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Brief Contents
1. Preface
2. A Note to Students
3. Chapter 1 • The Logic of American Politics
4. Part I. The Nationalization of Politics
1. Chapter 2 • The Constitution
2. Chapter 3 • Federalism
3. Chapter 4 • Civil Rights
4. Chapter 5 • Civil Liberties
5. Part II. The Institutions of Government
1. Chapter 6 • Congress
2. Chapter 7 • The Presidency
3. Chapter 8 • The Bureaucracy
4. Chapter 9 • The Federal Judiciary
6. Part III. The Public’s Influence on National Policy
1. Chapter 10 • Public Opinion
2. Chapter 11 • Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
3. Chapter 12 • Political Parties
4. Chapter 13 • Interest Groups
5. Chapter 14 • Media
7. Part IV. Conclusion
1. Chapter 15 • Is There a Logic to American Policy?
8. Reference Material
9. Glossary
10. Notes
11. Index
12. About the Authors
Detailed Contents
Preface
A Note to Students
Chapter 1 • The Logic of American Politics
The Importance of Institutional Design
Constitutions and Governments
Authority versus Power
Institutional Durability
The Political System’s Logic
Collective Action Problems
Coordination
The Prisoner’s Dilemma
Logic of Politics: Hobbes on Monarchs
The Costs of Collective Action
Transaction Costs
Conformity Costs
Representative Government
The Work of Government
Politics to Policy: Fire Protection: From a Private to a Public Good
Collective Action and America’s Constitution
Nota Bene
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Part I: The Nationalization of Politics
Chapter 2 • The Constitution
The Road to Independence
A Legacy of Self-Governance
Dismantling Home Rule
The Continental Congresses
The Declaration of Independence
America’s First Constitution: The Articles of Confederation
The Confederation at War
The Confederation’s Troubled Peace
Drafting a New Constitution
Philosophical Influences
Getting Down to Business
The Virginia and New Jersey Plans
The Great Compromise
Designing the Executive Branch
Logic of Politics: Checks and Balances in the Constitution
Designing the Judicial Branch
Substantive Issues
Politics to Policy: Why Women Were Left Out of the Constitution
Amending the Constitution
Strategy and Choice: Logrolling a Constitution
The Fight for Ratification
The Federalist and Antifederalist Debate
The Influence of The Federalist
The Theory Underlying the Constitution
Federalist No. 10
Federalist No. 51
Designing Institutions for Collective Action: The Framers’
Tool Kit
Command
Veto
Agenda Control
Voting Rules
Delegation
Assessing the Constitution’s Performance in Today’s
American Politics
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Chapter 3 • Federalism
American-Style Federalism
Evolving Definitions of Federalism
Federalism and the Constitution
Transformation of the Senate
Constitutional Provisions Governing Federalism
Interpreting the Constitution’s Provisions
Strategy and Choice: Chris Christie and an Ambitious Governor’s Dilemma
The Paths to Nationalization
Historic Transfers of Policy to Washington
Nationalization The Solution to States’ Collective Dilemmas
Politics to Policy: Free Federal Dollars? No Thanks, I’ll Take Political Currency Instead
The Political Logic of Nationalization
Strategy and Choice: Maryland Declares Its Political Independence: Partisan Passage of the “Maryland Defense Act”
Modern Federalism
The National Government’s Advantage in the Courts
Preemption Legislation
The Carrot: Federal Grants to the States
Politics to Policy: States’ Rights Meet Reading, Writing, and ’Rithmetic: The Battle over the Common Core
The Stick: Unfunded Mandates
Evolving Federalism: A By-Product of National Policy
Politics to Policy: Who Pays for Government? Comparing State and Federal Tax Burdens
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Chapter 4 • Civil Rights
What Are Civil Rights?
The Civil Rights of African Americans
The Politics of Black Civil Rights
The Height of Slavery: 1808–1865
Reconstruction: 1865–1877
Strategy and Choice: The Emancipation Proclamation
The Jim Crow Era and Segregation: 1877–1933
Democratic Party Sponsorship of Civil Rights: 1933–1940s
Emergence of a Civil Rights Coalition: 1940s–1950s
The Civil Rights Movement: 1960s
Politics to Policy: The 1964 Civil Rights Act and Integration of Public Schools
Current Civil Rights Policy
The Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
Equal Rights for Women: The Right to Vote
The Modern History of Women’s Rights
Rights for Hispanics
Gay Rights
Challenging Tyranny
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Chapter 5 • Civil Liberties
Nationalization of Civil Liberties
The Bill of Rights Checks Majority Rule
Writing Rights and Liberties into the Constitution
The First Ten Amendments
Incorporation via the Fourteenth Amendment
Judicial Interpretation
Major versus Peripheral Rights
Freedom of Speech
Political Protest
Disturbing Speech
Sexually Explicit Expression
Politics to Policy: The Legacy of Brandenberg
Politics to Policy: Corporate Free Speech
Freedom of the Press
Freedom of Religion
Establishment
School Prayer and Bible Reading
Free Exercise
Gun Rights
Criminal Rights
Fourth Amendment: Illegal Searches and Seizures
Fifth Amendment: Self-Incrimination
Sixth Amendment: Right to Counsel and Impartial Jury of Peers
Eighth Amendment: “Cruel and Unusual” Punishment
Privacy
Childbearing Choices
Privacy on the Internet
Civil Liberties as Public Policy
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Part II: The Institutions of Government
Chapter 6 • Congress
Congress in the Constitution
Powers of Congress
The Electoral System
Congressional Districts
Strategy and Choice: The Republican Gerrymander in 2012
Unequal Representation in the Senate
Congress and Electoral Politics
Candidate-Centered versus Party-Centered Electoral Politics
National Politics in Congressional Elections
Representation versus Responsibility
Who Serves in Congress?
