DistributedEnergy ResourcesinLocal IntegratedEnergySystems: OptimalOperationand Planning
Editedby
GIORGIOGRADITI
DepartmentofEnergyTechnologiesandRenewableSourcesofENEA, ItalianNationalAgencyforNewTechnologies,Energyand SustainableEconomicDevelopment,Rome,Italy
MARIALAURADISOMMA
DepartmentofEnergyTechnologiesandRenewableSourcesofENEA, ItalianNationalAgencyforNewTechnologies,Energyand SustainableEconomicDevelopment,Rome,Italy
Elsevier
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Listofcontributors xi
1.Overviewofdistributedenergyresourcesinthecontextof localintegratedenergysystems1
GianfrancoChicco,MarialauraDiSommaandGiorgioGraditi
Abbreviations 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Distributedenergyresources3
1.3 Gridsideaspects7
1.4 Emergentparadigmsandsolutions16 References 26
2.Architecturesandconceptsforsmartdecentralisedenergysystems31
AndreiZ.Morch,ChrisCaerts,AnnaMutuleandJuliaMerino
Abbreviations 31
2.1 Introduction32
2.2 Whydecentralizingtheenergysystem?33
2.3 Developmentofthedecentralizedarchitecture36
2.4 Grid-secureactivationsforancillaryservices(real-timecontrol)41
2.5 ELECTRAWeb-of-Cellscontrolconcept45
2.6 Post-primaryvoltagecontrol46
2.7 Balancerestorationcontrol47
2.8 Balancesteeringcontrol48
2.9 Adaptivefrequencycontainmentcontrol48
2.10 Inertiacontrol49
2.11 DecentralizingtheDA/IDenergymarketclearingandgridprequalification ofancillaryservices49
2.12 Whatisnext:evolutionofrolesandresponsibilitiesnecessaryfor decentralizationtheEuropeanregulatoryframework57
2.13 Conclusions58 References 59
3.Modelingofmultienergycarriersdependenciesinsmartlocal networkswithdistributedenergyresources63 NilufarNeyestani
Abbreviations 63
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Internalmulticarrierdependencyinasmartlocalsystem66
3.3 Externaldependenciesinasmartlocalsystem76
3.4 Interdependencymodeling78
3.5 AcasestudyoninterdependentMESmodel82
3.6 Conclusions 84
References 85
4.MultiobjectiveoperationoptimizationofDERforshort-andlong-run sustainabilityoflocalintegratedenergysystems89
BingYan,MarialauraDiSommaandGiorgioGraditi
4.1 Importanceofmultiobjectiveoperationoptimizationforshort-andlong-run sustainabilityoflocalintegratedenergysystems92
4.2 Multiobjectiveoptimizationfortheoperationofalocalintegrated energysystem96
4.3 Casestudy:eco-exergeticoperationoptimizationofalocalintegratedenergy systemforalargehotelinBeijing103
4.4 Operationoptimizationofmultipleintegratedenergysystemsinalocalenergy community108
4.5 Conclusionsandkeyfindings119
References 120
5.Impactofneighborhoodenergytradingandrenewableenergy communitiesontheoperationandplanningofdistribution networks125
AlbertoBorghetti,CamiloOrozcoCorredor,CarloAlbertoNucci,AliArefi, JavidMalekiDelarestaghi,MarialauraDiSommaandGiorgioGraditi
Abbreviations 125 Nomenclature 126
5.1 Introduction128
5.2 Adistributedapproachfortheday-aheadschedulingoftheLEC129
5.3 Implementationandnumericaltests138
5.4 Distributionnetworkplanningmodelconsideringnonnetworksolutions andneighborhoodenergytrading148
5.5 Applicationoftheplanningmodeltocasestudiesandanalysisoftheresults160
5.6 Conclusions170 Acknowledgment171
References 171
6.FosteringDERintegrationintheelectricitymarkets175
JuliaMerino,InésGómez,JesúsFraile-Ardanuy,MaiderSantos,AndrésCortés, JosebaJimenoandCarlosMadina
Abbreviations
175
6.1 Distributedenergyresourcesasprovidersofflexibilityservices176
6.2 Theregulatoryframeworkfortheparticipationofdistributedenergyresources indifferentelectricitymarkets181
