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ELECTRIFICATION Thispageintentionallyleftblank
ELECTRIFICATION ACCELERATINGTHEENERGY TRANSITION Editedby PamiAalto
FacultyofManagementandBusiness/PoliticsUnit,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
Copyright © 2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical, includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting fromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspolicies andourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensing Agency,canbefoundatourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions .
ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanas maybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthis fieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenour understanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodsthey shouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessional responsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityfor anyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromany useoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
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Publisher: BrianRomer
AcquisitionsEditor: GrahamNisbet
EditorialProjectManager: PatGonzalez
ProductionProjectManager: SwapnaSrinivasan
CoverDesigner: MilesHitchen
TypesetbyTNQTechnologies
Contents Contributorsix
Prefacexi
I Frameworkfortransitionto electrification 1.Introduction:electrificationandtheenergy transition
PAMIAALTO,TERESAHAUKKALA,SARAHKILPELAINEN,
ANDMATTIKOJO
1.1Electrificationasthe “newoil” 3
1.2Whyandhowtoaccelerateelectri fication?9
1.3Technologicalpart-solutions12
1.4Howtoengagethewider fieldofstakeholders?13
1.5Structureofthebook17
References21
2.Globallyandlocallyapplicabletechnologies toaccelerateelectrification
C.JOHANNESMUTH,PAMIAALTO,FANNIMYLLARI, TOPIRONKKO,ANDPIRKKOHARSIA
2.1Introduction25
2.2Windpower26
2.3Solarenergy29
2.4Hydropower33
2.5Marinepower36
2.6Bioenergy37
2.7Geothermalenergy44
2.8Smallmodularnuclearreactors47
2.9Conclusion48
Appendix1:Overviewoftechnologyfeaturesoflowcarbon energysources49
References50
3.Howtoaccelerateelectrification?The leverageofpolicies
PAMIAALTO,KIRSIKOTILAINEN,BENJAMINSOVACOOL, MERTBILGIN,ANDKIMTALUS
3.1Introduction57
3.2Theinterestsdrivingpolicy-makers59
3.3Howpolicy-makerscancatalyzechange:Typesof policyinstruments63
3.4Howdopolicy-makersformulatepolicies?67
3.5Frompoliciestosolutions71
References72
II Part-solutions 4.Howcansocietyacceleraterenewableenergy production?
TERESAHAUKKALA,HANNELEHOLTTINEN, JUHAKIVILUOMA,AKIHISAMORI,SIRJA-LEENAPENTTINEN, SARAHKILPELAINEN,KIMTALUS,ANDPAMIAALTO
4.1Introduction79
4.2Theproblem:Constraintsonacceleratingwindand solarpowergeneration80
4.3Policies86
4.4Casestudy:Policiesforacceleratingrenewableenergy intheEU88
4.5Casestudy:Federalandstate-levelpoliciesinthe USA93
4.6Casestudy:Thebattleagainstnuclearpowerin Japan95
4.7Conclusion:PolicymixesfordifferentphasesofRES integration97
