The Kingdom of Priam: Lesbos and the Troad Between Anatolia and the
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OXFORDCLASSICALMONOGRAPHS PublishedunderthesupervisionofaCommitteeofthe FacultyofClassicsintheUniversityofOxford
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TheKingdom ofPriam LesbosandtheTroadbetween AnatoliaandtheAegean ANEURINELLIS-EVANS GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom
OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©AneurinEllis-Evans2019
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Acknowledgements Ihaveincurredmanydebtsinthecourseofwritingthisbook,and soitisapleasureto finallybeabletoacknowledgethemhere.My supervisorPeterThonemannhasbeenanexemplarymentortome eversinceour firsttutorialinMichaelmas2007.Throughoutthelong processofresearchingandwritingmydoctoralthesisandthen turningitintoabookhehasprovidedmewithinvaluableguidance ateverystagewhilealwaysencouragingmetogomyownway.John MaandGrahamShipleyexaminedthethesisonwhichthisbookis basedandprovidedmewithvaluablesuggestionsandcorrections. IhavesubsequentlyhadmanymoreconversationswithJohnabout thisbook,somealmostaslengthyasthevivaitself,andIamenormouslygratefultohimforhisconstantwillingnesstobeasounding boardformyideas.IwasluckytohaveSimonHornblowerasabook adviser,whoreadeverythingIsenthiminrecordtime,madeinnumerableimprovementstothemanuscriptbothlargeandsmall,and suggestedthetitletome.
BenRaynor,ThomRussell,andAlexPootsreadandcommented uponpartsoralloftheoriginalthesis,andPaulKosminreadboth theoriginalthesisandthe finishedbookandonbothoccasions offeredcharacteristicallyastutesuggestions.ItwouldhavebeendifficulttowritethesectiononlateposthumousLysimachiinChapter1 withoutthegeneroushelpofConstantinMarinescu,whoseimportant monographontheLysimachicoinagesisforthcoming.Aslı Saka showedmeroundAntandros,sharedherconsiderableknowledgeof theTroadwithme,andkindlyreadChapter2.LeahLazarread Chapter4andhelpedmetightenupmyargumentinanumberof places.GeorgyKantorandMartinHallmannseckerbothcommented extensivelyonChapter6andhelpedmenavigatewhatatthetimewas anew fieldforme.ForhelpwithindividualqueriesIamgrateful toBrianRose(Chapter1),ReyhanKörpe(Chapter2),RobinLane Fox(Chapter3),CharlesCrowther,WilliamMack,YannisKourtzellis,VolkerHeuchert(Chapter5),andScottScullion(Chapter6). AlthoughAlexDale,GuyWestwood,andGeorgeArtleyhavenot, Ithink,readawordofthisbook,overtheyearstheirconversation, erudition,andinsightshavehelpedmeimproveitinanynumberof
ways.OnLesbos,IwasfortunatetobeputintouchwithNikosDais, whoguidedmeandLydiaaroundthewesternhalfoftheislandinJuly 2015andwhohastaughtmeagreatdealabouttheisland’ smore recenthistory.IlikewiseoweadebtofthankstomyfriendsMerve KütükandNazlı AlimenfortheirhelpwithmyTurkishandfor answeringallmyquestionsaboutmodernTurkey.Finally,Iwould liketoacknowledgeallthehelpIreceivedfromGeorginaLeightonat OUPduringtheproductionprocessandtothankTimothyBeckfor hissharpandsensitivecopyeditingofthetext.
OnlyaftercompletingthethesisdidIreallycometoappreciate howfundamentalnumismaticsshouldbetowritinganykindof regionalhistory,andasaresultIbegantocollecttheautonomous coinagesofLesbos,theTroad,Aiolis,andMysiafromthe fifth–first century BC.Thisvastbodyofevidence,nownumbering c.40,000coins inmydatabase,hasprovedtobeanenormouslyrichsourceof materialforwritingregionalhistory.Atthesametime,ahuge amountofbasicworkstillremainstobedoneonthesecoinages, andithasnotbeenpossibletocompleteallofthisandgetitintoprint intimeforthisbook’spublication.Whilelessthanideal,Ihave thereforedecidedtoincludethisworkinprogressinsummaryform whenitmakesasubstantialcontributiontotheargumentofthe chapter,butreadersshouldtreatthesediscussionsaspreliminary untilthestudiesonwhichtheyarebasedareproperlypublished. Incominglatetonumismatics,Iwasluckytohavepatientteachersin JackKroll,RichardAshton,andJonathanKagan.Subsequently, IhavelearnedatremendousamountfromPetervanAlfen,François deCallataÿ,PhilipKinns,FrédériqueDuyrat,SimonGlenn,andUte Wartenberg.IamparticularlygratefultoUtefortheunstinting supportwhichsheandtheANShaveprovidedtomyresearch,and toUteandJonfortheirgeneroushospitalitywheneverIaminNew York.ForhelpwithmaterialinmuseumcollectionsIwouldliketo thankAmeliaDowler(London),Julien Oliver(Paris),BernhardWeisser (Berlin),KlausVondrovec(Vienna),HelleHorsnaes(Copenhagen), VolkerHeuchert(Oxford),andAliyeErol-Özdizbay(Istanbul).
