Listofcontributors
LaurenW.Blum
NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter,Greenbelt,MD,UnitedStates
JacobBortnik
DepartmentofAtmosphericandOceanicSciences,UniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles, LosAngeles,CA,UnitedStates
AaronW.Breneman
SchoolofPhysicsandAstronomy,UniversityofMinnesota,TwinCities,Minneapolis,MN, UnitedStates
ThiagoV.Brito
DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,Finland
LunjinChen DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofTexasatDallas,Richardson,TX,UnitedStates
MarkA.Clilverd
BritishAntarcticSurvey(NERC),Cambridge,UnitedKingdom
ChrisM.Cully
DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,AB,Canada
ScotR.Elkington
LaboratoryforAtmosphericandSpacePhysics,UniversityofColorado,Boulder,CO, UnitedStates
MarkJ.Engebretson
AugsburgUniversity,Minneapolis,MN,UnitedStates
BerndFunke
InstituteofAstrophysicsofAndalusia,CSIC,Granada,Spain
AlexaJ.Halford SpaceSciencesDepartment,AerospaceCorporation,Chantilly,VA,UnitedStates
AaronT.Hendry
DepartmentofSpacePhysics,InstituteofAtmosphericPhysics,Prague,Czechia
RobertJ.Irvin
SRIInternational,MenloPark,CA,UnitedStates;DepartmentofElectricalandComputer Engineering,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,Urbana,IL,UnitedStates
StephenR.Kaeppler
DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,SC,UnitedStates
RobertA.Marshall
AnnandH.J.SmeadDepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringSciences,UniversityofColorado, Boulder,CO,UnitedStates
RobynM.Millan
DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,DartmouthCollege,Hanover,NewHampshire, UnitedStates
AshtonS.Reimer
SRIInternational,MenloPark,CA,UnitedStates
PabloM.Reyes
SRIInternational,MenloPark,CA,UnitedStates
CraigJ.Rodger
DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofOtago,Dunedin,NewZealand
JohnG.Sample
DepartmentofPhysics,MontanaStateUniversity,BozemanMT,UnitedStates
EnnioSanchez
SRIInternational,MenloPark,CA,UnitedStates
MiriamSinnhuber
InstituteofMeteorologyandClimateResearch,KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology,Karlsruhe, Germany
DrewL.Turner
SpaceSciencesDepartment,TheAerospaceCorporation,ElSegundo,CA,UnitedStates
AleksandrY.Ukhorskiy
JohnsHopkinsUniversityAppliedPhysicsLaboratory,Laurel,MD,UnitedStates
RogerH.Varney
SRIInternational,MenloPark,CA,UnitedStates
LeslieA.Woodger
DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,DartmouthCollege,Hanover,NewHampshire, UnitedStates
Preface
Lossofradiationbeltelectronsisoneoftheimportantoutstandingquestionsofmodernspacephysics.Althoughsignificantprogresshasbeenmadeinunderstandingradiationbeltaccelerationprocessesandradialtransport,lossprocesseshaveyettobefully understood.Thisisthefirstbookintheareatofocusexclusivelyonlossandnottarget accelerationbylocalprocessesorradialtransport.
Thisbookpresentsatimelyreviewofprecipitationandmagnetosphericlossdata fromvariousexplorativemissions,includingtheNASAVanAllenProbesand MagnetosphericMultiscale(MMS)missions,severalcurrentCubeSatmissions,the completionoffourBARRELstratosphericballooncampaigns,verylowfrequency (VLF)receivernetworks,andincoherentscatterradars.
Ninechapterscoverthefollowingtopics:outwardtransportandmagnetopause shadowing,radiationbeltlossesduetowave-particleinteractions,CubeSat-and balloon-basedstudiesofradiationbeltloss,ground-basedVLF-networkandradar observationsofenergeticparticleloss,ionosphericeffectsofenergeticparticleprecipitation,andfinally,effectsofenergeticparticleprecipitationonatmosphericchemistry andpotentialimpactonclimate.
Eachchapterwasreviewedbyaleadingexpertinthefieldandbyoneoftheeditors.Wewouldliketoacknowledgeourreviewersfortheirinsightfulcomments, time,anddedicationtoimprovethequalityofthisvolume(inalphabeticalorder):Jay Albert,LaurenBlum,ChrisCully,AaronHendry,StephenKaeppler,Robert Marshall,AnnikaSeppala,DrewTurner,AleksandrUkhorskiy.Wewouldalsoliketo thankourfriendandcolleague,AndyKale,forthedesignofthecoverartworkand Elseviereditors,KaterinaZalivaandReddingMorse,andproductionprojectmanager, OmerMuktharfortheirhelpinpreparingthismanuscriptforpublication.
