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HANDBOOKOFCHITINAND CHITOSAN

HANDBOOKOF CHITINAND CHITOSAN

COMPOSITESAND NANOCOMPOSITESFROM

CHITINANDCHITOSAN, MANUFACTURINGAND CHARACTERIZATIONS

VOLUME2

Editedby

SREERAG GOPI

CenterforInnovationsandTechnologies(CIT), ADSONaturalsPrivateLimited,Bangalore,India

SABU THOMAS

MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kottayam,India

ANITHA PIUS

TheGandhigramRuralInstitute(DeemedUniversity),Dindigul,India

Elsevier

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Listofcontributorsix

1. Polymerblends,compositesandnanocompositesfromchitinand chitosan;manufacturing,characterizationandapplications1

AUGUSTINEAMALRAJ,SHINTUJUDEANDSREERAJGOPI

1.1Introduction2

1.2Processingofchitinandchitosanblendsandcomposites4

1.3Importantapplicationsofchitinandchitosan16

1.4Conclusions36 Acknowledgment36 References36

2. Processingtechniquesofchitin-basedgels,blends,and compositesusingionicliquids47

JUN-ICHIKADOKAWA

2.1Introduction47

2.2Dissolutionandgelationofchitinwithionicliquids48

2.3Fabricationofchitin-basedblendandcompositematerialsusingionicliquids52

2.4Conclusion56 Acknowledgment57 References57

3. Processingtechniquesofchitosan-basedinterpenetratingpolymer networks,gels,blends,compositesandnanocomposites61

M.MEHEDIHASAN,MD.LAWSHANHABIB,MD.ANWARUZZAMAN,MD.KAMRUZZAMAN, M.NURUZZAMANKHANANDMOHAMMEDMIZANURRAHMAN

3.1Introduction62 3.2Chitosan63

3.3Typesofchitosan-basedmaterials64

3.4Processingtechniquesforchitosan-basedinterpenetratingpolymer networksandgels73

3.5Processingtechniquesforchitosan-basedblends75

3.6Conclusions83 References83

4. Microscopicstudiesonchitinandchitosan-basedinterpenetrating polymernetworks,gels,blends,composites,andnanocomposites95 K.JAYARAJ,SREERAGGOPI,A.RAJESWARI,E.JACKCINASTOBELCHRISTYAND

4.1Introduction96

4.2Chitinandchitosan-basedgels,interpenetratingpolymernetwork, blends,andcomposites102

4.3Microscopicstudy112

4.4Applicationsandfutureoutlook125

4.5Conclusion129 Acknowledgment129 References130

5. Thermaldegradationcharacteristicsofchitin,chitosan, Al2O3/chitosan,andbenonite/chitosannanocomposites139

HAMOUMOUSSOUT,MUSTAPHAAAZZAANDHAMMOUAHLAFI

5.1Introduction140

5.2Preparationofchitin,chitosan,bentonite/chitosan,andAl2O3/chitosan nanocomposites142

5.3Characterizationofchitin,chitosan,Al2O3/chitosan,andbentonite/chitosan nanocomposites151

5.4Kineticsofthermaldegradationofchitin,chitosan,Al2O3/chitin,and bentonite/chitosannanocomposites155

5.5Conclusions170 References170

6. Barrierproperties,antimicrobialandantifungalactivitiesof chitinandchitosan-basedIPNs,gels,blends,composites,and nanocomposites175

KHALINABINTIABDAN,SOONCHUYONG,ERICCHANWEICHIANG,ROSNITAA.TALIB, TANCHOONHUIANDLEECHINGHAO

6.1Introduction176

6.2Barrierpropertiesofchitinandchitosan179

6.3Antimicrobialpropertiesofthechitinandchitosan189

6.4Antioxidantpropertiesofchitinandchitosan202

6.5Applicationsofchitinandchitosan205

6.6Conclusions214 References215

7. Chitinandchitosan-basedpolyurethanes229 REJIANEDAROSASCHIO,EVANDROSTOFFELSMALLMANNANDGUILHERMELUIZDOTTO

7.1Generalconsiderations229

7.2Chitinandchitosan230

7.3Polyurethanes231

7.4Developmentmethodsforchitin/chitosan-basedpolyurethanes236

7.5Chitinandchitosan-basedpolyurethanesmaterials:characterizationand applications240

7.6Concludingremarks240 References242

8. Chitinandchitosan-basedblends,composites,and nanocompositesforpackagingapplications247 SAMARSAHRAEEANDJAFARM.MILANI

8.1Introduction248

8.2Biodegradablefilmproductionmethods248

8.3Functionalpropertiesoffilms251

8.4Conclusion268 References269

9. (Bio)compositesofchitin/chitosanwithnaturalfibers273 CAROLINAGREGO ´ RIOCOSTA,LIRIANFERREIRAROSAPEREIRABOM, CRISTIANEREISMARTINS,CLASSIUSFERREIRADASILVAAND MARIANAAGOSTINIDEMORAES

9.1Introduction273

9.2Fundamentalsonnaturalfibers277

9.3Chitin/chitosan(bio)compositeswithnaturalfibers280

9.4Conclusion294 References294 Index299

Listofcontributors

MustaphaAazza LaboratoryofChemistry/BiologyAppliedtothe Environment,FacultyofSciences,MoulayIsmaı¨lUniversity,Meknes, Morocco

