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AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LEGAL HISTORY

An Introduction to English Legal History

Fi h Edition

SIR JOHN BAKER, Q.C., LL.D., F.B.A.

Emeritus Downing Professor of the Laws of England and Honorary Fellow of St Catharine’s College, Cambridge; Barrister and Honorary Bencher of the Inner Temple and Gray’s Inn

1

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Sir John Baker 2019

e moral rights of the author have been asserted

Fourth Edition published in 2002

Fi h Edition published in 2019

Impression: 1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above

You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence Number C01P0000148 with the permission of OPSI and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018959363

ISBN 978–0–19–881260–9 (hbk.)

ISBN 978–0–19–881261–6 (pbk.)

Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY

Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work.

Preface to the Fi h Edition

is edition retains the structure and coverage of its predecessor, but it has been substantially revised throughout and parts have been rewritten. It might be thought that legal history would not need much revision. In truth, it can become outdated with surprising rapidity. Although historical facts do not change, information which has been known for many years can be reinterpreted or reassembled in di erent ways, and new evidence is always coming to light. Original source material is now more freely available than ever before through the internet – almost to an overwhelming extent – and yet many sources of the common law remain in manuscript and cannot be found online. In the case of an elementary book such as this, there are added di culties arising from the wide range of periods and topics addressed: the need to abridge and simplify voluminous and complex matter, with the added dimension of time, presents challenges which can never be fully overcome.

It is gratifying to notice how much legal history has been written since the fourth edition of this book appeared in 2002; but then, to some who will read this edition, that amounts to a whole lifetime. Particular attention should be drawn to the Oxford History of the Laws of England, the rst volume of which appeared in 2003. Although more than half of the series remains to be completed, the six volumes already in print are a deep store of information and insight, and it is hoped that more will appear in the near future. A great deal of new scholarship has also been gathered in Comparative Studies in Continental and Anglo-American Legal History. Some of the most awkward remaining gaps in basic knowledge have been in the area of public law, a subject long neglected by English legal historians. But a new interest in the history of constitutional law was awakened by the commemoration of Magna Carta in 2015, and this is re ected in the author’s monograph e Reinvention of Magna Carta 1216–1616. Some of that interest has percolated here and there into this edition. e present edition takes account of relevant new discoveries and interpretations, and of the second (enlarged) edition of Baker and Milsom. It would be impossible, however, to incorporate all the new learning into this single volume, which is an introduction rather than an encyclopaedia. e aim of an elementary textbook cannot be to trace the history of every aspect of the law and the legal system, or to weigh all the con icting opinions on di cult questions, and so the concentration has been on the main characteristics, institutions, and doctrines of English law over the longer term –and particularly the evolution of the common law before the extensive statutory changes and regulatory regimes of the last two centuries. is policy has inevitably resulted in the exclusion of some whole areas of law and practice which have been important in their time, or which have grown in importance in recent times, where their proper treatment would have required major diversions and more pages than these two covers can contain.

Another reservation concerns the relationship between law and time. Law does not develop in a vacuum, because it operates in direct connection with real life, and yet the relationship between legal development and social or economic change is less direct or

automatic than might be supposed. Straightforward cause and e ect are most likely to be discernible in the case of legislative reform, where the law is changed deliberately and suddenly in order to address a perceived defect. But even legislation, as will be seen repeatedly throughout the book, was for most periods before the nineteenth century regarded as a way of restoring, repairing, or reinforcing the common law rather than supplanting it with something wholly new. If the common law itself sometimes lagged behind society, it was because judges did not like deliberately to overturn the wisdom of their predecessors. Many of the larger changes in the law came about less through the explicit reversal of settled law than through unconscious shi s in the underlying assumptions. Only changed assumptions can explain, for example, how judges could take a benevolent approach to legal ctions which might otherwise be seen as brazen attempts to undermine the law. But gradual evolution makes for long stories. How far those legal stories can be aligned with the factual state of society in speci c periods is the di culty. Social changes obviously raise new legal questions, but they do not in themselves dictate the answers or indicate at what point in history the answers will be forthcoming. Inclinations towards change were rarely unanimous, and they usually only led to an alteration in the common law once thinking had shi ed so generally that it seemed inevitable. In any case, since judges and legal advisers were obliged to operate within the existing frameworks of legal rather than popular thought, they had to nd intellectually manageable ways of squaring evolution with inherited wisdom. Even when everyone could see the need for some new legal remedy, the process of nding one – in a system tied constitutionally to the ancient forms of ‘due process’ – might require considerable ingenuity.

For such reasons as these, it was not practicable for the present purpose to map developments in the law against changes in the temper of succeeding ages by taking one period at a time. It may seem elementary to divide history into periods, and that is the scheme of the much larger Oxford History, but in a briefer survey of long-term developments and lines of thought it would mean leaving lots of loose ends at the end of every section. A seamless web is more readily understood by tracing the threads than by cutting it into pieces. is introductory history is therefore, a er the initial chapters, arranged by legal or institutional topics, each of which is approached more or less chronologically.

