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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Title: Human geography / Michael Mercier, William Norton.
Names: Norton, William, 1944- author. | Mercier, Michael, author. Description: Tenth edition. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 2019006367X | Canadiana (ebook) 20190063807 | ISBN 9780199032938 (softcover) | ISBN 9780199034741 (loose leaf) | ISBN 9780199032945 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Human geography—Textbooks. | LCGFT: Textbooks.
Classification: LCC GF41 .N67 2019 | DDC 304.2—dc23
Cover image: Frank Pali/All Canada Photos/Getty Images Cover and interior design: Laurie McGregor
Figures, Tables, and Boxes
Preface
Features
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
1 What Is Human Geography?
Defining Human Geography
Concepts: Space, Place, and Region
Concepts: Interaction, Communication, and Movement
Geographic Tools
People and Places
Conclusion
Summary
Questions for Critical Thought
Suggested Readings
Population Distribution
Population Dynamics
Fertility
Mortality
Natural Increase
Government Policies
The Composition of a Population History of Population Growth
Explaining Population Growth
Migration
Health Geographies
Conclusion
Summary
Links to Other Chapters
Questions for Critical Thought
Suggested Readings
3 Uneven Development and Global Inequalities
Identifying Global Inequalities
Explaining Global Inequalities
Interpreting the Significance of Global Inequalities
Feeding the World
Refugees
Natural Disasters and Diseases
Prospects for Economic Growth
Striving for Equality, Fairness, and Social Justice
Conclusion
Summary
Links to Other Chapters
Questions for Critical Thought
Suggested Readings
4 Geographies of Culture and Landscape
A World Divided by Culture?
Formal Cultural Regions
Vernacular Cultural Regions
The Making of Cultural Landscapes
Cultural Variables: Language and Religion
Language
Religion
Conclusion
Summary
Links to Other Chapters
Questions for Critical Thought
Suggested Readings
5 Geographies of Identity and Difference
The Cultural Turn
The Myth of Race
Ethnicity
Gender
Sexuality
Identities and Landscapes
Geographies of Well-Being
Folk Culture and Popular Culture
Tourism
Conclusion
Summary
Links to Other Chapters
Questions for Critical Thought
Suggested Readings
6 Political Geography
State Creation
Geopolitics (and Geopolitik)
Unstable States
Groupings of States
The Role of the State
Elections: Geography Matters
The Geography of Peace and War
Our Geopolitical Future?
Conclusion
Summary
Links to Other Chapters
Questions for Critical Thought
Suggested Readings
7 An Urban World
An Urbanizing World
The Origins and Growth of Cities
The Location of Cities
Urban Systems and Hierarchies
Global Cities
Conclusion
Summary
Links to Other Chapters
Questions for Critical Thought
Suggested Readings
8 Urban Form and the Social Geography of the City
Explaining Urban Form
Housing and Neighbourhoods
Suburbs and Sprawl
Inequality and Poverty
Cities as Centres of Production and Consumption
Transportation and Communication
Planning the City
Cities of the Less Developed World
Conclusion
Summary
Links to Other Chapters
Questions for Critical Thought
Suggested Readings
9 Geographies of Food and Agriculture
The Geography of Food Production
Distance, Land Value, and Land Use
Domesticating Plants and Animals
The Evolution of World Agricultural Landscapes
World Agriculture Today: Types and Regions
Global Agricultural Restructuring
Food Production, Food Consumption, and Identity
Conclusion
Summary
Links to Other Chapters
Questions for Critical Thought
Suggested Readings
10 Geographies of Energy, Industry, and Services
Economic Activity
The Industrial Location Problem
The Industrial Revolution
Fossil Fuel Sources of Energy
World Industrial Geography
Globalization and Industrial Geographies
Uneven Development in More Developed Countries
Conclusion Summary
Links to Other Chapters
Questions for Critical Thought
Suggested Readings
11 Geographies of Globalization
Introducing Globalization
Geography as a Discipline in Distance
Overcoming Distance: Transportation
Overcoming Distance: Trade
Overcoming Distance: Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
Overcoming Distance: Transmitting Information
Interpreting, Conceptualizing, and Measuring Globalization
The Global Economic System
Cultural Globalization
Political Globalization
Globalization: Good or Bad?