AsagraduatestudentIwasluckyenoughtobefundedbygrants fromtheAHRC.MytraveltoLesbosandtheTroadovertheyearshas beengenerouslyfundedbyBalliolCollege,NewCollege,TheQueen’ s College,andtheCravenFund.IamespeciallygratefultotheProvost andFellowsofTheQueen’sCollegeforelectingmetoaJunior ResearchFellowshipinClassics.Thisprovidedme,aboveall,with
Acknowledgements theluxuryoftime tothink,toimprovemylanguages,tobroaden myinterests,tosinkweeksandmonthsintoprojectswhichIknew wouldnotimmediatelycometofruition.FundingfromQueen’salso supportedmeduringstaysinViennaandBerlinduringwhichthe firsthalfofthethesiswascompletelyre-drafted.Forarranginglibrary accessanddeskspaceformeandformakingmefeelwelcomeIwould liketothinkKajaHarter-UibopuuandThomasCorsteninVienna andPhilippvonRummelinBerlin.Finalrevisionstothebookwere completedwhileIwasholdingstipendiarylectureshipsatWorcester CollegeandatBrasenoseandStAnne’sColleges.Itwasnotalways easytojuggleworkonthebookwithafullscheduleofteaching,and Iamindebtedtobothcolleaguesandstudentsatallthreecollegesfor theirunderstandingandsupport.IoweaspecialthankstoBrasenose Collegeforthe financialsupportoftheJeffreyBequestwhichcovered thecostsofsecuringimagepermissionsforthebook.
Throughoutmystudies,mywifeLydiaMatthewshasbeena constantsourceoflove,support,andcompanionship.Shehasput upwithdustymuseumstorerooms,unairconditioned dolmuşler,a ‘quickwalk’ uptothesiteofAlexandreiaTroasintheblazingmidday heat,andagreatdealofGreekhistory,Greekepigraphy,andGreek numismaticsalongtheway.Sheis,withoutadoubt,themostpatient RomanhistorianIknow.InwritingthisbookIhavebenefited enormouslyfromhersharpintellectandinparticularfromher valiantattemptstocurbmynaturaltendencytowardsprolixand poorlyorganizedargumentation.Finally,myparentsTriciaand Cynanhavealwaysbeengenerousandunstintingintheirsupport ofallmyacademicendeavours,andsoitistoLydiaandtothemthat Idedicatethisbook.
3.2.4Pasture
3.3.2TheAdverseImpactofLarge-ScaleHorseRearing
3.3.3ManagingtheImpactofEmpire:Tax,Horse Rearing,andElitePolitics
4.3.1BeyondTerritorialControl
5.2.1BetweenSovereigntyandCooperation
Isopoliteia
5.2.3InterstateDiplomacy
5.2.4ForeignJudges
5.2.5DeliberativeBodiesandMagistratesoftheKoinon
5.2.6MutualDefenceandTaxFarming
5.2.7Conclusions
5.3CollectiveLesbianIdentity(seventhtosecondcentury BC)
5.3.1CollectiveIdentitiesandIntra-IslandRivalries
5.3.2CollectiveEthnicsonLesbianCoinage
5.3.3TheSanctuaryatMesson
5.3.4FoundationMyths
5.3.5IdentityandIconographyontheCoinages ofHellenisticLesbos
5.3.6ProxenyandSeparateness
ListofMapsandFigures MAPS 1.1.Strabo’sTroad. 14 ©Author.
1.2.MembersofthekoinonofAthenaIliasandmints producingLysimachiandAlexanders. 15 ©Author.
2.1.RoutesthroughtheTroad. 57 ©Author.
3.1.HellespontinePhrygia. 108 ©Author.
4.1.Mytilene’ s peraia intheTroadandnorthernAiolis pre-427 BC.Placenamesinboldandunderlinedeither certainlyorpossiblybelongedtothe peraia 154 ©Author.
4.2.Mytilene’scommercialnetworkonthemainland c.427–405 BC. 155 ©Author.
5.1.Lesbos. 198 ©Author.
