1 Introduction
1.1Motivation
Althoughalotofefforthasbeenplacedbyagenciesacrosstheworldto reducethenumberandseverityofcrashes1 viaimprovementsinhighway design,vehicletechnology,trafficpolicy,emergencyservices,andthelike, theeffectsofhighwaycrashesonroadtransportnetworksarestillamajor sourceofmorbidity(LordandWashington,2018). Fig.1.1 illustratesthe historicalstatisticsinroadwayfatalitiesintheUnitedStatesbetween1913 and2018(similartrendshavebeenobservedamongmostindustrialized countries).Thisfigureshowsthatthetrendinroadwayfatalitieshasbeen slightlygoingdownsinceearly1970s,withsharpdecreasesduringeconomicrecessions(furtherdiscussedlater).Thisfigurealsodemonstrates thatwhenthevaluesareanalyzedbytakingintoaccountthevehiclemiles traveled(ameasureofexposure),theratehasbeengoingsignificantly downsincethebeginningofofficialcrashdatacollectedbythefederal government.Eventhoughthecrashrateshowsagreatreduction,theraw numbers,asapublichealthmeasure,arestillthemostimportantfactor thatguidestheallocationofresources.Forexample,althoughthecrash rateisgenerallygoingdown,thenumberofinjuredpeoplearrivingat variousemergencyroomslocatedwithinajurisdiction,orthepatient
1 Inthistextbook,weusetheterm“crash”toreflectoutcomeofacollisionbetweenavehicle andafixedobject(i.e.,aneventwhereonlyonevehicleisinvolved),oneormorevehicles, oroneormorevulnerableroadusers(i.e.,pedestrians,cyclists,etc.).Althoughsome peopledonotliketolabelacrashan“accident”becausethewordaccidentcould absolvethedriverofanyresponsibility,thewordaccidentcouldstillbeemployedas thatwordreferstotheprobabilisticnatureoftheevent.Ifaccidentswerecomingfroma deterministicsystem,weshouldthereforebeableto“predict”withcertaintywhenone ormorecrasheswouldoccurinthefuture.Obviously,inthecontextofthistextbook, thisisnotpossible.
FIGURE1.1 Numberoffatalitiesandfatalitiesper100millionvehiclemilesintheUnited Statesbetween2013and1018(NSC,2018).
arrivalrate,istheprimarymetricthatthehospitalmanagementusesto allocatemedicalservices.Thesameinformationisalsoneeded,for example,formanagingfirstresponders,suchasemergencymedical services,firefighters,andnational,regional,andlocalpoliceforces.Hence, thedesiredattentionusuallyfocusesoncrashorinjurycountsformany safetyinterventions,althoughexposureintermsofvehiculartrafficand/or segmentlengthmaystillneedtobeincorporatedintosomeofthemethods utilizedforassessingsafety.
AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),between2000and 2016,roadway-relatedcrashesincreasedfromabout1.15millionto1.35 milliondeathsglobally(WHO,2018).Onanannualbasis,about80million nonfatalinjurieswarrantingmedicalcareoccuronhighwaynetworks (WordBank,2014).Roadtrafficinjuriesarerankedeighthastheleading causeofdeath(2.5%)amongpeopleofallages,rightinfrontofdiarrheal diseasesandtuberculosis(WHO,2018).Vulnerableroadusers(i.e., pedestriansandcyclists)represent26%ofroadinjurydeaths,whiledrivers andpassengersofmotorizedtwo-wheelandthree-wheelvehiclesaccount foranother28%worldwide(WHO,2018).Unfortunately,whilealarge proportionofhigh-incomecountrieshaveobservedeitherareductionor nochangeintraffic-relateddeathsbetween2013and2016,asignificant numberofmiddle-andlow-incomecountrieshaveobservedanincreasein traffic-relateddeaths(WHO,2018),inlargepartattributedtotherapid motorizationobservedindevelopingcountries(WorldBank,2014).
Theeconomicburdenofcrashessignificantlyimpactstheglobal economy.IntheUnitedStates,forinstance,highwaycrashesare estimatedtohavecausedmorethanUS$871billionineconomiclossand societalharmin2010(Blincoeetal.,2015).InEurope,itisestimatedthat
crasheshavecostmorethanUS$325billion(V280billion)ineconomic harmin2015(thisvalueisconsideredunderestimated)(Wijnenetal., 2017),whileinAustraliatheeconomicburdenwasestimatedtobeUS$ 23.9billion(AU$33.2)in2016(Litchfield,2017).Globally,itisestimated that3%ofgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)islosttohighwaycrashes(all severities)andcanbeashighas5%formiddle-andlow-incomecountries (WHO,2015).Inshort,inadditiontothepainandsufferingthatcrashes havecausedtothevictimsofsuchevents,highwaycrashescansignificantlyimpedeacountry’seconomicgrowthorviabilityacrosstheglobe.