Conclusion Summary
Links to Other Chapters
Questions for Critical Thought
Suggested Readings
12 Humans and the Environment
A Global Perspective
Environmental Concern
Human Impacts on Vegetation
Human Impacts on Animals
Human Impacts on Land, Soil, Air, and Water
Human Impacts on Climate
Earth’s Vital Signs
Sustainability and Sustainable Development
Conclusion
Summary
Links to Other Chapters
Questions for Critical Thought
Suggested Readings
Glossary References Index
Political map of the world, 1900
Political map of the world, 2019
Spatial distribution: Concentration and pattern
Urban centres in Central Canada with populations greater than 50,000
Typical distance decay curve
Time zone map of the world
Revolution of the earth around the sun
Areas observing daylight savings time
Three common forms of map scale
A Mercator projection with circles depicting distortion
Comparison of Greenland and Africa in the Mercator projection
Gall-Peters projection
Relief map of Nova Scotia—Example of a reference map
2015 federal election results for the city of Toronto—Example of a thematic map
John Snow’s map of London, UK—Example of a dot map
Population density map of India—Example of a choropleth map
Topographic map of Banff, Alberta—Example of an isopleth map
Cartogram of Canada
World income and lifespan, 2017
World population distribution, 2017
World population density
World distribution of crude birth rates, 2017
Death rates and age
World distribution of crude death rates, 2017
World distribution of life expectancy, 2017
World distribution of rates of natural increase, 2017
Age and sex structure in China in 1970 and 2010
Age structure of populations
Age and sex structure in Brazil: 1975, 2000, 2050
Proportion of the population aged 60 years or over: World and development regions, 1950–2050
Age and sex structure in Canada: 1861, 1921, 1981, 2017, 2050
World population growth
The demographic transition model
Major world migrations, 1500–1900
The epidemiological transition
Diffusion of cholera, North America, 1832 and 1866
Health care expenditures per capita, 2015
More, less, and least developed countries
Gross national income per person, 2018
Global distribution of human development, 2015
Civilizations of the ancient world
The shape of continents
Factors underlying the broadest patterns of history
The world system: Core, semi-periphery, and periphery
Quality of governance among different types of countries
Food assistance needs and famine risk, 2018
Refugee numbers, 1960–2017
Major source countries of refugees, 2016
Local settlement of Syrian refugees, 2017
Pathways for refugees and migrants into Europe, 2016
The Horn of Africa
Countries affected by the Asian tsunami, December 2004
Malaria in africa
Cultural regions of the world
Regions of North America
Europe defined
Cultural regions of the United States
Regions of Canada
American vernacular regions
The nine nations of North America: A journalist’s perception
Core, domain, and sphere
Effects of pre-emption on the adoption curve
World distribution of language families before European expansion
Linguistic densities
Initial diffusion of Indo-European languages
Diffusion of Indo-European languages into England
Four official languages in Switzerland
Flemish, French, and German in Belgium
French and English in North America
Hearth areas and diffusion of four major religions
World distribution of major religions
South African “Homelands”
Mental maps
Global distribution of the Gender Development Index (GDI)
World distribution of happiness
The tourism system of place construction
The British Empire in the late nineteenth century
Principal elements in the process of exploration
Territorial expansion of the United States
European imperial coverage of the globe
Mackinder’s heartland theory
African ethnic regions
African political areas in the sixteenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries
The former Yugoslavia
The former USSR
Some areas of conflict in South Asia
European ethnic regions
The original “gerrymander”
Gerrymandering in Mississippi
Illinois’ 4th congressional district