KhalinaBintiAbdan LaboratoryofBiocompositeTechnology,Instituteof TropicalForestryandForestProducts(INTROP),UniversitiPutraMalaysia, UPMSerdang,Selangor,Malaysia;DepartmentofProcessandFood Engineering,FacultyofEngineering,UniversitiPutraMalaysia,UPM Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia

HammouAhlafi LaboratoryofChemistry/BiologyAppliedtothe Environment,FacultyofSciences,MoulayIsmaılUniversity,Meknes, Morocco

AugustineAmalraj R&DCentre,AureaBiolabsPrivateLimited,Kolenchery, Cochin,India

Md.Anwaruzzaman DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemical Engineering,BangabandhuSheikhMujiburRahmanScienceandTechnology University,Gopalgonj,Bangladesh

LirianFerreiraRosaPereiraBom DepartmentofChemicalEngineering, InstituteofEnvironmental,ChemicalandPharmaceuticalSciences,Federal UniversityofSaoPaulo(UNIFESP),Diadema,Brazil

EricChanWeiChiang DepartmentofFoodSciencewithNutrition,Facultyof AppliedSciences,UCSIUniversity,Cheras,KualaLumpur,Malaysia

CarolinaGrego ´ rioCosta DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Instituteof Environmental,ChemicalandPharmaceuticalSciences,FederalUniversityof SaoPaulo(UNIFESP),Diadema,Brazil

RejianedaRosaSchio ChemicalEngineeringDepartment,FederalUniversity ofSantaMaria,SantaMaria,Brazil

ClassiusFerreiradaSilva DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Instituteof Environmental,ChemicalandPharmaceuticalSciences,FederalUniversityof SaoPaulo(UNIFESP),Diadema,Brazil

MarianaAgostinideMoraes DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Institute ofEnvironmental,ChemicalandPharmaceuticalSciences,FederalUniversity ofSaoPaulo(UNIFESP),Diadema,Brazil

GuilhermeLuizDotto ChemicalEngineeringDepartment,FederalUniversity ofSantaMaria,SantaMaria,Brazil

SreeragGopi DepartmentofChemistry,TheGandhigramRuralInstitute— DeemedtobeUniversity,Dindigul,India

SreerajGopi R&DCentre,AureaBiolabsPrivateLimited,Kolenchery,Cochin, India

Md.LawshanHabib DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemical Engineering,BangabandhuSheikhMujiburRahmanScienceandTechnology University,Gopalgonj,Bangladesh

LeeChingHao LaboratoryofBiocompositeTechnology,InstituteofTropical ForestryandForestProducts(INTROP),UniversitiPutraMalaysia,UPM Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia

M.MehediHasan DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemical Engineering,BangabandhuSheikhMujiburRahmanScienceandTechnology University,Gopalgonj,Bangladesh

TanChoonHui DepartmentofFoodSciencewithNutrition,Facultyof AppliedSciences,UCSIUniversity,Cheras,KualaLumpur,Malaysia

E.JackcinaStobelChristy DepartmentofChemistry,TheGandhigramRural Institute—DeemedtobeUniversity,Dindigul,India

K.Jayaraj DepartmentofChemistry,TheGandhigramRuralInstitute— DeemedtobeUniversity,Dindigul,India

ShintuJude R&DCentre,AureaBiolabsPrivateLimited,Kolenchery,Cochin, India

Jun-ichiKadokawa GraduateSchoolofScienceandEngineering,Kagoshima University,Kagoshima,Japan

Md.Kamruzzaman DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemical Engineering,BangabandhuSheikhMujiburRahmanScienceandTechnology University,Gopalgonj,Bangladesh

M.NuruzzamanKhan DepartmentofAppliedChemistryandChemical Engineering,FacultyofEngineeringandTechnology,UniversityofDhaka, Dhaka,Bangladesh

EvandroStoffelsMallmann ChemicalEngineeringDepartment,Federal UniversityofSantaMaria,SantaMaria,Brazil

CristianeReisMartins DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,Instituteof Environmental,ChemicalandPharmaceuticalSciences,FederalUniversityof SaoPaulo(UNIFESP),Diadema,Brazil

JafarM.Milani DepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,Sari AgriculturalSciencesandNaturalResourcesUniversity,Sari,Iran

HamouMoussout LaboratoryofChemistry/BiologyAppliedtothe Environment,FacultyofSciences,MoulayIsmaılUniversity,Meknes, Morocco

AnithaPius DepartmentofChemistry,TheGandhigramRuralInstitute— DeemedtobeUniversity,Dindigul,India

MohammedMizanurRahman DepartmentofAppliedChemistryand ChemicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineeringandTechnology,Universityof Dhaka,Dhaka,Bangladesh

Listofcontributors

A.Rajeswari DepartmentofChemistry,TheGandhigramRuralInstitute— DeemedtobeUniversity,Dindigul,India

SamarSahraee DepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,SariAgricultural SciencesandNaturalResourcesUniversity,Sari,Iran

RosnitaA.Talib DepartmentofBiologicalandAgriculturalEngineering, FacultyofEngineering,UniversitiPutraMalaysia,UPMSerdang,Selangor, Malaysia

