List of Contributors
Ali R. Abtahi, DO, MSc
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa
Owoicho Adogwa, MD, MPH Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery Chief of Neurological Surgery North Dallas Veterans Affairs Hospital University of Texas Southwestern Medical School Dallas, Texas
A. Karim Ahmed, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Neurosurgery
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Ana Ainechi, BS, MSE Researcher Department of Neurosurgery
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Nima Alan, MD
Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Jessica Albanese, MD Resident Physician
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada
Ilyas Aleem, MD, MSc Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
Joao Paulo Almeida, MD
Advanced Endoscopic and Open Skull Base Surgery Clinical Fellow Department of Neurological Surgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Basel Sheikh Alshabab, MD
Postdoctoral Research Fellow Spine Service
Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York
Anthony M. Alvarado, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Neurological Surgery University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas
Mohammed Ali Alvi, MBBS, MS
Senior Research Fellow
Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory
Department of Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota
Aboubakr Amer, MD
Department of Neurosurgery
Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, Department of Neurosurgery
Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt
Christopher P. Ames, MD
Professor of Clinical Neurological Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery
Director of Spinal Deformity & Spine Tumor Surgery
Co-Director, Spinal Surgery and UCSF Spine Center
Director, Spinal Biomechanics Laboratory
Director, California Deformity Institute University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Simon G. Ammanuel, BS
Medical Student
Department of Neurological Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Neel Anand, MD
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Director, Spine Trauma Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery
Cedars Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, California
Paul A. Anderson, MD
Professor
Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Rehabilitation
University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin
Lilyana Angelov, MD, FAANS, FRCS(C)
The Kerscher Family Chair for Spine Tumor Excellence
Head Section of Spine Tumors
Professor,
Department of Neurological Surgery, CCLCM of CWRU
Rose Ella Burkhart Brain Tumor & Neuro-Oncology Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Paul M. Arnold, MD, FACS Professor of Neurosurgery
Carle Illinois College of Medicine; Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery;
Associate Medical Director Director of Research
Carle Neuroscience Institute Urbana, Illinois
Carl-Eric Aubin, PhD, ScD(hc), P.Eng Professor of Mechanical Engineering Polytechnique Montreal
Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Junseok Bae, MD Director
Department of Neurological Surgery Wooridul Spine Hospital Seoul, South Korea
Mark Bain, MD, MS Staff Neurosurgeon
Cerebrovascular Center
Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Joshua Barber, MD
Orthopaedic Spine Fellow
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of California, Davis Sacramento, California
Eli M. Baron, MD
Associate Professor of Neurosurgery Director, Spine Trauma Department of Neurosurgery Cedars Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, California
Hersimren Kaur Basi, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pain Management Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Asef Bawahab, MD Postdoctoral Research Fellow Department of Orthopedic Surgery Long Beach Memorial and Miller Children’s & Women’s Hospital Long Beach, California
Edward C. Benzel, MD Emeritus Chairman Department of Neurosurgery Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Sigurd H. Berven, MD Professor in Residence and Chief of Spine Service Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Adam K. Bevan, MD, PhD Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri
Miranda Bice, MD Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin
Mark Bilsky, MD Attending Neurosurgeon Department of Neurosurgery Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Professor of Neurosurgery Weill Medical College of Cornell University New York, New York
Erica F. Bisson, MD, MPH Professor of Neurosurgery Department of Neurosurgery University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah
Donald Blaskiewicz, MD Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California
Barrett S. Boody, MD
Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon Indiana Spine Group Carmel, Indiana
Daniel Bowles, MD
Spine Research Fellow Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Rothman Orthopaedic Institute Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Charles Branch, MD Chair
Department of Neurosurgery Wake Forest Baptist Health Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Nathaniel Brooks, MD, FAANS Associate Professor
Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin
Aaron J. Buckland, MBBS, FRACS
Associate Professor Orthopaedic Surgery
Director of Spine Research
NYU Langone Health New York, New York; Melbourne Orthopaedic Group Melbourne, Australia
Thomas J. Buell, MD Fellow Physician
Department of Neurosurgery
Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina
Shane Burch, MD Professor in Residence
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
John F. Burke, MD, PhD Resident Physician Department of Neurological Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Bilal B. Butt, MD Resident Physician Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
Mohamad Bydon, MD Professor of Neurologic Surgery Orthopaedic Surgery and Health Services Research Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota
Joaquin Camara, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Neurosurgery
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence, Rhode Island
Jose A. Canseco, MD, PhD
Orthopaedic Spine Fellow
Rothman Orthopaedic Institute Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
David S. Casper, MD
Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Matthew Cassidy, CNIM Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Workleader Department of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio
Samuel T. Chao, MD Professor
Brain Tumor & Neuro-Oncology Center/Radiation Oncology
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Grégoire P. Chatain, MD, MSc Resident Physician Department of Neurological Surgery University of Colorado School of Medicine
Aurora, Colorado
Lee Onn Chieng, MD Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery Beaumont Health
Royal Oak, Michigan
Woojin Cho, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Albert Einstein College of Medicine Chief of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Research Director
Multidisciplinary Spine Center Montefiore Medical Center
New York, New York
Hoon Choi, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery
Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Susan R. Christopher, BSN Neurosurgery Nursing & Research Department of Neurosurgery
Lahey Hospital & Medical Center Burlington, Massachusetts
Andrew S. Chung, DO
Spine Surgeon
Sonoran Spine Institute
Phoenix, Arizona
Aaron J. Clark, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor Department of Neurological Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Domagoj Coric, MD Chief of Neurosurgery Carolinas Medical Center Carolina Neurosurgery and Spine Associates; Spine Division Chief Atrium Musculoskeletal Institute Charlotte, North Carolina
Mark D. Corriveau, MD Department of Neurosurgery University of Wisconsin Health Madison, Wisconsin