CHAPTER1
Outerradiationbeltlossesby magnetopauseincursionsandoutward radialtransport:newinsightand outstandingquestionsfromthe VanAllenProbesera
DrewL.Turner1 andAleksandrY.Ukhorskiy2
1SpaceSciencesDepartment,TheAerospaceCorporation,ElSegundo,CA,UnitedStates
2JohnsHopkinsUniversityAppliedPhysicsLaboratory,Laurel,MD,UnitedStates
Contents
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 ObservationalresultsduringtheVanAllenProbesera6
1.2.1 Statisticalstudies6
1.2.2 Casestudies 9
1.3 Newmodelingapproachesandresults14
1.3.1 Lossesofelectronstothemagnetopause14
1.3.2 Lossesbyoutwardradialtransport15
1.3.3 Quantifyingtherelativeimportanceofdifferentlossmechanisms duringdropouts18
1.4 Outstandingquestionsandsuggestionsforfuturestudies19
1.1Introduction
Earth’selectronradiationbeltsconsistoftwotoroidalzonesinnear-Earthspacecharacterizedbyveryhighintensitiesofrelativisticelectronsthatarequasi-stablytrappedin thegeomagneticfield.Electronsintheinnerradiationbelt(e.g., Selesnick,2015; Fennelletal.,2015; Lietal.,2017),locatedinsideof B2Earthradii(RE),aremost oftenstableovertimescalesofdaystomonths,withonlyintermittentsudden enhancementsobservedduringsomeofthemostgeomagneticallyactiveperiods (e.g., Blakeetal.,1992,2004; Suetal.,2016; Turneretal.,2016; Zhaoetal.,2017). 1
TheDynamicLossofEarth’sRadiationBelts DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813371-2.00001-9
Theinnerandouterelectronradiationbeltsareseparatedbyaslotregion,whichisgenerallydevoidofhighintensitiesofelectronsandlocatedat L-shells(orwhereanyparticularmagneticequipotentialfieldlineintersectsthemagneticequatorialplanein RE) between B2and4 RE.Thelocationandwidthoftheslotregionisenergy-dependent (e.g., Reevesetal.,2016)andformsfromtheinterplaybetweeninwardradialdiffusion fromasourceofelectronsintheouterbeltandenergy-dependentatmosphericscattering lossfrominteractionsbetweenradiationbeltelectronsandplasmaspherichiss(e.g., Lyons andThorne,1973; Ripolletal.,2016).Earth’souterradiationbeltislocatedat B3 , L , B7andconsistsofelectronsrangingfrom100skeVto . 5MeV.The intensityofouterbeltelectronsvariesdrastically,bymanyordersofmagnitude,overa rangeoftimescalesfromaslongasdecades(e.g.,solarcycles)toasshortasjustafewhours (e.g., Friedeletal.,2002).Suchvariabilityresultsfromthecombinedeffectsofouterbelt sourceandlossmechanisms,withtheefficienciesofeachmechanismbeingthecomplex productofsolarwindandgeomagneticconditionsduringanyparticularevent.
Wefocusindetailononeparticularsetoflossmechanismsthatisconsideredimportantforsomeofthemostintenselossesofouterbeltelectrons.Processesthatresultin depletionsofelectronintensityintheouterradiationbeltcanbegroupedintofour categories:(1)nonadiabatictransporttowardandlosstotheouterboundaryofthe greatersystem,whichisultimatelythemagnetopause;(2)nonadiabatictransportandloss totheinnerboundaryofthesystem,whichisultimatelyEarth’satmosphere;(3)nonadiabatic(i.e.,irreversible)energyloss;and(4)someadiabaticchanges.Ourfocushereis onthefirstandfourthcategoriesofdepletionprocesses,thosetotheouterboundaryof thesystemviaoutwardradialtransport(bothadiabaticandnonadiabatic),butwewill alsodiscusssomeaspectsofatmosphericlosseswhenrelevant.Nonadiabaticenergyloss mayoccurfromnonlinearwave-particleinteractionswithwhistler-modechoruswaves (e.g., Bortniketal.,2008),butwedonotfocusonsuchprocesseshere.Forreviewsof outerradiationbeltlossprocessesandmodelingpriortotheVanAllenProbesera,see MillanandThorne(2007) and Shpritsetal.(2008a,b).
Bydefinition,radiationbeltelectronsare(quasi-)stablytrappedonfullycloseddrift trajectorieswithinEarth’smagnetosphere.Therefore,conceptually,lossesofouter radiationbeltelectronstothemagnetopausemustoccurviaeitherinwardmotion (globalorlocalized)ofthemagnetopause,outwardmotionofelectrondriftshells,or somecombinationofthosetwoprocesses;forexamples,seetheconceptualscenarios in Fig.1.1.Notethat Fig.1.1 isahighlysimplifiedtwo-dimensionalversionofavery complicatedthree-dimensionalsystemthatdoesnotaccountforsomephysical processes forexampledriftorbitbifurcation(e.g., Ukhorskiyetal.,2011).Inward motionofthemagnetopauseresultsfrompressureenhancementsinthesolarwindand erosionofthedaysidemagnetospherebyreconnectionunderthesouthwardinterplanetarymagneticfield(IMF).Forpressureenhancements,iftheinwardmagnetopause

Figure1.1 Simplifiedschematicsillustratingouterradiationbeltdriftshellsandlossesthroughthe magnetopause.Inthepanelontheleft,threedrifttrajectoriesareshownin magenta, red,and yellow.The red and yellow driftshellsareclosed,representingelectronsthatarestablytrapped withintheinnermagnetosphere;thesetwocurvesalsoillustratetheeffectofdriftshellsplitting,in whichelectronswithdifferentequatorialpitchangles(90degreesin red;15degreesin yellow) havedifferentdrifttrajectoriesowingtotheday nightasymmetryinEarth’smagnetosphere.The magenta curveshowsanelectrondrifttrajectoryattheedgeofthetrappingregiononwhich someelectronsmightbelosttothemagnetopauseviawaves[e.g.,Kelvin Helmholtzinstability (KHI)]andtransientphenomena[e.g.,fluxtransferevents(FTEs)]alongthemagnetopause (e.g., Kavosietal.,2018).Thecenterpanelillustrateshowmagnetopauseincursionscanresultin suddenlossesondrifttrajectoriesthatendupintersectingthecompressedmagnetopause.The panelontherightillustrateshowdriftshellexpansionfromthedisturbancestormtime(Dst)effect canalsoresultinlossesofelectronsonanydriftshellsthatexpandthroughthemagnetopause. L 5 adiabaticinvariant.