Asdescribedin Fig.1.1,therelationshipthateconomicactivityis stronglylinkedtothenumberoffatalitiesobservedonhighwayshasnow beenwellestablished(WijnenandRietveld,2015; Elviketal.,2015; Wegmanetal.,2017; NolandandZhou,2017; Shimu,2019).Intimesof economicgrowth,thenumberofcrashesincreases,whileduring economichardship(i.e.,recession),thenumberofcrashesdecreases. Fig.1.2 illustratessucharelationshipindetail,duringthe“GreatRecession”of2007 09intheUnitedStates(theright-handsideof Fig.1.1).The influencingfactorsincludeunemploymentlevel,especiallyamongyoung people,modeshiftforpeoplewhoareunemployedandlowerexposure byhigh-riskdrivers(e.g.,driversbelow25yearsold)duringrecession periods(Bloweretal.,2019).Therelationshipbetweeneconomicactivity andcrashriskisveryimportanttobeunderstoodbeforeanalyticaltools areusedforanalyzinghighwaycrashdata.Thisistoavoidthepotential confoundingeffectswhentreatmentsareimplementedandevaluatedfor reducingthenumberandseverityofcrashes.
FIGURE1.2 Fatalitiestrendduringthegreatrecessionof2007 09intheUnitedStates (NCS,2018).
Giventhemagnitudeoftheproblemassociatedwithhighwaycrashes, numerouspublictransportationagenciesacrosstheworld,fromnational tolocalagencies,haveplacedalotofeffort(i.e.,labor,promotion,etc.)and allocatedalargeamountoffundsforreducingthenumberandseverityof crashes,especiallyoverthelast25years.Forexample,intheUnited States,theNationalHighwayTransportationSafetyAgency(NHTSA)has devotedUS$908millionforhighway-safetyinitiativesrelatedtovehicle safety,driversafety,andtrafficenforcementin2016(NHTSA,2016).In 2019,theFederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)allocatedUS$2.60 billionsolelyforsafetyprojects,whichincluderesearch,dissemination, engineering,andconstructionprojectsamongothers(FHWA,2019). Similarfinancialinvestmentshavebeenplacedbyvarioustransportation agenciesinEurope,MiddleEast,Asia,SouthAsia,andOceania.The strongcommitmenttoreducingthenegativeeffectsofhighwaycrashes bydecision-makerscanbeseenintheVisionZero2 movementthatwas firstintroducedbytheSwedishGovernmentin1997.Thismovement consistsinfindingnewandinnovativeapproachesandwaysofthinking (i.e.,shiftingtheresponsibilityfromroaduserstohighwaydesignersand engineersforreducingcrashes)forsignificantlyreducing,ifnoteliminating,fatalandnonfatalinjuriesonhighways,especiallyonurban highways(Kristianssenetal.,2018).VisionZerohasbeenassertively implementedinvariouscommunitiesacrosstheglobe.
Torespondtotheincreasinginvestmentinsafety-relatedprojectsand helpwiththeaimofreducing,ifnoteliminating(asperVisionZero) highwaycrashes,researchintomethodsandtoolsforanalyzingcrash datahasexponentiallygrownduringthesametimeperiod.Thetestament ofsuchincreasehasrecentlybeendocumentedintwoscientometric overviewpublicationsthatvisuallymappedtheknowledgeinthefieldof highwaysafety(i.e.,keyareasofresearch)andtheimpactoftheresearch thathasbeenpublishedintheleadingjournal AccidentAnalysisand Prevention (ZouandVu,2019; Zouetal.,2020).Theseauthorsidentified “crash-frequencymodelinganalysis”tobethecoreresearchtopicinroad safetystudies,henceshowingtherelevanceofthematerialcoveredinthis textbook.
Althoughdesignandapplicationmanuals,suchastheHighwaySafety Manual(HSM)(AASHTO,2010)ortheRoadSafetyManual(RSM) (PIARC,2019),specializedtextbooks,suchastheoneby Hauer(1997) on before-afterstudiesor Tarko(2020) onsurrogatemeasuresofsafety,and reviewpapers(see LordandMannering,2010; Savolainenetal.,2011; ManneringandBhat,2014),alreadyexist,thereisnotasinglesource availablethatcoversthefundamental(andup-to-date)principlesrelated totheanalysisofsafetydata.Asdiscussedby ZouandVu(2019),thefield 2 https://visionzeronetwork.org/.
ofhighwaysafetycoversverywideareasofresearchandapplications (i.e.,psychology,humanfactors,policy,medicine,lawenforcement, epidemiology).Manualsandtextbookshavealreadybeenpublishedon thesetopics(see DewarandOlson,2007; Shinar,2007; Smiley,2015).This textbookcomplementsthesepublishedmanualsandfocusesontheactual analysisofhighwaysafetydata.
Theprimarypurposeofthistextbookistoprovideinformationfor practitioners,engineers,scientists,students,andresearcherswhoare interestedinanalyzingsafetydatatomakeengineering-orpolicy-based decisions.Thisbookprovidesthelatesttoolsandmethodsdocumented intheliteratureforanalyzingcrashdata,someofwhichhaveinfactbeen developedorintroducedbytheauthors.Thetextbookcoversallaspectsof thedecision-makingprocess,fromcollectingandassemblingdatato makingdecisionsbasedontheresultsoftheanalyses.Severalexamples andcasestudiesareprovidedtohelpunderstandmodelsandmethods commonlyusedforanalyzingcrashdata.Wherewarranted,helpfulhints andsuggestionsareprovidedbytheauthorsinthetexttosupportthe analysisandinterpretationofcrashdata.
Thetextbook’sreadershipissuitableforhighwaysafetyengineers, transportationsafetyanalysts,highwaydesigners,scientists,students, andresearcherswhoworkinhighwaysafety.Itisexpectedthatthe readershaveabasicknowledgeofstatisticalprinciplesoranintroductory undergraduate-levelcourseinstatistics.Thistextbookspecifically complementstheHSMpublishedbyAAHSTOandtheRSMbytheWorld RoadAssociation.Thepublicationofthesemanualshasincreasedthe demandfortrainingengineersandscientistsaboutunderstandingthe conceptsandmethodsoutlinedintheHSMandtheRSM.