SoonChuYong DepartmentofFoodSciencewithNutrition,Facultyof AppliedSciences,UCSIUniversity,Cheras,KualaLumpur,Malaysia

nanocompositesfromchitinand chitosan;manufacturing, characterizationandapplications AugustineAmalraj,ShintuJudeandSreerajGopi R&DCentre,AureaBiolabsPrivateLimited,Kolenchery,Cochin,India

1.1Introduction2

1.2Processingofchitinandchitosanblendsandcomposites4

1.2.1Simpleblending4 1.2.2Lyophilization10

1.3Importantapplicationsofchitinandchitosan16

1.3.1Applicationofchitinandchitosancompositesinfoodpacking17 1.3.2Applicationofchitinandchitosancompositesinantimicrobial activities23

1.3.3Applicationofchitinandchitosancompositesinwound-healing activities24

1.3.4Applicationofchitinandchitosancompositesinwatertreatment process26

1.3.5Tissueengineering31

1.3.6Applicationofchitinandchitosancompositesindrugrelease35

1.3.7Applicationofchitinandchitosancompositesinbleedingcontrol35

1.1Introduction

Recently,theemphasisonenvironment-friendlytechnologyhasstimulatedinterestinbiopolymersandbiobasedpolymers,duetotheir functionalityandgreaterbiodegradabilitythanthesyntheticpolymer counterpart.Thebiobasedpolymershavereceivedincreasingattention becauseoftheiroutstandingphysicalandbiologicalproperties.Chitin (CN)isapolysaccharideandabundantorganiccompound,beingthe secondmostcommonbiopolymerinnatureintheworldaftercellulose. CNiscommonlyfoundininvertebrates,ascrustaceanshellsorinsect cuticles,butisalsopresentinthevastmajorityoffungi,somemushroomsenvelopes,greenalgae,cellwalls,andyeasts [1].Severalmillion tonsofmarinewasteareproducedeveryyear,whichareveryhazardousfortheenvironmentduetotheirhighbiologicalandchemicaloxygendemand,pathogens,organicmatter,etc.Thewasteproducedbythe marinefoodsandmarinefoodindustries,theshellsofshrimp,crab, andothercrustaceans,isthemajorcommercialsourceofCN.CNisa linearaminopolysaccharideconsistingmainlyof β-(1-4)-linked2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoseunitsandpartiallyof β-(1-4)-linked 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose [1,2].ThestructuresofCNand chitosan(CS)aredepictedin Fig.1.1.CNisinsolubleincommonsolventsbecauseofitshighcrystallinestructureandhydrogenbonding betweencarbonyl,hydroxyl,andacetamidegroups.CNhasastrong intra-andintermolecularhydrogenbondingnetwork,whichprovides theinsolublepropertyofthispolymerincommonorganicandinorganic solvents [1,3].However,itissolubleinhighlyconcentratedinorganic acids,suchashydrochloricacid,sulfuricacid,andphosphoricacid.

CSisthemostimportantderivativeofCNandispreparedbythealkaline deacetylationofCN [4].CS’sstructurecomprises β-1,4-linked2-amino-2deoxy-β-D-glucose(deacetylated D-glucosamine)and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

units [5].CSisinsolubleinwaterandinmostorganicsolvents;incontrast,it issolubleinmostaqueousacidsolutionssuchasacetic,citric,formic,lactic acids,etc.,belowitspKa(pH 5 6.5),andinsomeothersolventssuchas dimethylsulfoxide,p-toulenesulfonicacid,and10-camphorsulfonicacid [1,6].CSismainlycharacterizedbythedeacetylationdegree—whentheacetylationdegreeislessthan50%,itisnamedCS [7,8]—andthemolecular weight.TheseparametersstronglyaffectmanyphysicochemicalandbiologicalpropertiesofCS,suchassolubility,hydrophilicity,crystallinity,andcell response.Each D-glucosamineunitcontainsafreeaminogroup,andthese groupscantakeonapositivechargewhichgivestheimportantpropertiesof CSsuchassolubilityandantimicrobialproperty.Thesegroupsmakeagood chelatingligandcapableofbindingtoavarietyofmetalionsandcanadsorb thedyeanionsbyelectrostaticattraction.Additionally,theseaminogroups mightbeprotonatedprovidingsolubilityofCSindilutedacidicsolutions [9,10].Thepresenceofmultiplefunctionalgroupsinthispolymer,suchas hydroxylandaminogroups,onitspolysaccharidechainprovidestheflexibilityforpreparingmolecularlyimprintedpolymersandforstructuralmodifications [11].AccordingtotheUSFoodandDrugAdministration(USFDA),it isaGRAS(GenerallyRecognizedasSafe)materialandthereforeithasfound awiderangeofpharmaceuticalandbiomedicalapplications [12].

CShasbeenextensivelystudiedforvariousapplicationsbecauseof itsbiocompatibility,biodegradability,mucoadhesiveness,andderivabilityfromabundantandinexpensivebiomass [13].Italsopossessantimicrobialactivity,wound-healingproperties,andhemostaticactivity, whichmakeCS-basedcompositesveryusefulinthebiomedicalfield. Moreover,ithasalsobeenusedinagricultureasafertilizer,infoodasa stabilizerandthickener,andinwatertreatmentasanionexchanger [14].Inaddition.CSisreadilyprocessedintonanofibers,sponges,nanoparticles(NPs),gel,beads,scaffolds,membranes,andstandalonefilms

FIGURE1.1 Sourcesandextractionofchitosan.

