occidentale) Y SUS PERSPECTIVAS DE COMERCIALIZACION
GRACIELA OROZCO MENDEZ
FANNY VASQUEZ OBANDO
DIRECTOR MEMORIA DE GRADO
GONZALO CALDERON R.
ING. AGRONOMO M.S.
SANTA MARTA
UNIVERSIDAD DEL MAGDALENA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONOMICAS
PROGRAMA ECONOMIA AGRICOLA 1996
Nota de aceptación
1 t kZda 4-01M0
Santa Marta, Marzo de 1996
JORGE GADBAN
Jurado ALVARO MERCADO
DEDICO A: MIS PADRES
MIS HERMANOS
MIS SOBRINOS
FAMILIARES Y AMIGOS
GRACIELA
MIS PADRES
MI HIJA
MIS HERMANOS
MIS SOBRINOS
MIS FAMILIARES
MIS AMIGOS
FANNY
DEDICO A:
A OSVALDO VASQUEZ,
A RAFAEL ZAMBRANO, (Q.E.P.D.).
A Todos nuestros Profesores,
A Las Secretarias de la Facultad de Economía Agrícola.
A UNIVERSIDAD DEL MAGDALENA,
A Todas aquellas personas que en una u otra forma colabo raron en la realización del presente trabajo,
TABLA DE CONTENIDO
LISTA DE TABLAS
TABLA 1. CONSTITUYENTES FISICO QUIMICO DE LA PAGINA MANZANA DE MARAÑON, AMARILLA Y RO
JA. 7
TABLA 2. DIFERENCIAS DE ALGUNAS CARACTERISTI
CAS, ENTRE EL MARAÑON ENANO Y EL COMUN. 8
TABLA 3. ANALISIS FISICO QUIMICO DE LA CALI
CATA DE LA SERIE PATUCA. REGION VA RELA. 21
TABLA 4. ANALISIS FISICO QUIMICO DE LA CALI
CATA DE LA SERIE PARNASO. ZONA SAN PABLO DEL LLANO. 22
TABLA 5. ANALISIS FISICO QUIMICO DE LA CALI
CATA DE LA SERIE PARNASO. REGION DE RIOFRIO. 23
TABLA 6. AREA, ARBOLES SEMBRADOS Y PRODUCTO RES DE MARAÑON POR PARCELAS. SAN PABLO DEL LLANO. 27
TABLA 7. COSTOS DE PRODUCCION DE 1 HECTAREA PAGINA DE MARAÑON 12 AÑO (10x10). 46
TABLA 8. COSTOS DE PRODUCCION DE 1 HECTAREA DE MARAÑON 15 AÑOS (10x10). 47
TABLA 9. PRODUCCION DE NUECES Y MANZANAS DE MARAÑON POR ARBOL EN UNA PLANTA CION DE 1 HECTAREA SEMBRADA 10x10. COMPORTAMIENTO DE SU INGRESO BRUTO 49
TABLA 10. INGRESO NETO LOGRADO DE 1 HECTAREA DE MARAÑON. 50
GLOSARIO
ACAROS : Insectos que se caracterizan por tener alas duras; parásito que apenas se distingue a simple vista.
ALDEHIDOS : Cuerpo resultante de la deshidratación del alcohol. Compuesto muy inflamable.
ALMENDRA : Constituye 1/3 del peso de la Nuez, su análi sis presenta un contenido de 60 a 65% de aceite, de 15 a 20% de proteínas y alrededor del 5% de carbo hidratos (almidón y azúcares).
ASCORBICO : Acido, Vitamina C.
CALICATA : Reconocimiento de un terreno por medio de la barrera, o meramente descubriendolo.
CLONES : Material de tipo vegetativo que tiene caracte rísticas similares.
DIPTEREX : Orden de insectos chupadores que sólo tienen un par de alas membranosas.
EPACE : Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria de CEARA, intere sada en los estudios del Marañón Enano o Precoz.
ESTERES : Combinación de un ácido orgánico con un alcohol
orgánico, se asemejan mucho a una sal.
FITOSANIDAD : Control de plagas y enfermedades.
