HybridEnergy SystemsforOffshore Applications
IbrahimDincer OntarioTech.University,Canada
ValerioCozzani UniversityofBologna,Italy
AnnaCrivellari UniversityofBologna,Italy
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical treatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability, negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas containedinthematerialherein.
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-323-89823-2
ForInformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: JoeHayton
SeniorAcquisitionsEditor: KatieHammon
EditorialProjectManager: LeticiaLima
ProductionProjectManager: PoulouseJoseph
CoverDesigner: MilesHitchen
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
CHAPTER1Introduction ................................................................... 1 1.1 Background.....................................................................................1
1.1.1Sustainabilityconcept.........................................................2 1.1.2Inherentsafetyandenvironmental protectionconcepts.............................................................4 1.2 Closingremarks..............................................................................6
CHAPTER2Offshorerenewableenergyoptions ............................. 7
2.1 Offshorewindenergy.....................................................................8
2.2 Solarenergy....................................................................................9
2.3 Waveenergy.................................................................................11
2.4 Tidalcurrentsenergy...................................................................12
2.5 Challengesofoffshorerenewableenergysources......................14
2.6 Opportunitiesforexploitationofoffshorerenewable energysources..............................................................................15
2.7 Closingremarks............................................................................18
CHAPTER3Innovativehybridenergyoptions ............................... 19
3.1 Generalschemeofoffshorehybridenergysystems....................20
3.2 Powertohydrogen.......................................................................22
3.2.1Hydrogenproductionmethods..........................................22
3.2.2Seawaterdesalinationmethods.........................................22
3.2.3Gasgridinjectionend-use................................................25
3.2.4Industryandmobilitysectorsend-use..............................25
3.3 Powertosyntheticnaturalgas.....................................................27
3.3.1Syntheticnaturalgasproductionmethods.......................27
3.3.2Carbondioxidesupplymethods.......................................29
3.3.3Gasgridinjectionend-use................................................31
3.4 Powertomethanol.......................................................................31
3.4.1Methanolproductionmethods..........................................31
3.4.2Industryandmobilitysectorsend-use..............................32
3.5 Gastopower................................................................................33
3.5.1Gasturbinetechnologies...................................................33
3.5.2Electricalgridend-use......................................................35
3.6 Closingremarks............................................................................35
4.3.1CAPEXandOPEXforelectrolysis................................41
4.3.2CAPEXandOPEXfordesalination...............................41
4.3.3CAPEXandOPEXforhydrogencompression..............41
4.3.4CAPEXandOPEXforH2-enrichednatural
4.3.5CAPEXandOPEXforhydrogenandsynthetic
4.3.7CAPEXandOPEXforsyntheticnaturalgas
4.3.8CAPEXandOPEXforcarbondioxideremoval............43
4.3.9CAPEXandOPEXforcarbondioxide
4.3.10CAPEXandOPEXforcarbon
4.3.11CAPEXandOPEXforsyntheticnatural
5.1.3Evaluationofalternativestrategiesandassessmentof
5.1.4Definitionofthereferenceprocessschemesand
5.1.5Calculationofsustainabilityperformanceindicators.......64
5.1.6Calculationofprofitabilityperformanceindicators.........75
5.1.7Rankingofalternativesandsensitivityanalysis..............76
5.2 SustainabilityassessmentmethodologyforG2Psystems...........77
5.2.1Generalities.......................................................................77
5.2.2Definitionofoffshoreoilandgassiteandrenewable energy................................................................................78
5.2.3Collectionofrenewableenergydata................................79
5.2.4Selectionoftheconverterandcharacterizationofthe powerplant........................................................................82
5.2.5Definitionofthedispatchingpowerplan.........................87
5.2.6Definitionandmanagementofthegasturbinepark........89
5.2.7Calculationofsustainabilityperformanceindicators.......94
5.2.8Rankingofalternativesandsensitivityanalysis..............97
5.3 Inherentsafetyassessmentmethodology.....................................98
5.3.1Generalities.......................................................................98
5.3.2Definitionofdesignoptionsandcharacterizationof targets................................................................................98
5.3.3Classificationofunitsandidentificationofrelease modes..............................................................................101
5.3.4Assignmentofcreditfactorstoreleasemodes..............102
5.3.5Characterizationofaccidentscenarios...........................105
5.3.6Calculationofdamageparameters.................................107