motionisslowrelativetoelectrondriftperiods,thentheelectronswillrespondadiabaticallytotheenhancedmagneticfieldsinthecompressedmagnetosphere (e.g., BorovskyandDenton,2016)andmoveradiallyinwardtoconservetheirthird adiabaticinvariant[Φ or L (Roederer,1970)],whichwillreducetheextentofouter beltlossestothemagnetopause.However,ifthesolarwindpressureenhancementis fastcomparedtotheelectrons’ driftperiods,thenelectronsdonothavetimeto respondadiabaticallyandcanbelostfromthesystemveryrapidly(withinafractionof theirdriftperiod)whentheirdrifttrajectoryintersectsthemagnetopause.Suchsudden inwardmagnetopausemotionmayresultfromtransientpressurepulsesinthesolar wind(e.g., Sibecketal.,1989; Sibeck,1990),thecompressionregionsatthe downstreamedgesofhigh-speed streaminteractionregionsinthesolarwind (e.g., BorovskyandDenton,2009),orthesuddenjumpinsolarwinddensityand velocityfromaninterplanetaryshock(e.g., Lugazetal.,2015).
Here,werefertosuddenmagnetosphericcompressioneventsthatresultin enhancedlossesofouterbeltelectronsas “magnetopauseincursions.” Intheliterature, thetermcommonlyusedforouterbeltelectronlossestothemagnetopauseis magnetopauseshadowing. However,ingeneral,thistermisnotaccurateforalltypesof magnetopauseloss.Magnetopauseshadowingimpliesthatallelectronsarelostalong thedawnsidemagnetopauseandatthesubsolarpoint.However,somestudies (e.g., Cohenetal.,2016)haveshownthatelectronmagnetopauselossesalsooccur alongthedusksidemagnetopauseandthattheregiontherewithinthemagnetosphere isalsonotvoidofenergeticelectrons,asmagnetopauseshadowingwouldimply.The term magnetopauseshadowing ismoreaccuratetodescribethevoidremainingonpreviouslypopulatedelectrondriftshellsthathaveintersectedthemagnetopauseowingto magnetopauseincursionand/ordriftshellexpansion.
Magnetopauselossesfromoutwardradialtransportcanresultfromeitheradiabatic ornonadiabaticprocesses(e.g., Kimetal.,2008; UkhorskiyandSitnov,2008). Adiabaticoutwardradialtransportinvolveselectrondriftshellsexpandingoutwardto conservethethirdadiabaticinvariant.WhenEarth’sringcurrentisenhancedduring geomagneticallyactiveperiods,themagneticfieldwithintheringcurrentisdepressed, andsincetheringcurrent’sdevelopmentisslowcomparedtorelativisticelectrondrift periodsintheouterradiationbelt,electrondriftshellsshouldexpandtoconservethe thirdinvariant.Thisprocessisreferredtoasthe “Dsteffect,” afterthedisturbance stormtimegeomagneticindex.TheDsteffectwasconsideredthemechanism responsibleforouterbeltflux “dropout” eventsduringgeomagneticstorms (e.g., DesslerandKarplus,1961; McIlwain,1966),butsincethelate1990s(e.g., Kim andChan,1997; Lietal.,1997),observationshaverevealedthatflux “dropouts” actuallyinvolvetrue(i.e.,nonadiabaticandirreversible)lossesofouterbeltelectrons andcannotbefullyaccountedforbyvariationsinDstalone.Regardless,purely adiabaticdriftshellexpansionfromtheDsteffectoraslowly(Bhours)decompressed magnetospherecanresultinelectronlossestothemagnetopause,particularlyduring geomagneticstorms(e.g., Kimetal.,2010).TheDsteffectcanalsoresultinstrong depletionsoffluxintheheartoftheouterbelteventhoughtheelectronsmightnot bepermanentlylostfromthesystem.Also,theDsteffectmaynotbefullyadiabatic, particularlyduringlargegeomagneticstorms,whenringcurrentgrowthissubstantial overelectrondrifttimescales(Ukhorskiyetal.,2015,2016).Notethatforthischapter, wefollowthedefinitionofafluxdropouteventdefinedby Turneretal.(2012a):a fluxdropoutisadecreaseoftrappedelectronfluxbyafactorof50ormore(unless theinstrumenthitsbackgroundlevels)ataparticular L-shell,equatorialpitchangle, andmagneticlocaltime(MLT)overaperiodof24hoursorless.
Nonadiabaticoutwardradialtransportisitselfatruelossprocessforouterbeltelectrons.Whenthethirdadiabaticinvariantisbrokenandelectronsaretransported
radiallyoutwardtoregionsoflowermagneticfieldstrength,theirenergydropsowing toconservationofthefirstandsecondadiabaticinvariants.Outwardradialtransport itselfcanresultfromradialdiffusion(e.g., Shpritsetal.,2006,2017a),enabledby ultralowfrequency(ULF)waves(e.g., Loto’aniuetal.,2010)ordrift-bounce resonanceontimescaleslessthanthedriftorbit(e.g., Chastonetal.,2018),andrapid cascadesofelectronsacrosssharpnegativegradientsinradialdistributions(e.g., Turner etal.,2013,2014a).Anothermechanismthatcanleadtolossofelectronsbyoutward transportisthelossofadiabaticityinbifurcateddriftorbitsthatforminthecompressed magneticfieldsathigherradialdistanceonthedaysideofEarth’smagnetosphere (e.g., Kimetal.,2008; Ukhorskiyetal.,2011,2014).Providedthatthereissome sourceofelectronphasespacedensitywithintheheartoftheouterradiationbelt (i.e.,phasespacedensitydistributionsthathaveapeaksomewhereintheheartofthe outerbelt),asistypicallythecase(e.g., Turneretal.,2012b; Boydetal.,2014,2016), anynonadiabaticoutwardradialtransportshouldeventuallyleadtolossofelectronsto theouterboundaryofthesystem,whichisultimatelythemagnetopause.