[15].ThemainadvantageofCNandCSistheeasewithwhichtheycan beprocessedintodifferentformslikebeads,gels,microparticles,NPs, nanofibers,scaffolds,etc. [16].

1.2Processingofchitinandchitosanblendsandcomposites

CHandCShavemanyapplications,thusvariousformsandstructuresareneeded.AsCSissolubleinaqueousacidicmedia,itisableto formfilmsandscaffoldbythesolutioncastingmethodandsimple blendingtechniquesanditisalsousedinfoodindustriesandnutraceuticalandbiomedicalfields,Thereforethespraydrying/freeze-drying methodhasalsobeenused.ThedifferenttechniquesforprocessingCN andCSblendsandcompositesareshownin Fig.1.2 andsummarizedin Table1.1.

1.2.1Simpleblending

Asimpleblendingmethodiswidelyusedwhichtocombinetwoor morepolymersbysolutionblendingorextrusionblending.Thebinary polycaprolactone(PCL)/CSblendswerefabricatedbyexperimentation andadissipativeparticledynamicssimulationwithhomogeneousmorphologyandexcellentductility,whichindicatedthatthecombinationof experimentsandcomputersimulationcanbeaneffectivewaytodesign anddeveloppolymerblendswithtailoredpropertiesforadvanced

FIGURE1.2 Varioustechniquesforprocessingchitinandchitosanblendsandcomposites.

TABLE1.1 Varioustechniquesforprocessingchitinandchitosanblendsandcompositesandtheirapplications.

MethodsFormulationsApplicationsReferences

SimpleblendingPCL CSTechnologyapplications [17]

CS agaroseBiomedical [18]

CS PVABiomedical [19]

CS microcapsules/starchDrugdeliverysystem [20]

CS PEGMEBiomedicalapplications [21]

Controlleddrugdelivery

Zincioncross-linkedalginate NSCTherapeuticapplications [22]

Drugdeliverysystem

CHC LMWHAAntiapoptosisinjectablesystem [23]

CS COL HA HApBonescaffolds [24]

Cornealepithelialcells/CMC/gelatin(GL)/HATissueengineering [25]

CS PEGSeedgermination [26]

Carboxymethylcellulose CSFoodpackaging [27]

CS sodiumcaseinateFoodpreservation [28]

Ricestarch CMCBiodegradableediblefilms [29]

CS eggshellmembraneGLPackingmaterial [30]

CS poly(allylamine)IndustrialCO2 separation [31] (Continued)

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WILKINSON, MRS MARGUERITE OGDEN (BIGELOW). Bluestone. *$1.50 Macmillan 811

20–11184

A volume of lyrics. In her preface the author touches on the relation of lyric poetry to music as she employs it in the composition of her poems. Contents: Bluestone; Songs from beside swift rivers; Songs of poverty; Preferences; Love songs; Songs of an empty house; Songs of laughter and tears; Whims for poets; California poems; The pageant.

“Songs with a wide appeal because they are mostly ‘themes of the folk.’ The appreciation of nature and outdoor feeling are keen.”

Booklist 17:63 N ’20

“There is an undoubted poetic element in these poems of Mrs Wilkinson, but it is dew rather than flame. And being excellently even in craftsmanship, there is no poem that fails to satisfy the reader’s interest in being what it is.” W: S. Braithwaite

Boston Transcript p6 Jl 31 ’20 1050w

“Marguerite Wilkinson has decided moral and metrical spring without conspicuous originality; though she is deeply touching here in Songs of an empty house, on the childless state.” M. V. D.

Nation 111:248 Ag 28 ’20 70w

“Mrs Wilkinson undoubtedly possesses a deal of talent; it is evident throughout her work, cropping out in felicitous stanzas here and rhythmical lines there, but she allows an occasional triteness to retard the success of the book as a whole.”

N Y Times p16 N 7 ’20 590w

Spec 125:280 Ag 28 ’20 560w

WILLARD, FLORENCE, and GILLETT, LUCY HOLCOMB.[2] Dietetics for high schools. il

*$1.32 Macmillan 613.2

20–12948

“Home economics teachers will be interested to learn that a much needed textbook of dietetics has recently appeared. The content of the book is especially significant in view of the experience of both authors as teachers of the subject and of one of them as worker with actual problems of malnutrition and of family feeding on low incomes in the Association for improving the condition of the poor. The book starts with a comparison of the weights and heights of the girls in the class with the standards for their ages. Following this is a study of food values as to fuel, protein, mineral, vitamines, and the requirements of a good diet. Following the general study of the basis for planning meals, the authors make an interesting and concrete section of the book by selecting a family containing children of various ages and discussing the marketing problems of this family. The high-school girl thus makes application of her earlier nutrition study to actual food purchase for the family’s need.” School R

“This book is a distinct contribution to the very small group of elementary textbooks in nutrition. The work is accurate and up-todate. The points are supported and illustrated by suitable tables and charts in such number as to constitute a unique feature of a beginner’s book in nutrition. One specially commendable feature is the fact that it may be used quite as appropriately as a textbook for boys as for girls.” M. S. Rose

J Home Econ 12:513 N ’20 300w

“A splendid and thoroughly scientific body of material makes the book a well-rounded and teachable text.”