References98
5.Theroleofenergystorageandbackup solutionsformanagementofasystemwitha highamountofvariablerenewablepower
JUHAKOSKELA,SIRJA-LEENAPENTTINEN,TAIMIVESTERINEN, HANNELEHOLTTINEN,JUKKAKONTTINEN, PERTTIJARVENTAUSTA,JUHAKIVILUOMA,PAMIAALTO, ANDKIMTALUS
5.1Introduction105
5.2Energystorageoptionsandfeaturesin flexible systems107
5.3BatterystorageintheUSA109
5.4Gasenginesandheatstoragesinfuturepower systems112
5.5Thecaseofhousehold-levelbatteries118
5.6Conclusion121 References122
6.Towardsmarterandmore flexiblegrids
SAMIREPO,HANNELEHOLTTINEN,TOMASBJORKQVIST, KIMMOLUMMI,JUSSIVALTA,LASSEPELTONEN,AND PERTTIJARVENTAUSTA
6.1Introduction125
6.2Smartgridsinelectricalenergysystem transformation127
6.3Needfor flexibility129
6.4Casestudy:Large-scaleindustrialloadsas flexible resources132
6.5Casestudy:Smartmetering134
6.6Casestudy:Power-basedgridtariffs136
6.7Casestudy:Energycommunitiesandmicrogrids138
6.8Conclusionandimplications144 References145
7.Policiesforclimate-neutralroadtransport
MATTIKOJO,KALLEARO,KIRSIKOTILAINEN, AKIHISAMORI,ANNAPAAKKONEN,ANTTIRAUTIAINEN, JUSSIVALTA,PAMIAALTO,JUKKAKONTTINEN,AND BENJAMINSOVACOOL
7.1Introduction149
7.2Whatdoweknow?150
7.3Theproblem:Constraintsonelectri ficationinroad transport153
7.4Policies155
7.5Casestudy:PoliciesforacceleratingtheEVsectorin theNordiccountries157
7.6Casestudy:EVpoliciesinChinaandJapan161
7.7Casestudy:Emissionreductionintheheavy-duty transportsectorbymeansofbiogas165
7.8Conclusions:Policylessons167 References170
8.Electrificationandenergyefficiencyin buildings:Policyimplicationsandinteractions
SIRJA-LEENAPENTTINEN,KARIKALLIOHARJU,JAAKKOSORRI, JUHANIHELJO,ANDPIRKKOHARSIA
8.1Introduction:Whatdoeselectri ficationmeaninthe contextofbuildings?175
8.2Theproblem:Policiesforelectrificationandenergy efficiency177
8.3Casestudy:TheEU’ s “energyefficiency first” principle intheelectrificationofbuildings178
8.4Casestudy:ImplementationofEUlegalrulesin Finland181
8.5Interlinkagesofenergy-ef ficiencypolicieswiththe electri ficationofbuildings189
8.6Conclusion193 References194
9.Fromenergyconsumerstoprosumers how dopoliciesinfluencethetransition?
KIRSIKOTILAINEN,JUSSIVALTA,ULLAA.SAARI,MATTIKOJO, ANDILKKARUOSTETSAARI
9.1Introduction197
9.2Whatisenergyprosumerism?198
9.3Theproblem:Howtoengageconsumersintheenergy systemtransition?200
9.4Casestudies206
9.5Conclusions212 References213
10.Anticipatingfuturetrendsinenergy transition:Multileveldynamicsinenergypolicy agenda-setting
JARIKAIVO-OJA,JARMOVEHMAS,ANDJYRKILUUKKANEN
10.1Introduction217
10.2Theproblem:Pathdependencyinalargetechnical system218
10.3Trendpyramidframeworkcombinedwiththe multilevelperspective220
10.4Thenationallevel:Discursivestrugglesonenergy policyinFinland221
10.5Fromnationaltogloballevel:Bigdata analyses225
10.6Frommicro-levelnichestogloballevel:Scientific debates240
10.7Conclusions240 References242
III Combiningpart-solutions 11.Howtocombinevarioussolutionsina nationalcontext?
