Download Web semantics. cutting edge and future directions in healthcare sarika jain ebook All Chapt

Page 1


https://ebookmass.com/product/web-semanticscutting-edge-and-future-directions-in-healthcaresarika-jain/ Download more ebook from https://ebookmass.com

More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant download maybe you interests ...

Cutting Edge. Starter Student's Book Sarah Cunningham

https://ebookmass.com/product/cutting-edge-starter-students-booksarah-cunningham/

Semantic Web for Effective Healthcare Systems Vishal Jain

https://ebookmass.com/product/semantic-web-for-effectivehealthcare-systems-vishal-jain/

Power-Sharing in Europe: Past Practice, Present Cases, and Future Directions Soeren Keil

https://ebookmass.com/product/power-sharing-in-europe-pastpractice-present-cases-and-future-directions-soeren-keil/

Cutting Edge Intermediate Students' Book with DVD and MyEnglishLab Pack 3rd Revised edition Edition Peter Moor

https://ebookmass.com/product/cutting-edge-intermediate-studentsbook-with-dvd-and-myenglishlab-pack-3rd-revised-edition-editionpeter-moor/

Human Resource Information Systems: Basics, Applications, and Future Directions 4th Edition, (Ebook PDF)

https://ebookmass.com/product/human-resource-information-systemsbasics-applications-and-future-directions-4th-edition-ebook-pdf/

Sports, exercise, and nutritional genomics: Current status and future directions 1st Edition Ildus I. Ahmetov

https://ebookmass.com/product/sports-exercise-and-nutritionalgenomics-current-status-and-future-directions-1st-edition-ildusi-ahmetov/

Breast MRI: State of the Art and Future Directions 1st Edition Katja Pinker (Editor)

https://ebookmass.com/product/breast-mri-state-of-the-art-andfuture-directions-1st-edition-katja-pinker-editor/

Beyond Semantics and Pragmatics Gerhard Preyer

https://ebookmass.com/product/beyond-semantics-and-pragmaticsgerhard-preyer/

Cutting Teeth: A Novel Chandler Baker

https://ebookmass.com/product/cutting-teeth-a-novel-chandlerbaker/

WEBSEMANTICS

WEB SEMANTICS CuttingEdgeandFutureDirections

inHealthcare

DepartmentofComputerApplications,NationalInstituteofTechnologyKurukshetra,Haryana,India

VISHAL JAIN

DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,SchoolofEngineeringandTechnology,ShardaUniversity, GreaterNoida,UttarPradesh,India

VALENTINA EMILIA BALAS

FacultyofEngineering,AurelVlaicuUniversityofArad,Romania

AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier

125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom

525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates

50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates

TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom

Copyright©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.

Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical, includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfrom thepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbe foundatourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions

ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanas maybenotedherein).

Notices

Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenour understanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.

Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbe mindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.

Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforany injuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseor operationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.

BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData

AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData

AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress

ISBN:978-0-12-822468-7

ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: MaraConner

AcquisitionsEditor: ChrisKatsaropoulos

EditorialProjectManager: MeganHealy

ProductionProjectManager: OmerMukthar

CoverDesigner: MarkRogers

TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India

Contents

Listofcontributorsix Prefacexi

1.Semanticintelligence-Anoverview

SarikaJain

1.1Overview1

SectionI Representation

2.Convology:anontology forconversationalagentsin digitalhealth

MauroDragoni,GiuseppeRizzoandMatteoA.Senese

2.1Introduction7

2.2Background9

2.3Theconstructionofconvology10

2.4Insideconvology12

2.5Availabilityandreusability16

2.6Convologyinaction17

2.7Resourcesustainabilityandmaintenance19

2.8Conclusionsandfuturework20 References21

3.Conversionbetweensemantic datamodels:thestorysofar,andthe roadahead

ShripriyaDubey,ArchanaPatelandSarikaJain

3.1Introduction23

3.2ResourceDescriptionFrameworkasasemantic datamodel24

3.3Relatedwork25

3.4Conceptualevaluation27

3.5Findings28

3.6Concludingremarks29 References30

4.Semanticinteroperability:thefutureof healthcare

RashmiBurse,MichelaBertolotto,DympnaO’Sullivan andGavinMcArdle

4.1Introduction31

4.2Semanticwebtechnologies32

4.3Syntacticinteroperability37

4.4Semanticinteroperability40

4.5Contributionofsemanticweb technologytoaidhealthcare interoperability46

4.6Discussionandfuturework49

4.7Conclusion51 References51

5.Aknowledgegraphofmedical institutionsinKorea HaklaeKim

5.1Introduction55

5.2Relatedwork56

5.3MedicalinstitutionsinKorea57

5.4Knowledgegraphofmedicalinstitutions60

5.5Conclusion66 References67

6.Resourcedescriptionframeworkbased semanticknowledgegraphforclinical decisionsupportsystems

RaviLourdusamyandXavierlalJ.Mattam

6.1Introduction69

6.2KnowledgerepresentationusingRDF71

6.3Simpleknowledgeorganizationsystem75

6.4Semanticknowledgegraph77

6.5Semanticknowledgegraphforclinical decisionsupportsystems81

6.6Discussionandfuturepossibilities83

6.7Conclusion84 References84

7.Probabilistic,syntactic,andsemantic reasoningusingMEBN,OWL,andPCFG inhealthcare