Itisimportanttounderstandthenatureandrelativeimportanceofouterradiation beltlossesbymagnetopauseincursionsandoutwardradialtransportbecauseofthe potentialrolethesemechanismsplayinouterbeltfluxdropoutevents.Asreviewedby Turneretal.(2012a),fluxdropoutsareoneofthemostextremetypesofouterradiation beltvariability.Inadropoutevent,intensitiesofouterbeltelectronscandropbyover threeordersofmagnitudeinonlyafewhoursoverarangeofenergies,pitchangles, and L-shellsthatencompassthemajorityoftheouterradiationbelt.Aclassicexample ofafluxdropouteventisshownin Figs.1.2and1.3,drawnfrom datafromNASA’ s VanAllenProbesmission(Mauketal.,2012),whichwillbediscussedfurtherlaterin thischapter.Lossesfromacombinationofmagnetopauseincursionsandrapidoutward radialtransportmayplayamajorroleinouterbeltdropouts(e.g., Turneretal.,2012c), buttherelativeamountoflossfromthoseascomparedwithotherlossprocesses (e.g.,precipitationlosstoEarth’satmosphere)remainsanoutstandingquestionand pointofongoingdebate(e.g., Shpritsetal.,2013,2017b; Mannetal.,2018).
Manyimportantadvanceshavebeenmadeonthistopicinjustthefewyearssince thelaunchofVanAllenProbesinlate2012.Thisreviewislimitedtotherecent resultsfromonlytheVanAllenProbeseraconcerningthelossofouterradiation beltelectronstothemagnetopauseandoutwardradialtransport.Forreviewsofouter beltlossesanddynamicspriortotheVanAllenProbesera,wereferreadersto Friedeletal.(2002), MillanandThorne(2007), Shpritsetal.(2008a,b), Turneretal. (2012a),and UkhorskiyandSitnov(2012).Thischapterisstructuredwithmajor sectionsfocusingonobservationalresults,modelingeffortsandchallenges,and outstandingquestions;weconcludewithanoverarchingsummaryandsomesuggestions forfutureefforts.
5
Figure1.2 L-sortedelectronfluxesfromVanAllenProbesMagEISandREPTinstrumentsbinnedin time(Δt 5 6h)and L-shell(ΔL 5 0.1).Eachpanelcorrespondstoadifferentenergychannel,with eachchannel’sequivalentenergylistedintheupperrightofeachplot.Averagefluxesineachbin areplottedincoloronalogarithmicscale.TheperiodfromMay June2013includedapronounceddropouteventonJune1,2013,duringthemainphaseofageomagneticstorm. REPT, RelativisticElectronandProtonTelescope.
1.2ObservationalresultsduringtheVanAllenProbesera
SincethelaunchofVanAllenProbesin2012,aseriesofobservationalstudieshave shownevidenceofrapidanddrasticlossesofouterradiationbeltelectronsdueto magnetopauseincursionsandoutwardradialtransport.Thosestudiesuseddatafrom severaldifferentmissions,including,butnotlimitedto,theVanAllenProbes.Inthis section,wereviewthosestudiesandtheirresults,startingfirstwithrecentstatistical resultsbeforefocusingonthelatestresultsfromdetailedcasestudies.
1.2.1Statisticalstudies
Withstatisticalstudies,correlationsbetweenradiationbeltlosseventsandquantities relatedtomagnetopauseincursionsoroutwardradialtransportcanbetested,and
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05/2805/2905/3005/3106/0106/0206/0306/04 UTin2013[MM/DD]
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Figure1.3 Solarwind,geomagneticindex,andVanAllenProbeselectrondatafromtheexampledropouteventonJune1,2013.Allplots showthesametimerangefromMay28,2004toJune1,2013.Intheleftmostpanels,fromtoptobottomaresolarwinddynamicpressure, IMFBz,andtheSymHindex,respectively.Inthepanelsontheright,thetoppanelshowselectronfluxesfromMagEISandREPTforthree differentenergiesatfivedifferent L-shellsoverthecourseoftheevent.Electronsof346keV,1.5MeV,and4.2MeVareshownwithsquare, x,andstarsymbols,respectively,withthe346keVand4.2MeVcurvesshiftedbyfactorsof100 3 forclarity.Differentcolorsrepresentthe timehistoryofthefluxesatdifferent L-shells,with L 5 3.5,4.0,4.5,5.0,and5.5representedindarkblue,lightblue,green,yellow,andred, respectively.Thebottompanelontherightshowsthehistoryofelectronsatninedifferentenergies(incolorslistedinthelegend) at L 5 4.5. IMF,interplanetarymagneticfield; MagEIS,MagneticElectronandIonSpectrometer; UT, universaltime.