TOMASBJORKQVIST,YRJOMAJANNE,ANDMATTIVILKKO 11.1Introduction247
11.2Casestudy:TheFinnishpowersystem248
11.3Scenariosforfutureelectricpowersystem developmentinFinland254
11.4Analysisofscenariosforfutureelectricpowersystem developmentinFinland257
11.5Discussion265
11.6Policyrecommendations268
Appendix1.Hotwaterheatstoragesconnectedtodistrict heatingnetworksinuseandalreadydecided projects269
References270 Furtherreading270
12.Analyzingelectrificationscenariosforthe northernEuropeanenergysystem ESAPURSIHEIMOANDJUHAKIVILUOMA
12.1Introduction271
12.2Scenariosfor2030273
12.3Ascenariofor2050277
12.4Results:thescenariofor2030278
12.5Results:the2050case283
12.6Conclusions286 References288
13.Towardaroadmapforelectrification PAMIAALTO,MATTIKOJO,ANDAKIHISAMORI
13.1Introduction289
13.2Electri ficationandphasesoftransition292
13.3Howtomovefromonephasetoanother: electri ficationinpractice298 References299
Index301
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
Contributors PamiAalto FacultyofManagementandBusiness/ PoliticsUnit,TampereUniversity,Tampere, Finland
KalleAro FacultyofManagementandBusiness/ PoliticsUnit,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
MertBilgin DepartmentofPoliticalScienceand InternationalRelations,SchoolofHumanitiesand SocialSciences,MedipolUniversity,Istanbul, Turkey
TomasBj € orkqvist FacultyofEngineeringandNaturalSciences/AutomationandMechanicalEngineeringUnit,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
PirkkoHarsia FacultyofBuildingServicesEngineering,BuiltEnvironmentandBioeconomyUnit, TampereUniversityofAppliedSciences,Tampere, Finland
TeresaHaukkala AaltoUniversitySchoolofBusiness,Espoo,Finland
JuhaniHeljo FacultyofBuiltEnvironment,Civil EngineeringUnit,TampereUniversity,Tampere, Finland
HanneleHolttinen RecognisOy,Espoo,Finland
PerttiJarventausta FacultyofInformationTechnologyandCommunicationSciences/ElectricalEngineering,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
JariKaivo-oja FinlandFuturesResearchCentre, UniversityofTurku,Tampere,Finland;Kazimiero SimonaviciausUniversity,Vilnius,Lithuania
KariKallioharju FacultyofBuiltEnvironment,Civil EngineeringUnit,TampereUniversity,Tampere, Finland;FacultyofBuildingServicesEngineering, BuiltEnvironmentandBioeconomyUnit,Tampere UniversityofAppliedSciences,Tampere,Finland
SarahKilpelainen FacultyofManagementand Business/PoliticsUnit,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
JuhaKiviluoma VTTTechnicalResearchCentreof FinlandLtd.,Espoo,Finland
MattiKojo FacultyofManagementandBusiness/ PoliticsUnit,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
JukkaKonttinen FacultyofEngineeringandNaturalSciences/MaterialsScienceandEnvironmental Engineering,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
JuhaKoskela FacultyofInformationTechnology andCommunicationSciences/ElectricalEngineering,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
KirsiKotilainen VTTTechnicalResearchCentreof FinlandLtd.,Espoo,Finland
KimmoLummi FacultyofInformationTechnology andCommunicationSciences/ElectricalEngineering,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
JyrkiLuukkanen FinlandFuturesResearchCentre, UniversityofTurku,Tampere,Finland
YrjoMajanne FacultyofEngineeringandNatural Sciences/AutomationandMechanicalEngineering Unit,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
AkihisaMori GraduateSchoolofGlobalEnvironmentalStudies,KyotoUniversity,Kyoto,Kyoto Prefecture,Japan
C.JohannesMuth FacultyofManagementand Business/PoliticsUnit,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
FanniMyllari FacultyofEngineeringandNatural Sciences/Physics,TampereUniversity,Tampere, Finland
AnnaP€ a € akk € onen EnmacOy,Tampere,Finland; FacultyofEngineeringandNaturalSciences/MaterialsScienceandEnvironmentalEngineering,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
LassePeltonen FacultyofInformationTechnology andCommunicationSciences/ElectricalEngineering,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
Sirja-LeenaPenttinen FacultyofSocialSciencesand BusinessStudies/LawSchool,UniversityofEastern Finland,Joensuu,Finland
EsaPursiheimo VTTTechnicalResearchCentreof FinlandLtd,Espoo,Finland
AnttiRautiainen FacultyofInformationTechnologyandCommunicationSciences/Electrical Engineering,TampereUniversity,Tampere, Finland