Ethan Cottrill, MS, MD PhD Candidate Medical Scientist Training Program Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
Christopher Cychosz, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa
Gregory Daubs, MD Resident Physician Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine Las Vegas, Nevada
Michael D. Daubs, MD Professor and Chair Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine Las Vegas, Nevada
Sara Davin, PsyD, MPH Director Center for Comprehensive Pain Recovery Staff Psychologist Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Russell C. DeMicco, DO Spine Medicine Fellowship Director Center for Spine Health Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Ashley de Padua, MD Attending Physician St. Luke’s University Hospital Network Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Peter B. Derman, MD, MBA Spine Surgeon Texas Back Institute Plano, Texas
Sanjay S. Dhall, MD
Associate Professor Department of Neurological Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Mohammad Diab, MD Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Anthony M. DiGiorgio, DO, MHA Assistant Professor Department of Neurological Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
John R. Dimar II, MD Clinical Professor Department of Orthopaedics University of Louisville Chief of Pediatric Orthopaedics Norton Children’s Hospital Louisville, Kentucky
Alexander B. Dru, MD Resident Physician Department of Neurological Surgery University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
Jean Dubousset, MD Professor of Pediatric Orthopaedics Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics Académie Nationale de Médecine Paris, France
Melissa R. Dunbar, MPH Research Manager Department of Neurosurgery Lahey Hospital and Medical Center Burlington, Massachusetts
Zeyd Ebrahim, MD Staff Anesthesiologist Department of General Anesthesiology Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Jeff Ehresman, BS Medical Student Department of Neurosurgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
J. Bradley Elder, MD Associate Professor Director of Neurosurgical Oncology Department of Neurological Surgery The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus, Ohio
Richard G. Ellenbogen, MD
Professor and Chairman Department of Neurological Surgery University of Washington Seattle, Washington
Ashraf N. El Naga, MD Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
John B. Emans, MD Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Harvard Medical School; Director Emeritus, Division of Spine Surgery
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
John W. Engstrom, MD
Betty Anker Fife Professor Vice Chair, Clinical Affairs Department of Neurology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Thomas J. Errico, MD Associate Director of Pediatric Orthopaedic and Neurosurgery Nicklaus Hospital Coral Gables, Florida; Adjunct Professor of Orthopaedics and Neurosurgery
NYU School of Medicine New York, New York
Ehab Farag, MD, FRCA, FASA Professor of Anesthesiology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine; Director of Clinical Research Department of General Anesthesia Anesthesiology Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
S. Harrison Farber, MD Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery Barrow Neurological Institute
St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona
Nida Fatima, MBBS, MD Research Fellow Department of Neurosurgery Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
Graham T. Fedorak, MD, FRCS(C) Kapi’olani Medical Center for Women & Children Honolulu, Hawaii
Michael G. Fehlings, MD, PhD, FRCSC, FACS
Professor of Neurosurgery and Vice Chair of Research
Co-Director, University of Toronto Spine Program
University of Toronto Director, Spinal Program Toronto Western Hospital
Gerald and Tootsie Halbert Chair in Neural Repair and Regeneration Senior Scientist, Toronto Western Research Institute University Health Network Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Frank Feigenbaum, MD Director
Feigenbaum Neurosurgery Medical City Dallas Hospital Dallas, Texas
Lisa Ferrara, PhD Chief Executive Officer
OrthoKinetic Technologies
OrthoKinetic Testing Technologies Southport, North Carolina
Richard G. Fessler, MD, PhD Professor of Neurosurgery Department of Neurosurgery Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois
Michael Finn, MD Associate Professor Department of Neurosurgery University of Colorado Denver, Colorado
Jeffrey S. Fischgrund, MD Chairman Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Beaumont Health System Royal Oak, Michigan
Mark D. Fisher, MD, FACS Clinical Associate Professor Cleft Team Co-Director Iowa Burn Center Staff Surgeon Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa
Ricardo B.V. Fontes, MD, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois
Michael A. Fox, MD Resident Physician Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Brett A. Freedman, MD Associate Professor of Orthopaedics Department of Orthopaedics Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota
Mark Frenkel, MD Neurosurgeon Neuroscience and Spine Associates Naples, Florida
Jared Fridley, MD
Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery Rhode Island Hospital The Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island
Joelle Gabet, MD Clinical Instructor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Sumeet Garg, MD Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedics University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado
John W. German, MD Department of Neurosurgery Albany Medical Center Albany, New York
Zoher Ghogawala, MD, FACS Chairman of Neurosurgery Lahey Hospital and Medical Center Burlington, Massachusetts; Professor of Neurosurgery Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts
Christopher M. Gibbs, MD Resident Physician
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
John L. Gillick, MD Assistant Professor Department of Neurological Surgery Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School Newark, New Jersey
Christopher J. Gilligan, MD, MBA Vice Chair for Strategy Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
Christopher C. Gillis, MD Neurosurgeon Neurosurgeons of New Jersey West Long Branch, New Jersey
Atul Goel, MCh (Neurosurgery) Professor and Head Department of Neurosurgery
Seth G. S. Medical College and K.E.M Hospital Mumbai, India
Ziya L. Gokaslan, MD, FAANS, FACS
Julius Stoll MD Professor and Chair Department of Neurosurgery
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Neurosurgeon-in-Chief
Rhode Island Hospital and The Miriam Hospital
Clinical Director, Norman Prince Neurosciences Institute
President, Brown Neurosurgery Foundation Providence, Rhode Island
Zachary H. Goldstein, MD
Resident
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana
Gerald A. Grant, MD, FACS Professor of Neurosurgery
Arline and Pete Harman Endowed Faculty Scholar
Division Chief, Pediatric Neurosurgery
Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, California
Mackenzie Grasso, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia
Andrew J. Grossbach, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor
Associate Program Director Department of Neurosurgery
The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio
Jian Guan, MD
Staff Neurosurgeon
Pacific Neuroscience Institute Torrance, California
Jeremy Guinn, BS, BA
Research Scholar
Department of Neurological Surgery
University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Raghav Gupta, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Neurosurgery
Keck School of Medicine
University of Southern California Los Angeles, California
Yazeed M. Gussous, MBBS
Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon Director of Spine Surgery
Silicon Valley Medical Development
Mountain View, California
Richard D. Guyer, MD Co-Founder and President Director of Spine Fellowship Orthopaedic Spine Surgery Texas Back Institute Plano, Texas; Clinical Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Texas, Southwestern School of Medicine Dallas, Texas
