Congenital and Acquired Bone Marrow Failure 1st Edition Edition Mahmoud Aljurf
https://ebookmass.com/product/congenital-and-acquired-bonemarrow-failure-1st-edition-edition-mahmoud-aljurf/ Sustainable Design Through Process Integration: Fundamentals and Applications to Industrial Pollution Prevention, Resource Conservation, and Profitability Enhancement 2nd Edition Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-12-814114-4
For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Charlotte Cockle
Acquisition Editor: Anna Valutkevich
Editorial Project Manager: Pat Gonzalez
Production Project Manager: Punithavathy Govindaradjane
Cover Designer: Matthew Limbert
Typeset by SPi Global, India
To my dearly beloved father…
MAHMOUD EL-SAYED EL-BAWAB
Dedication
and my highly valued teacher and professor.
PROFESSOR DR. MAHMOUD MOHAMED RAMADAN
Classification
Body
Class
Class
Class Cubozoa
Class Anthozoa
Representatives
References
VI Phylum Ctenophores Definition
Triploblastica Acoelomata
VII Phylum
Turbellaria
VIII Phylum Nemertea
Pseudocoelomata
Phylum Mollusca
Preface
Invertebrate Embryology and Reproduction is an essentially descriptive book. Although this branch has long been a core subject recognized as a necessary and valuable part of Zoology and Biology courses, it was not considered as a definite course in Egypt until the 1970s.
To give a brief account of my academic background, I ought to start by saying that I was an extremely curious student, fascinated by embryology, with an ambition to pursue an academic research career. I graduated from the Faculty of Science, Alexandria University in June 1955; at that time, unfortunately there were no available posts, and I was not able to join the faculty to fulfil my dream. However, I joined the Oceanography department to pursue my postgraduate studies. The Dean of the Faculty of Science at the time, the late Professor Doctor Abdel Fattah Mohammad, who happened to be teaching a course for this programme, became familiar with my work, and was quick to recognize my devotion to academe. Consequently, he offered me a post in the Zoology department; thus I became a university staff member in January 1956, and continue to be one. As a demonstrator in the practical laboratories, I was exposed to a variety of specialties in the science of zoology. However, I was always interested in embryology, and intended to pursue research in experimental embryology, but due to the lack of financial resources, my request to equip a suitable laboratory was rejected.
I was selected by the head of the Zoology department then, the late Prof. Dr Mahmoud Ramadan, who was the Professor of Invertebrates, as the demonstrator for the invertebrate laboratories. Consequently, my research was primarily concerned with invertebrates. My MSc and PhD theses were on Crustacea, and the PhD was on spermatophore, under the supervision of Prof. Ramadan. I feel privileged to have been his postgraduate student, and to have had the opportunity to work closely with him. His indelible influence on me, and on many others, is eternal. On the other hand, Prof. Dr Samy Riad, as a joint supervisor of my PhD, was the one who planned the course of the work, and basically taught me the principles of research, and the importance of integrity in carrying it out. I was incessantly guided and motivated by his discussions and decisive criticism. I was also well supported by the capable senior colleagues at this stage, Prof. Anga Ramadan and Prof. Milad Ishaa.
Eventually, I was considered the successor of Prof. Ramadan in Invertebrates. To follow on from his work, I created the ‘Invertebrate school’ in the Zoology department. Later, as a professor, I could confidently describe myself as an untraditional academic, working hand in hand with my students. I persistently examined the specimens myself, and aided in the actual writing of the theses, and in the interpretations and discussions.
By the time I had finished my PhD and started working as a lecturer on Invertebrates in the Zoology department at the Faculty of Science in Alexandria University, Oceanography had just started to be included as an undergraduate course. I was recommended by the head of the Zoology department at the time, the late Prof. Dr Shukralla Nakhla Sidra, to the head of the Oceanography department, Prof. Dr Saad El Wakil, to teach Invertebrate Embryology for the first time. I was the first, and the only one, to prepare and teach this course starting in 1970. I taught it to the general degree and special degree students, as well as for the pre-master’s students. I also taught Experimental Embryology to the master’s students. The great challenge then was that there were virtually no resources. I had to manage by using information out of the development and reproduction chapters from the available invertebrate books. For years, I had to ask any colleague or student travelling abroad to look for books specializing in invertebrate embryology.