6.1.Mytilene’ s peraia innorthernAiolisinthe first century BC and AD. 249 ©Author.
FIGURES 1.1.MapoftheTübingen-CincinnatiexcavationsofTroyVIII. 30 Source:WilliamAylward,TroiaProjekt,UniversityofTübingen.
1.2.(a)SilvertetradrachmwiththetypesofLysimachos,Abydos, c.175–150 BC. BNF 1975.4.(b)Silvertetradrachmwith thetypesofLysimachos,Lampsakos, c.175–150 BC. Triton 13(4January2010)1280. 41 (a)Source:©BibliothèquenationaledeFrance<https://gallica.bnf.fr>. (b)©ClassicalNumismaticGroup,Inc.<http://www.cngcoins.com>.
ListofMapsandFigures 1.3.SilvertetradrachmwiththetypesofLysimachos,Ilion, c.175–150 BC. CH 10.301,no.118. 43
CourtesyC.Marinescu.
1.4.SilvertetradrachminthenameofAthenaIlias,koinon ofAthenaIlias,140s BC?ANS1945.33.5. 53
CourtesyoftheAmericanNumismaticSociety.
1.5.(a)SilvertetradrachminthenameofApolloSmintheus, AlexandreiaTroas,148 BC.ANS1967.152.420.(b)Silver tetradrachminthenameofApolloAktaios,Parion,late 160s/150s BC.ANS1991.99.1. 54
CourtesyoftheAmericanNumismaticSociety.
2.1.(a)Smallbronzecoin,Plakia,fourthcentury BC.ANS 1944.100.43388.(b)Smallbronzecoin,Gargara, second/firstcentury BC. BNFFondsGénéral 648. (c)Smallbronzecoin,Gentinos,fourth/thirdcentury BC. BNFFondsGénéral 659. 69 (a)CourtesyoftheAmericanNumismaticSociety.(bandc) Source©BibliothèquenationaledeFrance <https://gallica.bnf.fr>.
2.2.Drawingof IG XII(2)524,Methymna, firstcentury BC. K.S.Pittakis, ἈρχαιολογικήΕϕημερίς 10(1841)449–50, no.658. 70
2.3.PhotographoftheScamanderinlateAugust. 84 ©Author.
2.4.Photographoftimber floateddowntothemouthofthe Sarı Çayı ontheDardanelles, c.1906–14.Aksu(2003) Plate10. 84
Imagesource:ReyhanKörpe.
2.5.PhotographofscalaatAvcılar,April–May1911. Leaf(1912a)200–1,PlateXIX. 86
2.6.(a)Silverdrachm,Antandros,350s BC. BNFFonds Général 474.(b)Silverdrachm,Skepsis,350s BC. Roma Numismatics 11(7April2016)294.(c)Smallbronze coin,Skamandreia,fourth/thirdcentury BC.ANS1970.142.379. (d)Largebronzecoin,Skamandreia,fourth/thirdcentury BC. BM RPK,p149C.1.Sce= BMCTroas 79,1. 97 (a)Source©BibliothèquenationaledeFrance<https://gallica.bnf.fr>. (b)©RomaNumismaticsLtd<http://romanumismatics.com/>. (c)CourtesyoftheAmericanNumismaticSociety.(d)©Trustees oftheBritishMuseum.
ListofMapsandFigures 3.1.(a)Silverdrachm,LampsakosunderMemnon,350s BC. BNF 1966.453.2781= SNGDelepierre 2781.(b)Gold stater,LampsakosunderMemnon,350s BC. BNFFonds Général 738= SNGParis 1147.(c)Silverdrachm, unidentifiedTroasmint(IlionunderMemnon?), 350s BC.ANS1950.191.20. 116 (aandb)Source©BibliothèquenationaledeFrance <https://gallica.bnf.fr>.(c)CourtesyoftheAmerican NumismaticSociety.
3.2.Photographofthe floodedreservoirbehindBayramiç Barajı andtheacropolisofSkepsis. 127 ©Author.
3.3.PhotographofMtIdaasseenfromSkepsis. 129 ©Author.
3.4.PhotographofYörüknomadsre-erectingtemporary dwellingsonMtIda,April–May1911.Leaf(1912b) 30–1,PlateII. 131
4.1.(a)SqueezeoftheAktaianpanelofthe425/4BCtribute assessmentdecree, IG I3 71.III.124–41.(b)Squeezeofthe Aktaianpanelofthe425/4BCtributeassessmentdecree, IG I3 77.IV.14–27. 164 ©CentrefortheStudyofAncientDocuments.Photographs courtesyofMaggySasanow.