multiplerecentstatisticalstudieshavefoundevidenceoftheimportanceoftheseloss processestotheouterradiationbeltelectrons. Hietalaetal.(2014) studiedtheouter radiationbeltresponseto31interplanetarycoronalmassejection(ICME)sheathsthat impactthemagnetosphere.Theytestedthehypothesisthatthehighdynamicpressure andenhancedULFwaveactivityassociatedwithICMEsheathswouldresultin enhancedoutwardradialtransportanddropoutsofradiationbeltelectrons.Usinga superposedepochanalysiswithsolarwinddataandrelativisticelectronfluxesfrom theNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration-GeostationaryOperational EnvironmentalSatellites(NOAA-GOES)satellitesingeosynchronousorbit,they foundthatICMEsheathswereespeciallyeffectiveatdrivingouterbeltlosses,particularlyinstormeventsinwhichtheDsteffectisexpectedtoactinconcertwithmagnetopauseincursionsandoutwardradialtransport. Kilpuaetal.(2015) conducteda similarstudywithmoreeventsandorganizedtheresultsbyparticularsolarwinddrivers.Theyfoundthatthedistinctcharacteristicsassociatedwiththedifferentsolar winddriverscorrespondedtodistinctresponsesbyouterbeltelectrons.Inparticular, theyfoundthatthehighpressureandstrongmagneticfluctuationsassociatedwith streaminterfacesandICMEsheathsandejectacorrespondedwelltosuddenlossesof electronsobservedbyGOES.Thoseresultsareconsistentwiththoseof Nietal. (2016),whouseddatafromtheGOESandPolarOperationalEnvironmentalSatellites (POES)satellitestostudytheouterbeltresponseduring40solarwinddynamicpressurepulseevents.Theyfoundthatelectronlossesarestronglycorrelatedwithsudden solarwinddynamicpressureincreases,butthatthelosseswerefurtherenhancedwhen the Z-componentoftheIMFwasalsoconsidered:southwardBzresultedinenhanced lossescomparedtonorthwardBz.UsingobservationsfromSolar,Anomalous,and MagnetosphericParticleExplorer(SAMPEX)during110ICME-drivenstorms, Yuan andZong(2013) foundconsistentresults:electrondropoutsarestrongestforevents withenhancedsolarwinddynamicpressureandsouthwardIMF.
Using193dropouteventsandsuperposedepochanalysiswithPOES,GOES,and OMNIsolarwinddata, Gaoetal.(2015) foundthesameresult:eitherlargesolar winddynamicpressureorsouthwardIMFBziscapableofdrivingdropouts. However,theyarguedthatthereweretwodifferentlossprocessesinaction:the dynamicpressureresultedinlossbymagnetopauseincursionsandoutwardradialtransportwhilesouthwardIMFBzresultedinlosstoEarth’satmospherefrominteractions withelectromagneticioncyclotron(EMIC)wavesintheduskMLTsector.Others havealsofoundstatisticalevidencesupportingtheroleofEMICwavesindropout events.Forexample, Boyntonetal.(2017) foundthatdropoutsat LB4.2aremore pronouncedandfrequentfor . 1MeVelectronsthanfor , 1MeVelectrons.Despite EMICwavesalsobeinganimportantcauseofouterbeltelectronlosses,thereis additionalevidencesupportingtheimportanceofoutwardradialtransportandmagnetopauselosses.Forexample, BorovskyandDenton(2011) concludedthatenhancementsofenergeticelectronsinthenear-Earthplasmasheetduringhigh-speed stream
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Jan Gerkes Blauw 42 frijspritsen
Else Louwes Siccama42 ——— frijspritsen
Marten Eeuwes 90 forhege ta 110
Kollum dorp, mei inoar 207. Heechsten:
Romke Klazes 90 ———forhege ta 210
Jan Andries 90 forhege ta 260
Dominé Riedel 24
Gosse Jans 48
Ritske Alberts 90 forhege ta 250
Boate Eskes 240———forhege ta 300
M. van Scheltinga 120———frijspritsen (foarhinne de Grytman)
S. Gerroltsma, 72 ———forhege ta 103 (foarhinne de Siktaris, Beide finzen sete yn 1795 troch Keuning.)
Harmen Tol 36 ———
Pieter Ritsma 48 L. Faber 36
Germ Lautenbach 30 forhege ta 70
Oeds Radema 48 ———forlege ta 24
M. Radema 48 forlege ta 24
Eiso de Wendt 120———frijspritsen
Geert Louwes 40
Het Nieuwe Kruijslandt, mei inoar 13. Heechsten:
Pieter Cornelis 37 10
Hendrik Clases37—10—
Remke Clases 37 10
Klaas Rinses 37—10—
Pieter Abeles 37 10
Jan Elses 37—10—
Augsbuurt, mei inoar 28. Heechsten:
Aan Klazings 46—
Meindert Heines weduwe 20
Louwe Romkes 45—
Burum, mei inoar 202. Heechsten:
Nittert Nitterts 31 —10—
Doeke Idskes 79 10
Bindert Andries 17 —10—
Minne Pieters 52 10
Alberts Jelles 99 —10—
Pieter Roelofs 47 10
Inne Eeuwes 59 —10
Metske Louwes 75 10
Hendrik Joukes 52 —10
Joege Innes 270 10
Rense Hessels 40 —10
Aise Siegers 37 10
Hendrik Harkes 37 —10
Meindert Meinderts 35 10
Louwe Cornelis Siccama47 —10
Jan en Fokke Johannes 31 10
Aldert Clases 58 —10
Claes Egberts 52 —10
Reitse Abeles 40 —10
Kollumer Zwaag, mei inoar 75. Heechsten:
Hendrik Sjirks ?