School R 28:798 D ’20 360w

WILLIAMS, ARIADNA TYRKOVA- (MRS HAROLD WILLIAMS). From liberty to BrestLitovsk. *$6 Macmillan 947

19–18461

“This is a narrative of events from the first uprisings of the revolution in March, 1917, to the ratification of the peace with Germany a year later. Herself a member of the Petrograd municipal council and the Moscow conference, Mrs Williams has described in detail the cabinet crises and political vicissitudes of the provisional government and the steady trend of the socialist center toward bolshevism. Less complete is her account of the first months of the bolshevist régime and its negotiations with Germany at BrestLitovsk.” Survey

Ath p1275 N 28 ’19 220w

“Although the book is emotionally coloured with righteous anger and hatred towards the Bolsheviks, we cannot but welcome it as an honest attempt to narrate the history of the first year of the Russian revolution.” S. K.

Ath p1367 D 19 ’19 1100w

“The facts here recorded will be most impressive to all who keep even an approximately open mind on the Russian question.”

Ind 102:66 Ap 10 ’20 150w

“She might have made her book a skilful and telling arraignment of her political opponents if she could have restrained her quite intelligible hatred and indignation. She betrays her prejudice and weakens her case most seriously in loading on the Bolsheviki the blame for all that Russia has suffered since the beginning of the revolution.” Jacob Zeitlin

Nation 110:399 Mr 27 ’20 360w

“When we had finished this long book of Mrs Harold Williams, we asked ourselves why it left us with the taste of the dust of Dead Sea apples. The answer is, we believe, that nothing is so barren as perpetual denunciation. Only a political controversialist could be quite so self-blind as Mrs Williams.”

Nation [London] 26:402 D 13 ’19 700w

“This book may be recommended as a storehouse of facts, and it is to be hoped that the author will in due course produce another volume, bringing the story down from Brest-Litovsk to the present day.”

Sat R 129:62 Ja 17 ’20 540w

“She shows an intimate knowledge of the political convulsions of 1917, and she describes them in a clear and forcible style. The dominant note of the book is amazement that the Russian people, with their many good qualities, could have allowed themselves to be dominated by a gang of scoundrels.”

Spec 123:579 N 1 ’19 1450w

“Partisan and patriot Mrs Williams is, and the reader will not find in her description of the storm-tossed waters of the revolution any clear perception of its deeper currents. But the reader will find in her book a useful chronicle of events and an interesting and vivid representation of the political kaleidoscope and of the opinion of no small part of the Russian intelligentsia during that momentous year. ” Reed Lewis

Survey 44:48 Ap 3 ’20 200w

“A connected account of the first phase of the Russian revolution has been badly needed. Mrs Williams has a clear picture in her own mind of what led to Bolshevism, and her main theme is easy to trace throughout the book. In these days, when many English liberals join in the foolish denunciation of nearly all Russian liberals as counterrevolutionaries without examining the positive side of their policy, it

is useful to see the aims and policy of the provisional government clearly and sympathetically restated.”

The Times [London] Lit Sup p618 N 6

’19 1000w

WILLIAMS, BEN AMES. Great accident. *$2 (1½c) Macmillan

20–5226

This is a story of American provincial politics and of education gone wrong. The way Winthrop Chase, junior, had been brought up by a well meaning father and mother had brought out strongly the negative side of his character. He always did the thing he was told not to do and was fast becoming a drunkard. Shrewd old Ames Caretall, congressman, returns from Washington just as a mayoral election is coming on. He resolves to take a gambler’s chance with young Wint and uses his influence to have him elected mayor over the head of Wint’s own father. How the “joke” does the trick, knocks manhood into Wint, and develops him into a sober, unusually decent, honorable and lovable character is the burden of the story.

“This town and its inhabitants stand out with remarkable clearness, and it is well worth while for English men and women to read of it. They will see for themselves how different is their country from that huge one which speaks the same language.” O. W.

Ath p16 Ja 7 ’21 1300w

Booklist 16:315 Je ’20

“This is a capital story. There are a number of well-drawn subsidiary personages, making the life of the small town vivid and often amusing. Its atmosphere is distinctive and typical.” N. H. D.

Boston Transcript p4 S 4 ’20 650w

Dial 69:211 Ag ’20 110w

“It is a perfectly good idea and the characters are interesting enough, but the author seems to be a little bit tired; it all needs to be keyed up to a higher pitch.”

Ind 103:53 Jl 10 ’20 110w

“It will go far toward dispelling in the average reader’s mind the illusion that a realistic presentation of American life must necessarily be dull, morbid and unduly sophisticated.”

N Y Evening Post p3 My 1 ’20 600w

“The merit of the tale lies in its portrayal of small town life, of the men who control or try to control the political destinies of the friendly little town of Hardiston, and in an easy and agreeable style.”

N Y Times 25:163 Ap 11 ’20 400w

“Two romances and a broad vein of humor balance the political narrative, making an entertaining if rather unlifelike American tale.”