5.3.7CalculationofunitinherentsafetyKPIs........................108
5.3.8CalculationoffacilityinherentsafetyKPIs...................115
5.3.9Rankingofalternativesandsensitivityanalysis............116
5.4 Integratedassessmentmethodology...........................................116
5.4.1Generalities.....................................................................116
5.4.2Definitionofthereferenceprocessschemes..................118
5.4.3Definitionoftheintensifiedprocessflowsheet..............118
5.4.4Scale-upandpreliminarydesignofequipmentunits.....119
5.4.5Calculationofthescreeningindicators..........................122
5.4.6Rankingofalternativesandsensitivityanalysis............124
5.4.7Applicationofdetailedsite-specificassessments..........124
5.5 Sensitivityanalysistechniques...................................................125
5.6 Closingremarks..........................................................................125
CHAPTER6Casestudies
.............................................................. 127
6.1 Casestudy1:OWTfarmandP2G/P2Loffshorehybridenergy systems.......................................................................................127
6.1.1Definitionoftheoffshoreoilandgassiteandevaluation oftheoptions..................................................................127
6.1.2Definitionoftheoffshorewindturbinefarm andreferenceprocessschemes.......................................132
6.1.3Assumptionsmadeforthesustainability assessment.......................................................................132
6.1.4Assumptionsmadefortheprofitability assessment.......................................................................139
6.1.5Sustainabilityandprofitabilityassessments results..............................................................................142
6.1.6Sensitivityanalysisresults..............................................145
6.2 Casestudy2:OWTfarmandG2Poffshorehybrid energysystems...........................................................................150
6.2.1Definitionoftheoffshoreoilandgassiteand renewablepowerplant....................................................150
6.2.2Definitionofthedispatchingpowerplanand sizingofthegasturbinepark.........................................156
6.2.3Assumptionsmadefortheassessment...........................159
6.2.4Preliminarycomparisonofthematchingof powercurves...................................................................165
6.2.5Sustainabilityassessmentresults....................................168
6.2.6Sensitivityanalysisresults..............................................198
6.3 Casestudy3:Emergingmethanolproductionroutes forP2Loffshorehybridenergysystemsdrivenbywind andsolarenergies.......................................................................200
6.3.1Definitionofthereferenceprocessschemes................200
6.3.2Definitionofintensifiedprocessflowsheets................201
6.3.3ElectrochemicalreductionofCO2 ................................205
6.3.4Homogeneousradicalgas-phasereaction....................207
6.3.5Low-temperatureheterogeneouscatalysis....................209
6.3.6Homogeneouscatalysisinsolution..............................213
6.3.7Membrane-basedbiocatalysis.......................................213
6.3.8Plasmatechnology........................................................217
6.3.9Photocatalysis................................................................217
6.3.10Supercriticalwateroxidationtechnology.....................221
6.3.11Fuelcellstechnology....................................................221
6.3.12Electrosynthesis.............................................................226
6.3.13Screeningofintensifiedflowsheets..............................228
6.3.14Sustainabilityassessmentresults..................................248
6.3.15Sensitivityanalysisresults............................................253
6.3.16Detailedsite-specificassessmentresults......................254
6.4 Closingremarks..........................................................................272
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
PrefaceoftheSeriesEditor
Hybridenergysystemsaredefinedastheintegrationofseveraltypesofenergy generationequipmentsuchaselectricalenergygenerators,electricalenergystoragesystems,andrenewableenergysources.1 Theyrepresentaverypromising sustainablesolutionforpowergenerationinstandaloneapplications.Technology willcontinuetoevolveinthefuture,sothatitwillhavewiderapplicabilityand lowercosts.Therewillbemorestandardizeddesigns,anditwillbeeasierto selectasystemsuitedtoparticularapplications.Therewillbeincreasedcommunicationbetweencomponents,facilitatingcontrol,monitoring,anddiagnosis. Finally,therewillbeincreaseduseofpowerelectricconverters.Powerelectronic devicesarealreadyusedinmanyhybridsystems,andascostsgodownandreliabilityimproves,theyareexpectedtobeusedmoreandmore.
Thisseriesprovidesamediumforpublishingup-to-dateresearchandexplainingtheconceptsbehindthedevelopmentofhybridtechnologysystems,including advancesintheories,developments,principles,andbridgestopracticalcasestudiesandapplicationsintheoverarchingsubjectsrelatedtoadvancingtheenergy mix.Theintendedaudienceareresearchers,engineers,andmanagersinenergy engineering,petroleumengineering,pipelineengineering,offshoreengineering, nuclearengineering,andenvironmentalengineering.
Myhopeisthatthisseriesdrivesforwardtheenergytransitionneededtomeet alloftheworld’senergydemandsinasustainableandeconomicallyviableway.
JAMES G.SPEIGHT
CD&W,Inc.,Laramie,WY,UnitedStates
1 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/hybrid-energy-system (AccessedonJanuary 13,2021).