Hemke Harmens —?—
Wester Geest, mei inoar 163. Heechsten:
Gosse Pieters 62—— ——
Sjoerd Pieters 75 10 60
Boate Pieters 55—0 —30
Gerben Pieters sijn weduwe 50
Fokke Wybes 42 — —
Jan Jans Helder 70
Oud Woude, mei inoar 115. Heechsten:
Gerrit Waatses 30———
Ete Boelens 30———
Heine Aukes 26
Eelke Sibes 22———
Jan Binnes: is gestraft met den swaarde.
Morra. 75 persoanen. Heechsten:
Doeke Wybrens12——
Willem Minnes 12
Ee: biboete
Eelke Wiggers1800
Engwierum:
Tjalling Minses 927——
Boate Sytse Tjeerds600——
Hans Blom 75 ——
Lioessens: biboete
G. R. Sinia 50——
Luitjen Johannes 58
Oostrum: biboete
Aant Jans300
Jouswier: biboete 19 persoanen.
Wetzens: biboete 17 persoanen.
Nijawier, mei inoar 66. Heechsten:
Gerben Heins 9 5 2
Jan Jacobs 4————
Eelke Meinderts5 5
Metslawier, mei inoar 66. Heechsten:
Willem Jochums709
Jan Slagmans 30 — —
Harmen Jacobs 20 5
Evert Roelofs 12 —2—
Jan Jans 10
Johannes Jans 10 — —
Hantum, mei inoar 34. Heechsten:
Andries Annes 24— —
Johannes Wijbes 14—5—
Douwe Wijbes 14— —
Foudgum en Raard, mei inoar 10. Heechste:
Sieds Eelkes24— —
Hantumhuizen, mei inoar 32. Heechsten:
D. S. Banga 24—10—
Tjetze Fedzes14
Wierum, mei inoar 102. Heechsten:
Diete Annes 28—10—
Douwe Annes25— —
Jantje Annes 25
Tjepke Jans 25— —
Nes (Westdongeradeel) mei inoar 95. Heechsten:
Tjerk Ages 38 10
Evert Aukes 30— —
Meindert Harms35 5
Marten Tjipkes 30— —
Ee. Mei inoar 153. Heechsten:
Eelke Wiggers 1800— —
Ds. Florison 150
Sibe Jans 160 — —
Rienk Minnes 60
Piter Jans 70 — —
Douwe Sibrens 75
Minne Jans 70 — —
Sieds Sibrens 60
Douwe Frearks 45 — —
Folkert Minnes 40
Evert Gerkes 40 — —
Tjibbe Geerts 45
Mentje Johannes 40 — —
Cornelis Botma 40 — —
Reitse Ypes 40 — —
Jacob Ypes 40 — —
Nijkerk. Mei inoar 101. Heechsten:
Tjeerd Thomas 144
Baukjen Sipkes11 — —
Aalsum, mei inoar 26. Heechsten:
Jan Ybeles 58—10—
Anne Yjes 58
Rein Hannema 35— —
Klaas Hannema 35
Romke Klazes 24— —
Anjum, mei inoar 246. Heechsten:
Teake Piters 47— —
Jacob Thijssens 40 10
Piter Willems 36—5 —
jonkheer S. van Eijsinga 26
Lammert Jacobs 26— —
G. van Kleffens 26
Engbert Lieûwes 26— —
Diderik Hendriks 25
Geert Dirks 25— —
Teade Jans 25
Douwe Jans 25— —
Claas Eerdes 25
Sieds Jacobs 22— —
Hans Jacobs 25
Rinsuma Geest, mei inoar 23. Heechsten:
N. Posthumus 100
Jan Wates frou40 — —
Sybranda Huis, mei inoar 20. Heechsten:
Cornelis Freerks en soon samen 125— —
Simen Klazes Tolman 65
Cornelis Helder 60 — —
Toon S. Helder’s knecht 20
Veenwouden mei inoar 113. Heechsten:
Lieuwe Oebeles100— —
Aen Wijbes 100— —
Albert Jans 100
Klaas Wierts 100— —
Bean Geerts 65
Fokke Lieuwes 65 — —
Zwaag Westeinde mei inoar 57. Heechsten:
Jacob Jurjes 250
Boele Ytes 150— —
Brant Binnes60
Wouterswoude mei inoar 39. Heechsten:
Meindert Willems 800
Meindert Roelofs 150— —
Syger Klazes en soon 125
Eke Jochums 200— —
Piter Gerbens en soon 125
Eeltsje Wibes 65 — —
Damwoude mei inoar 36. Heechsten:
Minne Jacobs en broeder75
Gelt Jochums 65— —
Meindert Douwes 36
Anne Djoerds 50— —
Johannes Jelles 36
Murmerwoude mei inoar 42. Heechsten:
Simen Jans 350
sijn soon 150— —
Minze Lolkes75
Jan Jans 36 — —
Akkerwoude mei inoar 46. Heechsten:
Sytse Reinders en soon 100— —
Bastiaan Tjeerds 75
Tys Tyssens en soon 75 — —
Elle Willems en soon 75
Klaas en Joh. Eelkes 65 — —
Eke Minnes 50
Driesum, mei inoar 43. Heechsten:
Geert Romkes 400— —
Feike Luitjens 200
Geert Heines 200— —
Keimpe Jans sijn drie soons 180— —
Keimpe Jans selvers 100— —
Egbert Falks 100— —
Lieuwe Wierd sijn soon 65
Jacob Thomas 65 — —
Ate Uilkes 65
Geert Aukes 65 — —
sijn soon 65 — —
Uilke Ates weduwe 30 — —
Piter Cornelis frou 12 — —
Hendrik Jans frou 12
Hardegarijp mei inoar 14. Heechsten:
Fokke Fokkens6— —
Joeke Romkes 7
Kuik Horne mei inoar 30. Heechsten:
Geert Theunis 15
Binne Oebeles11— —
Eestrum mei inoar 47. Heechsten:
Douwe Bouts 25— —
Hendrik Halbes22— —
Roel Jans 22— —
Oebele Foakes 20
Piter Ales 20— —
Oostermeer mei inoar 86. Heechsten:
Auke Martens 50
Jacob Andries 40— —
Tjerk Atzes 30
Oeds Aukes 45— —
Lieuwe Douwes40
Geert Roels 40— —
Eabe Roels 35
Tys Lammerts 35— —
Ruurd Durks 35— —
Yn totael bidroegen dizze boeten:
Achtkarspelen 10.000
Kollumerlân 17.597
Oostdongeradiel 14.000
Dantumadiel 12.000
Tietsjerkstradiel 2.866
Westdongeradiel3.000
Penningen: welke door A.H. Keuning zijn ontvangen van personen bij accoord, die onder Politieke borgtochten waren gesteld.