1.2Importantfeaturesofthistextbook
Thistextbookisneededforthefollowingreasons:
(1)Therearenomanualsnortextbooksthatsummarizeallthe techniquesandstatisticalmethodsthatcanbeutilizedfor analyzingcrashdataintoasingledocument(althoughthewords “crashdata”arefrequentlyusedinthistextbook,manymethodsand techniquescanbeusedforanalyzingalltypesofsafetydata,suchas surrogatemeasuresofsafety(i.e.,trafficconflicts),speed-related incidents,citations,drivererrorsordistractions,andthelike).The fewmanualsthatcoverhighwaysafetyconceptsusuallyprovide basicinformation,suchasregressionequations,figures,charts,or tablesthatmaynotalwaysbesuitableforthesafetyanalyses.For example,transferringmodelsfromonejurisdictiontoanothermay
notbefeasibleformethodologicalreasons.Furthermore,nomanuals specificallyexplainhowtodevelopcrash-frequencymodels,crashseveritymodels,ordataminingtechniquesfromthedatacollection procedurestotheassessmentofthemodelsusingdatacollectedin theirownjurisdictions.
(2)Therearenotextbooksthatcoverallaspectsofsafetydataanalyses andcanbeusedinateachingorclassroomenvironment,suchas datacollection,statisticalanalyses,before-afterstudies,andreal-time crashriskanalysisamongothers.Thistextbookcanbeusedasacore textbookforaseniorundergraduateorgraduatecourseinhighway safety.Differentchapterscouldalsobeusedforsenior-level undergraduatecoursesthatcoversomeelementsofhighwaysafety, highwaydesign,crashdataanalyses,orstatisticalanalyses.
(3)Crashdataarecharacterizedbyuniqueattributesnotobservedin otherfields.Theseattributesincludethelowsamplemeanand smallsamplesizeproblem,missingvalues,endogeneity,andserial correlationamongothers(LordandMannering,2010; Savolainen etal.,2011).Theseattributescansignificantlyaffecttheresultsof theanalysisandare,tothisday,oftennotconsideredinanalyses conductedbytransportationsafetyanalysts.Nottakinginto account,theseattributescanleadtomisallocationoffundsand, moreimportantly,couldpotentiallyincreaseinthenumberand severitycausedbymotorvehiclecrashes.Thetextbookaddresses thenuancesandcomplexityrelatedtotheanalysisofcrashand othertypesofsafetydataaswellasthepitfallsandlimitations associatedwiththemethodsusedtoanalyzesuchdata.
1.3Organizationoftextbook
Thetextbookisdividedintothreegeneralareas.Thefirstareaincludes chaptersthatdescribefundamentalandtheoreticalprinciplesassociated withsafetydataanalyses.Thisareacoversthenatureofcrashdatafrom thehumanandstatistical/mathematicalperspectives,aswellaskey crash-frequencyandcrash-severitymodelsthathavebeendevelopedin thehighwaysafetyliterature.Thesecondareagroupschaptersthat describehowthemodelsdescribedinthefirstareaareappliedfor analyzingsafetydata.Thechaptersincludemethodsforexploringsafety data,conductingcross-sectionalandbefore-afterstudies,identifying hazardoussitesorsiteswithpromiseaswellastoolsforincorporating spatialcorrelation,andidentifyingcrashriskonanearreal-timebasis. Thethirdareaassemblesalternativesafetyanalysistools.Themethods includehowtousesurrogatemeasuresofsafetyanddataminingtechniquesforextractingrelevantinformationfromdatasets,includingthose categorizedasbigdata(e.g.,naturalisticdata).
1.3.1PartI:theoryandbackbround
Chapter2 FundamentalsandDataCollection describesthefundamentalconceptsrelatedtothecrashprocessandcrashdataanalysisas wellasthedatacollectionproceduresneededforconductingthese analyses.Thechaptercoversthecrashprocessfromtheperspectivesof drivers,roadwaysandvehicles,andtheoreticalandmathematical principles.Itprovidesimportantinformationaboutsourcesofdataand datacollectionprocedures,aswellashowtoassemblecrashandother relateddata.Thechapteralsodescribesafour-stepmodelingprocedure fordevelopingmodelsandanalyzingcrashdataandthemethodsfor assessingtheperformanceofthesemodels.
Chapter3 Crash-FrequencyModeling describesthebasicnomenclatureofthemodelsthathavebeenproposedforanalyzinghighwaysafety dataandtheirapplications.Thechapterdescribesthemostimportant crash-frequencymodelsthathavebeenproposedforanalyzingcrash countdata,alongwiththeimportantorrelevantinformationabouttheir characteristics.Themodelsaregroupedbytheirintendeduseandfor handlingspecificcharacteristicsassociatedwithsafetydata.Thechapter endswithadiscussionaboutthemodelingprocessrelatedcrashfrequencymodels.
Chapter4 Crash-SeverityModeling introducesthemethodologies andtechniquesthathavebeenappliedtomodelcrashseverityinsafety studies.Thediscussionincludesthedifferentforms,constructs,and assumptionsthatcrashseveritymodelshavebeendevelopedasa functionoftheprevailingissuesrelatedtocrashdata.Thetheoretical frameworkandpracticaltechniquesforidentifying,estimating,evaluating,andinterpretingfactorscontributingtocrashinjuryseveritiesare alsoexplored.