4.2.(a)Drawingoftheplacementoffrs34–6of IG I3 71 andproposedrestorations.MerittandWest(1934)Plate2. (b)Schematicdrawingillustratinghowthestoichedon gridoverlaysfrs34–6of IG I3 71:Dow(1941)75. 166 ©SocietyforClassicalStudies.Reprintedwithpermission ofJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress.
4.3.(a)BillondoublesiglosonthePersicstandard,Mytilene, c.500–480 BC.ANS1944.100.44273.(b)Electrumhekte onthePhokaicstandard,Mytilene,mid-fifthcentury BC. ANS1946.89.36=BodenstedtMyEm.56.7.(c)Silver drachmonunderweightAtticstandard,Mytilene, c.427–405 BC. BNFFondsGénéral 168. 191 (aandb)CourtesyoftheAmericanNumismaticSociety. (c)Source©BibliothèquenationaledeFrance<https://gallica.bnf.fr>.
5.1.SilverdidrachmonEuboicstandard,Methymna, c.500–460 BC.ANS1944.100.44331. 226 CourtesyoftheAmericanNumismaticSociety.
ListofMapsandFigures 5.2.(a)Silvertriobol,Aitoliankoinon, c.205–150 BC. ANS1963.31.115=Tsangari(2007)162,no.1347. (b)Silverdrachm,Lykiankoinon(Rhodiapolis), c.167–81 BC.ANS1973.101.7=Troxell(1982)62, no.40.4a.(c)Silverdrachm,Achaiankoinon,fourth century BC.ANS1950.53.6.(d)Silverhemidrachm, Achaiankoinon(Patrai), c.100–85 BC.ANS1965.31.3.
234 CourtesyoftheAmericanNumismaticSociety.
5.3.(a)SilverhemidrachmonthePersicstandard,Mytilene, c.300–250 BC.ANS1975.218.48= SNG Berry1014. (b)SilverhemidrachmonthePersicstandard, Methymna, c.300–250 BC.ANS1944.100.44337=Franke (1975)169,no.13.(c)SilvertrihemiobolonthePersic standard,Methymna, c.300–250 BC SNG Ashmolean 1520=Franke(1975)169,no.16.
236 (aandb)CourtesyoftheAmericanNumismaticSociety. (c)Image©AshmoleanMuseum,UniversityofOxford.
5.4.(a)ReverseofsilvertetradrachmwithtypesofAlexander, Mytilene, c.215–200 BC.ANS1944.100.31446=Price 1698.(b)Wreathedsilvertetradrachm,Mytilene, mid-160s BC. Morton&Eden 86(24May2017)30. (c)Largebronze,Mytilene,mid-secondcentury BC. ANS1944.100.44556.
237 (aandc)CourtesyoftheAmericanNumismaticSociety. (b)©Morton&EdenLtd<http://www.mortonandeden.com>.
5.5.(a)Smallbronze,Antissa,thirdcentury BC. Roma Numismatics E-Sale35(29April2017)241.(b)Large bronze,Methymna,mid-secondcentury BC. BNFFonds Général 139=Franke(1975)172,no.27.(c)Reverse ofsilvertetradrachmwithtypesofAlexander,Methymna, c.188–180 BC. BNFFondsGénéral 761=Price1695. (d)Reverseofabronzecoin,Methymna, c.AD 182–4. BNFFondsGénéral 147= RPC 4.404(temporarynumber). 239 (a)©RomaNumismaticsLtd<http://romanumismatics.com/>. (b,c,andd)Source©BibliothèquenationaledeFrance <https://gallica.bnf.fr>.
5.6.Drawingoffr.Aof IG XIISuppl.136byRavoisiéand Poirot.Blouet(1831–8)3:Pl.12,Fig.1.
244
ListofMapsandFigures 6.1.(a)SilverhemidrachmonthePersicstandard,koinonofthe Aioleis, c.340–320 BC. GM 216(15October2013)2491. (b)Smallbronzecoin,koinonoftheAioleis, c.340–320 BC. BNFFondsGénéral 40.3.(c)Smallbronzecoin,Assos, c.340–320 BC.Forrer(1922–9)3.2,Plate193,no.5331. (d)SilverhemidrachmonthePersicstandard,Assos, c.340–330 BC.ANS1944.100.43780. 264 (a)©Gorny&MoschGmbH<http://www.gmcoinart.de>. (b)Source©BibliothèquenationaledeFrance <https://gallica.bnf.fr>.(d)CourtesyoftheAmerican NumismaticSociety.
Thepublisherandtheauthorapologizeforanyerrorsoromissionsin theabovelist.Ifcontactedtheywillbepleasedtorectifytheseatthe earliestopportunity.