ShrinivasanPatnaikuniandSachinR.Gengaje

7.1Introduction87

7.2MultientityBayesiannetworks89

7.3Semanticwebanduncertainty90

7.4MEBNandontologyweblanguage91

7.5MEBNandprobabilisticcontext-free grammar92

7.6Summary93

References93

SectionII

Reasoning

8.Theconnectedelectronichealthrecord: asemantic-enabled,flexible,andunified electronichealthrecord

SalmaSassiandRichardChbeir

8.1Introduction97

8.2Motivatingscenario:smarthealthunit99

8.3Literaturereview100

8.4Ourconnectedelectronichealthrecordsystem approach105

8.5Implementation110

8.6Experimentalresults111

8.7Conclusionandfutureworks113

References114

9.Ontology-supportedrule-based reasoningforemergencymanagement

SarikaJain,SoniaMehlaandJanWagner

9.1Introduction117

9.2Literaturereview119

9.3Systemframework120

9.4Inferenceofknowledge122

9.5Conclusionandfuturework127

References127

10.Healthcarecubeintegratorforhealth caredatabases

ShivaniATrivedi,MonikaPatelandSikandarPatel

10.1Introduction:state-of-the-arthealthcare system129

10.2Researchmethodsandliteraturefindingsof researchpublications131

10.3HCIconceptualframeworkanddesigning framework136

10.4Implementationframeworkandexperimental setup140

10.5Resultanalysis,conclusion,andfuture enhancementofwork148

Acknowledgment149

References149

11.Smartmentalhealthcaresystems

SumitDalalandSarikaJain

11.1Introduction153

11.2Classificationofmentalhealthcare154

11.3Challengesofahealthcareenvironment155

11.4Benefitsofsmartmentalhealthcare158

11.5Architecture159

11.6Conclusion161

References162

12.Ameaning-awareinformation searchandretrievalframeworkfor healthcare

V.S.Anoop,NikhilV.ChandranandS.Asharaf

12.1Introduction165

12.2Relatedwork167

12.3Semanticsearchandinformationretrievalin healthcare170

12.4Aframeworkformeaning-awarehealthcare informationextractionfromunstructured textdata170

12.5Futureresearchdimensions174

12.6Conclusion174

Keytermsanddefinitions174 References175

13.Ontology-basedintelligent decisionsupportsystems: Asystematicapproach

RameshSaha,SayaniSen,JayitaSaha,AsmitaNandy, SuparnaBiswasandChandreyeeChowdhury

13.1Introduction177

13.2Enablingtechnologiestoimplementdecision supportsystem178

13.3RoleofontologyinDSSforknowledge modeling182

13.4QoSandQoEparametersindecision supportsystemsforhealthcare187

13.5Conclusion190

References191

14.Ontology-baseddecision-making

MarkDouglasdeAzevedoJacynthoandMatheusD.Morais

14.1Introduction195

14.2Issue-ProcedureOntology198

14.3Issue-ProcedureOntologyforMedicine203

14.4Conclusion208

References208

15.Anewmethodforprofile identificationusingontology-based semanticsimilarity

AbdelhadiDaoui,NoreddineGherabiandAbderrahimMarzouk

15.1Introduction211

15.2Proposedmethod212

15.3Conclusion218

References218

16.Semanticsimilarity baseddescriptive answerevaluation

MohammadShaharyarShaukat,MohammedTanzeem, TameemAhmadandNesarAhmad

16.1Introduction221

16.2Literaturesurvey222

16.3Proposedsystem223

16.4Algorithm227

16.5Dataset227

16.6Results228

16.7Conclusionanddiscussion229

Acknowledgments230 References230

17.Classificationofgeneticmutations usingontologiesfromclinicaldocuments anddeeplearning

PunamBedi,Shivani,NehaGupta, PritiJagwaniandVeenuBhasin

17.1Introduction233

17.2ClinicalNaturalLanguageProcessing234

17.3ClinicalNaturalLanguageProcessing (ClinicalNLP)techniques235

17.4ClinicalNaturalLanguageProcessingand SemanticWeb242

17.5Casestudy:ClassificationofGenetic MutationusingDeepLearningandClinical NaturalLanguageProcessing245

17.6Conclusion249 References249

SectionIII Security

18.SecurityissuesfortheSemanticWeb PrashantPranav,SandipDuttaandSoubhikChakraborty

18.1Introduction253

18.2Relatedwork258

18.3SecuritystandardsfortheSemantic Web259

18.4DifferentattacksontheSemanticWeb262

18.5Drawbacksoftheexistingprivacyand securityprotocolsinW3Csocialweb standards263

18.6Semanticattackers264

18.7PrivacyandSemanticWeb264

18.8Directionsforfuturesecurityprotocols fortheSemanticWeb265

18.9Conclusion266 References266

Index269

Listofcontributors

NesarAhmad DepartmentofComputer Engineering,ZakirHusainCollegeof EngineeringandTechnology,Aligarh MuslimUniversity,Aligarh,India

TameemAhmad DepartmentofComputer Engineering,ZakirHusainCollegeof EngineeringandTechnology,Aligarh MuslimUniversity,Aligarh,India

V.S.Anoop KeralaBlockchainAcademy, IndianInstituteofInformationTechnology andManagement Kerala(IIITM-K), Thiruvananthapuram,India

S.Asharaf IndianInstituteofInformation TechnologyandManagement-Kerala (IIITM-K),Thiruvananthapuram,India

PunamBedi DepartmentofComputerScience, UniversityofDelhi,Delhi,India

MichelaBertolotto SchoolofComputerScience, UniversityCollegeDublin,Dublin,Ireland