6.3 Flexibilityneedsinpowersystems188
6.4 Themarketvalueofflexibilityinthedistributionsystem193
6.5 Localenergymarkets198
6.6 Conclusions202
References 203
7.ChallengesanddirectionsforBlockchaintechnologyappliedto DemandResponseandVehicle-to-Gridscenarios207
M.Caruso,P.Gallo,M.G.Ippolito,S.Nassuato,N.Tomasone,E.R.Sanseverino, G.SciumèandG.Zizzo
Abbreviations 207
7.1 Introduction208
7.2 Theblockchaintechnology209
7.3 Theenergyblockchain:currenttrendsandpossibleevolutions218
7.4 Laboratorysetupforenergyblockchaintesting223
7.5 Conclusions228 Acknowledgment229 References 229
8.Optimalmanagementofenergystoragesystemsintegratedin nanogridsforvirtual “nonsumer” community231 AnnaPinnarelli,DanieleMenniti,NicolaSorrentinoandAngelA.Bayod-Rújula
Abbreviations
Nomenclature
8.1 Introduction233
8.2 Energystoragesystemsasdistributedflexibility234
8.3 Theenergystoragesysteminananogrid:theconfiguration239
8.4 Optimalenergymanagementforvirtual nonsumers nanogridcommunity259
8.5 Theenergystoragesystemsforgridancillaryservice263
8.6 Casestudy 268
8.7 Conclusions276
References 276
9.Demandresponseroleforenhancingtheflexibilityof localenergysystems279
SeyedAmirMansouri,AmirAhmarinejad,MohammadSadeghJavadi, AliEsmaeelNezhad,MiadrezaShafie-KhahandJoãoP.S.Catalão Abbreviations 279 Nomenclature 279
9.1 Introduction282
9.2 Demandresponseprogramsforlocalenergysystems286
9.3 Flexibilityassessmentoflocalenergysystemsinthepresenceofenergy storagesystemsandDRprograms292
9.4 EnergymanagementframeworkforDERintegrateddistributionnetworks292
9.5 Simulationresults304
9.6 Conclusionremarks310 Acknowledgment311 References 311
10.Theintegrationofelectricvehiclesinsmartdistributiongrids withotherdistributedresources315
MorrisBrenna,FedericaFoiadelli,DarioZaninelli,GiorgioGraditiand MarialauraDiSomma
10.1 Introductiontoelectricvehiclesandcharginginfrastructures316
10.2 Integrationofelectricvehiclesinsmartdistributiongrids322
10.3 Vehicle-to-Grid333
10.4 Conclusions344
11.Assessingrenewablesuncertaintiesintheshort-term(day-ahead) schedulingofDER347
C.N.Papadimitriou,M.Patsalides,V.Venizelos,P.TherapontosandV.Efthymiou
11.1 Introduction348
11.2 RESuncertaintiesdescriptionandassessment352
11.3 Uncertaintiesaffectingsystemresilience363
11.4 Assessingrenewablesuncertaintiesintheshort-term(day-ahead) schedulingofDER370
11.5 Discussionandconclusions385 References 385
12.Loadforecastingintheshort-termschedulingofDERs389
JiajiaYang,FengjiLuo,WeicongKongandZhaoYangDong
12.1 Introduction390
12.2 Newtrendsinloadforecasting392
12.3 Trans-activeenergysystemswithDERs399
12.4 Short-termschedulingofDERsindemandside406
12.5 Conclusionsandfuturethoughts412 References 414
13.Conclusionsandkeyfindingsofoptimaloperationandplanning ofdistributedenergyresourcesinthecontextoflocalintegrated energysystems419
GiorgioGraditiandMarialauraDiSomma
Listofcontributors
AmirAhmarinejad
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,CentralTehranBranch,IslamicAzadUniversity, Tehran,Iran
AliArefi
CollegeofScience,Health,EngineeringandEducation,MurdochUniversity,Perth,WA,Australia
AngelA.Bayod-Rújula
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,UniversityofZaragoza,Zaragoza,Spain
AlbertoBorghetti
DepartmentofElectrical,ElectronicandInformationEngineering,UniversityofBologna, Bologna,Italy
MorrisBrenna
DepartmentofEnergy,PolitecnicoDiMilano,Milan,Italy
ChrisCaerts
VITO/EnergyVille,Genk,Belgium
M.Caruso
ExaltoEnergy&InnovationSrl,Palermo(PA),Italy
JoãoP.S.Catalão