1.1.TheoutputofthemintatIlionintheHellenisticperiod.
1.2.DevelopmentoftheposthumousAlexandersofMytilene betweentheearlythirdcenturyandthelatethird/early secondcentury BC.
1.3.Evidenceforthedatingofthelateposthumous LysimachiofAbydos,Lampsakos,andTenedos.
ListofAbbreviations ACOActaConciliorumOecumenicorum
André, Pline
ATL, ATLGazetteer
AvP VIII
Babelon, Traité
J.André, Pline.HistoirenaturelleXIV,XV,XVI,XXV (Paris1958,1960,1962,1974)
B.D.Meritt,H.T.Wade-Gery,andM.F.McGregor, TheAthenianTributeLists,4vols(Princeton1939–53)
DieInschriftenvonPergamon,2vols,Altertümervon Pergamon8(Berlin1890–5)
E.Babelon, Traitédesmonnaiesgrecquesetromaines, 9vols(Paris1901–32)
BEBulletinépigraphique (annuallyin REG)
BellingerTA.R.Bellinger, Troy:TheCoins,Supplementary Monograph2(Princeton1961)14–78
BMCACatalogueoftheGreekCoinsintheBritishMuseum (London1873–)
BNJBrill’sNewJacoby
BNPBrill’sNewPauly
BodenstedtEmF.Bodenstedt, ‘KatalogderMünzenvonMytilene’ , Die ElektronmünzenvonPhokaiaundMytilene (Tübingen 1981)182–309
CCCA
M.J.Vermaseren, CorpusCultusCybelaeAttidisque, 7vols(Leiden1977–89)
CHCoinHoards (1975–)
CIDCorpusdesinscriptionsdeDelphes,4vols(Paris 1977–2002)
CIG
A.Böckhetal., CorpusInscriptionumGraecarum, 4vols(Berlin1828–77)
CP Theophrastos, DeCausisPlantarum 1–2(Budé,ed. Amigues),3–6(Loeb,ed.EinarsonandLink)
FD III FouillesdeDelphes,III.Épigraphie
FGrHist F.Jacoby, DieFragmentedergriechischenHistoriker (Leiden1923–55)
FGrHist IVS.Schorn(ed.), DieFragmentedergriechischen HistorikerIV:BiographyandAntiquarianLiterature
FGrHist VH.-J.Gehrke(ed.), DieFragmentedergriechischen HistorikerV:DieGeographen
FHG
K.O.Müller, FragmentaHistoricorumGraecorum, 4vols(Paris1878–85)
FrankeP.R.Franke, ‘ZurMünzprägungvonMethymna’ in H.-G.Buchholz, Methymna:archäologischeBeiträge zurTopographieundGeschichtevonNordlesbos (MainzamRhein1975)163–76
GuidedeDélos4
GVI
Head HN2
Holleaux, Études
P.BruneauandJ.Ducat, GuidedeDélos (Athens2005)
W.Peek, GriechischeVers-InschriftenI,GrabEpigramme (Berlin1980)
B.V.Head, HistoriaNumorum:AManualofGreek Numismatics,newandenl.edn(Oxford1911)
M.Holleaux, Étudesd’épigraphieetd’histoiregrecques, 6vols(Paris1938–68)
HP Theophrastos, HistoriaPlantarum (Budé,ed.Amigues)
I.Adramytteion J.Stauber, DieBuchtvonAdramytteion,2vols (Bonn1996)
I.Alex.Troas M.Ricl, TheInscriptionsofAlexandreiaTroas (Bonn1997)
I.Assos R.Merkelbach, DieInschriftenvonAssos (Bonn1976)
I.Bilingual R.Kearsley, GreeksandRomansinImperialAsia: MixedLanguageInscriptionsandLinguisticEvidence forCulturalInteractionuntiltheEndof AD III (Bonn2001)
I.Didyma A.Rehm, DidymaII:DieInschriften (Berlin1958)
I.Eleusis K.Clinton, Eleusis.TheInscriptionsonStone,2vols (Athens2005–8)
I.Ephesos H.Wankeletal.(eds), DieInschriftenvonEphesos, 11vols(Bonn1979–84)
I.Erythraiund Klazomenai
H.EngelmannandR.Merkelbach, DieInschriftenvon ErythraiundKlazomenai,2vols(Bonn1972–3)
I.Ilion P.Frisch, DieInschriftenvonIlion (Bonn1975)
I.Kalchedon R.Merkelbach, DieInschriftenvonKalchedon (Bonn1980)
I.Magnesia O.Kern, DieInschriftenvonMagnesiaamMaeander (Berlin1900)
I.Milet I(2)H.Knackfuss, DasRathausvonMilet (Berlin1908)
I.Milet I(3)G.KawerauandA.Rehm, DasDelphinioninMilet (Berlin1914)
I.Oropos V.Petrakos,
(Athens1997)
I.Perge
I.Priene2
I.Smyrna
I.Thesp.