Voting and place in South Carolina
Global distribution of freedom, 2017
World civilizations
World rural and urban populations, 1950–2050
Rural and urban populations of the more developed and less developed regions of the world, 1950–2050
Urban population, as percent of total population, by country, 2018
Rural and urban populations, Canada, 1950–2050
Canada: Census metropolitan areas, 2016
Megacities, 2018 and 2030
The six urban hearths
Theoretical hinterlands (or market areas) for central places
A simplified (two-order) central place system
Alpha global cities, 2016
The global cities index, 2018
Global cities and spheres of influence
Urban land values
Three classic models of the internal structure of urban areas
The West European city
Modelling the Latin American city
Modelling the Asian colonial city
Modelling the Southeast Asian city
White’s model of the twenty-first-century city
Locating Eight Mile Road
Space-time prism for Ellie, March 1998 to March 2000
Street layout in Charlottetown, 1768
Ebenezer Howard’s garden city and its agricultural belt
Incidence Of urban slums as a percentage of urban population, 2009
Relationship between mean annual rainfall and wheat yield in the US, 1909
Crop and livestock combinations along the US-Canada border
Supply and demand curves
Generalized rent-paying abilities of selected land uses
Economic rent lines for three crops and related zones of land use
Agricultural land use in the isolated state, according to Von Thünen
Relaxing a Von Thünen assumption
Relaxing two Von Thünen assumptions
Agricultural land use in Uruguay
Areas of agricultural domestication and early diffusion
Tillage system trends on the Canadian Prairies
World agricultural regions
Change in area devoted to wheat and specialty crops, Canadian Prairies (millions of hectares)
Percentage of labour force in agriculture by country, 2017
The food supply system
Global dietary patterns
A locational triangle
Transportation cost and distance
Stepped transportation costs
Major oil trade movements (million tonnes), 2016
Major world industrial regions
Export-processing zones
Special economic zones in China
Economic growth and employment distribution
The changing structure of world employment
Percentage of labour force in industry by country, 2017
Percentage of labour force in services by country, 2017
Diffusion of transport innovations in britain, 1650–1930
The Impact of The Suez and Panama Canals on ocean travel distances
The influence of containerization on world trade, 1948–2012
Selected economic groupings of countries
Global Information Communication Technologies (id) developments, 2000–2017
Internet users, 2000–2017
KOF index of Globalization worldwide
Global connectedness index, 2005–2015
World distribution of global connectedness index, 2015
Territorial interpenetration: The “incorporation” of parts of a state’s territory into a transnational corporation
The contemporary geo-economy
World merchandise exports by region, 1948–2016 Tables
Chemical cycling and energy flows
Spread of radiation from Chernobyl across Europe, 3 may 1986
Some consequences of human-induced vegetation change
Past and present location of tropical rain forests
Australia’s rabbit and dog fences
The global water cycle
Garbage in the oceans
The impact of sea-level change on Bangladesh
Global distribution of some major environmental problems
World population distribution by major area (percentage): Current and projected
The 10 most populous countries: Current and projected
Population densities of the 10 most populous countries, 2017
Contraceptive use by region, 2017
Population data, Canada, 2017
Countries with the highest rates of natural increase, 2017
Countries with the lowest rates of natural increase, 2017
Projected population growth, 2017–2050
Global aging, 1950–2050
Adding the billions: Actual and projected
Estimating how many people have ever lived on earth
Some push and pull factors
Some typical moorings
Countries with highest levels of adult (ages 15–49) HIV/AIDS prevalence, 2015
Extremes of human development, 2015