InstituteforSystemsandComputerEngineering,TechnologyandScience(INESCTEC), Porto,Portugal;FacultyofEngineeringoftheUniversityofPorto,Porto,Portugal
GianfrancoChicco
PolitecnicodiTorino,Torino,Italy
AndrésCortés
TECNALIA,BasqueResearchandTechnologyAlliance(BRTA),Derio,Spain;Department ofElectricalEngineering,UniversityoftheBasqueCountry,Bilbao,Spain
JavidMalekiDelarestaghi
CollegeofScience,Health,EngineeringandEducation,MurdochUniversity,Perth,WA,Australia
MarialauraDiSomma
DepartmentofEnergyTechnologiesandRenewableSourcesofENEA,ItalianNationalAgency forNewTechnologies,EnergyandSustainableEconomicDevelopment,Rome,Italy
ZhaoYangDong
SchoolofElectricalEngineeringandTelecommunications,UniversityofNewSouthWales, Sydney,NSW,Australia
V.Efthymiou
FOSSResearchCentreforSustainableEnergyofUniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus
FedericaFoiadelli
DepartmentofEnergy,PolitecnicoDiMilano,Milan,Italy
JesúsFraile-Ardanuy
InformationProcessingandTelecommunicationCenter(IPTC-SISDAC),Universidad PolitécnicadeMadrid,Madrid,Spain
P.Gallo
DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofPalermo,Palermo(PA),Italy
InésGómez
TECNALIA,BasqueResearchandTechnologyAlliance(BRTA),Derio,Spain
GiorgioGraditi
DepartmentofEnergyTechnologiesandRen ewableSourcesofENEA,ItalianNational AgencyforNewTechnologies,EnergyandSustainableEconomicDevelopment,Rome, Italy
M.G.Ippolito
DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofPalermo,Palermo(PA),Italy
MohammadSadeghJavadi
InstituteforSystemsandComputerEngineering,TechnologyandScience(INESCTEC), Porto,Portugal
JosebaJimeno
TECNALIA,BasqueResearchandTechnologyAlliance(BRTA),Derio,Spain
WeicongKong
SchoolofElectricalEngineeringandTelecommunications,UniversityofNewSouthWales, Sydney,NSW,Australia;ALDIStores,Sydney,NSW,Australia
FengjiLuo
SchoolofCivilEngineering,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,NSW,Australia
CarlosMadina
TECNALIA,BasqueResearchandTechnologyAlliance(BRTA),Derio,Spain
SeyedAmirMansouri
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,Yadegar-e-ImamKhomeini(RAH)ShahreRey Branch,IslamicAzadUniversity,Tehran,Iran
DanieleMenniti
DepartmentofMechanical,EnergyandManagementEngineering,UniversityofCalabria, Rende,Italy
JuliaMerino
TECNALIA,BasqueResearchandTechnologyAlliance(BRTA),Derio,Spain;Department ofElectricalEngineering,UniversityoftheBasqueCountry,Bilbao,Spain
AndreiZ.Morch
SINTEFEnergyResearch,Trondheim,Norway
AnnaMutule
InstituteofPhysicalEnergetics,Riga,Latvia
S.Nassuato
RegalgridEuropeS.r.l.,Treviso(TV),Italy
NilufarNeyestani
CentreforPowerandEnergySystems,INESCTEC,Porto,Portugal
AliEsmaeelNezhad
DepartmentofElectrical,Electronic,andInformationEngineering,UniversityofBologna, Bologna,Italy
CarloAlbertoNucci
DepartmentofElectrical,ElectronicandInformationEngineering,UniversityofBologna, Bologna,Italy
CamiloOrozcoCorredor
DepartmentofElectrical,ElectronicandInformationEngineering,UniversityofBologna, Bologna,Italy
C.N.Papadimitriou
FOSSResearchCentreforSustainableEnergyofUniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus
M.Patsalides
FOSSResearchCentreforSustainableEnergyofUniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus
AnnaPinnarelli
DepartmentofMechanical,EnergyandManagementEngineering,UniversityofCalabria, Rende,Italy
E.R.Sanseverino
DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofPalermo,Palermo(PA),Italy
MaiderSantos
TECNALIA,BasqueResearchandTechnologyAlliance(BRTA),Derio,Spain
G.Sciumè
DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofPalermo,Palermo(PA),Italy