1.3.2PartII:highwaysafetyanalyses
Chapter5 ExploratoryAnalysesofSafetyData describestechniques andmethodsforexploringsafetydata.Theyaredividedintotwogeneral themes:(1)quantitativetechniquesthatinvolvethecalculationof summarystatisticsand(2)graphicaltechniquesthatemployfiguresor plotstosummarizethedata.Theexploratoryanalysesofdatahelpframe theselectionofmoreadvancedmethodologiessuchasthoseassociated withcross-sectionalanalyses,before-afterstudies,identificationof hazardoussites,spatialcorrelationandcapacity,andmobility.
Chapter6 Cross-SectionalandPanelStudiesinSafety describes differenttypesofdataandanalysismethods,aswellashowmodels describedinthepreviouspartcanbeusedtothiseffort.Thediscussion includesdataandmodelingissuesandpresentssometechniquesto
overcomethem.Thechapterdescribesthecharacteristicsofdifferent functionalforms,selectionofvariables,andmodelingframework. Techniquesfordeterminingtherequiredsamplesize,identificationof outliers,andtransferabilityofmodelstoothergeographicalareasarealso presented.Lastly,abriefoutlineofotherstudydesignsthatarenot commonlyusedinhighwaysafetyispresented.
Chapter7 Before-AfterStudiesinSafety coversbasicandadvanced studytechniquesforanalyzingbeforeandafterdata.Thechapter describesthetwocriticalissuesthatcannegativelyinfluencethistypeof studyandthebasicmethodsforconductingabefore-afterstudywithand withoutcontrolgroups.Then,theempiricalBayesandfullBayesmethods inthecontextofbefore-afterstudiesarepresented.Thelastsectionsofthe chapterdocumentmorerecentmethods,suchasthenaı¨veadjustment method,thebefore-afterstudyusingsurvivalanalysis,andthepropensity scoremethod.Thechapterendswithadiscussionaboutthesamplesize neededforconductingbefore-afterstudies.
Chapter8 IdentificationofHazardousSites firstdiscussesvarious hazardoussiteselectionmethodsthatrelyonobservedcrashes,predicted crashes,orexpectedcrashes.Thediscussionincludeseachmethod’s strengthsandweaknesses.Then,thechapterpresentsgeospatialhotspot methodsthatconsidertheeffectsofunmeasuredconfoundingvariables byaccountingforspatialautocorrelationbetweenthecrasheventsovera geographicalspace.Thischapteralsodocumentsthelistofthehighcrash concentrationlocationproceduresbecausethehazardoussiteselection methodsmaynotefficientlyidentifythepointlocationswherea deficiencyexists.Theproactiveapproachmethodsarethenpresenteddue totheirnatureofidentifyingsitesbeforeacrashcouldoccur.Lastly,the screeningevaluationmethodsarediscussedindetail.
Chapter9 ModelsforSpatialData isdedicatedtoanalyzingand modelingcrashdatawithinaspatialcontext.Thechapterbeginswithan overviewofthecharacteristicsofspatialdataandcommonlyuseddata models.Then,spatialindicators,suchasGetisGandMoran’sI,are introducedtohelpdeterminethedistributionofcrashlocationsasclustering,dispersed,orrandom.Next,thechapterdescribestechniquesfor analyzingcrashpointdatathatarepresentedtofacilitatethediscoveryof theunderlyingprocessthatgeneratesthesepoints.Finally,spatial regressionmethodsareintroducedtoexplicitlyconsiderthespatial dependencyofcrashesandspatialheterogeneityintherelationship betweencrashesandtheircontributingfactors.
Chapter10 Capacity, Mobility, andSafety offersaperceptiveaccount ofoneofthefastest-developingfieldsinhighwaysafetyanalysis, involvingtrafficflowtheory,driverbehaviormodels,andstatistical methods.Thechapterfirstdescribesatheoreticalcar-followingmodelto demonstratethesafetyaspectsofaclassicdriverbehaviormodel,the
modelingofrelationshipsbetweencrashesandtrafficvolume,andhowto mapcrashtypologiestoavarietyoftrafficregimescharacterizedbytraffic variables.TheuseofBayesiantheorytopredictcrashprobabilitygivena real-timetrafficinputandreal-timecrashpredictionmodels(RTCPM)are alsodescribed.Thechapterendswithadescriptionaboutthemotivation andmethodologyfordevelopingRTCPMfromsimulatedtrafficdata whenactualtrafficdataarenotavailable.
1.3.3PartIII:alternativesafetyanalyses
Chapter11 SurrogateSafetyMeasures focusesondefining, analyzing,comparing,andapplyingstate-of-the-artsurrogatesafety measures.Followingabriefhistoryoftrafficconflicts,thechapter explainsthebasiccharacteristicsoftrafficconflictstechniqueandthe practiceofobservingandcollectingtrafficconflictsinthefield.The chapteralsocoversboththepragmaticapproachandthetheoretical developmentofsurrogatesafetymeasures.
Chapter12 DataMiningandMachineLearningTechniques introducesdataminingandmachinelearningmethodologiesandtechniquesthathavebeenappliedtohighwaysafetystudies,including associationrules,clusteringanalysis,decisiontreemodels,Bayesian networks,neuralnetworks,andsupportvectormachines.Thetheoretical frameworksareillustratedthroughexemplarycasespublishedinsafety literatureandaresupplementedwithimplementationinformationinthe statisticalsoftwarepackageR.Thechapterendswithadescriptionofa meansofspecifyingtheeffectofanindependentvariableontheoutput, whichcanassistindecidingontheappropriatesafetysolutions.
