfullytestedinthelaboratory.
Ononesideofthecylindricalbodythereisaspoolwiththread(the deviceusesplasticasrawmaterial,forexample,carbon fiber),andonthe otherthereisanextruderthroughwhichthreemainpipesofafuture formorotherstructureareextruded.Thetrussisstrengthenedbywindingitwithathread,andasaresult,arobotaboutameterlongcancreate atrusstensofmeterslong.
Arobottracerusingamanipulatorandaspecialweldingmachine willbeabletoconnecttheoriginaltrussesintolargecomplexstructures andcoverthemwithsolarpanels,reflective films,andperformother operations,dependingontheobjectivesofthemission.Thereare differenttypesoftracer,forexample,itcanproduceroundorsquare pipesofdifferentdiametersandthicknesses.
SpiderFabrobotsareequippedwithanextruderthatextrudesthe finishedplasticpipewithdrum-containersoflargecapacitywithraw materials,andmanipulatorsforassemblingthestructure.
Thistechnologymakesitpossibletomanufacture,inspace,very large,severalkilometerslong,spacecraftframes,antennatrusses,basic structuresofsolarpowerplants,hugetelescopes,etc.
Currently,thereisahugesurplusofstructuresbeingsentintospace margintowithstandtheoverloadatlaunch.Usually,inspace,such heavy-dutystructuresarenotneeded,butaverylargesizeisneeded, forexample,fortelescopesandinterferometers.SpiderFabdevicesallow suchstructurestobebuilt:lightweight,large-sized,andwithalowlife cyclecost.
AllnecessarypartsoftheSpiderFaborbitalproductioncomplexcan belaunchedintospaceusingexistinglaunchvehicles.Infact,evenwith currenttechnologies,SpiderFaballowsforbreakthroughprojects,such asbuildingspacestationsbeyondtheorbitoftheMoonorsolarpower plantswithacapacityofhundredsofmegawatts.Atthesametime,the costofstructuresproducedusingSpiderFabwillberelativelysmall.One exampleoftheuseofSpiderFabistheconstructionofaspaceradiotelescopeworth$200millionwithanantennadiameterofmorethan 100m.Astronomerstodaycanonlydreamofsuchaninstrument,but SpiderFabtechnologycouldmakethisdreamarealityinthecoming decades.
3. 3-Dprintersfortheconstructionofobjectsonotherplanets,for exampleontheMoon,includingfromimprovisedmaterials.
In2011,NASApublisheditsdesignfortheconstructionofalunar basewiththeparticipationofalargenumberofrobots(excavators,bulldozers,shredders,etc.).
NowtheEuropeanSpaceAgencyhasproposedanalternativeprojectfor3-Dprintingthelunarbase,usinglocalsoilasabuildingmaterial.
TheD-ShapeprintermanufacturedbytheBritishcompanyMonoliteisusedforprinting.OntheMoon,theprinterwillbeabletousethe localsoil,regolith,asamaterial.
Regolithisaloose,unevenlygrainedclastic-dustylayerseveralmetersdeep,consistingoffragmentsofigneousrocks,minerals,glass,and meteorites,thatiswellsuitedforconstruction.
Shownhereisa1.5-tonbuildingblockmadebyaD-Shapeprinter asademonstration.Thematerialusedforprintingis99.8%similarto regolith,obtainedfrombasaltrocksfromavolcanoincentralItaly.
TheBoeing787Dreamlinerreportedlyuses303-Dprintedparts,a recordintheindustry.What’smore,itwasrecentlyannouncedthat GeneralElectricisinvesting$50millionto3-Dprintfuelnozzlesfor thenextgenerationofLEAPjetengines.Themainreasonforthe growinginterestoftheaerospaceindustryin3-Dprintingtechnologies istheabilitytoproducesignificantlylighterparts.AccordingtorepresentativesofAmericanAirlines,byreducingtheweightoftheaircraft by500g,morethan40,000litersoffuelaresavedannually.
(Sharke,P.(2017).Howpracticalis3-Dmetalprinting? MechanicalEngineering, 139(10), 44 49.)
VivekSaxena,vicepresidentofaerospaceatICFInternational,a technicalconsulting firm,claimsthat3-Dprintingtechnologycurrently accountsforapproximately0.0002%ofglobalproduction.Specifically fortheaerospaceindustry,3-Dprintinghasa0.002%shareofthe $150billionmarket.However,Saxenaagreeswithmanyexpertsthat themarketfor3-D-printedpartswillreach$2billionoverthenext decade.Withthesepromisingprospects,potentialusesfor3-Dprinting lookevenmorepromising.The fivemostpromisingaerospaceapplicationsusingthesetechnologiesaredescribedbelow.