MiadrezaShafie-Khah
SchoolofTechnologyandInnovations,UniversityofVaasa,Vaasa,Finland
NicolaSorrentino
DepartmentofMechanical,EnergyandManagementEngineering,UniversityofCalabria, Rende,Italy
P.Therapontos
ElectricityAuthorityofCyprus(EAC),Nicosia,Cyprus
N.Tomasone
RegalgridEuropeS.r.l.,Treviso(TV),Italy
V.Venizelos
FOSSResearchCentreforSustainableEnergyofUniversityofCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus
BingYan
DepartmentofElectricalandMicroelectronicEngineering,RochesterInstituteofTechnology, Rochester,NY,UnitedStates
JiajiaYang
SchoolofElectricalEngineeringandTelecommunications,UniversityofNewSouthWales, Sydney,NSW,Australia
DarioZaninelli DepartmentofEnergy,PolitecnicoDiMilano,Milan,Italy
G.Zizzo
DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofPalermo,Palermo(PA),Italy
CHAPTER1
Overviewofdistributedenergy resourcesinthecontextoflocal integratedenergysystems
GianfrancoChicco1,MarialauraDiSomma2 andGiorgioGraditi2
1PolitecnicodiTorino,Torino,Italy
2DepartmentofEnergyTechnologiesandRenewableSourcesofENEA,ItalianNationalAgencyforNewTechnologies, EnergyandSustainableEconomicDevelopment,Rome,Italy
Abbreviations
DER DistributedEnergyResources
DG DistributedGeneration
DMES DistributedMulti-EnergySystems
DR DemandResponse
DS DistributedStorage
DSM DemandSideManagement
DSO DistributionSystemOperator
EH EnergyHubs
ENTSO-E EuropeanNetworkofTransmissionSystemOperatorsforElectricity
ESP ElectricityShiftingPotential
EV ElectricVehicle
ICT InformationandCommunicationTechnology
IES IntegratedEnergySystems
MES Multi-EnergySystems
MPER MaximumProfitElectricityReduction
PV Photovoltaic
RES RenewableEnergySources
RTP Real-TimePricing
SNET SmartNetworksforEnergyTransition
TES ThermalEnergyStorage
TOU Time-of-Use
V2G Vehicle-to-Grid
VPP VirtualPowerPlants
1.1Introduction
DistributedEnergyResources(DER)aretechnologiesandmeansthatcanbe deployedatthesupplysideordemandsideofaLowVoltageorMediumVoltage electricdistributionsystemtomeettheenergyandreliabilityneedsoftheuser(s) servedbythatsystem.TheDERcomponentsarepartitionedintoDistributed
DistributedEnergyResourcesinLocalIntegratedEnergySystems:OptimalOperationandPlanning DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823899-8.00002-9 r 2021ElsevierInc. Allrightsreserved.
Generation(DG),DemandResponse(DR),andDistributedStorage(DS).Aparticular typeofDGistheonecomposedofRenewableEnergySources(RES).Fromanother pointofview,DERcontainbothlocalgenerationresourcesconnectedtothedistributionsystemoratthecustomersideofthemeter,aswellasdemand-sideresources suchasloadmanagementsystemsorlocalenergystorage.Thelatterareaimedat changingtheshapeoftheelectricaldemandcurveandreducingtheinternaldemand oftheconsumer.
ThedevelopmentoflocalenergysystemsforDGandstorageisnotnew.Theconceptualisationofmostoftherelevantaspectswasalreadyconductedintheearly Eighties [1,2].Likewise,theprinciplesofDemandSideManagement(DSM)were definedintheEightiesasanattempttobuildstructuredsolutionsforpromotingthe consumerparticipationtomakingtheloadpatternsvariableintime [3].However,the developmentofDG,DS,andDSMsolutionshasbeeninitiallylimitedbythelackof suitabletechnologiesavailableataccessiblecoststothegeneralityoftheusers.With respecttothesituationthatwasinplaceintheEightiesinmanyindustrializedcountries,inthefollowingyearstherehavebeensignificantchangesthathaveintroduced newperspectivesanddriversforthesuccessiveevolution.Themostsignificantdrivers havebeentechnical,economic,andsocial.