SamiRepo FacultyofInformationTechnologyand CommunicationSciences/ElectricalEngineering, TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
TopiRonkko FacultyofEngineeringandNatural Sciences/Physics,TampereUniversity,Tampere, Finland
IlkkaRuostetsaari FacultyofManagementand Business/PoliticsUnit,TampereUniversity, Tampere,Finland
UllaA.Saari FacultyofManagementandBusiness/ IndustrialEngineeringandManagement,Tampere University,Tampere,Finland;JonkopingInternationalBusinessSchool,J € onk € opingUniversity, Jonkoping,Sweden
JaakkoSorri FacultyofBuiltEnvironment,CivilEngineeringUnit,TampereUniversity,Tampere, Finland
BenjaminSovacool CenterforEnergyTechnologies,DepartmentofBusinessDevelopmentand Technology,AarhusUniversity,Herning, Denmark;SciencePolicyResearchUnit(SPRU), UniversityofSussexBusinessSchool,Falmer,East Sussex,UnitedKingdom
KimTalus FacultyofSocialSciencesandBusiness Studies/LawSchool,UniversityofEasternFinland, Joensuu,Finland
JussiValta FacultyofManagementandBusiness/ IndustrialEngineeringandManagement,Tampere University,Tampere,Finland
JarmoVehmas FinlandFuturesResearchCentre, UniversityofTurku,Tampere,Finland
TaimiVesterinen FacultyofEngineeringandNaturalSciences/MaterialsScienceandEnvironmental Engineering,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
MattiVilkko FacultyofEngineeringandNatural Sciences/AutomationandMechanicalEngineering Unit,TampereUniversity,Tampere,Finland
Preface Thisbookfocusesonasubjectthatislittlediscussedonitsownterms theelectri ficationof energysystemsandsocieties.Suchafocusdiffersfrommoststudiesexaminingtheelectricenergysystemassuchoritsfuturedevelopment. Indeed,studiesaboundinvariousengineering disciplinesontheevolutionofelectricenergy systems.Oftenthesestudiesalsomentionhow electricityisbecomingthemainenergycarrier, notablyreplacingthecombustionoffossilfuels forpowerandheat.Aburgeoning fieldof studiesalsoconcentratesonhowelectricenergy systemsaredevelopingtoward “smartgrid” type “systemsofsystems,” wherethemanagementofelectricity flowsbecomescentralnot onlyfortheproduction,distribution,andconsumptionofpowerbutalsoforenergyusein transport,buildings,andindustry.Suchstudies spanperspectivesfromseveralengineering,information,andcommunicationscienceswith researchoncomputerscience,artificialintelligence,software,aswellasstudiesoninnovation andtechnologydevelopment,forexample.The technicalinsightsofsuchstudieswillnaturally besurveyedinthisbookbutchie flytohelpus betterunderstandelectrificationasamegatrend thattransformsenergysystemsandsocieties.
The fieldofresearchonelectricitymarketsis alreadywellestablishedineconomicsandbusinessstudies.However,electrificationasanoverallmegatrendreshapingtheenergymarketsand businessinseveralwayshassofarreceivedscant explicitattention.Thisissurprising,giventhat electri ficationisalogicalyetgame-changing
outcomeofthegloballyongoingtransitionto newrenewableenergysourcessuchaswind andsolarpowerthatproduce “only” electricity butnotheat,unlikefossilfuels,biomass,or geothermalenergy.Thisswitchtorenewableenergiesisalsoapervasivetopicinthepredominantlysocialscientific fieldofsustainability transitions,butveryrarelydothesestudies extendtoquestionssuchaswhatelectrification isultimatelyallabout,howitmightdevelop, whatsuchdevelopmentpresupposes,whatproblemswilllikelybeencounteredontheway,and whattheconsequencesofallthismaybe.
Inthisbook,electri ficationisconsideredfrom theperspectiveofclimateneutrality.Climate neutralityisagrandpolicygoalsetbyhuman beings anincreasingnumberofsocieties,companies,andcivilsocietyactors onethatenvisagesrenewableelectricitygenerationwith “electricity-only” resourcesasthemainmeans tothatend.Becauseofthisessentiallysocietal aspectofelectrification,studiesonthissubject shouldnotbelimitedtothecharacteristicsof theenergysystem.Ultimately,researchshould reachouttoaddresstheimplicationsofelectri ficationforsociety,economy,andpoliticsand likewisetointernationalrelationsandwhatis oftencalledthegeopoliticsofenergyinaworld whereoilornaturalgasmatterlessthanthey oncedid.Inotherwords,electri ficationbecomes arelevantsubjectofenquiryinmultiple fields becauseoftheoutcomeofclimateneutralityit candeliver,althoughitscharacterasatechnical phenomenonalsoremainsimportant.