Consideringthatrelativelysmallaircraftpartsarealreadybeing3-D printed,Boeingalsoconsidersitpossibletocreateanentirewingusing thismethod.Atthisstageinthedevelopmentof3-Dprinting,theproductionoflarge-sizedobjectsisassociatedwithanumberoflimitations, sincewithanincreaseinsize,internalstressincreases,whichcancause distortion.However,thelatestdevelopmentfromBAESystemsallows reinforcedmetalpartstobecreatedbyexposingeachlayertoultrasonic waves.Thishelpstoreducestress,therebymakingitpossibleinthe futureto3-Dprintlargeobjectssuchasaircraftwings.
Inadditionto3-Dprintingfuelnozzles,GeneralElectricisalso activelydevelopingtheabilityto3-Dprintpartsoftheworld’slargest jetengine,theGE9X,forthenextgenerationofBoeing777Xpassengeraircraft.3-Dprintingtechnologiescanalsoproveusefulindevelopingexperimentalprototypesforperformancetestingwithout havingtospendlargesumsofmoneyonnumericalcontrolequipment. AnewjointprojectbetweenAutodeskandStratasys,inwhichalife-size turbopropenginewas3-Dprinted,showedhowpromisingtheuseof 3-Dprintingisintheproductionofjetengineparts.
Currently,NASA’sspacecraftcontainsabout703-Dprintedparts, buttheyaremadeonearth,whichmakesthemverycomplicatedsupply chainsandextendedtimeframes.Manufacturingtherequiredpartsin spacewouldsignificantlyreducecostsandsimplifyplanning,without havingtosendarocketwiththerightpartsandtools.3-Dprinting ofpartsinspaceiscurrentlybeingdevelopedbyresearchgroupssuch asMadeinSpaceandLunarBuildings.WorkingwithNASA,Made inSpaceisconductingzero-gravityexperimentstotestwhether3-D printingcouldbeusedontheISStoproducethenecessarypartsand tools.
BAESystemsrecentlyannouncedthat2040ofitsnewaircraftengineeringconceptsincludeequipmentdesignedtocreateunmanneddevicesusinga3-Dprinteronboard.Theideaisthattheaircraftarriving atthesceneoftheaccidentassessesthesituationandreportsthedatato thecontrolcenter.Theinformationisthentransmittedtoon-board3Dprinters,whichprintouttheunmannedaerialvehiclesneededinthis situation.Thesedronescanmonitorthesituationorevenconduct rescueoperations.Althoughtheconceptisstillindevelopment,BAE Systemshasalreadyinvestedover$180millioninthisresearch(Khan etal.,2020).
2.2When
Inhis1955shortstory ANecessaryThing,RobertShakesleydescribeda configuratorthattwoastronautstookwiththemonaninterstellarexpeditiontoprinteverythingtheymightneedinspace,fromshippartstoapple strudelfordessert.Alittlemorethanhalfacenturyhaspassed,andalthough realityhasnotsurpassedthiswriter’simagination,ithascomeclosetoit.
NASAisdevelopinga3-Dprinterforprintingsparepartsdirectlyonthe ISS.Indeed,thedevelopmentof3-Dprintersinthenearfuturecould significantlyaffectthespaceindustryingeneralandtheprospectsforthe developmentofindividualdesignbureausinparticular.
2.3Where
NASAexpectstouse3-Dprintingtechnologyasaservicetorapidlycreate preliminaryprototypes. “3-Dprintingallowsyoutomoreaccurately conveytheconceptofthemission.Wecanliterallyseewhatotherdevelopersarethinking,” explainsTomSonderstrom,headofITatNASA’ s JetPropulsionLaboratory.Using3-DPlatformAsAService(PaaS),engineerswillbeabletoreceivepeercomments,designalternatives,and final prototypeapproval.Inaddition,thistechnologycouldhelpattractexternal specialistswithoriginalideas,whichwillsignificantlyreduceboththe developmenttimeandcosts.
Additivetechnologies,whichseemedlikescience fictionafewdecades ago,arenowsuccessfullyusedinavarietyof fields.Oneofthemost promisingmarketsfortheirapplicationistheaerospaceindustry,forwhich theproblemofreducingproductionandtimecostsisespeciallyacute.In addition,thisindustryisdevelopingrapidlyduetorevolutionaryscientific andtechnologicalachievements. Thecapabilitiesof3-Dtechnology are changingsomassivelythatmanufacturerswillhavetorethinktheirbusiness models.Newstrategiesarejustemerging,butindustrygiants,suchas NASA,SpaceX,Airbus,andBoeing,arealreadyinvestingbillionsin3-D printing prototypes,tooling,andenginepartsforaircraftandspacecraft.