I.Thrac.Aeg.
IACP
ListofAbbreviations S. Şahin, DieInschriftenvonPerge,2vols(Bonn 1999–2004)
W.BlümelandR.Merkelbach, DieInschriftenvon Priene,2ndedn.2vols(Bonn2014)
G.Petzl, DieInschriftenvonSmyrna,2vols(Bonn 1982–90)
P.Roesch, LesinscriptionsdeThespies (2007–9, <http://www.hisoma.mom.fr/productionscientifique/les-inscriptions-de-thespies>)
L.Loukopoulouetal.(eds), ΕπιγραϕέςτηςΘράκηςτου Αιγαίου: μεταξύτωνποταμώνΝέστουκαιΈβρου
)(Athens2005)
M.H.HansenandT.H.Nielsen, AnInventoryof ArchaicandClassicalPoleis:AnInvestigation ConductedbytheCopenhagenPolisCentreforthe DanishResearchFoundation (Oxford2004)
IDInscriptionsdeDélos,7vols(Paris1926–72)
IGInscriptionesGraecae
IGCH
M.Thompson,O.Mørkholm,C.M.Kraay, An InventoryofGreekCoinHoards (NewYork1973)
IGUR L.Moretti, InscriptionesgraecaeurbisRomae,4vols (Rome1968–90)
IGIAC
G.Rougemont, Inscriptionsgrecquesd’Iranetd’Asie centrale.CorpusinscriptionumIranicarum,PartII: InscriptionsoftheSeleucidandParthianPeriodsof EasternIranandCentralAsia.Vol.I:Inscriptionsin Non-IranianLanguages,1 (London2012)
Kat.Amastris C.Marek, ‘KatalogderInschriftenvonAmastris’,in Stadt,ÄraundTerritoriuminPontus-Bithyniaund Nord-Galatia (Tübingen1993)157–87
LeRider,Études
LGGA
G.LeRider, Étudesd’histoiremonétaireet financière dumondegrec.Écrits1958–1998,3vols(Athens1999).
F.Montanari(ed.), LexiconofGreekGrammariansof Antiquity (Leiden2015–)
LGPNLexiconofGreekPersonalNames
LSJ AGreek–EnglishLexicon,9thedn(Oxford1993)
LSJSuppl. AGreek–EnglishLexicon.RevisedSupplement (Oxford1996)
Masson, OGS
O.Masson, OnomasticaGraecaSelecta,3vols(Paris 1990–2000)
MRR
ListofAbbreviations T.R.S.Broughton, TheMagistratesoftheRoman Republic,2vols(NewYork1951–60)
OGIS W.Dittenberger, OrientisGraeciInscriptionesSelectae, 2vols(Leipzig1903–5)
OR R.OsborneandP.J.Rhodes, GreekHistorical Inscriptions,478–404 BC (Oxford2017)
P.Amh.IIB.P.GrenfellandA.S.Hunt, TheAmherstPapyri: BeinganAccountoftheGreekPapyriintheCollection oftheRightHon.LordAmherstofHackney,at DidlingtonHall,Norfolk.Part2:ClassicalFragments andDocumentsofthePtolemaicRomanandByzantine Periods (London1900–1)
P.Cair.Zen ZenonPapyri,5vols(Cairo1925–40)
P.Oxy TheOxyrhynchusPapyri
PIR2 Prosopographiaimperiiromanisaec.I.II.III,2ndedn (Berlin1933–)
PmbZ
R.-J.LilieandF.Winkelmann(eds), Prosopographie dermittelbyzantinischenZeit:ZweiteAbteilung 867–1025,8vols(Berlin2009–13)
PLP E.Trappetal.(eds), ProsopographischesLexikonder Palaiologenzeit,12vols(Vienna1976–96)
Powell, Lexicon E.J.Powell, ALexicontoHerodotus (Cambridge1938)
PriceM.J.Price, TheCoinageintheNameofAlexanderthe GreatandPhilipArrhidaeus:ABritishMuseum Catalogue,2vols(Zurich-London1991)
RC C.B.Welles, RoyalCorrespondenceintheHellenistic Period:AStudyinGreekEpigraphy (London1934)
RDGE R.K.Sherk, RomanDocumentsfromtheGreekEast: SenatusConsultaandEpistulaetotheAgeofAugustus (Baltimore1969)
REPaulysRealencyclopädiederclassischen Altertumswissenschaft
RO P.J.RhodesandR.Osborne, GreekHistorical Inscriptions,404–323 BC (Oxford2003)
Robert, Hellenica L.Robert, Hellenica:recueild’épigraphiede numismatiqueetd’antiquitésgrecques,13vols (Limoges1940–65)
Robert, OMS L.Robert, OperaMinoraSelecta:épigraphieet antiquitésgrecques,7vols(Amsterdam1969–90)
RPCRomanProvincialCoinage xxiv
SC
A.HoughtonandC.C.Lorber, SeleucidCoins: AComprehensiveCatalogue,2vols(NewYork2002)
SEGSupplementumEpigraphicumGraecum
Seyrig, Trésors H.Seyrig, TrésorsduLevantanciensetnouveaux (Paris1973)