Van:
Tsjebbe Idskesf2000.
Germ Klazes f1000.
Jan Douwes f1000. Bartele Rinses f100. Wytse Egberts f600.
1780. Hierders fen de tsjerkepleats to Optwizel: Bindert en Sjoerd Rinses.
1781. Timmerman oan ’e posterije to Optwizel Wopke Tabes.
1784. Skoalmaster fen Optwizel Sipke Sybes. Hy fortsjinne oan ’e tsjerke as hounegiseler en foarsjonger fl. 70 en as skoalmaster ekstra der noch by ek fl. 70.
1784. Tsjerkfâlden en floreenplichtingen fen Optwizel: Claes Sytzes, Romke Piters, Wytse Klazes en Hindrik Ljibbes.
1797. Reiskosten fen Optwizel nei Ljouwert hinne en werom mei de postwein fl. 1.10.
1798. De nije skoalle en ’t skoallehûs klear to Optwizel de 3e fen July 1798.
1801. Tsjerkfâlden fen Optwizel: Sjoerd Rinses, Oebele Wytses en Romke Piters. Skoalmaster: Rienk Reinders.
Bitelle oan R. Steringa fenwegen it lieden fen ’e klok op ’e jierdei fen de Kening fen Hollân 16 stûren.
Nammelist fen de Gardes d’honneur, troch twang oproppen om yn ’t leger fen Napoleon to tsjinjen en foarttein de 12e fen Juni, de 20e fen Juni en de 29e fen Juni 1813 oer Swol, Nimwegen, Grave, Tilburg, Antwerpen, Brussel, Mons, Valenciennes, St. Denis, Versailles, Bonneval oan de Loire, Vendôme, nei Tours.
Bihalve Henricus fen Rhé noch 37
Cornelis Franciscus Frisius f. Hylckama, Ljouwert.
Jan Pieters Fontein, Ljouwert.
Jan Albarda, Bolswert.
Mintje Wouters Bleeker, Snits.
Gerlachus Buma, Ljouwert.
Jacob Cornelis Driessen, Ljouwert.
P. A. Engelberts fen Bevervoorde, Hearrenfean.
Dirk Arend Everts, de Jouwer.
Godschalk Horatius Hiddema f. Knijff, Dokkum.
Samuël Hendrik Manger, Feanwâlden.
Mr. Bavius Gijsbertus Rinia f. Nauta, Ljouwert
Wilco Holdinga baron thoe Schwarzenberg en Hohenlandsberg, Beetgum
Junius f. Straten, Harns.
Vincentius f. Glinstra de Swart, Frentsjer.
Jhr. Epo Sjuck Burmania Vegelin fen Claerbergen, Ljouwert.
Jan Wentholt, Harns.
Leonardus Ypeij, Ljouwert.
Georg Hendrik fen Boelens, Hearrenfean.
Boelardus Augustinus fen Boelens, Hearrenfean.
Seerp Brouwer, Ljouwert.
Frederik Deketh, Frentsjer.
Jan Gorter, Ljouwert.
Edo Bouricius fen Idema, Hearrenfean.
Herman Hendrik Ladenius, Ljouwert.
Johannes Meiners?
Sipke Johannes Rienks, Hallum.
Gerbrand de Rook, Snits.
Douwe Ruitinga, Ljouwert.
Rinse van Slooten, Ljouwert.
Klaas Oenes van der Veen, Ljouwert.
Jacob Visser, Snits.
Folkert Johannes Witteveen, Dokkum.
Petrus Adrianus Bergsma, Ljouwert.
Jan Idzes Eizinga, Anjum.
Jacob Palsma, Wirdum.
Johannes Stinstra, Frentsjer.
Hermanus Harmens, Harns.
Lijst der Manschappen van de 5de Compagnie zeevende Bataillon Landstorm te Optwijzel, opgemaakt door zijnen Commandant, capitain Wytse Binderts Cloosterman in 1813. (Folgens de freeslike nije wet fen Napoleon fen ’e 5e April 1813—nei syn tobekset yn Ruslân—útroppen oer it hiele lân, waerden nou alle oerbleauwne manljue fen 20 oan 60 jier tsjinstplichtich en koene dos oproppen wirde. De jongsten waerden fensels earst oproppen).
* is sneuvele.