Basic Problems of Legislative Organization
Need for Information
Coordination Problems
Resolving Conflicts
Collective Action
Transaction Costs
Time Pressures
Organizing Congress
The Parties
Increased Partisanship
The Committee Systems
Congressional Staff and Support Groups
Making Laws
Introducing Legislation
Assignment to Committee
Hearings
Reporting a Bill
Logic of Politics: Congressional Investigations
Scheduling Debate
Debate and Amendment
Strategy and Choice: The Origin and Evolution of the Senate Filibuster
The Vote
Reconciling Differences
To the President
A Bias against Action
Evaluating Congress
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Chapter 7 • The Presidency
The Historical Presidency
The Era of Cabinet Government
Parties and Elections
Strategy and Choice: Lincoln and His Cabinet
The Modern Presidency
The President as Commander in Chief and Head of State
The President as Chief Executive
The President as Legislator
Logic of Politics: The Veto Game
Going Public
The Institutional Presidency
Conclusion
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Chapter 8 • The Bureaucracy
The Development of the Federal Bureaucracy
Modest Beginnings: The Dilemma of Delegation
The Federalist Years: A Reliance on Respectability
Democratization of the Civil Service: The Spoils System
Civil Service Reform
An Expanding Government
The Cabinet
Noncabinet Agencies
Bureaucracy in Action
Logic of Politics: Insulating the Fed
Logic of Politics: The Deep State Writes an Op-Ed
Bureaucratic Culture and Autonomy
Politics to Policy: Can You Just Get Rid of Bureaucracy? The “Abolish ICE” Movement
Bureaucrats as Politicians
Bureaucratic Infighting
Who Controls the Bureaucracy?
Methods of Congressional Control
The President and the Bureaucracy
The Courts and the Bureaucracy
Iron Triangles, Captured Agencies, and Issue Networks
Strategy and Choice: A Fight with a Bureaucrat Goes Global
Bureaucratic Reform: A Hardy Perennial
The Logic of Red Tape
The Bureaucratic Reward System
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Chapter 9 • The Federal Judiciary
Setting the Stage for Judicial Review
Three Eras of the Court’s Judicial Review
Nation versus State
Regulating the National Economy
The Rise of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
A Fourth Era? Reasserting Judicial Review and a Return to States’ Rights
The Structure of the Federal Judiciary
Politics to Policy: Chief Justice Roberts Stands Alone and Puts
His Stamp on the Roberts Court
Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts
The Supreme Court’s Delegation
The Limits of Internal Control
Judicial Decision-Making
Selecting Cases
Doctrine: Policymaking by the Court
Deciding Doctrine
Politics to Policy: Judicial Activism
The Supreme Court’s Place in the Separation of Powers
Absence of Judicial Enforcement
Constitutional and Statutory Control
Department of Justice
Judicial Recruitment
Does a Politicized Judiciary Alter Separation of Powers?
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Part III: The Public’s Influence on National Policy
Chapter 10 • Public Opinion
What Is Public Opinion?
Measuring Public Opinion
The Origins of Public Opinion
Attitudes
Ideologies
Partisanship
Acquiring Opinions
Information
Framing
Strategy and Choice: Framing Hillary Clinton, Ted Cruz, and Marco Rubio
Is Public Opinion Meaningful?
Stability of Aggregate Public Opinion
Opinion Leadership
The Content of Public Opinion
Consensus on the System
Politicians: A Suspect Class
Public Opinion on Issues
Politics to Policy: Public Opinion and Welfare Reform
Effects of Background on Public Opinion
Race and Ethnicity
Gender
Income and Education
Religion
Other Demographic Divisions
Public Opinion: A Vital Component of American Politics
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Chapter 11 • Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
The Logic of Elections
The Right to Vote
Wider Suffrage for Men
Suffrage for Women
Suffrage for African Americans and Young Americans Who Uses the Right to Vote?
Individual Factors Affecting Turnout
Institutional Factors Affecting Turnout
Strategy and Choice: Personal Politics: Mobilization
How Do Voters Decide?