Springf’d Republican p8a S 19 ’20 420w

WILLIAMS, GAIL.

Fear not the crossing. $1.25 (9c) Clode, E. J. 134

20–1895

A series of spirit communications given to the author through automatic handwriting by the spirit of a man who had but recently died, and who found it at first very difficult to adjust himself to conditions on the other side. The messages are given from day to day, and describe the life beyond death, its great beauty, satisfying joy, its boundless service for others, and its superiority to our fleshbound existence. Advice is given too for our greater serenity of the spirit while still in the flesh. Think of God, pray to Him, in order that His power may radiate through you, and enable you to do the tasks assigned to you, is the advice frequently repeated by this spirit control. He speaks often of love as the most beautiful earthly force. A new note in this book is its description of the temporary agony of the soul newly awakening “ on the other side of death.”

Boston Transcript p4 My 5 ’20 350w

“The just complaint that most spirit revelations are of such trivial and childish nature, finds no grounds here, as the matters treated are all of large and worthy import.” Katharine Perry

Pub W 97:610 F 21 ’20 360w

Reviewed by Joseph Jastrow

Review 3:42 Jl 14 ’20 90w

WILLIAMS, HENRY SMITH. Witness of the sun.

il *$1.90 (3c) Doubleday.

20–16495

When John Theobold is killed in his office, some one has to be found to fasten the murder to, as is usual in such cases. The guilty man seems to be Señor Cortez, a fiery Brazilian, jealous of Theobold’s interest in his wife, with Frank Crosby, the murdered man ’ s private secretary, as his accomplice. The case comes to trial, and the counsel for the defense springs a surprise. With the aid of Jack Henley, a bright office boy with an interest in photography, he presents proof, substantiated by actual pictures taken on the spot, showing that Cortez and Crosby could not have committed the crime, and who did and why. But all surprises are not yet over: the counsel for the defense learns that no amount of circumstantial evidence ever proves anything, it only shows that things might have happened in a certain way, but they might also have happened in some other way, and in this case they did.

“The plot and its solution evince striking ingenuity on the part of Mr Williams.”

WILLIAMS, JAMES MICKEL.

[2] Foundations of social science. *$6 Knopf 301

The book is an analysis of the psychological aspects of the social sciences and emphasizes the vital relation of social psychology to the other social sciences, pointing out how the advancement of the latter is dependent on the development of the former. Although the assumptions of social science are in their last analysis, all resting on human nature, they have relied too much on the traditional social relations and have failed to discriminate between “ a motive that is essential in traditional political relations, or in traditional economic relations and one that is essential in human nature.” Also they have allowed mass phenomena to obscure the individual and have lost sight of the fact that only through the operation of certain instinctive dispositions of individuals do they act as groups. The volume falls into four parts: Social psychology and political science; Social psychology and jurisprudence; Social psychology as related to economics, history and sociology; The field and methods of social psychology. Appended is a partial list of the books, documents and articles referred to in the text, and an index of subjects.

In this cook book “ every recipe has been carefully estimated and tested the ingredients reduced so as to supply the requirements of two.” (Preface) Contents: Soups; Fish; Meats; Poultry and game;

Entrees; Vegetables; Eggs; Beverages; Breads, cakes, etc.; Desserts; Fruits, pickles and sauces; Miscellaneous. Tables for cooking and measuring come at the end. There is no index. The book was copyrighted in Canada in 1916.

WILLIAMS, LLEWELLYN W. Making of modern Wales. *$2.25 Macmillan 942.9

“The recorder of Cardiff, in this well-organized, well-documented, and well-indexed treatise, studies the processes, legal, political, and social, by which mediæval was transformed into modern Wales. He devotes much space to the story of Catholicism in Wales after the reformation, and to an account of the Courts of great session subjects on which far less has been written than on the council of the Marches, the history of Welsh nonconformity, and other main topics. His last chapter deals with the bilingual problem.”—Ath

Ath p1210 N 14 ’19 90w

Nation 111:304 S 11 ’20 280w

“The author’s chapter on the Great sessions, which were abolished in 1830, is the best account of them that has yet been written.”

+

Spec 122:48 Ja 10 ’20 1400w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p613 O 30 ’19 70w

“The solid value of Mr Williams’s researches arouses gratitude and deep respect. We should, however, describe his work as research of the second the organizing stage, chiefly rather than of the first stage. The chapter on the reformation is extremely interesting. The chapter on the Welsh Catholics is the most picturesque and attractive in the book, and probably contains the most generally unfamiliar information. The most workmanlike and most original chapter is that on the king’s Court of great sessions.”

WILLIAMS, SIDNEY CLARK. Unconscious crusader.

20–4708

This is a story of present-day journalism and of James Radbourne, who started as reporter on a daily paper and ended as proprietor of one. All the ups and downs of a newspaper career, all the rivalries and jealousies between staff and managers of different papers come out in the story and how James Radbourne took the straight course until he won out and made himself a name for honest journalism. He did not know that some one was watching this course, but when she was satisfied that it was the right one she came and asked for a job. It was “Miladi.”

Booklist 16:351 Jl ’20

“When we turn from the world of business and politics to that of romance the atmosphere is clean and fresh. The setting for the romance is deliciously funny.”