I am grateful to all my colleagues in the world of legal history, and to my wife Liesbeth van Houts, for raising and discussing various questions over the years. Professor Yuzo Fukao’s heroic enterprise of translating the fourth edition into Japanese in 2010–11 resulted in many helpful suggestions for improvement to the wording, and sometimes to the thinking as well. Above all, I should record my lifelong indebtedness to the work of Professor S. F. C. Milsom, who died in 2016. I attended his undergraduate lectures over y years ago and have never lost my fascination with the subject into which he inducted me. My own attempts to write legal history over ve decades have made me appreciate more and more every year the genius of his insights, the elegance of his writing, and the enduring power of his scholarship.

John Baker April 2018

Table of Statutes

Note: the best printed text of the statutes from 1236 to 1713 is e Statutes of the Realm (1810–27). For the 1215 and 1225 versions of Magna Carta see the appendices to J. C. Holt, Magna Carta (3rd edn by G. Garnett and J. Hudson, 2015).

Henry I’s Coronation Edict (or Charter) 1100 15, 206, 216, 260, 279, 411

Constitutions of Clarendon 1164 137, 138, 216

Assize of Clarendon 1166.

Assize of Northampton 1176

252, 545

20, 252, 542

Assize of Windsor 1179 20, 252

Magna Carta 1215 6, 217

cl. 2 (relief)

cl. 4–5 (wardship)

cl. 6 (disparagement of wards)

260

261

cl. 12, 14, 15 (feudal aids) 217, 258, 259

cl. 17 (common pleas) 23

cl. 18 (assizes)

cl. 19 (assizes)

23, 24, 26

cl. 20 (amercements for trespass) 503, 552

cl. 24 (sheri s) 543

cl. 27 (administration of estates)

cl. 32 (forfeiture)

.412

542

cl. 34 (praecipe) 26, 255

cl. 36 (mortmain) 262

cl. 39 (liberty of the subject). See Magna Carta 1225, c. 29

cl. 41 (merchants).

2 Hen. III, Magna Carta 1217

c. 7 (widows)

cc. 12–13 (assizes)

c. 32 (liberty)

c. 36 (feudal services)

c. 40 (mortmain)

9 Hen. III, Magna Carta 1225 39, 217

c. 2 (relief) 259

cc. 4–5 (wardship)

c. 6 (disparagement of wards)

261

c. 7 (widows) 289, 290

c. 11 (common pleas) 23, 44–5, 47, 49

c. 12 (assizes)

c. 14 (amercements for trespass)

24, 149

503, 552

c. 17 (sheri s) 26, 543

c. 18 (reasonable parts)

c. 22 (forfeiture)

c. 24 (praecipe).

.411

542

26, 255

c. 26 (de odio et atia) 544

c. 29 (liberty of the subject) 60, 105, 130, 154, 159, 225, 482–3, 502, 506–10, 548

c. 30 (merchants) 500

c. 32 (feudal services)

c. 36 (mortmain)

20 Hen. III, Provisions of Merton 1236

cc. 6–7 (guardians)

c. 8 (novel disseisin)

c. 9 (bastardy)

20 Hen. III, ‘Statute’ of Ireland (De coheredibus) 1236

42 Hen. III, Provisions of Oxford 1258

43 Hen. III, Provisions of Westminster 1259

52 Hen. III, Statute of Marlborough 1267

c. 5 (infringers of Magna Carta).

c. 6 (wardship)

c. 9 (suit)

c. 16 (primer seisin)

c. 17 (guardians in socage)

c. 23 (waste)

c. 29 (writs of entry)

3 Edw. I, Statute of Westminster I 1275

c. 4 (wreck)

c. 6 (amercements for trespass)

c. 12 (refusal of trial) .

c. 15 (bail) .

c. 29 (deceit by lawyers) 166

c. 36 (feudal aids)

6 Edw. I, Statute of Gloucester 1278

259

c. 1 (damages and costs) 73

c. 3 (tenancy by the curtesy) 300

c. 4 (cessavit)

c. 5 (waste)

c. 8 (pleas of trespass)

284, 585

26, 68

c. 9 (homicide) 544, 571

7 Edw. I, Statute of Mortmain (De viris religiosis) 1279.

10 Edw. I, ‘Statute’ of Rutland 1282

12 Edw. I, Statute of Rhuddlan (or of Wales) 1284

262–3

37, 339, 340, 342

13 Edw. I, Statute of Westminster II 1285 218

c. 1, De donis conditionalibus 217, 292, 293–4, 299–302, 327, 583

c. 2 (replevin)

c. 4 (wreck)