Fen de Koaten ôf, Sânsleats kant:
1. Oosterhof—Harke Hindriks—40 jier.
2. Bij, van der—Rinze Johannnes—46 jier.
3. Zijlstra—Jannes Popes—37 jier.
4. Feenstra—Wiebe Jeans—19 jier. *
5. Sytsma—Tabe Wopkes — —
6. Boer, de—Lourens Luitzens—19 jier, corporaal.
7. Boer, de—Jilles Oebeles— — —
8. Steringa—Jacob Jaspers—27 jier *.
11. Kooij, v. d.—Gauke Gerks—26 jier *.
12. Boersma—Hart Sjoerds—34 jier.
14. Veen, v. d.—Mark Aukes—18 jier, zijn knecht, tamboer.
15. Boersma—Sjoerd Sjoerds—31 jier.
16. Boersma—Andries Sjoerds—25 jier, corporaal.
17. Ferwerda—Steven Johannes—21 jier. *
17. Sipkema—Rinse Sipkes—19 jier.
17. Gorter—Klaas Louwes—1e Luitenant.
21. Cloosterman—Wytse Binderts—37 jier. Capitain.
21. Boer, de Arend Sytses—22 jier, zijn knecht.
22. Hinnema—Jentje Tjeerds—29 jier, zijn knecht.
23. Veen, v. d. Jarich Egberts.—24 jier, zijn knecht.
24. Jong, de—Sjoerd Jelkes—36 jier.
27. Merkes—Atze Jelles—38 jier.
28. Nicolaij—Johannes Gooitsens—36 jier.
28. Nicolaij—Roel Gooitsens—.
30. Kuipers—Jan Roelofs—33 jier.
33. Feenstra—Lieûwe Harmens—39 jier.
34. Bok—Christoffel Harmens—corporaal.
34. Boer, de—Lubbert Willems—37 jier.
36. Sipkema—Pieter Sipkes—44 jier—sergeant majoor.
36. Sipkema—Jacob Pieters—19 jier, corporaal.
38. Meer, de—Egbert Sijes—50 jier.
38. Meer, de—Meinse Egberts—, corporaal.
40. Tjipkema—Ale Jelles—27 jier.
42. Broersma—Auke Berents—, sergeant.
42. Broersma—Sake Berents—27 jier.
43. Vis, de—Caspar Willems—35 jier *.
43. Goede, de—Doowe Jans—31 jier.
44. Bruin, de—Lammert Freerks—20 jier.
45. Meulen, v. d.—Douwe Tjeerds—34 jier.
46. Radema—Alle Oedzes—31 jier, sergeant.
46. Kijlstra—Harmen Durks—22 jier, zijn knecht.
47. Cloosterman—Nanne Binderts—31 jier, sergeant.
48. Groenhof—Geert Arents—49 jier, corporaal.
49. Driessen—Wytse Sakes—
49. Loonstra—Andries Sjoerds—19 jier *, zijn knecht.
51. Binnema—Hindrik Jans—33 jier, sergeant.
51. Haagsma—Geert Harmens—20 jier, zijn knecht.
52. Leeksma—Willem Willems—48 jier.
54. Kleinstra—Pieter Hindriks—31 jier.
55. Veen, v. d.—Sibe Lubbes—
56. Cloosterman—Rienk Martens—42 jier.
57. Sytsma—Sytse Wopkes—37 jier.
59. Binnema—Sjoerd Meints—, corporaal.
59. Jong de—Jan Jans—28 jier.
59. Nicolaij—Pieter Gooitsens—
61. Vries de—Cornelis Driûwers—, corporaal.
62. Haan de—Durk Jinnes—26 jier.
63. Veen, v. d.—Hindrik Jans—
65. Haan, de—Age Ates, 25 jier.
66. Boer, de—Sytse Arends—, corporaal fourier.
66. Boer, de—Geert Sytzes—20 jier. *
67. Kramer—Jean Piers—
70. Haan, de—Arent Jinnes—19 jier.
71. Dijkstra—Lieûke Jans—36 jier.
71. Faber—Pieter Innes—21 jier, zijn knecht.
71. Tilstra—Jacob Pieters—46 jier.
72. Goede, de—Jan Jans—27 jier.
80. Meulen, v. d.—Klaas Andries—34 jier *.
100. Kylstra—Durk Harmens—49 jier.
103. Fokkema—Folkert Douwes—48 jier.
104. Folkertsma—Johannes Aukes—36 jier.
106. Tadema—Hylke Wiebes—17 jier. *
107. Dykstra—Oeds Gerkes—
108. Scheepstra—Melle Elzes—
109. Roos, de—Gerrit Douwes—*
110. Stel—Tjeerd Sytses—24 jier.
Zijlstra—Engbert Martens—46 jier.
West fen Bûtenpost.
Bij, v. d.—Jan Johannes—48 jier.
Eskens—Meinse Lodewijks—* 2e luitenant.
Swart—Albert Jacobs—
Eskens—Louw Lodewijks—
Rispens—Foppe Eabes—24 jier.
Rispens—Tjeerd Eabes—18 jier.
Dalman—Thomas Pieters *.
Wagenaar Johannes Hindriks—18 jier *.
Boonstra—Sjoerd Luitsens—18 jier.
Boer, de—Binne Oebeles.
Kuipers—Hindrik Jacobs.
Bij, v. d.—Gerrit Mients.
Linting—Tjerk Tjallings.
Reidsma—Wobbe Berents—17 jier *.
Loonstra—Jochum Karstens—17 jier.
Haan, de—Alle Jinnes—17 jier.
Tilstra—Gosse Wytses—17 jier *.
Hoekstra—Jan Pieters.
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