Alexander F. Haddad, BS Medical Student Department of Neurological Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Kirsty Hamilton, MBBS Department of Neurosurgery University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona
Tessa Harland, MD
Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery Albany Medical College Albany, New York
James S. Harrop, MD
Professor, Departments of Neurological and Orthopedic Surgery Director, Division of Spine and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Director Enterprise Neurologic Surgery Quality and Safety
Neurosurgery Director of Delaware Valley SCI Center
Thomas Jefferson University
David J. Hart, MD Neurosurgeon Department of Neurological Surgery Forsyth Brain and Spine Surgery Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Robert A. Hart, MD, MA, MHCDS Spine Surgeon Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Swedish Medical Center Seattle, Washington
Waqaas A. Hassan, MD, MPH Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Amanda W. Hayes, MD Resident Physician
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Virginia Commonwealth University Health Systems Richmond, Virginia
Robert F. Heary, MD Professor of Neurological Surgery Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine Nutley, New Jersey; Chief of Neurosurgery Mountainside Medical Center Montclair, New Jersey
Daniel Hedequist, MD
Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Harvard Medical School; Director, Division of Spine Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
Fraser C. Henderson Sr., MD Chief of Neurosurgery Doctors Community Hospital Lanham, Maryland;, Director Metropolitan Neurosurgery Group, LLC
M. Kristi Henzel, MD, PhD Assistant Chief
Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders Service
Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio
Eric Z. Herring, MD
Department of Neurological Surgery University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio
Dominique Higgins, MD, PhD Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery Columbia University New York, New York
Alan S. Hilibrand, MD, MBA
The Joseph and Marie Field Professor of Spinal Surgery
Vice Chairman, Academic Affairs and Faculty Development Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Sidney Kimmel Medical College Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Kevork N. Hindoyan, MD Complex and Minimally Invasive Congress Orthopaedic Associates Pasadena, California San Francisco, California
Kevin Hines, MD Resident Physician Department of Neurological Surgery Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Patrick W. Hitchon, MD Professor
Department of Neurosurgery University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa
Jacob C. Hoffmann, MD
Associate Staff Surgeon Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Daniel J. Hoh, MD
Associate Professor Department of Neurological Surgery University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
Joshua Holt, MD
Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa
Augusto Hsia, MD, CCD Medical Spine Staff Center for Spine Health Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Jason Hsieh, MD, MS Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio
Wellington K. Hsu, MD
Clifford C. Raisbeck Distinguished Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Northwestern University School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois
John Hurlbert, MD, PhD Professor Department of Neurosurgery University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona
Steven W. Hwang, MD Department of Neurosurgery Shriners Hospitals for Children Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jordan C. Iordanou, MD, PhD Resident Physician Department of Neurological Surgery Loyola University Medical Center Maywood, Illinois
Andrew S. Jack, MD, MSc, FRCSC Complex Spine Surgeon Peripheral Nerve Surgeon
Assistant Clinical Professor Division of Neurosurgery University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Karl Janich, MD
Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery
Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Bowen Jiang, MD Staff Neurosurgeon Department of Neurosurgery
Providence St. Joseph Health Fullerton, California
Fan Jiang, BSc, MDCM, FRCSC
Clinical Associate Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery
University of Toronto Division of Neurosurgery
Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Xavier F. Jimenez, MD, MA Director, Psychiatry
Long Island Jewish Medical Center/Northwell New York, New York
J. Patrick Johnson, MD, MS, FACS, FAANS
Director, The Spine Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center President and CEO
The Spine Institute Foundation Los Angeles, California
G. Alexander Jones, MD, FAANS Associate Professor Department of Neurological Surgery Loyola University Medical Center Maywood, Illinois
Kristen E. Jones, MD, FAANS Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery
Adjunct Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota
Jacob R. Joseph, MD Assistant Professor Department of Neurological Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
Rushikesh S. Joshi, BS Medical Student
University of California, San Diego San Diego, California
Rupa G. Juthani, MD Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery Weill Cornell Brain and Spine Center New York, New York
Iain H. Kalfas, MD, FACS Department of Neurosurgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Ricky R. Kalra, MD Neurosurgeon
Kalra Brain & Spine Plano, Texas
James D. Kang, MD
Thornhill Family Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Harvard Medical School Chair, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
Adam S. Kanter, MD, FAANS
Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery
Chief, Division of Spine Surgery Director, Minimally Invasive Spine Program Director, Neurosurgical Spine Fellowship Program University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Manish K. Kasliwal, MD, MCh, FAANS Director, Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery
Department of Neurological Surgery University Hospitals Case Medical Center, CWRU
Assistant Professor Department of Neurological Surgery Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio
Mayank Kaushal, MBBS, MBA Postdoctoral Fellow Department of Neurosurgery Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Mena G. Kerolus, MD Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery
Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois
Kyle Kesler, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa
Remi A. Kessler, BA Medical Student Department of Neurosurgery Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, New York
Tagreed Khalaf, MD Staff Physician Center for Spine Health Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Jad G. Khalil, MD
Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Director, Spine Surgery Fellowship William Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak, Michigan
Terrence T. Kim, MD Director of Education and Fellowship Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, California
Jon Kimball, MD
Clinical Instructor of Orthopaedic Surgery (Fellow)
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
Stanley Kisinde, MB ChB, PGD (DS, PPM), MMed
Department of Clinical Research
Scoliosis and Spine Tumor Center
Texas Back Institute Plano, Texas
Eric O. Klineberg, MS, MD
Professor and Vice Chair
Chief of Service - Spine
Co-Director, Spine Center
Adult and Pediatric Spine Surgery Department of Orthopaedics University of California, Davis Sacramento, California
Efstathios Kondylis, MD
Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio
Dallas E. Kramer, BS
Medical Student
Rush Medical College Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois
William E. Krauss, MD
Professor
Department of Neurological Surgery
Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota
Ajit A. Krishnaney, MD