SGDISammlungdergriechischenDialekt-Inschriften,4vols (Göttingen1884–1915)
SNGSyllogeNummorumGraecorum
StV IIIH.H.Schmitt, DieStaatsverträgedesAltertums.Bd.3: DieVerträgedesgriechisch-römischenWeltvon338bis 200v.Chr. (Munich1969)
Syll.3
TGrF
TheCustomsLaw ofAsia
W.Dittenbergeretal., SyllogeInscriptionum Graecarum,3rdedn.4vols(Leipzig1915–24)
S.I.Charitonidis,
(Athens1968)
B.Snelletal. (eds), TragicorumGraecorumFragmenta, 5vols(Göttingen1971–2004)
M.Cottier,etal (eds), TheCustomsLawofAsia (Oxford2008)26–85
TIB 10J.Koder, AigaionPelagos(DienördlicheÄgäis),Tabula ImperiiByzantini10(Vienna1998)
TLSTimesLiterarySupplement
Tod, GHI
M.N.Tod, ASelectionofGreekHistoricalInscriptions, 2vols(Oxford1933–48) ListofAbbreviations
Introduction 0.1UNTHINKINGASPACE Spacescomewithbaggage ideasaboutwhataspace ‘ means ’,whata spaceanditsresourcesare ‘for’,whichspaces ‘naturally’ belong together.Writingregionalhistorythusrequiresustounthinkwhat wethinkweknowaboutaspaceinordertoseehowelseitcouldbe configured whatothermeaningsitcouldbeimbuedwith,what otherusesitcouldbeputto,whatotherspacesitcouldbeapartof ordividedupinto.Oneofthepurposesofregionalhistoryistherefore torecovertheselostwaysofseeingtheworld tounderstandhow theycameabout,whatfactors(bothhumanandgeographical)maintainedtheseconceptionsofspace,andhowtheyeventuallycollapsed andwerereconfiguredintofreshunderstandingsofspace.Withinthe regionthatisthesubjectofthisbook,theseparationofLesbosfrom Anatoliafollowingthepopulationexchangesof1922–3providesthe mostdramaticexampleofsuchashift,andasaresultaparticularly clearillustrationofwhyweneedtounthinkfamiliarspacesinorder tounderstandhowtheyhaveworkedinthepast.
Onthe1stofSeptember1907,VasiliosGoutossenthisfriend GeorgiosSakkarisapresentoftwentyquailsthathehadshotjust thatmorning.VasilioswasanoliveoilmerchantfromMytileneon Lesbos,GeorgiostheheadmasterofaschoolinKydonies(Ayvalık), themajortownontheAnatoliancoastopposite.Thatsameday, MichaelStrongylis,afactoryownerinKydoniesandacorrespondent oftheBrothersGoutosexport firminthetown,sentVasiliosa present thistime,twohundredcockleswhichhehadgathered fromtheseabedearlierthatday.1 Thecasualexchangeofperishable
2 Introduction foodsbetweenfriendsandbusinessassociatesonoppositecoastsis asclearanillustrationasonecouldaskforoftheremarkablyclose relationshipwhichonceexistedbetweenLesbosandAnatolia.However,within fifteenyearsallthiswasgone aprocessbeginningwith theindependenceofLesbosfromtheOttomanEmpirein1912and culminatingintheGreco-TurkishWarof1919–22andthepopulation exchangesof1922–3permanentlyseveredtherelationshipbetween islandandmainland.AspaceencompassingLesbosandcoastal Anatoliathathadoncebeenimpossibletoconceiveofasanything otherthananindivisiblewholehadsuddenlybeendividedintotwo separateanddisconnectedspaces,apairofbinaryopposites Greek, Christian,EuropeanLesbosvs.Turkish,Muslim,OrientalAnatolia. Shallowasitshistoricalrootsare,thisconceptionofhowtherelationshipbetweentheoffshoreislandsandthecoastofAnatoliaopposite ‘ought’ toworkhashadasignificantimpactonhowancienthistorians haveapproachedthehistoryofthisregioninantiquity.2