It was only due to the genuine willingness of my departmental colleagues to help that I was supplied with the main available references in the field of invertebrate embryology over the years. The late Prof. Dr Mahmoud El-Zayat, Professor of Zoology, while in the United States ordered a book on invertebrate embryology edited by Kumé and Dan, translated from Japanese by J.C. Dan. After an unusually long wait, he had to place another order. Fortunately, I received both copies. Likewise, I can only be grateful to all other colleagues who travelled abroad over the years and went out of their way to provide me with the most-needed books: Dr Essam Abdulla, lecturer of Zoology, brought me Experimental Embryology of Marine and Fresh Water Invertebrates, by G. Reverberi, 1971, from the United States. Dr Desouky Mekawy, Professor of Zoology, brought me the valuable German book by O. Pflugfeder, 1970: Lehrbuch dez Entwicklungsgeschichte und Entwicklungsphysiologie der Teire. Dr Safaa Zaki, Lecturer of Zoology, brought
me an unpublished MSc thesis, from the University of Maryland, United States, titled A Histological Study of the Development of the Ovary and Accessory Reproductive Organs of the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rabhdum), by L.E. Cronim, 1942. Dr Mohga El Abbady managed to send me different articles from the Congress Library in the United States, including an article about Helix Pomatia (E. Lind, 1973). Locally, people were equally supportive. Dr Mahmoud Ibrahim, Assistant Prof. of Molecular Biology, was always keen to provide me with all the related articles he found while searching on the Internet, in addition to his continual assistance with any article related to molecular biology.
The library in the Faculty of Science in Alexandria University has always offered me a fantastic service in terms of facilitating book borrowing. The late Prof. Dr Ibrahim El-Kholy, who was the Vice Dean of the Faculty of Science and Chair of the library, never rejected a purchase request that I submitted as a lecturer in Zoology. I therefore managed to get to the library a few purchases, including the series of Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates (volumes I–V). However, this series was not complete. I searched for it myself in UK bookshops during a visit there and realized that this series was not in circulation any more. I wrote to one of the editors, Giese, asking for the rest of the series, and received a reply from Pearse, the co-editor, who sent me volume VI, Echinodermata and Lophophorates, as well as all the related articles.
All those difficulties encouraged me into the idea of writing a comprehensive book about invertebrates. Having gone deeper in embryology through teaching, I found that books on the subject are quite rare in the market. For years, the update of the invertebrate embryology was confined to limited information from references dealing with general invertebrate reproduction. It did not cover all the phyla, and
the books never included animals from the Mediterranean region. This does not fulfil the need for a comprehensive and exclusive update of the field. Even the recent publications, Embryology, Constructing the Organism, by Gilbert and Raunio, 1997, and Developmental Biology by Gilbert, 2000, are general and neither is exclusive to invertebrate embryology. In addition, the Atlas of Comparative Invertebrate Embryology by Dr Martin E.L. Scriba contains figures and not text. Its aim is to show clear figures for the invertebrate embryology, but not to describe and discuss the developmental stages for further research and teaching purposes. I therefore decided that it would be a pleasure and honour to write a comprehensive book as an Egyptian scholar, and to invest all the great effort spent preparing that course over the years.
This book therefore gathers all the information dealing with descriptive invertebrate embryology and updates this information in a single source, as a basic reference for teaching courses and research. The difficulty of obtaining teachable or research data in the field of descriptive embryology, not only in the Egyptian libraries but everywhere, demonstrated the need for a new work that collates all the available data concerning that field. The collection herein is sought from specialized references, in addition to general textbooks in reproduction, carried out by a professional expert in that field. It includes the description of embryology of newly studied species in most of the phyla, together with their systematic positions, and the results obtained from different researches using advanced techniques and different procedures, especially electron microscopical ones. It is specific to descriptive invertebrate embryology, including numerous invertebrate species. I hope that this effort will provide a coherent integrated account of the field that I attempted to cover, to the satisfaction of the reader.