Staff Surgeon Department of Neurosurgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Justin Krogue, MD
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Varun R. Kshettry, MD
Staff Neurosurgeon
Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Surgery Director, Advanced Endoscopic and Microscopic Neurosurgery Laboratory Department of Neurological Surgery
Rosa Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor & Neuro-Oncology Center Cleveland, Ohio
Neeraj Kumar, MD
Professor
Department of Neurology
Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota
Shekar N. Kurpad, MD, PhD
Sanford J Larson Professor Chairman, Department of Neurological Surgery
Co-Director, Center for Neurotrauma Research
Medical Director, Neuroscience Service Line
Froedtert Health and The Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Collin M. Labak, MD Department of Neurological Surgery University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio
Hubert Labelle, MD Professor Department of Surgery University of Montreal Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Bryan Ladd, MD Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota
Virginie Lafage, PhD Senior Director, Spine Research Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York
Joseph L. Laratta, MD Staff Spine Surgeon
The Neck & Back Institute of Kentucky; Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky
Robert Lark, MD, MS Associate Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Pediatrics Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina
Darryl Lau, MD Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery NYU Langone Medical Center New York, New York
Ilya Laufer, MD, MS Associate Professor of Neurosurgery Director, Spine Tumor Program NYU Langone Health
William F. Lavelle, MD Associate Professor Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Pediatrics
State University of New York Upstate Medical University Syracuse, New York
Hai V. Le, MD
Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedics University of California, Davis Sacramento, California
Andrew Lee, MD Orthopaedic Spine Fellow Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Nathan J. Lee, MD
Resident in Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Columbia University Medical Center New York-Presbyterian Hospital New York, New York
Sang-Ho Lee, MD, PhD Department of Neurosurgery Chungdam Wooridul Spine Hospital Seoul, South Korea
Ronald A. Lehman Jr., MD
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tenure (in Neurological Surgery) Chief, Reconstructive, Robotic & MIS Surgery Director, Adult and Pediatric Spine Fellowship Director, Athletes Spine Center Director, Spine Research
The Daniel and Jane Och Spine Hospital
NewYork-Presbyterian/The Allen Hospital
Kurt Lehner, MD Department of Neurosurgery
Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland
Lawrence G. Lenke, MD Surgeon-in-Chief NewYork-Presbyterian Och Spine Hospital Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery (in Neurological Surgery) Chief of Spinal Surgery Chief of Spinal Deformity Surgery Co-Director, Adult and Pediatric Comprehensive Spine Surgery Fellowship
Columbia University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York, New York
Yingda Li, MBBS, FRACS Neurosurgeon Department of Neurosurgery Westmead Hospital Sydney, Australia
Isador H. Lieberman, MD, MBA, FRCSC Director
Scoliosis and Spine Tumor Center; President, Texas Back Institute Plano, Texas
Marcus Z. Ling, MBBS, FRCSEd(Orth)
Orthopaedic Surgeon
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Singapore General Hospital
Singapore
Victor P. Lo, MD, MPH
Neurosurgeon
Department of Neurosurgery
Kaiser Permanente – Southern California Permanente Medical Group
San Diego, California
S. Scott Lollis, MD
Associate Professor of Surgery
Division of Neurosurgery
University of Vermont Medical Center
Burlington, Vermont
Joseph M. Lombardi, MD
Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Spine Orthopaedics
The Daniel and Jane Och Spine Hospital
Columbia University Medical Center New York-Presbyterian Hospital
New York, New York
Donlin Long, MD, PhD
Distinguished Service Professor of Neurosurgery
Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland
Roger Long, MD
Clinical Professor
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology
University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Jeffrey Lotz, PhD Professor
David S. Bradford, MD, Endowed Chair of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Joseph G. Lyons, MD Research Fellow
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois
Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong, MD, PhD Professor Department of Surgery
Université de Montréal
Orthopaedic Surgeon Department of Surgery
CHU Sainte-Justine and Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal
Montreal, Québec,Canada
Andre Machado, MD, PhD
Chairman, Neurological Institute
The Charles and Christine Carroll Family Endowed Chair in Functional Neurosurgery Staff, Department of Neurosurgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Gary M. Mallow, BS
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Division of Spine Surgery Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois
David G. Malone, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Oklahoma
Sunil Manjila, MD
Department of Neurosurgery Ayer Neurosciences Institute
Hartford Hospital & Hospital of Central Connecticut New Britain, Connecticut
Joseph C. Maroon, MD
Clinical Professor, Vice Chair, Heindl Scholar in Neuroscience
Department of Neurological Surgery University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Joseph P. Maslak, MD
Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon The CORE Institute Novi, Michigan
Elie Massaad, MD Department of Neurosurgery Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
Morio Matsumoto, MD Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Keio University Tokyo, Japan
Michael L. Martini, PhD Medical Student
Department of Neurosurgery Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, New York
E. Kano Mayer, MD
Staff Physician Texas Spine & Scoliosis Austin, Texas; Affiliate Professor PM&R University of Texas Dell Medical School
The University of Texas at Austin; Affiliate Professor Texas A&M School of Medicine Round Rock, Texas
Rory Mayer, MD
Staff Neurosurgeon
Baylor University Medical Center
Clinical Assistant Professor Affiliated Texas A&M Health Dallas, Texas
Daniel J. Mazanec, MD Emeritus Physician Center for Spine Health Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Kyle L. McCormick, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Neurosurgery
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York, New York
Paul C. McCormick, MD, MPH Professor
Department of Neurosurgery
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York, New York
Kyle McGrath, BS
Medical Student Researcher
Department of Neurosurgery
Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio; Medical Student
Ohio University School of Medicine Dublin, Ohio
Ian T. McNeill, MD Clinical Fellow Spine Surgery
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Zachary A. Medress, MD Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery
Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, California
Joseph R. Mendelis, MD Clinical Fellow Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Phillip G. Mendis, DO Spine Medicine Associate Staff Center for Spine Health
Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Lionel Metz, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Rajiv Midha, MSc, MD, FRCSC, FAANS, FCAHS
Professor and Head
Department of Clinical Neurosciences
Calgary Zone
Alberta Health Services
University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine; Scientist
Hotchkiss Brain Institute Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Vincent J. Miele, MD
Associate Clinical Professor
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Desimir Mijatovic, MD Center for Comprehensive Pain Recovery
Neurological Institute
Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Anthony L. Mikula, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Neurological Surgery
Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota
Elliot Min, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Southern California Los Angeles, California
Shuichi Mizuno, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
Ali Moghaddamjou, MD
Resident Physician Division of Surgery University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Joseph E. Molenda, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Neurosurgery
Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois
Arbaz Momin, BS
Medical Student
Department of Neurosurgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Eric Momin, MD
Clinical Instructor
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin
Nina Z. Moore, MD, MSE
Associate Staff Neurosurgeon Cerebrovascular Center Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio
Dylan Morris, DO
Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Kansas Orthopaedic Center Wichita, Kansas
Cole R. Morrissette, BA, MA Medical Student
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Columbia University Irving Medical Center
Och Spine Hospital at NewYorkPresbyterian/Allen New York, New York
Thomas E. Mroz, MD Chairman
Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Institute
Director, Center for Spine Health Cervical Spine Surgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA
Joan O’Reilly Endowed Professor Vice Chair of Neurosurgery Co-director, UCSF Spine Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Gregory M. Mundis, MD Co-Director San Diego Spine Fellowship
Spine Surgery
Scripps Clinic Medical Group La Jolla, California
Tess Munoz, BS Medical Student
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Sait Naderi, MD Professor
QbMed. Spine Center Istanbul, Turkey
Sean J. Nagel, MD Staff Surgeon Department of Neurosurgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Narihito Nagoshi, MD, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedics Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan
Tara Jayde Nail, MD Department of Neurosurgery Tufts Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts
Dileep Nair, MD
Section Head, Adult Epilepsy Epilepsy Center Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Zachary NaPier, MD Spine Fellow Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Brigham and Women’s Hospital/ Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
Sean N. Neifert, BS Medical Student Department of Neurosurgery Mount Sinai Health System New York, New York
Gregory Nemunaitis, MD Director of SCI Rehabilitation Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic; Professor of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Learner College of Medicine Cleveland Ohio
Adam Nessim, BS Medical Student
Department of Orthopaedics
Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
Tianyi Niu, MD
Assistant Professor Director, Spinal Deformity Surgery Program Department of Neurosurgery
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence, Rhode Island
John A. Norwig, MEd, ATC Head Athletic Trainer Sports Medicine Pittsburgh Steelers Football Club Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Binnan Ong, DO, MA Staff Physician Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders Service
Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio
Kaine C. Onwuzulike, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery Department of Neurological Surgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Jonathan Oren, MD Associate Director Orthopaedic Spine Surgery
Lenox Hill Hospital New York, New York; Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/ Northwell Hempstead, New York
R. Douglas Orr, MD, FRCSC Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Center for Spine Health Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
John E. O’Toole, MD, MS Professor Department of Neurological Surgery Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois
Alp Ozpinar, MD
Resident Physician Department of Neurological Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Fortunato G. Padua, MD, MSc Research Fellow Rothman Orthopaedic Institute Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Paul Page, MD
Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin
Paul J. Park, MD, MMS
Resident Physician Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Columbia University Irving Medical Center
Och Spine Hospital at NewYorkPresbyterian/Allen New York, New York
Vikas Parmar, MD
Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin
Arati Patel, MD
Resident Physician Department of Neurological Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Parthik Patel, MD
Research Fellow
Department of Orthpaedic Surgery
Rothman Institute at Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Rakesh Patel, MD Associate Professor Chief of Spine Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
Dominic Pelle, MD Assistant Professor Spine Center Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Enrique Peña, MD Assistant Professor Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Dell Medical Center at the University of Texas Staff Physician Texas Spine & Scoliosis Austin, Texas
Courtney Pendleton, MD Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery Stony Brook University Stony Brook, New York
Brenton Pennicooke, MD, MS Assistant Professor of Neurological Surgery and Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Neurological Surgery Washington University St. Louis, Missouri
Zach Pennington, BS Medical Student Department of Neurosurgery Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland
Mick J. Perez-Cruet, MD, MSc Vice Chairman and Professor Department of Neurosurgery Oakland University William Beaumont Medical School Beaumont Health System Royal Oak, Michigan
Graysen R. Petersen-Fitts, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak, Michigan
Thomas A. Peterson, PhD
Assistant Adjunct Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute
University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Joshua Piche, MD Resident Physician Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
Rick Placide, MD, PT Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia
Andrew Platt, MD, MBA Resident Physician Section of Neurosurgery Department of Surgery University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois
Adam J. Polifka, MD Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
David W. Polly, MD Chief of Spine Surgery Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Neurosurgery Minneapolis, Minnesota
Lawrence Poree, MD, PhD, MPH Professor and Director of Neuromodulation
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
S. Rajasekaran, MS, DNB, FRCS(Ed), M.Ch(Liv), FACS, FRCS(Eng), PhD Chairman
Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery
Ganga Medical Centre and Hospitals Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
Richard Rammo, MD Fellow Department of Neurosurgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Jonathan J. Rasouli, MD Associate Staff Neurosurgeon Department of Neurosurgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
John K. Ratliff, MD Professor Department of Neurosurgery Stanford University Stanford, California
Jeremy J. Rawlinson, PhD Distinguished Scientist
Technical Fellow - Cranial and Spinal Technologies, Medtronic Memphis, Tennessee; Adjunct Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Polytechnique Montreal Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Wilson Z. Ray, MD Professor Department of Neurosurgery
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Pablo F. Recinos, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Neurological Surgery
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University
Section Head – Skull Base Surgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Violette M. Recinos, MD