Onthetechnicalside,relevantadvanceshavebeenconductedunderthe smartgrid framework,inwhichInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT)anddistributionautomationhavebeenexploitedforthemodernizationoftheelectricalinfrastructure.Inthesmartgridframework,ICTplaysaprimaryrole,introducing increasinglyhighercapabilitiesforsystemmonitoringandcontrol,aswellasdatamanagement(communication,storage,security,andanalysistools).Inaddition,thetechnologiesforenergygenerationandstoragehaveenhancedtheirperformanceand extendedtherangeoftheavailablesizes,uptomakingavailablesmall-scaleand micro-powersources.Thetransitiontowardsanewenergysystemcharacterizedbya multitudeofplayershasrequestedthecreationofregulatoryauthoritiestoupgrade andextendthesetofrules,tosolvenewissuesconcerninggridconnectionandmore detailedprotectionsystemsettings.
Ontheeconomicside,theadventandevolutionofthecompetitiveelectricity markets,andthegrowingrefinementoftheregulationofthequalityofsupply,have createdtheunbundlingoftheelectricitybusinesswiththeseparationofgeneration, transmission,distributionandretail,andhaveestablishednewrulestoincentiviseor penalizetheoperatorsoftheelectricalsystem.
Onthesocialside,theincreasinglyhighattentiontowardsenvironmentalaspects haspushedthestrongdevelopmentofRES,alsowiththeconsequentimprovementin thetechnicalsolutions,whilethegrowinginteresttopromoteconsumerawareness andengagementhasledtotheintroductionofnewregulatoryprovisionsconcerning thedemandside.
Mostofthechangesmentionedabovehaveoccurredduringtherestructuringof theelectricalsystem.However,duringtheyearstherehasbeenaprogressiveintegrationoftheelectricalsystemwithother(nonelectrical)energysystems.Thishasledto developandapplymulti-energysolutions,inwhichthereisastrongerintegration amongtheenergynetworkinfrastructuresandenergycarriers,enablingthedefinition ofproactivesolutionstoprovideenergyservices.Thesesolutionsalsoincludefurther interactionwiththemobilityinfrastructuretoencompassthediffusionofelectricvehicles(EVs).
Recentdevelopmentstowardsenablingtheformationofenergycommunities,also supportedbyappropriatepolicies,aredrivingtheenergysystemstowardsfurtherintegration.Thesedevelopmentsareshapingthecontoursofanenergytransitionwitha strongercross-sectorintegrationstrengtheningthelinkamongclimate,energyand mobility,inwhichtheroleofelectricityisexpectedtoincreaseinthefinalenergy uses.
1.2Distributedenergyresources
1.2.1Distributedgenerationbasedondifferentenergysources
Ingeneral,thechoiceoftheDGtechnologytobeinstalledislargelyconditionedby theavailabilityoftheprimaryenergysource.Foralocalenergysystem,thisiseven morealimitingfactor.AnotherkeyaspectisthemodularityoftheDGplant,which hasadoubleimpact,(1)makingitpossibletoconstructtheplantatdifferentsteps, whiletheportionoftheplantalreadyinstalledcanbealreadyprofitable,and (2)enablingtheoperationoftheplantasaclusterofmodules,inwhicheachmodule canbeactivatedornotdependingontheneeds.
Ontheinputside,theDGsolutionscanbepartitionedbyconsideringtheirtype ofsupply,asDGsuppliedwith:
a. System-basedenergy,suchasnetwork-basedenergy(e.g.,electricityandfuels),or storedenergy.Thefuelsupplyisconsideredavailableinthelimitsofthecontinuity ofsupplyofthenetworks,andthepowerthatcanbesuppliedislimitedbythe capacityofthenetworkconnection.Availabilityofastoragesystemallowstime shiftingofthesuppliedenergyprovision;howeverthepowertobesuppliedhasto bescheduledbytakingintoaccountthetime-dependentconstraintsonthestorage system.
b. Environment-basedenergy: inthiscase,theenergycomesfromaprimarysourcesuch assolarirradianceorwindspeedanddirection,whicharebynatureuncertainand fluctuatingintime.
ApositiveaspectofDERisthepossibilityofexploitingamixoflocalenergy sources,tobenefitfromthecomplementaritiesamongthesesources.ThisisparticularlytrueforRES-basedgeneration,forwhichthecouplingwithastoragesystem
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Festivals, iii. 667–669.