VeenuBhasin P.G.D.A.V.College,University ofDelhi,Delhi,India

SuparnaBiswas DepartmentofComputer Science&Engineering,MaulanaAbulKalam AzadUniversityofTechnology,Kolkata,India

RashmiBurse SchoolofComputerScience, UniversityCollegeDublin,Dublin,Ireland

SoubhikChakraborty Departmentof Mathematics,BirlaInstituteofTechnology, Mesra,Ranchi,India

NikhilV.Chandran DataEngineeringLab, IndianInstituteofInformationTechnology andManagement-Kerala(IIITM-K), Thiruvananthapuram,India

RichardChbeir UnivPau&PaysAdour,E2S/ UPPA,LIUPPA,EA3000,Anglet,France

ChandreyeeChowdhury Departmentof ComputerScience&Engineering,Jadavpur University,Kolkata,India

SumitDalal NationalInstituteofTechnology Kurukshetra,Haryana,India

AbdelhadiDaoui DepartmentofMathematics andComputerScience,Hassan1st University,FST,Settat,Morocco

MatheusD.Morais Coordinationof Informatics,FluminenseFederalInstitute, CamposdosGoytacazes,RiodeJaneiro, Brazil

MarkDouglasdeAzevedoJacyntho CoordinationofInformatics,Fluminense FederalInstitute,CamposdosGoytacazes, RiodeJaneiro,Brazil

MauroDragoni FondazioneBrunoKessler, Trento,Italy

ShripriyaDubey DepartmentofComputer Applications,NationalInstituteof TechnologyKurukshetra,Haryana,India

SandipDutta DepartmentofComputer ScienceandEngineering,BirlaInstituteof Technology,Mesra,Ranchi,India

SachinR.Gengaje DepartmentofComputer ScienceandEngineering,WalchandInstitute ofTechnology,Solapur,Maharashtra,India

NoreddineGherabi SultanMoulaySlimane University,ENSAK,LASTILaboratory, Khouribga,Morocco

NehaGupta DepartmentofComputerScience, UniversityofDelhi,Delhi,India

PritiJagwani AryabhattaCollege,University ofDelhi,Delhi,India

SarikaJain DepartmentofComputer Applications,NationalInstituteof TechnologyKurukshetra,Haryana,India

HaklaeKim Chung-AngUniversity,Seoul, SouthKorea

RaviLourdusamy SacredHeartCollege (Autonomous),Tirupattur,India

AbderrahimMarzouk Departmentof MathematicsandComputerScience, Hassan1stUniversity,FST,Settat,Morocco

XavierlalJ.Mattam SacredHeartCollege (Autonomous),Tirupattur,India

GavinMcArdle SchoolofComputerScience, UniversityCollegeDublin,Dublin,Ireland

SoniaMehla NationalInstituteofTechnology Kurukshetra,Haryana,India

AsmitaNandy DepartmentofComputer Science&Engineering,JadavpurUniversity, Kolkata,India

DympnaO’Sullivan SchoolofComputer Science,TechnologicalUniversityDublin, Dublin,Ireland

ArchanaPatel InstituteofComputerScience, FreieUniversita ¨ t,Berlin,Germany

MonikaPatel S.K.PatelInstituteofManagement andComputerStudies-MCA,KadiSarva Vishwavidyalaya,India

SikandarPatel NationalForensicSciences University,Gandhinagar,India

ShrinivasanPatnaikuni Departmentof ComputerScienceandEngineering, WalchandInstituteofTechnology,Solapur, Maharashtra,India

PrashantPranav DepartmentofComputer ScienceandEngineering,BirlaInstituteof Technology,Mesra,Ranchi,India

GiuseppeRizzo LINKSFoundation,Torino, Italy

JayitaSaha DepartmentofArtificialIntelligence andDataScience,KoneruLakshmaiah EducationFoundationDeemedtobe University,Hyderabad,India

RameshSaha DepartmentofInformation Technology,GauhatiUniversity,Guwahati, Assam,India

SalmaSassi VPNCLab.,FSJEGJ,Universityof Jendouba,Jendouba,Tunisia

SayaniSen DepartmentofComputer Application,SarojiniNaiduCollegefor Women,Kolkata,India

MatteoA.Senese LINKSFoundation,Torino, Italy

MohammadShaharyarShaukat Technical UniversityofMunich,Germany

Shivani DepartmentofComputerScience, UniversityofDelhi,Delhi,India

MohammedTanzeem Adobe,India

ShivaniATrivedi S.K.PatelInstituteof ManagementandComputerStudies-MCA, KadiSarvaVishwavidyalaya,India

JanWagner RheinMainUniversityofApplied Sciences,Germany x Listofcontributors

Preface

Overthelastdecade,wehavewitnessed anincreasinguseofWebSemanticsasa vitalandever-growingfield.Itincorporates varioussubjectareascontributingtothe developmentofaknowledge-intensivedata web.Inparalleltothemovementofconceptfromdatatoknowledge,wearenow alsoexperiencingthemovementofweb fromdocumentmodeltodatamodelwhere themainfocusisondatacomparedtothe process.Theunderlyingideaismakingthe datamachineunderstandableandprocessable.Inlightofthesetrends,conciliationof SemanticandtheWebisofparamount importanceforfurtherprogressinthearea. The17chaptersinthisvolume,authored bykeyscientistsinthefieldarepreceded byanintroductionwrittenbyoneofthe volumeeditors,makingatotalof18chapters.Chapter1,Introduction,bySarikaJain providesanoverviewoftechnological trendsandperspectivesinWebSemantics, definesSemanticIntelligence,anddiscusses thetechnologiesencompassingthesamein viewoftheirapplicationwithinenterprises aswellasinweb.Inall,76chapterproposalsweresubmittedforthisvolumemakinga22%acceptancerate.Thechapters havebeendividedintothreesectionsas Representation,Reasoning,andSecurity.