Boston Transcript p4 Ag 28 ’20 400w

“‘An unconscious crusader’ will hardly set the world aflame, yet it is readable and affords a glimpse of the inside workings of a newspaper office.”

N Y Times 25:329 Je 20 ’20 420w

“An attempt, not wholly successful, is made to weave in a love story, or rather an alleged one. It detracts from the interest of the story, rather than adds to it.”

Springf’d Republican p13a Ap 18 ’20 340w WILLIAMS, WAYLAND WELLS. Goshen street. *$1.90 (1½c) Stokes

20–17177

Goshen street is a New England country road. David Galt, who is born on a Goshen street farm, is given an education thru the benevolence of a millionaire who makes a hobby of sending poor and promising boys to college. He goes into journalism afterwards and rises high in his profession, but Goshen street always remains an influence in his life. It is Sylvia Thornton who first brings David to her father’s attention and as he continues to make his way up in the

world David holds to the intention of marrying Sylvia, but instead he marries Naomi Fiske. The war comes, David is first a correspondent, then a soldier. Naomi dies of influenza while nursing in France and after the war David and Sylvia again meet in Goshen street.

“Interesting, well written, a truthful picture of Connecticut farm people.”

Booklist 17:161 Ja ’21

“Although the scenes in New York are interesting, and although David’s wife Sylvia is an artistic triumph, particularly because she is so difficult, it is Goshen street itself, David’s ancestral home, and his father, mother and brother, to which my memory returns most fondly. The descriptions of the street are admirable examples of English style. This book has such fine quality that it sharpens one ’ s appetite for the next.” W: L. Phelps

“Mr Williams was a prominent official in a large steel fabricating concern. He wished to fit himself for the position of employment manager, and thought it a part of his preparation to find out what it was like to be a workman. Therefore he left home with a few dollars

in his pocket and looked for a job. This is the story of his adventures in a basic steel plant, a rolling mill, a coal mine, an oil refinery, a shipyard, and other resorts of toil.” Nation

“Reveals without bitterness or antagonizing radicalism the unsatisfactory lives of the workers. Vivid and worth while, but will not be popular.”

Booklist 17:96 D ’20

Reviewed by Harold Waldo

Bookm 52:556 F ’21 640w

Boston Transcript p4 Ja 22 ’21 390w

“An unusual and interesting book.”

Cleveland p111 D ’20 30w

“As a first-hand account of actual working and living-conditions in the great basic industries, Mr Williams’s ‘What’s on the worker’s mind’ is of considerable value for the author is an excellent reporter. But as an analysis of what the worker is actually thinking and doing about his problems, and in so far as it proposes solution for these problems, the book falls far short of its mark.” W: Z. Foster

Freeman 2:404 Ja 5 ’21 880w

“The narrative of his adventures is of extraordinary interest and his conclusions are worth attention.”

105:170 F 12 ’21 100w

Reviewed by G: Soule

Nation 111:533 N 10 ’20 650w

“Short as the book’s economic perspective is, its central contribution remains intact; its psychological analysis is penetrating and original. Its educational value can be literally tremendous.”

Ordway Tead

New Repub 25:266 Ja 26 ’21 1500w Outlook 126:334 O 20 ’20 90w

“Not only are the observations obviously timely, but they have a force that results from their having been derived from actual experience.”

Springf’d Republican p5a Ja 2 ’21 1150w WILLIAMS-ELLIS, CLOUGH, and WILLIAMS-ELLIS, A. Tank corps; with an introd. by H. J. Elles. il *$5 (4½c) Doran 940.4

20–3588

Major-General Ellis commander of the tank corps, in his introduction to the volume, calls attention to the “difficulties of

dealing concisely, even by comment, with the kaleidoscopic events of two and a half crowded years—with the questions of organisation, training, personnel, design, supply, fighting, reorganisation, workshops, experiments, salvage, transportation, maintenance.” This states in a nutshell the enormous problem solved by the tank in its rapid and forced evolution while the war was in process. The first chapter is intended for the civilian who, thanks to the censorship, “has had no opportunity of making himself familiar with the tactical opportunities and problems that the use of tanks has introduced or with the conditions under which tank crews fight.” It contains several plans and diagrams showing the general arrangement and construction of this formidable machine. There are other illustrations and an index.

Ath p64 Ja 9 ’20 90w

“Excellent and well illustrated book.”

Review 3:712 Jl 7 ’20 630w

“The tank corps was one of the miracles of the war, and its history was bound to be one of the best romances. It is good to have the full story told so soon and by such competent chroniclers. The authors give us all the technical information that is needed, and at the same time they fit the achievement of the tank corps into the great movements of the campaign. The style is never for a moment ponderous or dull.” J: Buchan

Spec 123:691 N 22 ’19 2100w

“A vivid military treatise.”

Springf’d Republican p11a My 30 ’20 600w

“A confused collection of details instead of a coherent story. The confusion is not helped by the absence of maps. The book is a disappointment; but no mistakes can entirely rob of their interest the first full accounts that have been published of the terrible struggles of the tanks in the Flanders mud during the third battle of Ypres.”