Section Head, Pediatric Neurosurgery Department of Neurological Surgery Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Patrick Reid, MD
Assistant Professor Department of Neurological Surgery
Columbia University New York, New York
Jackie Renfrow, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Neurological Surgery
Wake Forest Baptist Health Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Daniel K. Resnick, MD, MS
Professor and Vice Chairman Department of Neurosurgery
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, Wisconsin
Tina Resser, MSN, ACNP-BC, FNPBC, CNRN Nurse Practitioner Cerebrovascular Center Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio
Laurence D. Rhines, MD Professor Department of Neurosurgery Division of Surgery
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas
Dusty Richardson, MD Department of Neurosurgery Billings Clinic Billings, Montana
Ron Riesenburger, MD
Director, Spine Center
Department of Neurosurgery
Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
Sarah Rispinto, PhD Staff Psychologist Center for Comprehensive Pain Recovery Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Joshua Rivera, BA Clinical Research Coordinator Department of Neurological Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Richard Wayne Rosenquist, MD Chairman Department of Pain Management Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Lindsey Ross, MD Faculty Neurosurgeon Department of Neurosurgery Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, California
Vincent Rossi, MD Resident Physician Department of Neurological Surgery Atrium Health Charlotte, North Carolina
Samuel S. Rudisill, BS Research Assistant Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Division of Spine Surgery Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois
Paul Ruggieri, MD Department of Radiology Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio
Won Hyung A. Ryu, MD, MSc, MTM Fellow Department of Neurological Surgery Rush University Chicago, Illinois
Victor Sabourin, MD Resident Physician Department of Neurosurgery Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Michael M. Safaee, MD Resident Physician Department of Neurological Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Mina Safain, MD Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery Tufts University School of Medicine Attending Neurosurgeon Tufts Medical Center/MelroseWakefield Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
Zaid Salaheen, BSc Medical Student University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Dino Samartzis, DSc Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Director, International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois
Amer F. Samdani, MD Chief of Surgery Department of Neurosurgery Shriners Hospitals for Children Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Rahul G. Samtani, MD Clinical Spine Surgery Fellow Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Rick Sasso, MD Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Indiana University School of Medicine
Chief of Spine Surgery Indiana Spine Group Indianapolis, Indiana
Alexander M. Satin, MD
Spine Surgeon Texas Back Institute Plano, Texas
Jason W. Savage, MD
Staff Spine Surgeon Center for Spine Health Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
Paul D. Sawin, MD Neurological Surgeon AdventHealth Neuroscience Institute Winter Park, Florida
Andrew N. Sawires, MD Resident Physician Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Lenox Hill Hospital New York, New York
Aenor Sawyer, MD Assistant Clinical Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California
Bradley T. Schmidt, MD Neurological Surgery Resident Department of Neurological Surgery University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin
Eric Schmidt, MD
Center for Spine Health Department of Neurosurgery
Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio
Meic H. Schmidt, MD, MBA Professor and Chair of Neurosurgery
New York Medical College Director, Brain and Spine Institute and Director of Neurosurgery
Westchester Medical Center Director of Neurosciences WMC Health Network Valhalla, New York
Frank J. Schwab, MD
Chief Emeritus of HSS Spine Hospital for Special Surgery New York, New York
Daniel M. Sciubba, MD Professor
Departments of Neurosurgery, Oncology, Orthopaedic Surgery, and Radiation Oncology Director, Spine Tumor and Spine Deformity Research Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
Jonathan N. Sellin, MD Neurosurgeon Neurosurgical Group of Texas Houston, Texas
Elias Shaaya, MD Department of Neurosurgery
Rhode Island Hospital
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence, Rhode Island
Saman Shabani, MD Neurosurgery Resident Department of Neurosurgery Medical College of Wisconsin Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
Christopher I. Shaffrey, MD Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Chief, Spine Division
Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina
Ganesh M. Shankar, MD, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery
Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
Jianning Shao, BA Medical Student Department of Neurosurgery
Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio
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SCHIMMELBUSCH METHOD.
Helferich Method.—A lining flap is made, according to the French method, from the one cheek, which is dissected up and turned over to bridge most of the loss of nasal tissue, and sutured to the opposite freshened margin, as showed in Fig. 377.
A frontal flap, as outlined in the same illustration, is now cut from the forehead, leaving a pedicle as shown, and containing a section of bone at its median line. This is rotated downward and into place, and sutured along the same margin to which the genian flap is fixed, as shown in Fig. 378.
When the frontal and genian flaps have become well united, the latter’s pedicle is cut when the freshened lateral margin of the frontal flap is sutured into place.
A subseptum is now made or deemed necessary by this surgeon.
At a later period the pedicle of the frontal flap is cut, and fixed by suture and some cutting, to reduce the resultant prominence thereof.
FIG. 377.
FIG. 378.
HELFERICH METHOD.
Preidesberger Method.—This author cuts away the skin surrounding the arch of the old nose, and turns this flap downward to form the lining to the flap made from the forehead made in the same manner as Helferich.
The bone section is made in the median line, and is one centimeter wide and four long.
The frontal flap should be made long enough to permit of building a subseptum and the nostrils.
Krause Method. This frontal cutaneo-osteo-periostitic flap is made according to the method of König.
After turning down the flap it was covered with a nonpedunculated skin flap taken from the upper part of the arm by transplanting after its subcutaneous fatty tissue had been removed. (See Fig. 379.)
This method necessitates a long-continued dressing of the forehead before the pedicle is cut, because of the needed nutrition to make the two flaps heal upon each other.
After union has been established the sides of the transplanted flaps are raised by dissection, as shown in Fig. 380, to expose the bone plate of the frontal flap. A median strip is left intact.
With a fine saw the bony plate is cut into three sections, making the narrowest the median.
The margins of the old nose are now freshened, and the combined flap is sutured along the sides, preserving what tissue the surgeon can use to add support to the nose, which is done by dissection and turning or folding, as heretofore described.
The lower or forehead flap is sutured to the soft parts of the old nose, and the transplanted lateral margins to the marginal skin of the cheeks, giving to the nose the appearance as shown in Fig. 381.
At a later period the pedicle is cut and the wound that cannot, at this time, be overcome by sliding of the adjacent skin, is covered by skin grafting.
FIG. 379. First step.
FIG. 380. Second step.
FIG. 381. Third step.
KRAUSE METHOD.