1.3.4Appendices
AppendixAdescribesthebasiccharacteristicsoftheNegativeBinomial model,themostpopularmodelincrashdataanalysis(Lordand Mannering,2010),withandwithoutspatialinteractionsandthestepsto estimatethemodel’sparametersusingthemaximumlikelihoodestimation andBayesianmethods.AppendixBprovidesahistoricaldescription,a detailedandup-to-datelistofcrash-frequencyandcrash-severitymodels thatwerepreviouslypublishedinpeer-reviewedpublications(Lordand Mannering,2010; Savolainenetal.,2011; ManneringandBhat,2014). AppendixCpresentsusefulcodesfordevelopingmanymodelsdescribed inthetextbookinSAS,WinBUGS,andRsoftwarelanguages.AppendixD liststheavailabledatasetsforeachchapterofthistextbook.Finally,datasets usedfortheexamplesdescribedinvariouschaptersaremadeavailableon
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of ‘ability to bear’ and to ascertain the reforms needed to conform the demands of taxation to this principle. The book falls into two parts. Part 1: Principles of tax reform, contains: Ability to pay; The taxable surplus; The shifting of taxes; The taxation of income; Reforms of income-tax: Death duties; Supplementary taxes; Tariffs for revenue. Contents of part 2, Emergency finance, are: Our financial emergency; A levy on war-made wealth; A general levy upon capital; Relations of imperial to local taxation; Index.
“We no doubt adopt philosophies to justify what we want to do or have decided to do, not as a means of ascertaining what we ought to do. By working out the philosophy to justify the tax system which England is apparently heading toward, this book by Professor Hobson will be of outstanding influence.” C. L. King
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of the ‘public’ income at the expense of the ‘private surplus,’ in order to supply the assumed ‘needs’ of the state.”
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HOBSON, S. G. National guilds and the state.
*$4 (*12s 6d) Macmillan 338.6
(Eng ed 20–16216)
“The first part of this book is devoted to a theoretical discussion of the relations between producer and consumer, and their joint relations with the state. It is presupposed that readers are acquainted with the principles and purposes of the national guild movement. The argument is largely the outcome of controversy between the author and Mr G. D. H. Cole, in which different stresses were laid upon the status of the consumer, ‘and, in consequence, upon the structure of the state.’ At the end of the second part, which deals with ‘transition,’ Mr Hobson avers his belief that national guilds are inevitable. ‘There is no student of industry,’ he declares, ‘who ... would deny the possibility of a revolution’; and the author expresses his belief that wage-abolition, with its logical sequel of an infinitely more humane structure of society, will mark a great epoch in the history of western civilization.” Ath
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“The idea of receiving wages for work done seems to give him positive pain, but his attempt to formulate a practical alternative is a sad failure, though it is veiled in obscure terms.”
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The Times [London] Lit Sup p132 F 26 ’20 1050w HOCKING, JOSEPH. Passion for life. il *$1.90 (1c) Revell
Francis Erskine was given a year to live by his doctor and chooses the Cornwall coast to pass this year in quiet rural seclusion and in finding out, if possible, if there is any hope for a life beyond. He is an unbeliever and has no faith whatever in immortality. His secluded hut on the cliffs turns out to be almost directly over a cave used by the Germans for their secret operations and he soon begins to sense the presence of German spies. He spends his time between cultivating the village folk and clergy, in his quest for a life after death, and in trying to discover what the Germans are doing at the cave. To this last he consecrates himself in patriotic fervor, and succeeds, but apparently dies in a struggle with a spy. During his
death trance he has a vision of the two worlds and becomes conscious of the presence of God. He awakes to find that an operation has been performed on him and that a new life and even love is waiting for him.
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HODGE, ALBERT CLAIRE, and MCKINSEY, JAMES OSCAR. Principles of accounting. *$3
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Three classes of students of accounting are considered in this volume: those who aim at understanding its use as a means of social control over business activities—consisting mostly of students of economics; those who expect to qualify as certified public accountants; and those who expect to become business executives of one kind or another. Contents: The meaning and function of accounting; The relationship of accounting to proprietorship; The balance sheet; The statement of profit and loss; The account as a means of classifying information; The construction and interpretation of particular accounts; The construction and interpretation of accounts; The trial balance; The adjusting entries; The closing entries; The source of the ledger entries; Some special
forms of the journal; The use of the general journal; Business vouchers and forms; The accounting process; Business practice and procedure; Books of original entry; Controlling accounts; The construction and interpretation of accounts; Accruals and deferred items; The adjusting and closing entries; The classification of accounts; Financial reports; The graphical method of presenting accounting facts; Appendix.