Moreover,theworldisanxiouslyhastening theeffortsforclimateneutrality.Thismeans thatmostsocietieswillforalongtimebeseeking waystospeeduptheiractions.Acceleratedtransitionthereforebecomesurgent.Hence,thefocus hereisonhowtheadoptionofvariouselectrificationmeasurescouldbeacceleratedbymeans ofdevelopingandimplementingpoliciesand policyinstruments.Approachingelectrification fromtheperspectiveofhowitsintroduction couldbeacceleratedintheinterestsofachieving climateneutralityisthenewpathofresearchthis bookseekstopioneer.
Naturallytherearemanyimportanttransition pathstowardclimateneutralitymeritingattentioninparallelwithandapartfromelectrification. However,hardlyanyoftheseofferequalmeasuresofgloballyscalablepotential.Oneofthem isthefrequentlymentioned fieldofpower-to-X technologiesandtheassociatedhydrogeneconomy,wheregas-basedfuelsreplacefossilfuels inseveralenergyend-usesectorsandopenup promisingnewvaluechains.Whilethoseprospectsareindeedgreat,wewishtoaccentuate thatthesewillmostlylikelybeoutcomesofwidespreadelectrificationthat firstneedstoadvance. Large-scalehydrogeneconomyhastobeclimate neutralorsustainableinthewidersense,andit maybestbeachievedwhenbasedonhydrogen producedbyrenewablygeneratedelectricity.
Thisbookisintendedforseveralreader segments.Energyengineerswilllearnofthe interfacebetweentechnologies,infrastructures, society,andpolicy.Withthis,thisbookrefers tosocietalpath-dependencies,lock-ins,vested interests,andotherconstraintsalongtheway tonewtechnologiesandinfrastructures,elaboratingpolicyinstrumentstoovercomethese, anddescribingsomeunsuccessfulattemptsto doso.Socialscientistsandenergylawyerswill learnofthetechnologiesandinfrastructuresfor electrifyingenergysystems,theirmutualinterdependencies,andhowtheybothconstrain andenablesocietalchoicesandpolicyoptions. Inotherwords,whilereaderswillundoubtedly
findsomesectionsofthisbookfamiliarterrain, someothersectionsshouldguidethemtonew territories.Forpolicyanalysts,professionals, andpractitioners,thisbookisintendedtoserve asanaccessiblehandbookonthestate-of-theartoftechnologies,infrastructures,andpolicies, andnolessoftheirinterrelationships,illustrated bymeansofseveralcasestudies.Overall,the roleofvariouspolicyinstrumentsandtheiruse insuitablecombinationsiswhatdifferentiates thisbookfrommoststudiesonelectricenergy systemsandclimate-neutraltransitions.
Theagendaofenergysystemstransitioning towardclimateneutralityviaelectrificationin anacceleratedmanner,andtherelatedpolicies, isaverybroad fieldwecanprobeonlyselectively.Ourcasestudiesmostlyconcerndevelopedcountries.Inmanyofthem,electrification isprogressingsatisfactorily.Somereferences aremade,however,tomorechallengingcases, whereeithermaterialorsocialstructures,or theircombinations,inhibitsimilardevelopment. Inprospectivestudies,moreattentionwillbe neededontheworld’snumerousemergingand developingcountries.Thisisespeciallythe case,giventhatthepatternsofinheritedenergy infrastructuresandsocietalconstraintsareto someextentcase-specific,requiringfollow-up workonanumberofcases.Theimplicationsof electrificationfordevelopmentpolicyandinternationalrelationsareanotherareainneedof furtherresearch.Likewiseisthewidercircleof policyprocessesfrompolicyformationand developmenttoimplementation,evaluation, andfollow-up,towhichthisbookcanonly makepassingreference.
The fieldopenedupforenquiryhereisdecidedlyinterdisciplinaryandshouldbeevenmore sointhefuture.Inmanyofthechaptersthat follow,engineersandsocialscientistsrepresentingavarietyofspecializationshaveworked together,inthecapacityofcodesignofthe researchreported,co-authorship,orinterdisciplinarycommentaryanddebate.Thisisnotyet thenewnormal,butitshouldindeedbecome
soformanyquestionsonelectrification.The needformoredisciplinarystudiesnaturallycontinuestoexistsimultaneously,butsuchstudies cannotexistalone.