Since1922,thissenseofthe ‘natural’ separatenessoftheisland fromthemainlandandoftheregionasafrontierratherthanahub hasbeenmaintainedthroughapanoplyofinstitutions legalprohibitions,militaryforce,socialtaboos,andpoliticalculture allof whichhaveservedtomaketheseparationinsomerespectsfeel inevitable,almostnatural.Yetthepossibilitythatthegeographical logicofthisregionasaconnectedandcoherentwholemightreassert itselfhasremainedeverpresent.Forexample,arecentrelaxationof visarequirementshasallowedthemanyTurkishtouristswhoholiday annuallyonthecoastoppositetoreplacetheEuropeantouristswhose visitstoLesbosdwindledinthewakeoftheeconomiccrashof2008 andplummetedstillfurtherfollowingtherefugeecrisisof2015–16. Indeed,therefugeecrisisitselfhasdemonstratedtheeasewithwhich thecarefullyconstructedseparationofLesbosfromAnatoliacanbe dismantledandthestatusofLesbosandtheothereastAegeanislands asmajorhubsformovementintheeasternMediterraneanreinstated. Boththeserecentdevelopmentsrecalltheverydifferentspatialconfigurationthatprevailedinthisregioninoneformoranotherfrom theBronzeAgethroughto1922.
2 See,forexample,Lewis(1977)155–8ontheKing’sPeaceof387 BC asbeingjust anotherepisode ‘inoneofthelongest-runningproblemsinworldhistory’ whosemost recentiterationshavebeentheTreatyofLausannein1923andtheinter-communal conflictonCyprus.ObjectionsalreadyinDebord(1999)9–10.
AsEvridikiSifnaiouhasdetailed,beforethecollapseofGrecoTurkishrelationsin1922,theeconomiesofLesbosandtheAnatolian coastoppositewereprofoundlyinterdependent.3 Indeed,thisrelationshipwiththemainlandwasthoughttobesofundamentalthatin 1925theLesbianChamberofCommercepublishedareportarguing thattradewiththemainlandwouldsoonexceedpre-warlevelsand thatnewtranshipmentwarehousesshouldthereforebebuiltto accommodatethegrowthintradewiththeTurkishRepublicthat wasexpectedoncethecurrentpoliticaldifficultieshadbeenovercome.4 Withthebenefitofhindsightthissoundsimpossiblyoptimistic.However,tobemoresympathetic,whatthisreallyillustratesishowinconceivabletheideaofaLesbosdisconnectedfromAnatoliawastopeople whohadexperiencedatimewhenthetwoplacesconstitutedasingle, denselyinterconnectedspace.AsSifnaiouemphasizes,partofwhat madeaLesbosdisconnectedfromthemainlandsounimaginableto contemporarieswasthattheseeconomicrelationshipswerenotjust restrictedtotherealmofbusiness,butbroughtintheirwakesocialand culturalinterconnectionsthatboundislandandmainlandtogether intoasinglesociety.5 ThelettersintheBrothersGoutosarchive illustratethisinmicrocosm,showingusapairofpersonalrelationships wheretheeconomic,thesocial,andtheculturalareinextricably enmeshedwithoneanother.Asoneoldman,whowasfromEresos inwesternLesbosandhadbeenbornin1906,putitinanoralhistory aboutthepopulationexchanges, ‘OurislandsuckledonAsiaMinor’ . 6 Regrettably,nosourcefromantiquity,nevermindtheperiodcovered inthisbook(seventhcentury BC–firstcentury AD),isquiteasrichand revealingaswhatisavailableinabundancetomodernhistoriansofthis region.However,indecidingwhichquestionstoaskofthefrequently ratherintractableancientevidence,itisoftenhelpfultolookatmore recentandbetterattestedperiodstoformulateourhypotheses.For example,theimpactof1922ontherelationshipbetweenislandand mainlandillustrateshowthespatialorganizationofaregioncanchange dramatically,howhumanfactorscaneitherpromoteorsuppress
3 SeeSifnaiou(2007)andinmuchgreaterdepthSifnaiou(1996).
4 Sifnaiou(2007)250.
5 Sifnaiou(2007)249–50and,moregenerally,theessaysinKitromilidesand Michailaris(2007).
6 FromaninterviewconductedbyNikosDais c.2002aspartofanunpublishedoral historyofthevillageofEresos(email10October2017).IamgratefultoNikosfor sharingthisandmanyotherinsightsintotheisland’srecenthistorywithme.