The Times [London] Lit Sup p660 N 20 ’19 850w

Doubleday

20–7290

Annesley Grayle meets the man who calls himself Nelson Smith under romantic circumstances and marries him without knowing his real name or anything about him. As paid companion to a crabbed old lady she has found life dreary and colorless. He brings love and joy into it and she adores him and asks no questions. Shortly after it becomes apparent to the reader that the man is a very clever jewel thief. The heroine however is slower witted and when the truth is forced home to her she is crushed and believes her love dead. There

follows a period of estrangement and penitence spent on the hero’s ranch in Texas, followed by reconciliation.

“A tale of plot, whose surprises and thrills are never balked by the improbable.”

Booklist 16:315 Je ’20

“The Williamsons have succeeded in concentrating our entire interest in their plot, and though as is natural in this type of story we should not be likely to read the book a second time, it is equally likely that we should be inclined to read the next Williamson book upon the recommendation of this.” D. L. M.

Boston Transcript p11 My 22 ’20 550w

“The authors have not allowed a trifle like probability to stand in their way, but the tale holds the reader’s interest, and Annesley is a charming heroine. Smoothly and pleasantly written, ‘The second latchkey’ is an agreeable and an entertaining romance of things as they are not.”

N Y Times 25:219 My 2 ’20 500w

“Mr Willis’s book is not so much a connected system of philosophy as a series of thoughts on various subjects connected with the faculty of speech. Beginning with a discussion of the origins of speech, he goes on to show the connection of the history of speech with the history of thought; he devotes a chapter to metaphor, another to grammar, another to the question of spelling and spelling reform, others to purism and correct speech, and a final section to speech and education.” Ath

Ath p383 Mr 19 ’20 130w

“One does not always agree with Mr Willis, but one can never find him anything but very entertaining and stimulating.”

Ath p601 My 7 ’20 600w

“This is, indeed, a strange book. It seems to be a survival from the linguistic dark ages. The author does not disclose any intimacy with Anglo-Saxon, with Gothic or with old high English, nor does he show any scholarship in comparative philology.” Brander Matthews

N Y Times 25:24 Je 27 ’20 2500w

“The present writer has not for years come across a book in which highly disputable assertions were mixed up with facts with such complete impartiality. Nothing could be more admirable than the author’s attack upon the ordinary grammar-books, and his exposition of the causes which have led to the extraordinary muddleheadedness of these compilations.”

WILLOUGHBY, D. About it and about. *$5 Dutton 824

(Eng ed 20–10519)

“These essays, most of which appeared in Everyman, consist of comment on questions of the day, written from a ‘moderate’ point of view.” (Ath My 21 ’20) “Roughly speaking, Mr Willoughby touches on all the burning or still glowing topics of the day, on peace and war, on housing, on labour, on Ireland, on servants civil and domestic, and many other more or less immediate doubts and difficulties.” (Ath Je 11 ’20)

“Readably and brightly written.”

Ath p686 My 21 ’20 40w

“The rational good-humor characteristic of the book, a really precious quality at this time, naturally brims over in laughter, spontaneous and frequent enough to convey to the reader a feeling of expectant animation. Occasionally, the easy note of mirth has been forced.” F. W. S.

Ath p764 Je 11 ’20 640w

“A witty, animated, keen-sighted, judicious and mature product of journalism. Informing and revealing sentences abound.”

“The author is implicit in it ‘his vaunts, his feats.’ He is often amusing. Mr Willoughby’s detachment is aloofness; from his Olympian height he scans the depths or would if the depths were not shallows. His knowledge, however, does not come of patient observation, but from the study of the authorities.”

+ Springf’d Republican p10 O 1 ’20 660w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p291 My 13 ’20 630w

WILLOUGHBY, WESTEL WOODBURY. Foreign rights and interests in China. $6 Johns Hopkins 327 20–8714

“Professor Willoughby, of the Johns Hopkins university, served as legal adviser to the Chinese republic during the war. He has used his special knowledge to compile a statement of the rights conferred by treaties or agreements of an official character upon foreigners and foreign powers in China. As he says, the situation is ‘complicated in the extreme,’ for China permits all kinds of extra-territorial rights and suffers ‘spheres of interest, “special interests,” war zones, leased territories, treaty ports, concessions, settlements and legation quarters’ to infringe on her sovereignty, to say nothing of commercial concessions and revenue services under foreign control.” Spec

“As a work of reference the volume may be highly commended.”

Am Hist R 26:138 O ’20 500w

“His explanations and comments are thorough-going and illuminating. They are never wearisome, as legal discussions sometimes are. ” E. B. Drew

Am Pol Sci R 14:727 N ’20 500w

“It has a quality that renders it easily read from beginning to end. This happy issue must be ascribed in due degree to the author’s admirable style and control of his material; but while the book is a model of what a thesis should be, it possesses, besides its usefulness as a work of reference, a human interest that is altogether compelling.” F: W. Williams

Nation 111:sup421 O 13 ’20 1100w

Spec 124:767 Je 5 ’20 210w

“The work is well done and is an addition of permanent value to the literature on the Far East.” W. R. Wheeler

Yale R n s 10:431 Ja ’21 340w

WILSON, CAROLYN CROSBY.[2] Fir trees and fireflies. *$1.75 Putnam 811

Poems on varied themes. Among the titles are: Mid winter; The patchwork quilt; Houseless; On the arrogance of lovers; Roads;

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