• Representation:Thesemanticshavetobe encodedwithdatabyvirtueof technologiesthatformallyrepresent metadata.Whensemanticsare embeddedindata,itofferssignificant advantagesforreasoningand interoperability.

• Reasoning:When“SemanticWeb”will finallyhappen,machinewillbeableto talktomachinesmaterializingthesocalled“intelligentagents.”Theservices offeredwillbeusefulforwebaswellas forthemanagementofknowledge withinanorganization.

• Security:Inthisnewsetting,traditional securitymeasureswillnotbe suitableanymore;andthefocuswill movetotrustandprovenance.The semanticsecurityissuesarerequiredto beaddressedbythesecurity professionalsandthesemantic technologists.

Thisbookwillhelptheinstructorsand studentstakingcoursesofSemanticWeb gettingabreastofcuttingedgeandfuture directionsofsemanticweb,henceprovidingasynergybetweenhealthcareprocesses andsemanticwebtechnologies.Many booksareavailableinthisfieldwithtwo majorproblems.Eithertheyarevery advancedandlackprovidingasufficiently detailedexplanationoftheapproaches,or theyarebasedonaspecificthemewith limitedscope,hencenotprovidingdetails oncrosscuttingareasappliedintheweb semantic.Thisbookcoverstheresearch andpracticalissuesandchallenges,and SemanticWebapplicationsinspecificcontexts(inthiscase,healthcare).Thisbook hasvariedaudienceandspansindustrial professionals,researchers,andacademiciansworkinginthefieldofWeb Semantics.Researchersandacademicians willfindacomprehensivestudyofthestate

oftheartandanoutlookintoresearchchallengesandfutureperspectives.Theindustry professionalsandsoftwaredeveloperswill findavailabletoolsandtechnologiestouse, algorithms,pseudocodes,andimplementationsolutions.Theadministratorswillfinda comprehensivespectrumofthelatestviewpointindifferentareasofWebSemantics. Finally,lecturersandstudentsrequireallof theabove,sotheywillgainaninteresting insightintothefield.Theycanbenefitin preparingtheirproblemstatementsand findingwaystotacklethem.

Thebookisstructuredintothreesections thatgroupchaptersintothreeotherwise relateddisections:

Representation

ThefirstsectiononRepresentationcomprisessixchaptersthatspecificallyfocuson theproblemofchoosingadatamodelfor representingandstorageofdatafortheWeb. Chapter2,Convology:anontologyforconversationalagentsindigitalhealthby Dragonietal.proposeanontology,namely, Convology,aimingtodescribeconversational scenarioswiththescopeofprovidingatool that,oncedeployedintoareal-worldapplication,allowstoeasethemanagementand understandingoftheentiredialogworkflow betweenusers,physicians,andsystems.The authorshaveintegratedConvologyintoalivinglabconcerningtheadoptionofconversationalagentsforsupportingtheselfmanagementofpatientsaffectedbyasthma. Dubeyetal.inChapter3,Conversion betweensemanticdatamodels:thestoryso far,andtheroadahead,providethetrendsin convertingbetweenvarioussemanticdata modelsandreviewsthestateoftheartofthe same.InChapter4,Semanticinteroperability:

thefutureofhealthcareBurseetal.have beautifullyelaboratedthesyntacticand semanticinteroperabilityissuesinhealthcare. Theyhavereviewedthevarioushealthcare standardsinanattempttosolvetheinteroperabilityproblematasyntacticlevelandthen movesontoexaminemedicalontologies developedtosolvetheproblematasemantic level.Thechapterexplainsthefeaturesof semanticwebtechnologythatcanbeleveragedateachlevel.Aliteraturesurveyiscarriedouttogagethecurrentcontributionof semanticwebtechnologiesinthisareaalong withananalysisofhowsemanticwebtechnologiescanbeimprovedtobettersuitthe health-informaticsdomainandsolvethe healthcareinteroperabilitychallenge.Haklae KiminhisChapter5,Aknowledgegraphof medicalinstitutionsinKorea,hasproposeda knowledgemodelforrepresentingmedical institutionsandtheircharacteristicsbasedon relatedlaws.Theauthoralsoconstructsa knowledgegraphthatincludesallmedical institutionsinKoreawithanaimtoenable userstoidentifyappropriatehospitalsor otherinstitutionsaccordingtotheirrequirements.Chapter6,Resourcedescription frameworkbasedsemanticknowledgegraph forclinicaldecisionsupportsystems,by LourdusamyandMattamadvocatestheuse ofSemanticKnowledgeGraphsastherepresentationstructureforClinicalDecision SupportSystems.PatnaikuniandGengajein Chapter7,Probabilistic,syntactic,andsemanticreasoningusingMEBN,OWL,andPCFG inhealthcare,exploitthekeyconceptsand terminologiesusedforrepresentingandreasoninguncertaintiesstructurallyandsemanticallywithacasestudyofCOVID-19Corona Virus.ThekeytechnologiesareBayesiannetworks,Multi-EntityBayesianNetworks, ProbabilisticOntologyWebLanguage,and probabilisticcontext-freegrammars.