Acknowledgements
It is only with the support of my family that this book was accomplished: both emotional support and unstinting encouragement as well as actual involvement with the work. I am immensely proud of my grandchildren, Ziyad and Zeinah Kalati, for their contribution in formatting the figures and revisions. The same goes to my daughter, Dr Siham Abdel Fattah, for her vital involvement with the work. My appreciation goes to my youngest daughter, Dr Azza Abdel Fattah, for the time that she generously invested in this work. She was involved in all stages of the work, and her thorough and meticulous revisions were invaluable. She handled all the required correspondence with the publisher, as well as the overwhelming copyright permissions requirements. It is in fact thanks to her zeal and keenness that this work was completed. I would like to thank all who helped me during the planning and writing of this book, even the small efforts, which
collectively made this project possible. I am truly grateful to Dr Amal Khafage, Lecturer of Invertebrates in the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, who took time from her busy schedule to help in the searches for related articles to the points suggested. My sincere appreciation goes to Mr Mohammad Abdou, my nephew, who helped with the figure plates and Photoshop work, and to Dr Tarek Adnan, whose work in Bibliotheca Alexandria facilitated my obtaining copies of difficult-to-get articles. Finally, I would like to thank the staff at Elsevier for their patience and their help and expertise in editing and production.
Last, but not least, my sincere thanks to all members of the Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, for being a genuine family to me, sharing love, support, and care throughout my long journey of working in the department.
Chapter 1
Historical review
An invertebrate (nonvertebrate) refers specifically to an animal without a backbone, in contrast to the vertebrates represented by fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. An invertebrate animal has no central skeleton and has a ventral nervous system, while the heart is dorsal in position, with an open circulatory system, and its integument is formed of secretory substances, generally tanned proteins and sometimes chitinized.
At present, about 1.5 million species of invertebrates have been named and about 8000–10,000 new species are added to the list each year. With the exception of the protozoans (about 30,000 species) and the vertebrates (about 43,000 species), all other animals are invertebrates, comprising altogether about 95% of the animals in the animal kingdom. Strictly speaking, the protozoans are also invertebrates, but a distinction is sometimes made. If we also consider the extinct species, the total number of species that have lived would be much greater than that of the existing forms alone. The numbers of species are just estimations and vary enormously amongst zoologists. Evolution of new species is a continuous process; in addition, names of new species added annually to the list might result from the discovery of forms that have long been in existence but have only just come to light.
The invertebrates are grouped into about 30 phyla, the number of which varies among different zoologists. A phylum is somewhat difficult to define, but it may be considered as a basic structural pattern of evolutionary descent from a common ancestry, with its members more or less homogeneous and bearing a unique combination of distinct characteristics. The members of a phylum are all constructed along the same general plan. Some of the phyla are major ones (according to the constituting number of species), while others are minor phyla: a minor phylum can be a group separated (e.g. by class and/or order) from a major phylum such as Nemertinia from Platyhelminthes.
Embryology and Reproduction. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814114-4.00001-1
Nemertinia was elevated to the rank of a phylum since its members have additional and/or different characters. A minor phylum can also be a newly discovered group of animals, which was established independently as a phylum, e.g. phylum Pogonophora.
According to embryology, the invertebrate phyla are grouped into two lines:
Larva Trochophore (ciliated band around the equator) Pluteus (ciliated band around the mouth)
Embryology (from Greek έμβρύον, embryon, ‘unborn embryo’; and -λογίa, -logia). It may be defined as that branch of biological science that deals with the development of the individual organisms. It is concerned with successive series of changes, in form and function, through which the initial germ of the new individual is transformed into a sexually mature adult. Normally, the germ with which development commences is an egg that has been fertilized by a sperm. The sexually mature adult is an individual that has developed to a point where it can produce mature eggs if a female, or sperm if a male. Sometimes the word ontogeny is used as a synonym for embryology, but more often it is defined to include the entire life history of an individual from its origin to its death.
Many principles of embryology apply to both invertebrate animals and vertebrates. Therefore, the study
of invertebrate embryology has advanced that of vertebrate embryology, despite the presence of many differences. The most obvious is the release of a larva in numerous invertebrate species before the completion of development.
The history of embryology has passed through three phases: fact-finding or descriptive, comparative, and experimental embryology. More recently, the molecular studies have been established.
DESCRIPTIVE PHASE
The first famous name associated with this period is Aristotle.
Aristotle (384–322 BC)
With the possible exception of Plato, Aristotle is by far the most influential philosopher in the history of Western thinking. Aristotle studied natural sciences, and these studies dominated until early modern times. Aristotle’s influence was vast and extended far beyond philosophy. For example, he was the founder of biology, and Charles Darwin (1809–82) regarded him as the most important contributor to more than one subject.