Population densities, selected countries, 2017
Main origins of refugees, 2016
Main countries of refugee asylum, 2016
Languages with more than 100 million native speakers, 2017
Major language families of the world
Major world religions: Number of adherents (thousands) by continental region, 2017
Examples of scales of difference
Examples of scales of inclusions and exclusions
Gender inequality index, 2015
Characteristic tendencies: Conventional mass tourism versus alternative tourism
Ethnic groups in the former Yugoslavia
Ethnic groups in the former USSR
Global trends in the spread of democracy, 1977–2017
Some definitions of urban centres
Population growth rates (total, urban, rural): 1950–2000, 2000–2015, and 2015–2030
Canada: Total, urban, and rural population (thousands), 1950–2050
Canada: Census metropolitan area populations (thousands), 2016
Cities with more than 10 million people, 2018 and 2030
Changes in population in rust belt versus sun belt cities in the United States, 1950–2030
The hierarchical Canadian urban system, 2016
Canada’s urban system and the rank-size distribution, 2016
Urban systems of the more and less developed worlds with primate cities, 2014
Selected life cycle events that can cause residential relocation (chronological)
Factors underlying neighbourhood decline or revitalization
Average distances from London to regions of import derivation (miles)
Comparing tillage strategies
Agribusinesses and crops in the less developed world
Top 12 countries in oil production and proven oil reserves, 2016
Principal oil-consuming countries, 2016
Natural gas: Proven reserves, 2016
Natural gas production, 2016
Natural gas consumption, 2016
Coal: Proven reserves, production, and consumption, 2017
Manufacturing, value-added (current US$), average 2014–2016
Employment by sector, 1990 and 2020 (projected), selected transition economies
Labour markets: From Fordism to post-Fordism
Revenue data for the top 10 transnational corporations, 2017, and gross national income for 10 select countries, 2016
Foreign direct investment inflows by major regions, 2017
Three theses about globalization Boxes
KOF Index of Globalization: Top 10 and bottom 10 countries, 2015
Globalization theses and economic geography
Globalization theses and cultural geography
Globalization theses and political geography
Globalization theses and development studies
Globalization theses and environmental issues
Global deforestation: Estimated areas cleared (thousands km2)
“What Is Where, Why There and Why Care?”–An Illustrative Example
Toponyms
Smoots and Other Non-Standard Ways of Measuring Distance
Career Pathways for Human Geographers
Levels of Development
World Population Density
How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?
The Ravenstein Laws
The Idea of Growth through Developmental Stages
Emerging Africa: The Hopeful Continent
War, Famine, and Refugees in the Horn of Africa
Species and Races
A History of Racism
The Geography of Fear
Consigned to the Shadows
Regional Identities and Political Aspirations: The Example of Canada
Creating Electoral Bias
A Transit Map for an Urban Nation
Application of Central Places to Hockey Associations and Teams in Canada
Social Trends and the Social Geography of the City
Slum Areas as Gateways to Prosperity
Calculating Economic Rent
Organic Farming
Canadian Farmers: Fewer and Older
Types of Economic Activity and the Making of an Automobile
The Period of the Industrial Revolution
The World’s Biggest Coalmine
Re-Shoring of Industrial Activity
The Tyranny of Distance
The: Containerization and World Trade
Explaining Commodity Flows
Capitalism Is Good and Bad
The Tragedy of the Commons or Collective Responsibility?
The Great Green Wall
Climate Change Front and Centre
Swastika and the Power of Place Names
Correcting Long-Held Misconceptions: The Gall-Peters Projection
Causes and Consequences of Population Aging
The Muslim Travel Ban
Defeating AIDS?
Feeding 9 Billion
Rohingya Refugee Crisis
Islamic and Christian Identities
Gendered Identity and Pronouns
Truth and Reconciliation in Canada
Less Developed Canada?