Reasoning

Atthescaleofwww,logic-basedreasoningisnotappropriateandposesnumerous challenges.Asalreadystatedindifferent chaptersofSection1,RDFprovidesa machine-processablesyntaxtothedataon theweb.ReasoningonSemanticWeb involvesderivingfactsandrelationships thatarenotexplicitintheknowledgebase. Thissectiongroups10contributionsbased onreasoningwithintheknowledgebases. Thereisanabsenceofareferencemodel fordescribingthehealthdataandtheir sourcesandlinkingthesedatawiththeir contexts.Chapter8,Theconnectedelectronichealthrecord:asemantic-enabled, flexible,andunifiedelectronichealth record,bySassiandChbeiraddressesthis problemandintroducesasemanticenabled,flexible,andunifiedelectronic healthrecord(EHR)forpatientmonitoring anddiagnosiswithMedicalDevices.The approachexploitssemanticwebtechnologiesandtheHL7FHIRstandardtoprovide semanticconnectedEHRthatwillfacilitate datainteroperability,integration,informationsearchandretrieval,andautomatic inferenceandadaptationinreal-time.Jain etal.inChapter9,Ontology-supported rule-basedreasoningforemergencymanagement,haveproposedanontologysupportedrule-basedreasoningapproach toautomatetheprocessofdecisionsupport andrecommendingactionsfasterthana humanbeingandatanytime.Chapter10, Healthcare-CubeIntegratorforHealthcare DatabasesbyTrivedietal.proposesthe Healthcare-cubeintegratorasaknowledge basethatisstoringhealthrecordscollected fromvarioushealthcaredatabases.They alsoproposeaprocessingtooltoextract datafromassorteddatabases.Chapter11,

Smartmentalhealthcaresystems,byDalal andJainprovidesanarchitecturefora smartmentalhealthcaresystemalongwith thechallengesandbenefitsincurred. Chapter12,Ameaning-awareinformation searchandretrievalframeworkforhealthcare,byAnoopetal.discussesaframeworkforbuildingameaning-aware informationextractionfromunstructured EHRs.Theproposedframeworkusesmedicalontologies,amedicalcatalog-basedterminologyextractorandasemantic reasonertobuildthemedicalknowledge basethatisusedforenablingasemantic informationsearchandretrievalexperience inthehealthcaredomain.InChapter13, Ontology-basedintelligentdecisionsupportsystems:asystematicapproach,Saha etal.emphasizeseveralmachinelearning algorithmsandsemantictechnologiesto designandimplementintelligentdecision supportsystemforeffectivehealthcare supportsatisfyingqualityofserviceand qualityofexperiencerequirements. JacynthoandMoraisinChapter14, Ontology-baseddecision-making,have describedthearchitectureandstrengthsof knowledge-baseddecisionsupportsystems.Theyhavedefinedamethodforthe creationofontology-basedknowledge basesandacorrespondingfictitioushealth carecasestudybutwithreal-worldchallenges.Asthedataareexplodingoverthe web,Daouietal.inChapter15,Anew methodforprofileidentificationusing ontology-basedsemanticsimilarity,aimto treatandcoveranewsysteminthe domainoftourisminordertoofferusers ofthesystemasetofinterestingplaces andtouristsitesaccordingtotheirpreferences.Theauthorsfocusonthedesignofa newprofileidentificationmethodbydefiningasemanticcorrespondencebetween

keywordsandtheconceptsofanontology usinganexternalresourceWordNet. Comparedtotheobjectivetypeassessment, thedescriptiveassessmenthasbeenfound tobemoreuniformandatahigherlevelof Bloom’staxonomy.InChapter16,Semantic similarity-baseddescriptiveanswerevaluation,Shaukatetal.haveputineffortsto dealwiththeproblemofautomatedcomputerassessmentinthedescriptiveexamination.Lastlyinthissection,Chapter17, Classificationofgeneticmutationsusing ontologiesfromclinicaldocumentsand deeplearning,byBedietal.havepresentedaframeworkforclassifyingcancerousgeneticmutationreportedinEHRs. TheyhaveutilizedclinicalNLP,Ontologies andDeepLearningforthesameover CatalogofSomaticMutationsinCancer MutationdataandKaggle’scancerdiagnosisdataset.

Security

Thoughposedasthefutureofweb,is semanticwebsecure?Inthesemanticwebsetting,traditionalsecuritymeasuresareno moresuitable.Thissectionclosesthebookby providingChapter18,Securityissuesforthe semanticweb,byPranavetal.providingthe securityissuesinthesemanticweb.Thischapteralsosuggestedwaysofpotentiallyaligning theprotocolssoastomakethemmorerobust tobeusedforsemanticwebservices.

Astheabovesummaryshows,thisbook summarizesthetrendsandcurrentresearch advancesinwebsemantics,emphasizing theexistingtoolsandtechniques,methodologies,andresearchsolutions.

SarikaJain(India)
VishalJain(India)
ValentinaEmiliaBalas(Romania)

1

Semanticintelligence:Anoverview

DepartmentofComputerApplications,NationalInstituteofTechnologyKurukshetra, Haryana,India

1.1Overview

DuetomanytechnologicaltrendslikeIoT,CloudComputing,SmartDevices,hugedata isgenerateddailyandatunprecedentedrates.Traditionaldatatechniquesandplatforms donotprovetobeefficientbecauseofissuesconcerningresponsiveness,flexibility,performance,scalability,accuracy,andmore.Tomanagethesehugedatasetsandtostorethe archivesforlongerperiods,weneedgranularaccesstomassivelyevolvingdatasets. Addressingthisgaphasbeenanimportantandwell-recognizedinterdisciplinaryareaof ComputerScience.