Past Performance and Incumbency
Assessing the Issues and Policy Options
Voter Cues and Shortcuts
The Power of Party Identification
Election Campaigns
The Basic Necessities: Candidates and Messages
Strategy and Choice: To Run or Not to Run
The Other Necessity: Campaign Money
Politics to Policy: Soft Money Finds a New Home
The Logic of Elections Revisited
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Chapter 12 • Political Parties
The Constitution’s Unwanted Offspring
Incentives for Party Building
Basic Features of the Party System
Logic of Politics: Third-Party Blues
Development and Evolution of the Party Systems
The First Party System: The Origin of American Parties
The Second Party System: Organizational Innovation
The Third Party System: Entrepreneurial Politics
The Fourth Party System: Republican Ascendancy
The Fifth Party System: The New Deal Coalition
Revival of the Parties: A Sixth Party System?
Partisanship Endures
Party Differences
Changes in the Party Coalitions
Modern Party Organizations
Expediency Persists
Key Terms
Suggested
Readings
Review Questions
Chapter 13 • Interest Groups
The Logic of Lobbying
The Origins of Interest Group Politics in the United States
The Pluralist Defense of Interest Groups
Politics to Policy: High School Students Turned Gun Control
Lobbyists: An Interest Group Born from a Mass Shooting
Vows #NeverAgain
The Problem of Collective Action
Logic of Politics: The Political Power of Small Numbers
Contemporary Interest Groups
Why Have Interest Groups Proliferated?
Fragmentation and Specialization
What Do Interest Groups Do?
Insider Tactics: Trafficking in Information and Cultivating Access
Strategy and Choice: Why Spend Millions on Lobbying?
Because It Is Worth Billions
Outsider Tactics: Altering the Political Forces
Litigation
Strategy and Choice: Lobbying with a Social Network
Electoral Politics and Political Action Committees
Logic of Politics: Labor Unions, Free Riding, and the Fees
that Fund Political Power
Interest Group Politics: Controversial and Thriving
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Chapter 14 • Media
Development of the News Business
The Economics of Early Newspapers
Rise of the Penny Press
Emergence of Radio and Television
The Digital Revolution: Internet and Mobile
Strategy and Choice: Wi-Fi Brings Sectors Together to Solve
Coordination Problems
A Tragedy of the Commons: Broadcast Technology Introduces Regulation
An Ever-Changing News Media
Legacy News as a Consumer Product: How the News Gets “Made”
Legacy News Producers: Reporters and Their News
Organizations
Strategy and Choice: The Military’s Media Strategy
How Legacy News Is Produced: Content and Form How News on Social Media Is Generated
Limits on the Media
Demand for and Effects of News
Where People Get Their News
How the Media Influence Citizens
News Media as the “Fourth Branch”
Politician–Press Relations Then and Now
Strategy and Choice: The Shrinking Presidential Sound Bite: A Tweet!
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Part IV: Conclusion
Chapter 15 • Is There a Logic to American Policy?
Free Riding and Health Care
The Obstacles to Taking Domestic Action to Stop Global Climate Change
High-Stakes Maneuvering: Why We Tiptoe up to, but Have Not Fallen off, the Fiscal Cliff
Logic of Politics: #Grubergate and the Perils of Making Free Riders Pay Up
The Prisoner’s Dilemma of Entitlement Reform
The Success and Failure of Collective Action: A Tale of Two Tax Reforms
Logic of Politics: The Structure of Government and AntiTobacco Laws
Strategy and Choice: Saying No to Getting to Yes: Why an Immigration Deal Has Proven Elusive
Conclusion
Key Terms
Suggested Readings
Review Questions
Reference Material
Glossary
Notes
Index
About the Authors
Preface
Donald Trump’s election and his first two years in office seem only to point out the illogic of American politics. Since writing this book’s last edition, shortly after the 2016 election, America’s politics has been in continuous tumult. The question we confront as we take the Trump presidency into account asks, does Donald Trump’s election and first two years in office break the mold, requiring us to rethink Logic’s approach to the systematic forces and processes that govern the play of politics in Washington and across the nation? Perhaps not. The tumultuous events might represent the proverbial “exception that proves the rule.” If the latter, Trump’s election and presidency would allow us to glean new insights into American politics in other political actors’ responses to Trump’s unconventional behavior. Answering this question lies at the heart of this revision.
Obviously, assessment of the extraordinary 2016 election and the 2018 midterms are major topics of Chapter 11’s coverage of voting and elections, and sizing up Trump’s first two years in office occupies much of the attention of Chapter 7 on the presidency. In both we seek to square the Trump years with the stable systematic forces at work in both arenas. But this question pervades every other chapter as well. We close Chapter 2 (“The Constitution”) by considering the proliferation of contentious separation of powers issues that in some instances preceded the Trump presidency but that his policies have made more salient and problematic. Chapter 3’s coverage of federalism introduces the Democratic and Republican cadres of state attorneys general signed on to lawsuits challenging or supporting administration policies according to their partisan alignment with the president. Chapter 4 reports on the ongoing tribulations over the still unresolved Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) policy affecting several hundred thousand children brought into the country illegally. With Republicans controlling both chambers of the 115th Congress and Trump in the White House, the Republicans were poised to fulfill their dream of repealing Obamacare; Chapter 6 explains why they could not.
We learn in Chapter 8 just how extensive presidents’ administrative
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