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Montpellier, University of, ii. 76; high attainments of its professors, 78, 79.
Moriscoes, persecution of, by Ximenes, iii. 242, 243; banished to Leon and Castile, 244; attempted reform of, 259; their property confiscated, 266; rebellion of, 268; exiled from Granada, 277; chased through the mountains, 299; final expulsion from the Peninsula, 318, 319.
Moshafi, vizier of Al-Hakem II., i. 651; rivalry with Ibn-abi-Amir, 707; ruin and death of, 708.
Mosque of Cordova founded by Abd-al-Rahman I., i. 414, 415, 654; minaret, 665; description of, 657–667.
Motadhid, Prince of Seville, talents and vices of, ii. 141, 142.
Motamid ascends the throne of Seville, ii. 168.
Muley Hassan, enmity of, to the Christians, ii. 505; domestic troubles of, 542, 552; death of, 633.
Musa-Ibn-Nosseyr, his origin, i. 157; appointed general in Africa, 158; his character, 158, 159; builds and equips a fleet, 161; enters Spain, 243; his return through Africa, 253; his punishment and death, 256, 257.
Museum of Alexandria, iii, 437–440.
Music, popularity of, among the Moors, iii. 664–666.
NNaples, University of, iii. 44.
Narbonnese Gaul, known as “The Great Land,” i. 272. Normans invade Peninsula, i. 489, 490, 516; character of, ii. 54; conquer Sicily, 55; adopt Moslem customs, iii. 16–18.
OOkbah Ibn-al-Hejaj, Emir, i. 307; his discipline, 308.
Okhad, fair of, i. 53.
Omar-Ibn-Hafsun, rise of, i. 521; his antecedents, 522; his stronghold at Bobastro, 522; duplicity of, 540; defeated at Aguilar, 558; death of, 577.
Ommeyades, origin of, i. 367;
profligacy of the Syrians, 375, 376, 379.
Ordoño IV. visits court of Cordova, i. 640; his baseness, 641, 642.
Othman-Ibn-Abu-Nesa, Emir, i. 291; governor of Gijon, 343, 355.
PPalermo taken by the Moslems, ii. 21; reduced by the Normans, 56; luxury of, under the Moors and the Normans, 66; beauty of the city, 67.
Pampeluna destroyed by Abd-al-Rahman I., i. 585.
Papacy, corruption of, iii. 327, 328.
Paraclete, tradition of, i. 77.
Pedro el Cruel ascends throne of Castile, ii. 487.
Pelayus, his origin, i. 344; organizes an army, 345; becomes king, 354.
Phallicism of Arabs, i. 34.
Phœnicians, their trade in Arabia, i. 8.
Poetry of ancient Arabs, i. 43–46; great influence of the poet, 51; his license, 51; that of the Spanish Moslems, iii. 448–450.
Poitiers, battle of, i. 305.
Polygamy of Arabs, i. 28; its universal practice in the Orient, 102.
Pope Joan, story of, iii. 330, 331.
Popes, character of, iii. 332, 338.
Population of Moorish Spain, i. 613; its great cities, 614.
Pottery, perfection in, attained by Moors, iii. 585, 586.
Public works of the Moors, i. 614, 618.
Pulgar, exploit of, ii. 676.
QQuadros, ii. 449.
Quesada taken by Sancho el Bravo, ii. 447.
R
Redwan Venegas, commander in fight of the Ajarquia, ii. 563.
Revenues of the khalifs, i. 614.
Roderick, accession of, i. 219; his character, 220; violates daughter of Count Julian, 221.
Roncesvalles, rout of, i. 406.
Rusafah, garden of, i. 412, 624.
S
Saba, i. 7; its ancient civilization, 8.
Salado, battle of the, ii. 481.
Salerno, Medical School of, iii. 45; its contributions to medicine and surgery, 46, 47.
Samuel, Rabbi of Granada, learning and power of, ii. 131.
Sancho-el-Bravo, King of Castile, ii. 445.
Sancho the Fat, i. 592; visits Cordova, 594.
Santiago destroyed by Al-Mansur, i. 740.
Saragossa taken by Musa, i. 249; under the Beni-Hud, iii. 448.
Science in Arabian Spain, iii. 476, 477.
Science, its achievements, iii. 527–530.
Seigniorial rights, iii. 387, 388.