Nélaton Method. A lateral flap of skin is taken from the cheeks, beginning on a line with the root of the nose and as low as a point two thirds of its normal length. These flaps are made wide enough, so that when dissected up and folded inward they will meet on the median line, as shown in Fig. 382, having their raw surface facing outward. They are sutured along the median line. The frontal flap was cut in the form of a horse-shoe having its pedicle at the root of the nose just above the eyebrows, and being about three centimeters wide and six long.
The skin at the outer margins was dissected up from the bone, leaving sufficient attachment at its center to allow for a bony plate.
With a fine saw, and in the manner shown in Fig. 383, this plate was made from the frontal bone, being about two and a half centimeters wide and four long.
FIG. 382. First step.
FIG. 383. Making bony support to flap.
NÉLATON METHOD.
There is some difficulty associated with the making of the flap, which ends at the superior border of the frontal, leaving the pedicle
composed only of skin.
The flap is now turned down, exposing its raw surface. The bony plate is sawed through at the median line, as shown in Fig. 384, and the skin of the flap is also divided along this line, giving two partly bone-lined flaps.
The two flaps are now rotated downward before the lost nose, so that their raw surfaces face inward, and in this position they are sutured along the median line and the sides, as shown in Fig. 385.
The method gives an angular dorsum of satisfactory consistency to the new nose, but furnishes a serious drawback, in that the cicatrization along the median line is liable to affect the shape of the organ and leaves a prominent scar line. The use of two small pedicles is another objection in that the danger of gangrene is greater as the nourishment to each flap is less.
FIG. 384. Cutting through bony plate.
FIG. 385. Disposition of frontal flap.
NÉLATON METHOD.
Israel Method.—From the ulnar side of the left forearm Israel cuts a skin flap, as shown in Fig. 386, with its smaller end nearest to
the wrist, where it is detached, the pedicle being broad, assuring of better nourishment to the flap.
The narrow end of the flap is cut down to the bone, then the sides are dissected up until the borders of the ulna are reached on both sides, reserving an adherent strip about eight millimeters wide and six centimeters long.
The bone below this strip is now removed with the saw from the lower end upward, and ending about one centimeter beyond the base line of the flap, where the strip so made is left connected to the bone proper.
The flap is now raised gently and bent upward without breaking the bone. It is sawed half through, transversely, at a point corresponding to the lobule of the nose.
The flap is then enveloped in iodoform gauze, and the head, forearm, and arm are fixed in plaster of Paris, the forearm being bent at a right angle to the arm (see Fig. 387).
FIG. 386. ISRAEL METHOD.
FIG. 387. ISRAEL METHOD. Position of forearm for placing of flap.
After nine days the osseous connection still remaining is severed, and the nose is modeled upon the forearm, as heretofore described in these operations, this surgeon using silver wire to retain the parts. The raw skin surfaces are allowed to heal upon each other and the flap is permitted to come in contact with the wound on the forearm temporarily, to which it might adhere, the gauze being now removed.
After twelve days the newly modeled nose is freed from such adhesions and kept from healing to the parts by using dressings between the flap and wound.
Five days after, the margins of the old nose are freshened in the form of an inverted V. If there be sufficient cicatricial tissue it is turned down, raw surface out, to line the new nose.
A prolongation of the pedicle is now cut, widening out toward the radial side of the arm, made obliquely, as shown, so that its pedicle now corresponds to a width of seven centimeters.
The whole flap except this newly formed pedicle is cut free of this forearm. The arm is put into the position shown in Fig. 387, and the freshened flap margins at the root, the whole length of the left side, and part of the upper right lateral. The plaster dressing to hold the arm in the proper position until complete union is established is used. This done, the pedicle is cut, and such minor operations are done to fix the remaining free margin and the base of the new nose.
CARTILAGINOUS SUPPORT OF FLAP
The methods just described in which an osseous plate of various size and form is included with skin flaps for the restoration of the nose give undoubtedly the best rhinoplastic results. The new nose is given not only better shape, but a permanency of such form that skin flaps of themselves could never give.
The unfortunate factors in these osteo-cutaneous operations are the many difficulties experienced.
The cutting or making of the bony plate is no simple task.
The skin is an uncertain agent to employ, because of the peculiar contour of the bony surface from which the plate is to be removed. The chisel, no matter how dexterously used, is liable to cut through the entire bone thickness, which has occurred in several recorded cases.
There is also the possibility of necrosis of a part or all of the bony plate thus obtained, and where the latter is not lined interiorly there is the added danger of infection.
Furthermore, the secondary wound is more extensive; the bone exposed requires about a month’s time to granulate over before skin grafts can be successfully applied over it.
With the employment of a cheek-flap lining there is the added objection of cicatrization. The use of a flap from the arm is complicated and requires considerable time for the completion of the operation, and there is always the added danger of infection and consequent death of the osseous plate.
To overcome these many difficulties von Mangold advocates the use of a section of cartilage to support the anterior prominence of the nose.
It has been found, since the first attempt of and the successful result obtained in 1897 by this surgeon, that cartilage to be used for this purpose should be taken from the costal cartilage, where a strip of the required length and width can be obtained.
The results thus far recorded are excellent, and much is hoped for from this method, especially in the reconstruction of loss about the wing of the nose in partial rhinoplasties, where the convexed contour may be reproduced to a nicety.
The first attempt to support the flap for a total rhinoplasty by this method was made in 1902 by Charles Nélaton.
The use of cartilaginous supports may be combined with any of the methods given heretofore. The flap containing the cartilage may be lined or unlined. All tissue found about the old nose should, of course, be utilized to give added support and to reduce as far as possible extensive secondary cicatrization.
The combined Hindu and Italian methods give splendid results, the frontal flap and its support being brought down from the forehead, raw surface outward, and the arm or forearm flap being placed immediately in front of it.
The frontal flap with the support requires a preliminary operation to permit of the attachment of the cartilage. Fortunately, this step
requires but little time and shows a very slight disfigurement during this period.
The secondary wound at the site of the cartilage excision requires little attention and heals readily, and the cicatrix involved is very small.
Steinthal proposes taking the flap and cartilage from the thoracic region, grafting it during the preparatory period to the forearm, from which it is transplanted to the face at a second sitting.