FITOTECNIA : Estudio de los usos y aplicaciones de las plantas a la industria y a la vida doméstica.
GERMOPLASMA : Material que se conserva con el fin de mantener características de una especie.
LCC o CNSL : (Cashew Nut Shell Liquid), líquido viscoso y caústico de color casi negro y de sabor picante, conocido como el líquido de la cáscara de marañón.
NUEZ : Fruto del marañón propiamente dicho, en forma de riñón o corazón, 2,5 a 3,5 cm., de longitud, pesando de 3 a 20 gramos. Constituido por un epicar pio duro, de color castaño y la almendra.
PSEUDOFRUTO : Pedúnculo, manzana de estructura carnosa, fibrosa, jugosa y rica en vitamina C, en forma de pera muy grande, de corteza delgada, cerosa, de color amarillo o rojo brillante y de sabor ligera mente ácido y astringente.
TANICAS : Sustancias que contienen táninos (colorantes).
RESUMEN
El trabajo desarrollado, realiza un análisis económico a la producción Y comercialización del marañón (Anacardium occidentale, Lineu.), en la Zona Bananera de Santa Marta, -San Pablo del LLano-. Determina la presencia de 7 productores que dominan el proceso de compra venta del producto; con promedios de producción que alcanzan los 15.400 kilogramos por hectárea.
Realmente son pocos los organismos oficiales y privados que se preocupan por el desarrollo de la producción del marañón.
Existe una comercialización que no garantiza totalmente a los productores la venta de su producto. No se utilizan las investigaciones de mercado, canales de información a los consumidores, ni centros de acopio que centralicen la distribución del productor.
Se dan a conocer las características botánicas más destacadas del árbol de marañón, sus requerimientos
edáficos y climáticos, hábitos de floración y fructificación, métodos de propagación y cultivo, atenciones culturales y de lucha contra enfermedades y plagas. Se analiza la producción e industrialización del marañón (pulpa y nuez), en la zona de estudio y en el país , como también se sumariza el volumen de cosecha.
INTRODUCCION
Colombia es un país con enorme potencial para aumentar la producción de frutas y el área sembrada con frutales, no sólo por la gran disponibilidad de terreno subutiliza do, sino también por la adaptación tan amplia de estos cultivos, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 2,800 metros de altitud.
El marañón, (Anacardium occidentale Lineu), es un frutal que en la zona de estudio -San Pablo del LLano- no ha sido todavía debidamente aprovechado. Su resistencia a plagas y enfermedades, su actuación como regenerador y recuperador de suelos y su escasa necesidad de cuidados culturales, hacen del marañón un árbol ideal para repo blar la zona a base de un cultivo remunerativo y de bajos costos de producción que podrían ser fuentes de ingresos para los pequeños agricultores de escasos recursos económicos, siempre y cuando se establecieran industrias que adquirieran la cosecha y la tomaran para elaborar dulces, bebidas, almendras, confituras, etc.,
o extrajeran la resina con fines comerciales.
Por otro lado, la almendra del marañón, que es muy apreciada por su valor nutritivo y excelente sabor, es un producto deficitario en el mundo, tiene un precio alto en el mercado internacional mayor que el del café, por lo cual ofrece condiciones ventajosas para su estable cimiento.
Este trabajo de investigación, es consecuencia de la necesidad de realizar un estudio serio y de alta confiabi lidad, tanto de la parte económica como de la agronómica del cultivo de marañón. Además de señalar esta especie susceptible de industrialización que en la actualidad no se utiliza y que incluso se importa, ocasionando una fuga de divisas para el país.
La investigación proporciona un conocimiento más acertado sobre los aspectos que hacen referencia a las valora ciones económicass del cultivo, su incidencia en el desarrollo para la región y determina el aprovechamiento de la producción de la fruta (pulpa y nuez), para así, por parte de los agricultores poder realizar un mejor manejo y planificación del cultivo.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Robert Merry's Museum, Volumes V-VI (1843)
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Title: Robert Merry's Museum, Volumes V-VI (1843)
Author: Various
Editor: Samuel G. Goodrich
Release date: May 30, 2024 [eBook #73736]
Language: English
Original publication: Boston: Bradbury & Soden, 1842
Credits: Carol Brown, Linda Cantoni, Jude Eylander, Katherine Ward and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned images of public domain material from the Google Books project.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROBERT MERRY'S MUSEUM, VOLUMES V-VI (1843) ***
ROBERT MERRY’S
M U S E U M :
VOLUMES V. VI.