The influence of Aristotle’s family (his father was a physician) initiated his strong interest in anatomy, and the structure of living organisms in general. He described the reproduction and development of many kinds of animals. He was the first to study and write the accounts of development of the hen’s egg. His Macedonian origin, being a student, and then a teacher in Plato’s academy, and his connections with the group of outstanding scientists surrounding Plato (who worked in a wide variety of subjects, ranging from medicine and biology to mathematics and astronomy), contributed to him developing remarkable observation skills. These media had greatly influenced and characterized the scientific thinking of Aristotle. He was able to reach and formulate some scientifically significant findings as follows:
1. He noted the different methods by which animals originate from eggs, and described them as oviparous, viviparous, and ovoviviparous animals, and divided them into the following categories:
● Mammals: because their young arose from a mixture of male and female fluids and are born alive. The eggs of mammals had not been discovered at that time.
● Sharks: arose from eggs that are retained within the body of the mother and are also born alive.
● Reptiles and birds: in which the eggs are complete ones.
● Amphibia and bony fishes: in which the eggs are incomplete (complete eggs are those with an albumen coat and a shell).
2. He identified the two major cell division patterns by which embryos are formed: complete division of the egg
(holoblastic), as in frogs and mammals; and incomplete division of the egg (meroblastic), as in chicks.
3. He was the first to figure out the functions of the placenta and the umbilical cord.
4. He also observed that the cephalic (anterior) part of the embryo grows faster than the posterior one (Fig. 1.1C and D). Therefore he discovered—as pointed out by Joseph Needham (one of the modern embryological pioneers) in 1934—the morphogenetic cephalocaudal gradient.
5. As a result of describing different embryos, he claimed the most valuable theory, which initiated massive arguments and discussions during later times, the epigenesis. This theory states that development proceeds from a simple formless beginning to the complex organization of the adult.
After Aristotle, there was hardly any progress in embryology for the next 2000 years. It was not until the 15th and 16th centuries that the science in general, and embryology in particular, was refreshed. The most famous man during that period was William Harvey.
The English Physician William Harvey (1578–1657) (Before the invention of the microscope)
Harvey described the development of the chick in great detail. He also contributed a study of the development of the deer, and compared the two with each other. He was the first to observe the blastoderm of the chick embryo—that small region of the egg that contains the yolk-free cytoplasm which gives rise to the embryo. He was also the first to notice that islands of blood cells form before the heart does (Fig. 1.1A and B). Harvey suggested that the amniotic fluid might function as a shock absorber for the embryo. His most important finding was his conclusion that all animals arise from eggs, but this was based on theoretical considerations. He famously stated, ‘Omne vivum ex ovo’. He finally published a book, following his numerous studies and results, Exercitationes de generatione animalium (On Animal Generation), published in 1651. His doctrine of omne vivum ex ovo (all life comes from the egg) was the first definite statement against the idea of spontaneous generation.
In addition to all this work, Harvey’s main line of research was dealing with the blood circulation in the human body, and he became an embryologist, in addition to being the founder of modern physiology and medicine. He published his theories in a book titled Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals), where he explained how the heart propelled the blood in a circular course through the body. His discovery was received with great interest in England, although it was greeted with some scepticism on the Continent (www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harvey and www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/harvey_william. shtml).
Auditory vesicle
Aor tic arches
Atrium Hear t
Tr uncus
ar terious
Ventricle
Liver
r udiment
Forelimb bud
Somite
Hindlimb bud
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Diencephalon
Choroid fissure
Lens Eye
Sensor y retina
Pigmented retina
Olfactory pit
Telencephalon
Vitelline vein
Vitelline ar tery
Tail
FIG. 1.1 Depictions of chick developmental anatomy. (A) Dorsal view (looking ‘down’ at what will become the back) of a 2-day chick embryo, as depicted by Marcello Malpighi in 1672. (B) Ventral view (looking ‘up’ at the prospective belly) of a chick embryo at a similar stage, seen through a dissecting microscope and rendered by F.R. Lillie in 1908. (C) Eduard D’Alton’s depiction of a later stage 2-day chick embryo in Pander (1817). (D) Modern rendering of a 3-day chick embryo after Carlson (1981). Details of the anatomy will be discussed in later chapters. (From Gilbert (2000).)