There is the objection to this method that it requires the arm to be retained in position for a very long time.
The author advocated the use of an arm flap made by the Italian method to line the one to be brought down from the forehead in cases of total rhinoplasty where little or no tissue can be obtained from the remains of the old nose. Such procedure reduces the time required by the Steinthal method to one half, and therefore greatly lessens the discomfort to the patient.
The fundamental principles as laid down by Nélaton are excellent, and may be applied to any modification of method the surgeon may decide upon where a section of costal cartilage is employed to support the flap, whether this be taken from the forehead, other parts of the face, or remote places.
The procedure of Nélaton is as follows:
Nélaton Method. The method involved a preparatory and a final operation.
The preparatory operation has to do with obtaining and placing in position the section of cartilage under the skin flap wherever located.
The final operation may or may not consist of two sittings, the first being necessitated by the bringing upon the remains of the nose a flap of skin to line the one brought down in front of it and containing the support.
Preparatory Operation.—To begin properly, the frontal flap to be utilized is marked out on the forehead with nitrate of silver the day before the operation, so that its outline will be plainly discernible, and act as a guide for the placing of the cartilage. The shape of the flap is fashioned as shown in Fig. 388.
In the illustration is also shown the incisions later made to utilize the borders of the remaining nose to line the frontal flap. This is done by making an inverted V incision at a distance from the inner borders, corresponding to the lateral line of union of the frontal flap with the face. The resultant flap is turned down, raw surface outward, curtainlike, and is sutured to the frontal flap, where it falls into position.
FIG. 388. NÉLATON METHOD. Outlining of frontal flap.
The flap outline shows that its pedicle lies between the outer end of the inner third and above the right eyebrow and a little to the left of the median line at the root of the old nose. This will avoid considerable tension at this point, the rotation as made being ninety degrees.
Nearly horizontally, as shown in the figure, a line is drawn through the center of the flap, showing the position the strip of cartilage is to occupy.
This done, a pattern of the outline is cut from stiff paper or oiled silk to preserve as a guide for the making of the flap, it being understood that the outlining has been made to the measurement of the required nose, allowance being given for cicatricial contraction.
This done, the surgeon having prepared the skin about the costal prominences of the left thorax, he proceeds as follows:
A vertical line is drawn the width of two fingers to the right of the nipple, as shown in Fig. 389, the length of the line being obvious.
Where the vertical crosses the eighth costal cartilage an incision is made downward over and not under the border of the cartilage.
The incision extends downward for a distance of eight centimeters, where it is turned upward at an angle, as shown, to a distance of three centimeters.
By separating the muscular aponeurosis made visible by this incision the lower edge of the eighth costal cartilage is exposed. The knife is moved along the lower edge of the cartilage, dividing the fibers of the insertion of the transverse muscle from without inward. The cartilage can now be grasped between the thumb and forefinger and be forced out of its normal position after a slight anterior dissection.
FIG. 389. METHOD OF LOCATING STRIP OF CARTILAGE.
The union between cartilage and bone is exposed. The chisel is used to divide the cartilage about one centimeter from the rib, after the costal or inner extremity has been made.
The position of the hands and the exposed cartilage is shown in Fig. 390.
FIG. 390.—EXCISING STRIP OF COSTAL CARTILAGE.
This accomplished, the wound is temporarily dressed. The cartilage is then fashioned to suit the required size and shape.
It is thinned down on its lower surface to about three millimeters in diameter. This thickness is maintained to a length of two and a half centimeters, the part being intended for the subseptum.
A notch is made on the upper surface at this distance from the end, which marks the point at which it must be eventually bent to form the point of the nose. This notch is cut to two thirds of the entire thickness.
The required length, that of the nasal line and its added septal length, is preserved.
The cartilage being prepared is now ready for the insertion under the frontal periosteum at the site already marked.
For this purpose a vertical incision one and a half centimeters, extending down to the bone, is made, as shown in Fig. 391.
The periosteum is peeled away from the bone with the dull or rounded handle of a knife.
The cartilage is now thrust into the tunnel thus made, the thinned-down, notched-off section facing forward and lying toward the vertical incision.
The skin wound is sutured and a gentle compress is used to keep the cartilage in contact with the periosteum, which requires at least two months. A longer interval of time is advocated to give greater vitality to the cartilage.
FIG. 391. CARTILAGE PLACED UNDER FRONTAL FLAP.
The wound of the thorax is simply sutured and dressed as any surgical wound.
FinalOperation.—The part cut is prepared as in the Hindu method. A lining for the frontal is made of such tissue as remains, and its freshened borders are sutured where possible, as shown in the last figure.
When this cannot be done, a flap may be taken from the arm, as already suggested, or a Krause nonpedunculated skin flap may be used, according to the methods given heretofore.
The epidermis is made to face inward. If either of these methods is used, the frontal lap is not brought down until healthy granulation has been established.
The frontal flap is made to include the periosteum, from which it is separated with a blunt instrument. The cartilaginous strip will be found to be attached to the periosteum.
The freed flap is now brought before the nasal defect and fitted into place. The cartilaginous strip should occupy the anterior median line.
The subseptal cartilage is bent inward and downward and the skin of the flap is sutured to it with catgut to form the subseptum, as shown in Fig. 392.
The free margins of skin remaining at the septal bone of the flap are folded inward to line the new nostrils. Catgut sutures are used to keep these folds in position.
The nose is now ready to be sutured into place. The subseptum is inserted first and fixed into the upper lip, then the nose being held so that its median line occupies the proper position, both wings are sutured to the freshened margins, and lastly the sides (see Fig. 393).
The frontal wound may be drawn together as near as possible by suture.
Rubber drainage-tubes are kept in the nares for a few days, and are thereafter replaced by rolls of gauze.
Dry dressings are preferred for the nasal wounds, which heal in about five days.
A month after, Thiersch grafts are employed to cover the frontal wound remaining. They require about eight days to heal into place.
FIG. 392. BRINGING DOWN FRONTAL FLAP.
FIG. 393. PLACING OF FRONTAL FLAP.