The Jewish State
Brexit
Gentrification and Protest
Black Lives Matter and Anthem Protests
Making the Most of Space in Modern Cities
Quayside and Sidewalk Labs
For and Against Genetically Modified Crops
The Politics of Healthy Eating: Canada’s Food Guide
Mongolia—A New Resource Frontier
Social Media, Revolutions, and Riots
The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
Plastics in the Ocean
Daylight Savings Time
The Mercator Projection
Declining Fertility in the Less Developed World
Declining Fertility in the More Developed World
Population in China
Cholera Diffusion
Three Less Developed World Case Studies: Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, and Haiti
Flooding in Bangladesh
The Grameen Bank, Bangladesh
Europe as a Cultural Region
The Mormon Landscape
Linguistic Territorialization in Belgium and Canada
The Celtic Languages
Religious Landscapes: Hutterites and Doukhobors in the Canadian West
Iconographic Analyses of Canadian Landscapes
Immigration and Ethnic Diversity in Canada
Tourism in Sri Lanka
Remnants of Empire
The Plight of the Kurds
Conflicts in the Former Yugoslavia
Changing Settlement in Canada
Eight Mile Road
The Homeless Experience
Government and the Agricultural Landscape
Agricultural Core Areas, c. 500 BCE
The Green Revolution in India
Oil Reserves and Oil Production
Industry in Canada
China: From Struggling Peasant Economy to Industrial Giant
The Deindustrialization Revolution in the United Kingdom
The European Union
The World Trade Organization
Lessons from Easter Island
Unwanted Guests
eographers study where things are, why they are there, and whythis knowledge matters. Studying and understanding these concepts has been, and continues to be, of great importance in our everchanging society. Geographic knowledge and an appreciation of the value of a geographic perspective help individuals and groups make sense of the changing world in which we live.
This book captures the spirit and practical merit of contemporary human geography. Like the discipline, it encompasses a broad range of subject matter and no single approach or methodology dominates. This book emphasizes how human geography has developed in response to society’s needs and how it continues to change accordingly. It also stresses the links between human geography and other disciplines, not only to clarify ideas, but to encourage students to apply their human geographic knowledge and spatial understanding of issues to other academic contexts.
Both the practice and the subject matter of human geography change constantly. Consequently, this edition was revised in three significant ways: the text’s flow, clarity, and readability were improved; new content was included; and, most significantly, the introductory material, previously spanning two and a half chapters, was streamlined into one brand-new chapter that provides a more focused and practical introduction to the discipline of human geography. This new opening chapter has two broad areas of coverage: the essential concepts for geographic understanding and the tools that geographers use to communicate spatial information.
One change made to improve the book’s flow is a reordering of several chapters. The chapter on population geography, for example, was moved to earlier in the book to appear as the second chapter. This placement sets the context of the humans in human geography before moving on to engage with other topics. The earlier placement of this chapter has led to several important revisions within it, including an increased emphasis on health topics as well as traditional population dynamics. The chapter on globalization was moved to later in the book, which better connects this content with its economic, political, and cultural dimensions. Finally, the chapter on human interactions with, and impacts on, the environment was moved to the end of the text. This placement better emphasizes the book’s connections to a course on physical geography, which, along with ahuman geography course, provides the foundation for the post-secondary study of geography.
This tenth edition also includes countless general improvements throughout the text, including additional current and relevant examples of concepts. The perspective in many chapters has been broadened to better reflect current human geographic theoretical understanding. For example, the chapter on agriculture now includes extensive new discussion about food, food security, and changing cultural tastes. The chapter on inequality now includes a substantive discussion about alternative ways of thinking about and measuring uneven development.
The glossary was heavily revised and most concept definitions reflect a more streamlined and precise phrasing. In addition, the glossary contains over 70 new terms. More significantly, over 25 per cent of the box content in this edition is new. These boxes explore current topics such as Brexit, Canada’s 2019 Food Guide, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and each explicitly shows how issues are better understood by applying a human geographic perspective.
Learning Tools
In addition to comprehensive chapter openers and summaries, the text is packed with learning tools. “Links to Other Chapters” underline connections between topics that may not be apparent at first glance; “Questions for Critical Thought” and a running glossary reinforce understanding and encourage discussion of core concepts.
Box Program
Human Geography features three different feature boxes, scattered throughout every chapter to highlight issues, events, and ideas relevant to the study of human geography.