Discovery of the microscope
Leeuwenhoek, Anton van [lay'-vuhn-hook, ahn' -tohn vahn] (1632–1723)
Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. He was a businessman, and became interested in science when he developed an interest in lenses and started building
simple microscopes as a hobby. Each microscope consisted of a flat brass or copper plate in which a small, single glass lens was mounted. The lens was held up to the eye, and the object to be studied was placed on the head of a movable pin, just on the other side of the lens. Leeuwenhoek built over 400 microscopes, whose focuses were amazingly accurate and clear. Many of these microscopes still exist. The most
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
Polaris, 88 diagram, 90 time to take sight, 92
Precession of the equinoxes, 27 causes of, 31
Prime vertical, 12 observations on, 103 Q
Quadrature, 140 R
Refraction, 71
Rhumb line, 149
Right ascension, 26, 50
S
Sailings, 3
Seasons, the, 20
Semi-diameter, 69
Ship’s time, 40
Sidereal time, 43 (local) how to obtain, 52 longitude from, 53 year, 66
Solar system, 5
Summer, length of northern and southern, 25 lines, as chords and tangents, 112 when under the sun, 121
Sumner, Capt., his experience, 107 line, displacement of, 118 tangent method, 114 value of, 115 method, 107
Sun’s change in azimuth, 120 eastward movement, 16
Time diagram, 51
Tropical year, 66 V
Vega as a pole star, 31
Vernal equinox, 20 dates of, 67
Vertical circles, 12
Weir’s azimuth diagram, 98
Zenith, 10
THE LITERATURE ofNAVAL
A N D M A R I N E S C I E N C E
On our shelves is the most complete stock of technical, industrial, engineering and scientific books in the United States. The technical literature of every branch of naval architecture, construction, ordnance, marine engineering, seamanship and navigation is well represented, as well as are the various other related subjects.
A large number of these we publish and for an ever increasing number we are the sole agents.
All Our Inquiries are Cheerfully and Carefully Answered and Complete Catalogs as well as Special Lists are Sent Free on Request :: ::
D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY PublishersandBooksellers
25 PARK PLACE NEW YORK
The Men on Deck
MASTER, MATES AND CREW
Their Duties and Responsibilities
AManualfortheAmericanMerchantService
By FELIX RIESENBERG
Commanding Schoolship Newport
New York State Nautical School
MASTER
Chief MATE
Second MATE
Third MATE
WATCH OFFICER
Junior Officer
Cadet
Quartermaster
Carpenter
Boatswain
Foremast Hands
Concise statement of their duties and responsibilities and the laws under which they work and live
DISCIPLINE—on board ship
The Books of the Sea
Points out the things the various members of the deck department of an ocean or Great Lakes steam vessel may reasonably beexpected to know, and thethingsthey may be required to do. The book does not pretend to tell HOW , but shows WHAT a modern American seaman ought to know, and todo.
VAN NOSTRAND’S NAVAL BOOKS
730 Pages Postpaid $6.50
6¼ × 9¼
159 Full Page Plates 10 Color Plates
Modern Seamanship
By Admiral Austin M. Knight, U.S.N.
SEVENTH EDITION
REVISED AND ENLARGED
CONTENTS The Hull and Fittings of a Ship. Rope. Knotting and Splicing. Mechanical Appliances on Shipboard. Blocks and Tackles. Handling Heavy Weights. Compass. Log and Lead. Submarine Signals. Boats. Handling Boats in a Surf. Ground Tackle. Carrying Out Anchors. The Steering of Steamers. The Rules of the Road. Manoeuvering to Avoid Collision. Piloting. Handling a Steamer Alongside a Dock. Placing a Ship in a Dry Dock. Weather and the Laws of Storms. Handling Steamers in Heavy Weather. The Handling of Torpedo Vessels. Keeping Stations and Manoeuvering in Squadron. Towing. Rescuing the Crew of a Wreck. Man Overboard. Stranding. Hints for Junior Officers Doing Line Duty. Appendix.
The official text book at the U. S. Naval Academy and in use throughout the service. Describes the handling of all vessels, men-of-war,merchantmen,navalauxiliariesandsmallboats.
Transcriber’s Note:
Words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated below. Obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged.
Obvious printing errors, such as duplicate words, backwards, upside down, or partially printed letters and punctuation, were corrected. Final stops missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added.
The following items were changed: “access” to “excess” “Manoeuvring” to “manoeuvering” “effect” to “affect”
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WHYS AND WHEREFORES OF NAVIGATION ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4,
“Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.
The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.
This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