Amachinewillbehaveintelligentlyiftheunderlyingrepresentationschemeexhibits knowledgethatcanbeachievedbyrepresen tingsemantics.WebSemanticsstrengthen thedescriptionofwebresourcesforexploitingthembetterandmakingthemmore meaningfulforbothhumanandmachine.Ass emanticwebishighlyinterdisciplinary, itisemergingasamaturefieldofresearchthat facilitatesinformationintegrationfrom variegatedsources.Semanticwebconvert sdatatomeaningfulinformationandis thereforeawebofmeaningful,linked,an dintegrateddatabyvirtueofmetadata. Currentwebiscomposedprimarilyofunstructureddata,suchasHTMLpagesand searchincurrentwebisbasedonkeywordsearch.Thesesearchesarenotabletomake outthetypeofinformationontheHTMLpage,thatis,itisnotpossibletoextractdifferentpiecesofdatafromdifferentwebpagesaboutaconceptandthengiveintegrated informationabouttheconcept.Thesemanticwebprovidessuchafacilitywithlesser humaninvolvement.

Asthewebconnectsdocuments,inthesamemanner,semanticwebconnectspiecesof information.InadditiontopublishingdataontheWorldWideWeb,thesemanticwebis beingutilizedinenterprisesformyriadofusecases.TheArtificialIntelligencetechnologies,theMachineIntelligencetechnologies,andthesemanticwebtechnologiestogether makeuptheSemanticIntelligencetechnologies(SITs).SITshavebeenfoundasthemost

importantingredientinbuildingartificiallyintelligentknowledge-basedsystemsasthey aidmachinesinintegratingandprocessingresourcescontextuallyandintelligently.

ThisbookdescribesthethreemajorcompartmentsofthestudyofWebSemantics,namely representation,reasoning,andsecurity.Italsocoverstheissuesrelatedtothesuccessfuldeploymentofsemanticweb.Thischapteraddressesthekeyknowledgeandinformationneedsofthe audienceofthisbook.ItprovideseasilycomprehensibleinformationonWebSemanticsincludingsemanticsfordataandsemanticsforservices.Further,anefforthasbeenmadetocoverthe innovativeapplicationareassemanticwebgoeshandinhandwithafocusonHealthCare.

1.2SemanticIntelligence

SemanticIntelligencereferstofillingthesemanticgapbetweentheunderstandingof humansandmachinesbymakingamachinelookateverythingintermsofobject-oriented conceptsasahumanlookatit.SemanticIntelligencehelpsusmakesenseofthemostvital resource,thatis,data;byvirtueofmakingitinterpretableandmeaningful.Thefocusison informationascomparedtotheprocess.Towhateverapplication,thedatawillbeputto;itis toberepresentedinamannerthatismachine-understandableandhencehuman-usable.All theimportantrelationships(includingwho,what,when,where,how,andwhy)inthe requireddatafromanyheterogeneousdata sourcearerequiredtobemadeexplicit.

TheprimarytechnologystandardsoftheSITsareRDF(ResourceDescription Framework)andSPARQL(SPARQLProtocolandRDFQueryLanguage).RDFisthedata model/format/serializationusedtostoredata.SPARQListhequerylanguagedesignedto query,retrieve,andprocessdatastoredasRDFacrossvarioussystemsanddatabases. Bothofthesetechnologiesareopen-endedmakingthemanaturalfitforiterative,flexible, andadaptablesoftwaredevelopmentinadynamicenvironment;hencesuitableforamyriadofopen-endedproblemsmajorlyincludingunstructuredinformation.ItisevenbeneficialtowrapuptheexistingrelationaldatastoreswiththeSPARQLendpointstointegrate themwithanyintelligentapplication.Thisallispossiblebecausesemanticweboperates ontheprincipleofOpenWorldAssumption;whereinallthefactsarenotanticipatedin thebeginning;andintheabsenceofsomefact,itcannotbeassumedfalse.

Semanticsisnomorethandiscovering“relationshipsbetweenthings.”Theserelationshipswhendiscoveredandrepresentedexplicitlyhelpmanagethedatamoreefficiently bymakingsenseofit.Inadditiontostoringandretrievinginformation,semanticintelligenceprovidesaflexiblemodelbyactingasanenablerformachinestoinfernewfacts andderivenewinformationfromexistingfactsanddata.Inallsuchsystemswithalarge amountofunstructuredandunpredictabledata,SITsprovetobelesscost-intensiveand maintainable.Byvirtueofbeingabletointerpretallthedata,machinesareabletoperform sophisticatedtasksforthemankind.Intoday’sworldSITsareservingaverybroadrange ofapplications,acrossmultipledomains,withinenterprises,andontheweb.Afullfledgedindustryinitsownsensehasemergedinthelast20yearswhenthesetechnologies weremerelydrafts.Inadditiontopublishingandconsumingdataontheweb,SITsare beingusedinenterprisesforvariouspurposes.