2.4Keybenefitsofadditivetechnologiesfor aerospacemanufacturing
• Flexibility:3Dprintersareusedtocreatecomponentswithcomplex geometriesthatcannotbemanufacturedusingtraditionalmanufacturing processes.Wecanconfidentlytalkaboutthecreationinthefutureof moreandmoreperfectdesigns.Materialsusedin3Dprinting(alloys, composites,polyamides,etc.)makeitpossibletomanufactureunique products.
• Additivetechnologiesaresuccessfullysolvingakeyproblemforthe industry reducingtheweightofaircraft.A3Dprinteristheideal toolformakingtopologicallyoptimizedcomponentsthatincrease payloadandreducefuelcosts.
• Developingnewandupgradingexistingproductstakeslesstimeand significantly shortenstheproductioncycle
• Costeffective:forhighlyspecializedtasks,a3-Dprinterallowsforthe useoffewerparts,materials,andaccessories,whiledramaticallyreducing thecostofsmall-scalecomponents.Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,thecostofthe finishedproductisfalling,andthepricesofprinters havedroppedbyanorderofmagnitudeoverthepastfewyears.Accordingtoforecasts,thecostofconsumableswillalsodecrease.
• Finally,additivetechnologiesinsomecasesmakeitpossibleto minimizewaste (comparedtotraditionalprocesses)andimprovetheenvironmentalfriendlinessandenergyefficiencyofaircraft.
2.5Why
Thepossibilitiesof3Dprintingwillexpandwiththedevelopmentof software.Withthehelpofmodernsoftware,itwillbepossiblenotonlyto quicklycreateacomplexmodelbutalsotoautomatetheproduction process.Interactivemodelswillmakeitpossibletotrackandcorrectthe slightestshortcomingsinrealtime,calculatethesafetyandefficiencyofall operations,andhelpintheunderstandingofhowtheequipmentwill behaveinemergencysituations.Thankstoadvancedsoftwaretechnologies, suppliers,manufacturers,anddesignerswillworkinsingleinformation spaceand,infact,communicateinauniversal3-Dlanguage.Today,most ofthetestsarecarriedoutinrealconditions,butinthecomingdecades, softwarewillbeabletosolveincreasingnumbersofproblems.
2.6How
Additivetechnologiesareaninevitablechoiceforacompetitiveenterprise. Today,mostcompaniesthatimplementthemseektoreduceproduction costsandproductdevelopmenttimewithoutchangingthesupplychain andassortment.Inthemediumterm,astrategywillcometothefore, involvingthedevelopmentofmorecomplex,aswellasnew,highly functionalproducts,whichwillleadtochangesinthesupplychain.Finally, inthelongterm,companieswillbeabletosignificantlyimprovemanufacturabilitywhileeliminatingmiddlemenfromthesupplychain.Allofthis willenabletheuseofradicallynew,moreefficient businessmodels.
2.7Who
Astronautsinorbitoftencannotprovidethemselveswitheverythingthey needandareforcedtowaitforthecargothatarrivesattheISSduring scheduled flights.Unfortunately,duringthistime,thecrewisnotprotected againstaccidentsorbreakdownsofimportantsystems.Experimentswith3Dprintinginspaceofferthepotentialtoprinttherequiredpartsifany shouldfailinspace.Thisisveryimportantforfuture flightstoMarsand otherplanets,as,foralongtime,thecolonistswillnotbeabletoreceive helpfromEarth.Therefore,intheupcomingexpeditions,itisextremely importanttouseallavailableopportunitiesforthemanufactureofproducts onboardshipsandspacestations.
SuchexperimentshavebeenconductedontheISSsince2014.Itwas thenthattheMadeinSpaceZeroG3-Dprinterwasdeliveredtothe Americansegmentofthestation.The firstprintingtookplaceon November24,2014,andmarkedanewerainthedevelopmentof3-D technology.Theprintedobjectwasapartoftheprinteritself,thebezel oftheprinthead,whichsymbolizestheabilitytoonedayprinta3-D printerinspaceona3-Dprinter.In2016,anotherMadeinSpace printercalledtheAdditiveManufacturingFacility(AMF)wasdeliveredto theISS(Junetal.,2017).
Sincethen,printingtestsontheISShavebeentakingplaceregularly. OneofthelatestideaswastheinnovativeplanoftheCanadiancompany 3D4MD,whichinvolvedprintingmedicaldevices,suchassplintsor surgicalinstruments,ontheISS.Tocreatedevicessuchasindividual splintsforfractured fingers,3D4MDdeveloperscoulduse,forexample,
measurementstakenduringthepreparationofspacesuitsandcreateamodel onEarth.The3DmodelcanthenbesenttotheISS,wherethetirewillbe 3Dprinted(Leeetal.,2020).
Unabletoconductexperimentsinspace,otherpowersorganizeexperimentsonearth.AdevelopmentteaminChinarecentlysuccessfully testedthe firstZeroGravity3Dprinter.Manydifficulttestswerecarried outintheFrenchcityofBordeaux.