B O S T O N :
PUBLISHED BY BRADBURY, SODEN & CO. NO. 10, SCHOOL STREET. 1844.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1843, by S. G. Goodrich, in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.
ROBERT MERRY’S
M U S E U M .
EDITED BY
S . G . G O O D R I C H ,
VOLUME V.
B O S T O N :
B R A D B U R Y, S O D E N , & C O ., NO. 10, SCHOOL STREET. 1843.
Stereotyped by George A. Curtis, New England Type and Stereotype Foundry.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1843, by S. G. GOODRICH, in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.
WELL, here we are again at the opening of a new year! It might seem that New-Year’s day had come so often as to have lost its interest; that by repetition it would become stale; that the words, “I wish you a happy new year!” would cease to excite the slightest regard. But it is not so. New-Year’s day seems always to take us by a kind of pleasant surprise, and never fails to be welcomed by old and young, boys and girls. It has been said by some old writers, that such anniversaries as this of New-Year’s day, are, in the journey of life, like milestones along the road, marking the distance we have travelled, and informing us of the position we occupy in respect to the beginning and end of our existence. If, indeed, we were to use them as such; if, on New-Year’s day, we were accustomed to look over our past lives, to compare what we have done with what is required of us; to see when we have performed, and when failed in, our duty; to mourn over past errors and neglect, and adopt new resolutions of improvement for the future—then, indeed, would New-Year’s day be an instructive mile-stone on our journey, a point of reckoning of the greatest benefit; and then it would not pass by as a mere thoughtless holiday of pleasant speeches and profitless amusement.
And why, blue eyes and black eyes!—tell me why we should not thus use our New-Year’s day—or at least a little piece of it? I will not ask you to give the whole day to a moral lecture. No! You may partake freely of the frolics and festivities of the day; you may greet all your friends and companions with that pleasant salutation—“A happy new year!” It is a cheerful sound, especially when uttered from child to child; from the child to the parent; from friend to friend. And you may engage in the various amusements of the season, as freely as if old Bob Merry were a child again, and romping with you, the gayest of the gay.
But, after your sports are done, just sit down in the chimney corner, with me. Don’t be afraid, for I am not about to scold you; or if I do scold a little, remember that I shall do it in all kindness; remember that I am like old Baldwin’s dog, who had lost his teeth,— my bark is worse than my bite. So, here we are! Now sit still, boys;
don’t giggle, you girls! John, Tom, Peter, silence! I am about to tell you a story of New-Year’s day.
T H E T W O T R A V E L L E R S .
Once upon a time, two young men, who were friends, set out to travel in distant countries. Before they departed, each one had formed a plan of proceeding. Horace determined to give himself up entirely to pleasure; to go wherever his humor might dictate; and to keep no records of his adventures. In short, he resolved to enjoy himself as much as possible, and by no means to encumber his mind with cares, duties, or troubles of any kind.
Ronald was as fond of amusement as Horace, but the mode he adopted for the gratification of his wishes was quite different. In the first place, he made out a scheme of his travels; he procured maps, read books, and, after mature deliberation, adopted a certain route, as most likely to afford him pleasure as well as instruction. In the formation of this plan he spent several weeks, and in this occupation he found quite as much satisfaction as he afterwards did in travelling. Thus he obtained one great advantage over his idle and luxurious friend, who foolishly thought that the essence of enjoyment lay in freedom from thought, restraint, and toil. Even before they set out on their journey, Ronald had actually found nearly as much pleasure as Horace received in the whole course of his expedition.
Well; the two young men started together, and as we are speaking of ancient days, when there were no coaches, canals, or railroads, we must tell you that both set out on foot. They had not proceeded far before they separated; Horace taking one road and Ronald another.