1.2.1Publishingandconsumingdataontheweb

Publishingdataonthewebinvolvesdecidingupontheformatandtheschematouse. Bestpracticesexisttopublish,disseminate,use,andperformreasoningonhigh-quality dataovertheweb.RDFdatacanbepublishedindifferentwaysincludingthelinkeddata (DBPedia),SPARQLendpoint,metadatainHTML(SlideShare,LinkedIn,YouTube, Facebook),feeds,GRDDL,andmore.Semanticinterlinkeddataisbeingpublishedonthe webinallthedomainsincludinge-commerce,socialdata,andscientificdata.Peopleare consumingthisdatathroughsearchenginesandspecificapplications.Publishingsemantic webdataaboutthewebpages,anorganizationensuresthatthesearchresultsnowalso includerelatedinformationlikereviews,ratings,andpricingfortheproducts.Thisadded informationinsearchresultsdoesnotincreaserankingofawebpagebutsignificantly increasesthenumberofclicksthiswebpagecanget.Herearesomepopulardomains wheredataispublishedandconsumedonthesemanticweb.

• E-commerce:TheSchema.organdtheGoodRelationsvocabularyareglobalschemafor commercedataontheweb.Theyareindustry-neutral,syntax-neutral,andvalidacross differentstagesofvaluechain.

• Healthcareandlifesciences:HealthCareisanovelapplicationdomainofsemanticweb thatisofprimeimportancetohumancivilizationasawhole.Ithasbeenpredictedas thenextbigthinginpersonalhealthmonitoringbythegovernment.Bigpharma companiesandvariousscientificprojectshavepublishedasignificantamountoflife sciencesandhealthcaredataontheweb.

• Mediaandpublishing:TheBBC,TheFT,SpringerNature,andmanyothermediaand publishingsectorcompaniesarebenefittingtheircustomersbyprovidinganecosystem ofconnectedcontenttoprovidemoremeaningfulnavigationpathsacrosstheweb.

• Socialdata:Asocialnetworkisatwo-waysocialstructuremadeupofindividuals (persons,products,oranything)andtheirrelationships.TheFacebook’s“socialgraph” representsconnectionsbetweenpeople.Socialnetworkingdatausingfriend-of-a-friend asvocabularymakeupasignificantportionofalldataontheweb.

• LinkedOpenData:Apowerfuldataintegrationtechnologyisthepracticalsideof semanticweb.DBPediaisaverylarge-linkeddatasetmakingthecontentofWikipedia availabletothepublicasRDF.Itincorporateslinkstovariousotherdatasetsas Geonames;thusallowingapplicationstoexploittheextraandmorepreciseknowledge fromotherdatasets.Inthismanner,applicationscanprovideahighuserexperienceby integratingdatafrommultiplelinkeddatasets.

• Governmentdata:Fortheoveralldevelopmentofthesociety,thegovernmentsaround theworldhavetakeninitiativesforpublishingnonpersonaldataonthewebmakingthe governmentservicestransparenttothepublic.

1.2.2SemanticIntelligencetechnologiesappliedwithinenterprises Enterpriseinformationsystemscomprisecomplex,distributed,heterogeneous,and voluminousdatasources.EnterprisesareleveragingSITstoachieveinteroperabilityand implementsolutionsandapplications.Alldocumentsarerequiredtobesemantically taggedwiththeassociatedmetadata.

Another random document with no related content on Scribd:

The Project Gutenberg eBook of True to type

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: True to type

Author: Arthur T. Harris

Release date: August 7, 2024 [eBook #74206]

Language: English

Original publication: New York, NY: King-Size Publications, Inc, 1954

Credits: Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRUE TO TYPE ***

True to Type

A machine can be loyal—even to a rascal. But writer Pascal Halmer courted a monstrous retribution.

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from Fantastic Universe October 1954.

Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]

Thisstorynotonlyachieves aquiteremarkable suspension of disbelief in the supernatural. It poses a fascinating problem. If you went to sleep over a typewriter and woke up with an ideaas terrifying as thisstaringyou intheface could you remain calm about it. Seemingly Arthur T . Harris could—and did. But then, he didn'thaveatypewriterlikePascalHalmer's.

Pascal Halmer had a superficial talent. And he was smart. You'd never find him rewriting a theme that had appeared, say five or ten years before, in a popular monthly. He was too smart for that. But Halmer would haunt the second-hand magazine stalls, and buy a pile of fiction publications published ten to twenty years ago. Then, back in his dingy furnished room, he'd uncork a bottle of cheap brandy, roll a smoke and settle back to read.

Presently he would chuckle, rip out the sheets he had read, and do some pencil work on them. Then he'd seat himself before me and begin typing the pilfered plot, twisting it about in such a fashion that plagiarism would be extremely difficult to prove.

He'd change the locale, the sequence of events, all the names, retaining only the plot gimmick, the essence of the story.

Now I am not trying to pose a moral issue. For under the deft fingers of Pascal Halmer, I had, for the first time in my life, the feeling of creativeness, of originality of thought, aim and purpose. Of course I too was a fraud. But, I told myself, nobody knew our secret. And we entertained just as many readers as the more creative writers in the business. All my life, I had been a hopeless

drudge, used by bored typists in a little office where I was limited to legal papers, stencils for invoices and such.

Now I contributed to the pleasure of thousands of eager readers of escape fiction. Late in middle age I had found my niche in the creative world.

Thus it was that my personality began to undergo a change. I came to think of myself as a colleague of Pascal Halmer. And as his friend, his confidant, did I not acquire certain proprietary rights?

You can understand then, how shocked I became when Halmer first began to neglect me. Little things, but they hurt. An instance was the afternoon when he came home with a brand-new FM radio receiver.

Before long he became so absorbed in his recorded classics that he forgot to oil me, to change my ribbon, to put on my cover when he'd typed out "30" at the end of a story.

I sulked. My keys began to stick. My ribbon grew smudgy and faded. But Halmer paid me no heed until he received a humorous little note from an editor one day.