Theauthorsaregratefulforseveralsourcesof fundingthathaveenabledtheeffortsreported here.Thebulkoftheworkwassupportedby thelarge-scaleconsortium “Transitiontoa ResourceEfficientandClimateNeutralElectricitySystem” (EL-TRAN,fundedbytheStrategicResearchCouncilattheAcademyof Finland,projectno.314319,2015 21,andled byPamiAalto).ThepartnerscomprisedTampereUniversity,TampereUniversityofApplied Sciences,theUniversityofEasternFinland,the UniversityofTurku,andVTTTechnical ResearchCentreofFinland,withseveralpublic, private,andNGOsectorstakeholdersplaying keyrolesaspartoftheconsortium’sinteraction panel.Thiswidestakeholderinvolvementwas invaluablefortheconsortium’sworkandhelped tomakeitmorerelevantfortheongoingenergy transition.Manycolleaguesnotdirectly involvedinthisbookhavealsogreatlysupportedtheconsortium’sworkinvariouscapacitiesandthroughinvaluablecooperation: KaroliinaAuvinen,MarikaHakkarainen, MikaelHilden,KaisaHuhta,IidaJaakkola, JariIhonen,JohannaKirkinen,Maria Kopsakangas-Savolainen,TimoKorpela,Aki Kortetm € aki,HeidiKrons-V€ alim€ aki,Raimo Lovio,AnnaM.Oksa,OntreiReipala,Armi Temmes,PasiToivanen,SannaUski,andSeppo Valkealahti.
WealsowishtoacknowledgetheBusiness Finlandfundedprojectthathassupportedour workonenergyuseinbuildings:theCenterfor ElectricalEngineeringandEnergyEf ficiency STEK(co-operationproject “FutureEnergySolutionsfortheUrbanEnvironment”).Ourworkon producer-consumers(prosumers)hasbeensupportedbytwofurtherBusinessFinland funded projects.Theproject “SocialEnergy Prosumer CentricEnergyEcosystem” (ProCem,
coordinatedbyTampereUniversity,2016 18, with15companiesinvolved);thisproject comprisedanInternet-of-Things(IoT)-based technologyplatformfortheexploitationof variousdistributedenergyresources,taking intoaccountboththeelectricitymarketandpowersystemmanagementperspectives.Theproject “ProsumerCentricEnergy Communities towardsEnergyEcosystem” (ProCemPlus,2019 21),withTampereUniversity,TampereUniversityofAppliedSciences, andVTTTechnicalResearchCentreofFinland involvedalongside11companies.Thisproject examinedtheformationofindividualenergy communitiesintobroaderbusiness-orientedenergyecosystemsthroughseveralresearch themesandconcretepilotcasesrelatedtothe developmentofenergycommunities,andanalysedtheroleofmicrogridsandenergycommunitiesinthefutureenergyecosystem.
Severalchaptersofthisbookhavealso bene fitedfromworkwithintheBusiness Finland fundedconsortium “BlackCarbon Footprint” (BCfp,2019 22,coordinatedbyTampereUniversityandFinnishMeteorological Institute,TopiR € onkk € oandHilkkaTimonen), withseveraluniversitiesandcompaniesaspartners.Theresearchfor Chapter10 isalsolinkedto theproject “PlatformsofBigDataForesight (PLATBIDAFO),” whichhasreceivedfunding fromtheEuropeanRegionalDevelopment Fund(ProjectNo01.2.2-LMT-K-718-02-0019)underagrantagreementwiththeResearchCouncil ofLithuania.Forspeedyandreliablelanguage revisionwork,wewouldliketowarmly acknowledgeVirginiaMattila.
Finally,theauthorswishtothanknumerous colleaguesandcommentatorsforcriticalcommentsanddetailedobservationsinconferences andseminars,andoursigni ficantothersforall theirsupportandtoleranceinthefairlychallengingtimesoflockdownowingtothe COVID-19pandemicunderwhichthisbook wasprepared.
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