After the lapse of three years they both returned; but what a difference between them! Horace was sour and dissatisfied; he had seen a good deal of the world, but as he had travelled with no other design than to gratify himself from hour to hour, he had soon
exhausted the cup of pleasure, and found nothing at the bottom but the bitter dregs of discontent. He pursued pleasure, till at last he found the pursuit to be distasteful and revolting. He grew tired, even of amusement. He indulged his tastes, humors, and passions, until indulgence itself was disgusting. When he returned to his friends, he had laid up nothing in his memory, by the relation of which he could amuse them; he had kept no record of things he had seen; he brought back no store of pleasing and useful recollections for himself, or others. Such was the result of three years’ travel for pleasure.
It was quite otherwise with Ronald. Adhering to his plans, he visited a great variety of places, and each day he recorded in his journal what he had seen. Whenever he met with an interesting object, he stopped to contemplate it; if it was some aged relic, famous in history, he took pains to investigate its story, and to write it down. If it was an object of interest to the eye, he made a sketch of it in the book which he kept for the purpose.
In this way, Ronald accomplished three good objects. In the first place, by taking in pleasure in a moderate way, and mixed with a little toil and industry, he prevented that cloying surfeit, which at last sickened and disgusted Horace. Horace took pleasure at wholesale, as a boy eats honey by the spoonful, and soon got sick of it. Ronald took his honey, on a slice of bread, and while he enjoyed it heartily, his appetite continued as good as before.
In the second place, Ronald greatly increased his enjoyments by the plan he adopted. Merely executing a plan is agreeable, and a source of great pleasure. It is natural to derive happiness from following out a design; from seeing hour by hour, day by day, how results come about, in conformity to our intentions. But this was not the only advantage which Ronald received from his system. The very toil he bestowed; the investigations he made; the pleasant thoughts and curious knowledge that were unfolded to his mind; the excitement he found in his exertions; the pleasure he took in drawing picturesque scenes; all these things constituted a rich
harvest of pleasure, which was wholly denied to Horace. Thus it was that labor and industry, exerted in carrying out a plan, afforded the young traveller a vast deal of gratification. The very things that Horace looked upon as hateful, were, in fact, the sources of his rival’s most permanent enjoyment.
In the third place, Ronald had come back laden with rich stores of knowledge, observation and experience. Not only was his journal rich in tales, legends, scenes, incidents, and historical records, but in putting these things down on paper, his memory had been improved, and he had acquired the habit of observing and remembering. His mind was full of pleasant things, and nothing could be more interesting than to sit down and hear him tell of his travels, and of what he had seen. While Horace was dull, silent, and sour, Ronald was full of conversation, life, and interest. The one was happy, the other unhappy; one was agreeable, the other disagreeable; one had exhausted the cup of pleasure, the other seemed always to have the cup full and sparkling before him. It was agreed on all hands, that Horace was a bore, and everybody shunned him; while Ronald was considered by all a most agreeable fellow, and everybody sought his society.
So much for the two travellers; one, a luxurious lover of pleasure, who thought only of the passing moment, and in his folly, abused and threw away his powers of enjoyment; the other, a lover of pleasure also, but who pursued it moderately, with a wise regard to the future, and careful attention, every day, to rules of duty; and who thus secured his true happiness.
Now, my young friends, this is rather a dull story; but there is truth in it. Though it be New-Year’s day, still, remember that every day has its duties, for those who would live and be happy, like our hero, Ronald. And what is the peculiar duty of this day? Let me tell you.
We should all of us consider the past year; and reflect whether we have done our duty to God, to our neighbor, and to ourselves. Do we love our Maker, our Redeemer, better than when the past year
opened upon us? Is our reverence, our confidence, in him stronger? Do we live more habitually in his presence? Do we yearn more and more to please him, to be like him?
Do we love our friends, neighbors, all that we see and meet, better? Are we more ready to forgive injuries? More earnest to promote peace? More self-sacrificing; more regardful of the feelings, wants, and wishes of others? Are we carefully cultivating the garden of the heart; cherishing its flowers, and weeding out its noxious passions?
These are questions which we should put to ourselves, this NewYear’s evening; and if we can answer them in the affirmative, it is well; but if not, let us make new and vigorous resolutions to give a better account of the opening year.