"Your yarns are tops," he read aloud, "but reading them has made me wear trifocals!"

With a muttered oath Halmer left our attic studio, returned with typewriter oil, a type brush, a new ribbon. But hedidn't do this for loveofme!He did it only to keep his editor happy. And that hurt.

Naturally my morale was affected. My keys began to rattle. My warning bell, to signal a line's end, became so inhibited that Halmer would curse when I failed to ring. And my platen began to crack.

The climax came one afternoon when I had been particularly difficult to handle. Halmer finally banged my keyboard with his fist, picked up the phone, and dialed a number. Stunned, I listened as he said:

"Acme Typewriter Service? This is Pascal Halmer, the writer. My old machine is on its last gasp. I need a new one. You have several new

models on hand? Good! Send one over—"

The end—"30"—fini! My faded keys stared upward at Halmer. At all costs I must regain his confidence! He must see me, must understand that I was more than just an old beat-up machine!

Andhedid.My concentration gradually drew his eyes to me.

Sardonic, amused, cynical, Halmer gazed down at me, his gray eyes cold and calculating.

"You're the only one that knows the story of my struggles," he said. "With you, my hard days go. I am now an established writer. My stories now get top rates. You always were too slow and stodgy, anyway. On a new machine I shall write better than ever!"

That's what you think, my fine-feathered friend, I thought, as my mood shifted violently from abject contrition to bitter anger. That's whatyouthink!

Pascal Halmer had a plot to plagiarize that night. He ripped right along until three in the morning, producing five thousand neatly mortized words with my help for a men's magazine. He typed out "30" at the end of his stolen tale. But he couldn't think of a new title for the story.

So he left page one in my carriage, where he had re-inserted it, to write in the title. He yawned sleepily, muttered: "Hell with the title. I'll do it in the morning. Set the alarm clock for nine, deliver the script at ten—"

I waited until my feckless friend was drowned in gurgling snores. Then, taking a grip on my nerves, I steeled myself to perform an independent act such as I had never before dared to attempt.

OfmyownvolitionIbegantotype....

The alarm clock went off at nine the next morning and Halmer came grudgingly, stiffly awake. His eyes were bloodshot; his reflexes were down. Presently he walked stiffly across the room, stopped in front

of me and gazed at the title I'd written—"The Brave Die Hard"—not brilliant but a change from the title used originally on the story.

The author's name that I had typed below the title made no impression on Halmer at all. He had been so sleep-dazed the night before that I was gambling on his being vague about details.

"Of course!" he muttered. "Fell asleep thinking I hadn't doped out a title! I guess I was too tired to register.... But it's a pretty good title considering the state I was in...."

Hurriedly he gathered up the typescript, attached a clip, put the story in a manila envelope, and dashed off to see his editor.

Now I had but to wait....

A half hour before noon Halmer returned, his face haggard with fatigue, but his gray eyes alight with arrogance. After two stiff shots of brandy, he bent over me, waving before my type-eyes a publisher's check for two hundred and fifty dollars.

"See?" he sneered. "They raised my rate. At last I'm on my way! Tomorrow I'll trade you in on a new machine, move out of this crummy garret...."

He had another drink, then stretched out on his cot and was soon asleep.

I waited....

Late in the afternoon, as the sky grew gray and clouded, the phone rang. I tensed. Halmer woke up, fumbled for the desk-lamp switch, uncradled the phone.

"Yes?" he said sleepily, petulantly. "Oh, hello, Evans...." He sat erect, his voice becoming polite, ingratiating.

Evans was his editor to whom he'd given the story I'd typed last night.

"I don't quite follow you, old boy ..." Halmer stammered.

Now Evans' angry voice was loud and I could hear it, too. "No? Well, I just wanted to tell you that 'The Brave Die Hard' is just as good today aswhenitwasfirstwrittenfortyyearsago!"

I thought Halmer would have a stroke. "But how—why—what makes you suspect—" now his voice was a shriek—"it's notthe same story! It couldn'tbe! I wrote that story from scratch!"

"Then you didn't scratch hard enough," the phone sneered. "We found the original by checking through bound volumes in the public library. When the word gets around, you'll be skunk bait in the publishing business. And, incidentally, we've stopped payment on your check."

I almost felt sorry for the poor fool.

"But you can't do this to me!" Halmer screamed. "It's a miserable coincidence! I challenge you to prove—"

"If it's coincidence how come the other guy's name appears in the by-line?"

"Hisname? Instead of mine?" His voice was incredulous.

"Maybe you typed it subconsciously, Halmer, unless you've got an enemy in the house!"

The mocking voice hung up.

Like a sleepwalker, Halmer cradled the phone. He stared at the check, still propped up on the desk where he'd left it. Suddenly he lunged for it, tore it to bits, flung the pieces on the floor.

Then he threw himself on his bed, and beat his fists against the wall.

Wait till he gets over the first shock, I thought. Waittillhebeginsto think....

It wasn't long before Halmer sprang from his cot, lurched across the room and stopped in front of me.

"You!" he shouted. "You mechanical Judas! Only you could have crossed me up!"

With berserk strength he swept me up, stalked across the room again—and hurled me straight through the dormer window!

There was a sharded crackle as the glass shattered. There was a much louder crash when I hit the flagstones in the courtyard alley, collapsed into a mass of twisted junk....

Maybe I wasn't as smart as I thought!

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRUE TO TYPE ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1

with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information

about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or

damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH

1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,

INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will

remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many

small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.