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HODGES, FRANK. Nationalisation of the mines; with foreword by J: R. Clynes. (New era ser.) $1.75 Seltzer 338.2 (Eng ed 20–6078)
“Mr Hodges’s case is, briefly, that there is inevitably waste in the production, in the consumption, and in the distribution of coal under the present system of private ownership. He insists that the coal industry should be regarded as a whole; that the accidental frontiers of private ownership are not geological frontiers: that the prime consideration of an industry developed by shareholders’ capital, namely, that a certain monetary return should be obtained within a certain time, is not compatible with the most efficient and scientific development of that industry; and that different and competitive systems of distribution involve needless expenses for superfluous labour. His conclusions are based on figures, and the figures are taken from government reports. His argument is, in fact, the old argument that one great trust controlling a whole industry can work more efficiently and economically than a number of small and
overlapping concerns. Here he develops his second argument. We have to consider the psychology of the miners. Rightly or wrongly, they are now reluctant to work for the purpose of creating private profit. No system of profit-sharing will content them; they insist on the dignity of being regarded directly as servants of the community; they have lost all faith in the divine right of employers. That is why the country, and not a trust, must own and develop the coalmines.” Ath
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The author calls his studies “chips from a metaphysician’s workshop” and in the opening chapter explains what this workshop implies, at the same time justifying its existence in the midst of the vital problems and perplexities of our age. He asserts that there are evidences in plenty of a vigorous philosophic life; that speculative interest and activity have been of recent years increasingly varied and enterprising; and that there has been no lack of originality. What is needed is to understand its spirit, which the author defines as the spirit of wholeness, the attempt to view the universe as a whole in the midst of shifting appearances and accumulative experiences. The contents are: Prologue the philosopher’s quest; The idol of scientific method in philosophy; Philosophy of nature at the cross-roads; On “doubting the reality of the world of sense ” ; “Saving the appearances ” in the physical world (note on John Locke’s distinction of primary and secondary qualities); Mechanism and vitalism; Theories of mind; The self in self-consciousness; Epilogue religion and philosophy of religion; Index.
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“A book like the present one should go far to supply the real need of a clear and convincing statement of what is admitted to be the most difficult of all philosophical systems. Mr Hoernlé is to be congratulated on a work of permanent value.”
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HOFFMAN, CONRAD. In the prison camps of Germany. il *$4 Assn. press 940.472
20–21330
Mr Hoffman, of the University of Kansas, went abroad in 1915 to do relief work. He reached Berlin in August of that year and remained in Germany as Secretary of the War prisoners’ aid of the Y. M. C. A. thruout the war. He then staid on for eight months after the armistice to continue the work in behalf of the Russian prisoners still held in Germany. Among the chapters are: First impressions of Berlin; The Britishers at Ruhleben; Christmas in a prison hospital; Prisoners at work and hungry; Help in both worship and study; Working under surveillance; The day of food substitutes; Visiting the first American prisoners; Real Americanism in evidence; First days of the German revolution; Russian prisoners and their guards; A concluding judgment. In one of the appendixes Mrs Hoffman writes of the experiences of an American woman in Berlin.
HOFFMAN, MARIE E. Lindy Loyd; a tale of the mountains. *$1.75 Jones, Marshall 20–8234
“The southern mountains of the Blue ridge, presumably, where the moonshiners find inaccessible places to hide their illicit stills from the ever-vigilant ‘ revenoors, ’ are the scene of ‘Lindy Loyd.’ Against their background with alluring descriptions of their wild scenery, their birds and animals, the rushing of the mountain torrent, and the tinkling of the hidden stream, Mrs Hoffman places the love story of Lindy Loyd, the course of which, perfect in its beginning, encounters the traditional rough places over which true love is doomed to pass. ” Boston Transcript
“The author knows well the mountains, knows, too, the mountain people, and pictures with fidelity the characteristics, manners and customs engendered by the ruggedness, almost inaccessibility of their environment.” F. M. W.
“Less melodramatic than many of its kind and notable for its true local color.”
HUGO HOFMANN, edler von. Death of Titian. (Contemporary ser.)
HOFMANNSTHAL,
20–6845
This dramatic fragment, written in 1892, was translated from the German by John Heard, Jr. The prologue was added in 1901 when it was acted in Munich as a memorial to Arnold Böcklin. It depicts a scene on the terrace of Titian’s villa, in 1576, at the time of Titian’s death.
“After all, what interest one may have in the play lies in the excellence of the translation, for, as a play, there is no blood in it.”
Boston Transcript p6 S 8 ’20 270w
“The dramatic form, unfortunately for the translator, is only skindeep. Essential drama, apart from its verbal expression, loses nothing in a new language: poetry, and ‘The death of Titian’ in particular, lose most everything.”
Dial 69:322 S ’20 50w
“This group of monologues of the old master’s pupils gathered about his death-bed possessed the ecstatic phrasing and the comparative aimlessness of youthful genius. Over all there is a bluebronze atmosphere which John Heard has not completely lost in his English.”
E. E. H.
Freeman 1:478 Jl 28 ’20 150w
“Hofmannsthal fashioned those incomparable verses (which Mr Heard has sensitively read but quite failed to render) because the very pang of beauty wrung them from him. No wonder that such verses are not written today either in Vienna or elsewhere.” Ludwig Lewisohn
Nation 111:18 Jl 3 ’20 110w
“The slow movement and sluggish dialog give to this little fragment a funereal as well as a memorial aspect. There is too little of the pageant, too much of the orator. Words cloud illusions and crowd out the sympathetic play of the individual imagination.”
Springf’d Republican p8 S 14 ’20 150w
HOLDEN, GEORGE PARKER. Idyl of the split bamboo. il *$3 Stewart & Kidd 799
20–21340
While the author’s previous book, “Streamcraft,” deals mainly with the open season and actual streamside technic, this one is more a book for winter evenings and the fireside and for the workshop. Building a split-bamboo rod is an operation, the author avows. He describes this operation in every detail but he prepares the reader’s mind for this more tedious process by a long chapter on “The joys of angling.” Nine chapters of the book are devoted to the rod-making. Edwin T. Whiffen contributes a chapter on “Cultivating silkworm-gut at home,” and the two remaining chapters are on Landing-nets and other equipment and The angler’s camp. Besides many full-page illustrations there are diagrams showing the different stages of rod building and details of camp outfit.