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
Preface
Duetorapidlyincreasingworldwidepopulationandgrowingenergydemands, thedevelopmentofrenewableenergytechnologieshasbecomeofprimaryimportanceintheefforttoreducegreenhousegasemissions.Inaddition,rapidincreases inoilprices,coupledwithconcernsaboutthestabilityandsecurityoffossilfuels extraction,haveledtoemphasizedinterestintheexploitationofoffshorerenewableenergysources,suchasoffshorewind,sunlight,waves,andtidalcurrents. However,itisoftentechnicallyandeconomicallyinfeasibletotransportdiscontinuousrenewableelectricityforlongdistancestotheshore.Anothershortcoming ofnonprogrammablerenewablepowerisitsintegrationintotheonshoreelectrical networkwithoutaffectingpowerquality,gridstability,andthedispatching process.
Ontheotherhand,theoffshoreoilandgasindustryisstrivingtoreducethe overallcarbonfootprintfromonsitepowergeneratorsandlimitinglargeexpenses associatedwithcarryingelectricalenergyfromtheshoreinthecaseofremote facilities.Furthermore,theincreasedcomplexityandexpansiontowardchallenging areasofoffshorehydrocarbonoperationscallforhigherattentiontosafetyand environmentalprotectionissuesagainstpotentialmajoraccidenthazards.Therise ofoffshoreoilandgasassetsapproachingtheendoftheirusefulliferequiresa carefuldealingwithcomplexevaluationofthedecommissioningoptions.Another multidimensionalproblemisthemonetizationofoffshorenaturalgasreservoirs, particularlyinthecaseofstrandedanddepletedgasfieldsclosetotheshore.
Innovativehybridenergysystems,asPowertoGas(P2G),PowertoLiquid (P2L),andGastoPower(G2P)options,whichappearstobepotentiallyimplementedatoffshorelocations,wouldoffertheopportunitytoovercomechallengesof boththerenewableandtheoilandgassectorsbydifferentstrategies.Thechemical conversionofrenewablepowerintogasandliquidsyntheticfuels(P2GandP2L) atoffshoreoilandgasfacilitiesallowstheeasingofstorageandtransportationof renewableenergyfromremoteareasandcreatingnewopportunitiesforagingoffshorestructures.Ontheotherhand,gasturbineenergybalancingsystems,coupled withrenewableplantsinG2Poffshoreprojects,offertheadvantagesofimproving thedispatchabilityofrenewablepowerinjectedintothegridandofvalorizing untappedgasresources.Despitethewidespreadexperienceoftheseconceptsatthe onshorecontext,noevidencehasbeenfoundonoffshoreapplications,andthe existingliteraturestudiesarelimitedtofeasibilityassessmentsofthesoleoffshore P2G hydrogenoption.
Inthisbook, Chapter1 introducestheconceptsofsustainabilityandinherent safetyandhighlightstheimportanceofquantitativemetricsfortheevaluationof alternativeoptionsintheoffshorecontext.
Chapter2 presentsvariousoptionsforrenewablepowerproductionfrom offshorerenewableenergysources,includingthemainchallengesrelatedtothe offshorerenewableindustryandopportunitiesfordevelopmentthroughsynergy
withtheoffshoreoilandgassector. Chapter3 containsthedetailsofP2G,P2L, andG2Phybridenergysystemsfortheexploitationofoffshorerenewablesources atthegivenoffshoreoilandgassites. Chapter4 primarilyconcernstheanalysis andmodelingofthesystemsasdescribedin Chapter3 fromthepointofviewof thermodynamic,economic,environmentalimpact,andinherentsafetyassessments. Chapter5 describesaportfolioofnovelmethodologiesbasedonmulticriteriaindicatorsforthesustainabilityandsafetyperformancecomparisonof alternativeP2G,P2L,andG2Poffshorehybridenergyoptions.Thesemethods canbeusedasdecision-makingtoolssupportingthechoiceofinnovativehybrid energysystemsforoffshoregreenprojectsintheearlydesignphases.Threecase studiesaredefinedin Chapter6,coveringdifferentoffshorescenariosofconcern undervariouscasestudies,toprovideanassessmentoftheeffectivenessand valueofthesuiteoftoolsdeveloped.Theoutcomesofthecasestudiesshowthat thesupportingtoolsandnovelmetricsdevelopedareabletocapturecriticalities oftheanalyzedoffshoresystemsandtoorientthechoiceofthebestP2G/P2L/ G2Phybridenergyoptionfromthesustainabilityand/orsafetyperspectives. Lastly,thebookcloseswith Chapter7,whichaimssummarizingtheconclusions andaddressingsomerecommendationsforthefurtherdevelopmentandvalidation ofsystematicmethodologiesbasedonsustainabilityandinherentsafetyindicators foroffshorehybridenergysystems.
IbrahimDincer ValerioCozzani AnnaCrivellari
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