2.83-Dbioprintinginspace
Itisknownthatinopenspacethereiselectromagneticandsolarradiation, whichhasadestructiveeffectonbiologicaltissues.Inorderforanastronaut tobeabletoendureallthehardshipsoftheir flight,theprotectionofthe spacecraftaloneisnotsufficient itisnecessarytothinkabouthigh-quality medicalcare,andifthisdoesnothelp,thenorgansmayneedtobe replaced.
ThatiswhytheAmericanUnitedRocketandSpaceCorporationhas agreedonanexperimentontheuseofa3-DbioprinterontheISS.Itwas developedbytheUnitedStateslaboratory3-DBioprintingSolutions, whichspecializesinbioprintingtechnologies.Scientistshopethatamagneticbioprinterwillallowthecreationoftissuesandorgansinspace.The 3DbioprinterwascompletedanddeliveredtotheISSin2018.
2.9Constructionofstructuresusing3-Dprinting
Oneofthemostbasicproblemsintheconstructionofbuildingson extraterrestrialobjectsisthelimitedamountorlackofbuildingmaterial. Theonlyavailablerawmaterialsthatdonotneedtobetransportedfrom Eartharelocalgeologicalrocks.Itisnotsurprisingthatscientistsaresolving theproblemofusingthemintheconstructionofbuildings.
Forexample,engineersatNorthwesternUniversityintheUnitedStates havefoundawaytousequalitymaterialsinsituationswhereresourcesare limited.Thisisanadditivemanufacturingprocessfromspecialmaterialsthat mimicthelunarandMartianregolith.Thesearestrongandresilientmaterialsthatareproducedusingpowderedsubstancesthatresemblerocks fromthesurfacesoftheMoonandMars.
ItislikelythatthistechnologywillbeusedinthecolonizationofMars. Duetoextremetemperaturesandhighradiationonthesurfaceofthe “red planet,” the firstcolonizerswillneedreliableshelters.NASAexperts
proposecreatinga “dome” oficefromthesurfaceofMarsusing3-D printing,coveredwithatransparentmembranemadeof fluoroplastic-40. Oneofthemainadvantagesofawater-baseddwellingisthatsuchwalls provideprotectionfromcosmicradiationbutdonotimpedethepenetrationoflight thiscreatessomecomfort.Inaddition,othercriteriawere takenintoaccountwhenchoosingthemostappropriatematerials their strengthandreliability,andtheirabilitytowithstandthedifficultconditions ofMars(Hoffman&Volpe,2018).
TheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA)isdevelopinginthesamedirection andhasalreadyachievedsomeresults.ScientistsattheAustrianUniversity ofAppliedSciencesinWienerNeustadtmanagedto3-Dprintasmall needleandacornerwallmadeofJSC-Mars-1Amaterialthatmimics Martiansoil.
2.10Conclusion
Inadditiontoseriousresearch,therearealsosomequiteunexpected projects.Forexample,expertsfromtheESAhavediscussedsavingthesouls ofthe firstlunarcolonistsandplannedtobuildatempleontheMoonusing 3-Dprinting.Thisbuilding,withthepoeticnameoftheTempleofEternal Light,willbelocatedatthecenteroftheresidentialcomplexforthe first lunarsettlersandwillcombineaprayerplaceandanobservatory.The designersbelievethatthetemplesontheMoonwillhelprevivethelost connectionofmankindwithspace.
References
Attaran,M.(2017).Theriseof3-Dprinting:Theadvantagesofadditivemanufacturingover traditionalmanufacturing. BusinessHorizons,60(5),677 688. Hoffman,W.,&Volpe,T.A.(2018).Internetofnuclearthings:Managingtheproliferation risksof3-Dprintingtechnology. BulletinoftheAtomicScientists,74(2),102 113. Jun,S.Y.,Sanz-Izquierdo,B.,Parker,E.A.,Bird,D.,&McClelland,A.(2017). Manufacturingconsiderationsinthe3-Dprintingoffractalantennas. IEEETransactions onComponents,PackagingandManufacturingTechnology,7(11),1891 1898. Khan,M.S.(2018). 3-Dprintingintransportation:Alreadyinaction (Vol.314).TRNews. Khan,M.S.,Sanchez,F.,&Zhou,H.(2020).3-Dprintingofconcrete:Beyondhorizons. CementandConcreteResearch,133,106070. Lee,L.,Burnett,A.M.,Panos,J.G.,Paudel,P.,Keys,D.,Ansari,H.M.,&Yu,M.(2020). 3-Dprintedspectacles:Potential,challengesandthefuture. ClinicalandExperimental Optometry,103(5),590 596.
Sharke,P.(2017).Howpracticalis3-Dmetalprinting? MechanicalEngineering,139(10), 44 49.