Do not be frightened from your duty by the idea that such thoughts as these I suggest, are distasteful or painful, remember the story of the two travellers; remember that if you adopt a good plan, the pursuit of it will unfold new and unexpected pleasures. Remember that all play and no reflection, is like unmixed honey, cloying to the appetite; remember that a mixture of duty enhances pleasure itself, at the same time improving the faculties and keeping the relish always fresh. And remember one thing more, which is this: the heart needs your constant care. Let me ask your attention to a homely practice in the country—that of putting down a barrel of meat. You notice that a quantity of salt is always put into it; for we all know that otherwise the meat would become an offensive mass. It is so with the human heart: it needs the salt—it needs a sense of duty, to keep it from spoiling! Oh, my young friends, think of this; and save your bosoms from becoming tainted with sin, and vice, and crime!
Fidelity of a Negro Servant.
DR. L., a respectable gentleman, was confined for some time in the King’s Bench prison, London, while his fortune, on account of a law-suit, was unjustly withheld from him. During this distress, he was obliged to tell his negro servant, that, however painful to his feelings, they must part; his difficulties being so great that he was unable to provide for him the necessaries of life. The negro, whose name was Bob, replied, “No, master, we will never part. Many a year have you kept me and fed me, and clothed me, and treated me kindly; and now I will keep you.” Accordingly, Bob went out to work as a day-laborer; and, at the end of every week, faithfully brought his earnings to his master. These proved sufficient for the support of them both, until, the law-suit being ended, Dr. L. became possessed of a large fortune. He then settled a handsome sum on his faithful servant.
The Maple Tree Temple at Matibo, in Italy.
THE beautiful tree which our engraving represents, is one of the most curious ornaments of a charming estate called Matibo, situated in the neighborhood of Savigliano, in Piedmont. It was planted more than sixty years ago, but it is not more than twenty-five or thirty years since the idea was started of making it grow in the form of a temple, which, after much time and perseverance, was completely realized.
This elegant little edifice consists of two stories, each of which has eight windows, and is capable of containing twenty persons. The floors are formed of branches twined together with great skill, and
by nature are covered with leafy carpets; all round the verdure has formed thick walls, where a great number of birds have taken up their sojourn.
The proprietor of the island of Matibo has never disturbed those joyous little songsters, but has rather encouraged them; and at all hours of the day they may be heard fearlessly sporting and warbling, by the delighted visiters, who, looking from the windows, admire the prospect that opens before them.
The Lost Found.
IN the south-eastern part of France is a range of mountains called the Cevennes. The highest points are about as elevated as Mount Washington, in New Hampshire. These mountains are remarkable for their wild, rugged, and broken character, and for the furious storms and tempests to which they are subject. In winter the snow falls to a great depth, and sometimes the inhabitants, being buried in the drifts, cut arch-ways beneath, and thus pass from one house to another.
These wild regions are not only celebrated in history as being the places of refuge to which the Huguenots retreated during their fearful and bloody persecution—about two hundred and fifty years ago—but as producing a race of people of peculiarly adventurous habits. Surrounded by natural objects of a savage aspect—grisly rocks, dark cavernous ravines—and trees hoary with age; their memories tinged with the traditionary romances attached to their ancestors; battling day by day with a sterile soil and a rugged climate for subsistence; often disputing with the bear and the wolf their very habitations; and, above all, touched with the lights and shadows of religion, mingled with various superstitions; these people present an interesting subject of regard to the student of human nature. Leaving them to the philosophers, however, it is our present design merely to tell a story which may shed some little light on the modes of life which prevail among these people.
In a little hamlet embosomed in the mountains, lived Pierre Bec, a poor laborer, with his only daughter, Aimee. Their house was of rough stone, laid in mud, and covered with pieces of bark as a roof. Here they dwelt with no other companions than a dog, named Tonnerre, which, in English, means thunder.
Aimee’s mother died when she was an infant; and after she could run alone, the little girl was left pretty much to her own guidance.