Septimania, its origin and extent, i. 274, 275.
Serfs, condition of, in Europe, iii. 395, 396; degradation of, 397.
Seville captured by Musa, i. 244;
surrenders to Ferdinand, ii. 411.
Sicily, great natural advantages of, ii. 1; classic traditions of, 2; condition of, at time of Moorish invasion, 7; invasion of, by Moslems, 9, 10; mixed population of, 62; scientific progress of its people, 69.
Sidi-Yahya, treason of, ii. 493.
Silk manufacture, iii. 625.
Sisebert, Archbishop of Toledo, heads conspiracy, i. 215.
Slaves, caste of, i. 606; power and influence of, 607.
Social life of the Hispano-Arab, iii. 652, 653.
Spain, condition of, under the khalifs, i. 614–616.
St. James the Apostle, legend of, i. 471.
Stucco, iii. 549.
Suleyman, Khalif, his character, ii. 85.
Sword venerated in Arabia, i. 94; importance of, among the Arabs, iii. 580, 581. Syracuse, first siege of, by the Moors, ii. 13; stormed by them, 38–40.
TTalavera, Archbishop of Granada, his character, iii. 240.
Tarik invades Spain, i. 225; marches northward, 237; quarrels with Musa, 248.
Tarub, treachery of, i. 501.
Taxation of tributaries, i. 260.
Tendilla, Count of, Captain-General of Granada, iii. 240.
Textile fabrics, iii. 627.
Thalaba raised to power, i. 318; his cruelty, 318.
Theodomir surrenders Murcia to the Arabs, i. 247.
Theology in Arabian Spain, iii. 460.
Toledo, its strength and antiquity, i. 238; massacre of its citizens by Al-Hakem, 460; becomes independent, 513.
Tota, Queen of Navarre, her ability, i. 592; visits Cordova, 594.
Tribunal of the Waters, iii. 602, 603.
Troubadours, influence of, iii. 82, 83.
UUbeda sacked by the Christians, ii. 340.
Utrera, Gomez-Mendez, governor of, killed in the Ajarquia, ii. 563.
VValencia taken by Jaime, ii. 382; expulsion of Moors from, iii. 314.
Vases of the Hispano-Arabs, iii. 585.
Visigoths, origin and migrations of, i. 166, 167; constitution and government, 169, 170; councils, 171; churches, 195; arts, 196; manufactures, 196; medicine, 197; dress, 199; profligacy, 227; causes of the decline of their power, 263.
Wadhih, governor of Cordova, i. 759.
Water, symbolic use of, among Oriental nations, iii. 573, 574.
Witiza becomes king, i. 217; his wise measures, 218; his excesses, 219.
Women under the Arabs, iii. 446, 447; privileges of, 655–657.
XXativa, prosperity of, ii. 387; besieged by Jaime, 389; surrender of, 391.
Ximenes, Cardinal, character and origin of, iii. 235, 236; burns Arabic manuscripts at Granada, 243.
YYahya, faqui, leads a rebellion, i. 465; becomes a favorite of Abd-al-Rahman II., 468.
Yahya-Ibn-Salmah, Emir, i. 291.
Yakub-al-Mansur invades Andalusia, ii. 307; death of, 314.
Yusuf-al-Fehri, Emir, i. 320; abdicates, 394; is killed, 396.
Yusuf, King of Granada, at the battle of Salado, ii. 480; character of, 484.
Yusuf, Sultan of Almohades, ii. 299; public works of, at Seville, 301; is killed near Lisbon, 304.
Yusuf, the Almoravide, invades Spain, ii. 199; death and character of, 241.
ZZahira founded by Al-Mansur, i. 717.
Zaid, wali of Barcelona, his heroic defence, i. 449.
Zallaca, battle of, ii. 204.
Zamora stormed by the Moors, i. 732.
Zeyd-Ibn-Kesade overruns Andalusia, i. 238.
Ziadet-Allah, Sultan of Africa, ii. 10.
Ziryab, the musician, i. 496; his versatility, 497.
Ziyad-Ibn-Aflah, prefect, aids conspiracy, i. 709.
Zobeir, Ibn-al-, his success during the invasion of Africa, i. 140.
Zonaria, Hebrew prophet, i. 289.
END OF VOLUME III.
Transcriber’s Notes:
1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently.
2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the original.
3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original.
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