“Both the expert and the tyro will find good fishing in these attractive pages. ”
Outlook 126:768 D 29 ’20 60w
HOLDING, ELISABETH SANXAY. Invincible Minnie. *$1.75 (2c) Doran
20–5229
As her central figure the author presents one type of the eternal feminine, the ruthlessly domestic and womanly woman who takes what she wants for herself regardless of the results to others. Minnie hasn’t even beauty or charm, but she takes away her sister’s lover, marries him and wrecks his life, marries a second man while the first still lives, bears him a child and accepts his support for the child of the first man, justifies herself when her guilt is discovered and forever after lives on the bounty of the man she has wronged. She is an incompetent housekeeper and a criminally bad mother but she succeeds in creating the impression that she is the true woman, and perhaps she is, writes the author, “perhaps those others, with hearts, with brains, with souls, are ... only the freaks of nature.”
Booklist 16:348 Jl ’20
Reviewed by R. M. Underhill
Bookm 51:440 Je ’20 150w
“Only a degree less arresting than her character building, however, is the author’s method of telling the story.” C. M. Greene
Bookm 51:565 Jl ’20
550w
“Minnie is real, in life, but she has not been made real in the American fiction of our day until Elisabeth Sanxay Holding created her for us in these pages. Minnie Defoe takes her place as the true American cousin, also the only American cousin, of Ann Veronica, Hilda Lessways, Sonia O’Rane.” W. S. B.
Boston Transcript p4 Ap 7 ’20 1300w
“‘Invincible Minnie’ is an astounding person. It is no use to say that she is impossible; that is one of the most terrifying things about her, she isn’t.”
Ind 103:320 S 11 ’20 200w
“Mrs Holding writes coldly, warily, ruthlessly. She is beyond any passionate concern in the matter. She has moments of a cosmic tolerance for Minnie. But how Minnie must have made her suffer! It is only when we get to the other shore of suffering that we can see with eyes so penetrating and so passionless.”
Nation
110:730 My 29 ’20 750w
“It has various minor faults. The scourge of revision has not been ruthlessly enough applied, and the style is marred here and there by a loose carelessness. What makes one indifferent to these defects is the author’s marvellous ability to record and analyze Minnie. Minnie
New Repub 22:357 My 12 ’20 1650w
“It is all done with an art-concealing simplicity and frankness the study of which will repay the best of our modern English ‘realists,’ though they will find it hard to analyze and still harder to imitate.”
Oliver Herford
N Y Evening Post p3 My 1 ’20 750w
“We can recall no piece of fiction, with the exception of Sudermann’s masterful short story, ‘The purpose, ’ which portrays the unmoral woman more unflinchingly than Elisabeth Sanxay Holding has done in her vivid novel.”
N Y Times 25:287 My 30 ’20 600w
Reviewed by F: T. Cooper
Pub W 97:1290 Ap 17 ’20 350w
“A bitter book, remorselessly written, and quite against the current stream of tolerance for all human creatures. Perhaps it is wholesome for us to turn now and then from the genial process of admiring the best of us in the worst of us, and to behold how a Minnie looks, pinned fairly on the slide and set under a ruthless lens.” H. W. Boynton
+ may not be the artistic equal of Becky Sharp, but she is far nearer our common experience.” Signe Toksvig
Review 2:602 Je 5 ’20 550w
HOLDSWORTH, ETHEL. Taming of Nan. *$1.90 (2c) Dutton
19–19359
Here’s another tale of the taming of a shrew. She is a Lancashire working woman full of primitive savagery which she lets out in explosions of fiery temper towards her good-natured giant of a husband and her pretty pleasure-loving daughter. When both of the giant’s legs have been cut off by a train, she hammers away at him still, to break him still more, and not until he has found a new strength and a new independence do the fates discover her vulnerable spot and begin the breaking and taming process on her. And not until she has almost lost her soul and her daughter does she find the only outlet for the fierce life-force within her to be love and the ministrations of love.
“This is the old story of the reclaiming of a virago retold with considerable power. ”
Ath p1018 O 10 ’19 120w
“For those readers who like character studies as well as plots.”
Booklist 16:204 Mr ’20
“‘The taming of Nan’ is a very different kind of story from ‘Helen of four gates.’ It is with less concentration but it is constructed upon a broader basis and the whole atmosphere of it is more human, more genial, less tense and stormy.”
N Y Times 25:43 Ja 25 ’20 750w
“While Ethel Holdsworth’s second book, ‘The taming of Nan,’ is less striking and peculiar than her first [‘Helen of Four Gates’], it is more genial and shows growth and a broader knowledge of life.”
N Y Times 25:190 Ap 18 ’20 30w
“It is as a study of Polly’s emergence from the blurred prettiness and apparently unprotected amativeness of girlhood to real achievements in character and happiness that the book may especially commend itself to the confirmed yet still hopeful novel reader.” H. W. Boynton
Review 2:208 F 28 ’20 340w
“The characterisation is admirable, if slightly idealised, and the book is, as a whole, quite admirable.”