The hamlet where she dwelt, consisted of only a dozen hovels, much like her own home. These were situated on an elevated ridge, in the very bosom of the mountain, and surrounded with wooded cliffs and dizzy precipices. A scene more wild, remote and lonely could scarcely be imagined.
Here Aimee grew to the age of nine years, and at that period she had not only become familiar with the scenes around, but, like the wild goats, she could climb the cliffs and thread the dells as fearlessly as if she had wings to support her, in case her foot should slide. Nor was this all. She could even go to the market town of Laperdu, a distance of seven miles, and return in the course of the day, having carried and sold a pair of stockings which had been made with her own hands.
In all these mountain excursions, old Tonnerre was the constant companion of Aimee, and he contributed not a little to her amusement. His activity knew no bounds. He must plunge into every thicket; put his head into every cave and crevice; smell up the larger trees; course through the ravines, and take, in short, a careful survey of the country over which they passed. He must banter with every squirrel that took refuge in the trees, daring him down with many a noisy shout. He must give chase to every hare that glanced across his path. He must mark the track of the wolf and bear with cries and howls of defiance, though in such cases he used to keep near his mistress, either for her safety or his own.
Such was Aimee, and such old Tonnerre, the hero and heroine of our tale, when, on a fine summer morning, they set out on a visit to Laperdu. They reached the place, and on their return were about two miles from their home, when one of the violent thunder storms, common in the mountains, began to darken the sky. It was already sunset, and in a few minutes the darkness became intense; at the same time the rain began to fall in torrents. In a short space, the ravines were spouting with waterfalls, and torrents were dashing madly down the glens. At the same time the roar of the thunder was perpetual, and the lightning, flash on flash, seemed to array the
scene in garments of fire. Accustomed to such scenes, Aimee pushed on, following the lead of the dog, who kept close, and with fidgety anxiety turned round at every step to fortify her heart with a look of cheerfulness and courage. There was that in his face which seemed to say, “Don’t mind it, my dear little mistress—don’t mind it —it’s nothing but thunder and lightning, and wind, and rain, and tempest, and dark night, and we’ll get the better of it all, yet. Keep a good heart, and we’ll soon be home!”
Aimee did keep a good heart, but the storm was indeed fearful; and at last a bolt of lightning, falling upon a tree near by, tore it in splinters, and dashed the little girl to the ground. Here she lay, in a state of insensibility. The dog came to her side, and in a beseeching howl, seemed to try to awaken her. He at last began licking her face, but all was in vain. He remained with the poor girl till it was near morning, when, having used every art and device of which he was master, to recall her to consciousness, he set off with a round gallop for the hamlet. Panting and out of breath, he rushed up to his master, and with a piteous howl, did all he could to tell his melancholy story.
Pierre knew at once that something had befallen his child. He instantly announced his fears to his neighbors, who rallied at his call, and set out in search of Aimee. Her absence during the night had been remarked, and all the people had feared some accident, though Pierre had solaced himself with the idea that Aimee had been kept at Laperdu by the storm.
Tonnerre took the lead, and bounded forward like a deer. He went in long leaps, his hinder heels flying high in the air at every jump. He whined, howled, and came often back upon his track, as if to hasten forward the too tardy party. At last Pierre, who was the most anxious, and the leader of the group, came near the place where Aimee had fallen. The dog then leaped forward, and placing himself by the side of the girl, once more licked her face. She instantly raised herself so as to sit up, and putting her arms around the neck of her friend, embraced him, while the tears began to flow down her
cheeks. Her father soon arrived, and the rest of the party coming up, all were rejoiced to find the poor girl unhurt. She was a little bewildered, and it was not until after several minutes, that she was able to tell her story. At last she arose upon her feet, on her wooden shoes, which had been knocked off by the lightning, and went home.
An occasion like this, would be noticed with pleasure, in any country; but these wild mountaineers appear to be peculiarly sensible to everything that is beautiful, even though it be but a display of the activity with which animals are endowed by their Creator. Accordingly, the tale we have told, was commemorated by an anniversary; every year, on the day in which the event occurred, the people used to go to a wild spot in the mountain, where a dog was wreathed with flowers, in honor of the feats of old Tonnerre.