•
• • Extensive
“In the News” boxes draw students’ attention to current events relating to human geography.
“Around the Globe” boxes introduce students to issues regarding a particular location.
“Examining the Issues” boxes help students examine theoretical matters that apply to the broader world.
Richly Illustrated
An expanded art program in the tenth edition emphasizes visual learning throughout the text. New and updated figures, tables, maps, and photos enhance students’ understanding of the material.
National and Global Perspectives
Current Canadian and international examples are used throughout the text. Students will gain a global perspective and a greater understanding of issues such as climate change, world population density, and food shortages.
The tenth edition of Human Geography is accompanied by a wide range of supplementary online items for students and instructors alike, all designed to enhance and complete the learning and teaching experiences. These resources are available at www.oup.com/he/Mercier10e
A comprehensive student study guide of review material—including research questions, links to human geography websites, interactive practice quizzes and study flash cards, YouTube videos, and Google Earth exercises—is designed to reinforce understanding of the material and provide directions for further research. Three appendices and a substantial portion of material from the previous editions, on topics ranging from trade theories to religious identity, have been placed online. The website also features a Google Maps guide to key areas discussed in the book, a Google Earth tutorial session, and a streaming video.
The following instructor’s resources are available to qualifying adopters. Please contact your OUP sales representative for more information.
An instructor’s manual simplifies class planning by providing learning objectives, expanded key concepts, teaching aids, and discussion topics for each chapter
A test generator offers an array of true/false, multiple-choice, short-answer, and essay questions, making test formulating a snap.
PowerPoint slides provide valuable visual aids for classroom use.
An image bank containing hundreds of full-colour figures, photographs, and tables makes classroom discussion more engaging and relevant.
would like to express my gratitude to Bill Norton and the Oxford team for providing me with the opportunity to contribute to such an outstanding book—the experience has been terrific. Several of my colleagues (Walter Peace, Richard Harris, Rob Wilton, Bruce Newbold, and Melanie Bedore) have provided insights and helped guide my teaching and writing throughout my career. Larissa Dibartolo was especially helpful in tracking down hard-to-find research on certain topics for this tenth edition, and her general research assistance is most appreciated. Additionally, I’d like to thank the thousands of students in my introductory human geography classes who inspired me to find the most interesting, relevant, and illustrative examples of human geographic patterns and processes.
On a more personal note, I would like to thank my wife, Patty, and our two sons, Graham and Bennett, for encouraging me to take on this endeavour and supporting me along the way. My parents instilled in me a love of learning, a sense of curiosity about the world, and a desire to travel, all of which contributed to me becoming a human geographer, author, and teacher, and for that I am most grateful. I dedicate this book to my family.
—Michael Mercier
Both authors acknowledge Peter Chambers, whose editorial suggestions were of tremendous help in shaping this tenth edition. Peter has a thorough understanding of the subject, and we thank him for his professionalism, friendship, and tremendous support of us and this project. Similarly, Leslie Saffrey’s efficient and conscientious editing of the text resulted in numerous and significant improvements. She has a meticulous attention to detail, always appreciated the larger intent of the authors, and made many helpful suggestions to improve flow and readability. As always, the staff at Oxford University Press have supported this book in every way possible. We are most appreciative for the enthusiastic support of Lisa Ball, Dave Ward, and Phyllis Wilson.
Oxford University Press and the authors would also like to recognize the many reviewers whose comments have proved invaluable over the years. In addition to those who provided anonymous feedback on this tenth edition, the authors and the publisher thank the following reviewers, whose thoughtful comments and suggestions have helped to shape this text:
Martin A. Andresen
Simon Fraser University
Godwin Arku
Western University
Scott Bell
University of Alberta
Anna Pujadas Botey
University of Alberta
Leith Deacon
University of Alberta
Brent Doberstein
University of Waterloo
Sean Doherty