Sat R 130:379 N 6 ’20 90w
“The story is wanting in the continuous strength found in the preceding novel. As usual, Mrs Holdsworth reveals keen insight into human nature and does not shrink from picturing the truth however brutal or sordid. But she leans less towards crude realism than heretofore.”
− + Springf’d Republican p11a Mr 28 ’20 600w
“A study of Lancashire working folk by one who evidently knows them intimately enough to give a genuine picture of them. The whole is by no means lengthy, but it is not less complete on that account. It is the result not only of intimacy on the part of the writer, but of an ordered perception which is not afraid either of cruelty or kindness, but sees in both the movement of life.” The Times [London] Lit Sup p547 O 9
HOLLAND, FRANCIS CALDWELL. Seneca. il *$4 (*10s) Longmans
20–12858
“Mr Holland’s biographical essay, originally designed to preface a translation of Seneca’s letters to Lucilius, is now allowed to appear ‘ on the chance that here or there some readers may be found to share my interest in the subject.’ Into the long and interesting story of Seneca’s literary fortunes it is no part of Mr Holland’s task to enter. He is placing the story of his life against the background of JulioClaudian Rome. His tone is that of a discriminating apologist.”—
Review
“The historical narrative is well written. With regard to the estimate given of Seneca’s character and the view taken of the
literary and philosophic value of his works, Mr Holland presents what will seem to many too favourable a picture.” H. E. B.
Eng Hist R 35:467 Jl ’20 460w
“The grave dignity of Mr Holland’s style has somehow the fine sound of the best translations from the Latin, the spirit of his enterprise is ripely philosophical.”
Nation 110:828 Je 19 ’20 320w
“His full and agreeably written narrative of the life of the philosopher-statesman should win readers for Seneca.” H. M. Ayers
Review 2:521 My 15 ’20 1300w
“If we had more such books, the classics would stand on a firmer footing of human interest, instead of appearing to exist chiefly for the purpose of adding to the incomes of publishers, dons, and schoolmasters.”
Sat R 129:350 Ap 10 ’20 1200w
“Mr Francis Holland retells his story in a volume of lively and picturesque narrative. If it adds nothing to the knowledge of the subject for the specialist student, the story is one of interest to any man of liberal education, and a book which tells it over again so agreeably and judiciously may be just the book which many people want.”
+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p345 Je 3 ’20 2350w
HOLLAND, RUPERT SARGENT. Refugee rock. il *$1.75 (3c) Jacobs
20–17657
Three American boys cruising along the coast of Maine land on what is supposed to be a deserted island and find it inhabited by a charming mannered young foreigner, his two servants and his dog. The stranger, Pierre Romaine, is practicing fencing strokes when the boys first come upon him and he at once arouses their curiosity and admiration. They find that two other groups of men are interested in the island, the first, the crew of a fishing smack, the second, a party of three foreigners, apparently Russians. The secret of their interest is solved, Romaine’s enemies are driven off, the treasure he is guarding is saved, and he consents to join his new friends on their cruise.
HOLLIDAY, CARL. Wedding customs then and now. *75c (7c) Stratford co. 392.5
19–13678
This entertaining little volume harkens back to old customs and usages, quoting the opinions of pessimist and optimist alike and has nothing to do with scientific sociological research. Contents: Marriage by force; Buying wives; Marriage taxes; Ancient ceremonies; The wedding feast and wedding cake; Wedding
presents; Wedding festivities; Her trousseau; Gretna Green; The best time; The wedding ring; The old shoe; Proverbs.
“There is little that is unfamiliar in Mr Holliday’s recital, but there is much that is interesting in his somewhat flippant narrative.”
N Y Evening Post p10 Mr 6 ’20 120w
Springf’d Republican p8 F 26 ’20 180w
HOLLIDAY, ROBERT
CORTES.
Men and books and cities. *$2.50 (5½c) Doran 917.3
20–20548
Papers that appeared in the Bookman under the pseudonym Murray Hill, Indianapolis, St Louis, Cincinnati, Chicago, San Francisco and Los Angeles are the cities, and among the men met on these desultory journeyings were Booth Tarkington, Meredith Nicholson, E. V. Lucas, William Marion Reedy and Carl Sandburg, and various literary editors and book sellers and others.
Booklist 17:146 Ja ’21
“No one else has quite Mr Holliday’s faculty for his own particular type of essay. He has captured the art of saying the forever unexpected. He rambles as freely through his pages as one might see him wandering about a city, with his stick upon his arm. ” D. L. M.
Boston Transcript p1 D 11 ’20 950w
“It resembles a certain coat of many colors in its diversity of interests, and is to be recommended to him of human interests, rather than to the zealous seeker after exact and correlated knowledge.”
Cath World 112:692 F ’21 320w
“Seeking to be spirited, informal and impressionistic, Mr Holliday has fallen into the error of self-consciousness. He keeps himself so assiduously in the limelight, that one only catches such gleams of other personalities as may filter through his bulk.” Lisle Bell
Freeman 2:260 N 24 ’20 120w
“All in all, this is quite an amusing book that manages to cover a surprisingly wide area with a limited stock of vital ideas. And that is where Elia and Murray Hill part company. ” Pierre Loving
N Y Call p7 Ja 9 ’21 440w
“Although Mr Holliday displays a humane temper and gives some pleasure by telling of his travels from city to city and from one barber to another, yet his style, his imagination and his humor are hardly sufficient to justify bringing these random pages between book covers. ”
Springf’d Republican p6 Ja 17 ’21 210w