257

.413

c. 11 (account) 387

c. 12 (conspiracy) 493

c. 16 (wardship) 261

c. 18 (elegit)

c. 21 (cessavit)

c. 24 (writs ‘in consimili casu’) 69, 295

c. 25 (assize of novel disseisin) 256, 452, 460

c. 30 (nisi prius)

c. 32 (quale jus)

24, 88, 96

262

c. 34 (rape) 553, 573

13 Edw. I, Statute of Winchester 1285 218

c. 2 (robberies)

13 Edw. I, Statute of Merchants 1285.

18 Edw. I, Quia emptores terrarum 1290

18 Edw. I, Statute of Quo Warranto 1290

25 Edw. I, Con rmation of Magna Carta 1297

25 Edw. I, Con rmatio Cartarum 1297

28 Edw. I, Articuli super Cartas 1300

c. 4 (Exchequer)

c. 5 (court coram rege)

33 Edw. I, Ordinatio de conspiratoribus 1305

34 Edw. I, De tallagio non concedendo

9 Edw. II, Articuli cleri 1315.

Prerogativa Regis (date uncertain)

c. 13 (or 11) (wreck and royal sh)

c. 16 (forfeiture)

1 Edw. III, st. ii (1327)

c. 11 (suits for defamation)

c. 12 ( nes for alienation) 259

2 Edw. III, Statute of Northampton 1328

c. 2 (pardon for felony)

557

c. 8 (justices) 126, 177

4 Edw. III, c. 7 (executors, 1330) 427

14 Edw. III, st. i, c. 14 (writs of privy seal, 1340) 177

14 Edw. III, st. ii, c. 1 (taxation, 1340)

18 Edw. III, st. ii, c. 2 (justices of peace, 1344)

18 Edw. III, st. iv (judges’ oath) 177

23 Edw. III, Ordinance of Labourers 1349 354

25 Edw. III, st. i, De natis ultra mare 1351.

25 Edw. III, st. ii, Statute of Labourers 1351

25 Edw. III, st. iv (provisors, 1351) 139

25 Edw. III, st. v (1351)

c. 2, Treason Act 1351

c. 3 (juries)

c. 4 (jurisdiction of council)

c. 11 (feudal aids)

27 Edw. III, st. i (suing outside the realm, 1353)

27 Edw. III, st. ii, Statute of the Staple 1353, c. 9

28 Edw. III (1354)

568–9

c. 2 (marches of Wales) 37

c. 3 (due process)

c. 13 (juries de medietate linguae)

31 Edw. III, st. i (1357)

c. 11 (administrators)

c. 12 (error from the Exchequer) 147

34 Edw. III (1361)

c. 1, Justices of the Peace Act 1361

c. 9 (labourers)

354

42 Edw. III, c. 3 (due process, 1368) 60, 105, 126

45 Edw. III, c. 3 (tithes of wood, 1371) 139

50 Edw. III, c. 6 (fraudulent feo ments to uses, 1376)

2 Ric. II, st. i, c. 5 (scandalum magnatum, 1378)

268

466

6 Ric. II, st. i, c. 3 (writs of nuisance, 1382) 452

13 Ric. II, st. i, c. 5 (admiralty, 1389) 132

13 Ric. II, st. ii, c. 1 (pardons, 1390)

15 Ric. II (1391)

c. 2, Statute of Forcible Entry 1391

c. 5 (uses and mortmain)

16 Ric. II, Statute of Winchester 1392, c. 5 (praemunire) 139

17 Ric. II, c. 6 (subpoena, 1393) .

1 Hen. IV, c. 8 (assize against patentee, 1399)

2 Hen. IV

c. 11 (admiralty, 1400)

c. 15 (de heretico comburendo, 1400)

4 Hen. IV, c. 23 (judgments at law, 1402)

5 Hen. IV, c. 5 (malicious wounding, 1403)

13 Hen. IV, c. 7 (riot, 1412)

3 Hen. V. st. ii, c. 6 (clipping coin, 1415)

18 Hen. VI, c. 29 (juries de medietate linguae)

Royal Marriages Act 1428

1 Edw. IV, c. 2 (sheri s’ tourns, 1461)

3 Edw. IV, c. 4 (importation of playing cards, 1463)

8 Edw. IV, c. 2 (liveries, 1468)

22 Edw. IV, c. 7 (enclosing woods, 1482) 241

1 Ric. III (1484)

c. 1 (uses)

c. 4 (juries in tourn)

c. 7 ( nal concords)

3 Hen. VII (1487)

c. 1, ‘Pro camera stellata’ 127

c. 14 (compassing the king’s death)

4 Hen. VII (1490)

c. 4 (proclamation of exigent)

c. 12 (justices of peace)

c. 17 (wardships and uses)

c. 24 ( nal concords)

7 Hen. VII, c. 2 (protections, 1493)

11 Hen. VII (1495)

c. 1 (adherence to de facto king)

c. 8 (usury)

c. 17 (birding with nets)

12 Hen. VII, c. 7 (petty treason, 1496)

19 Hen. VII (1504)

c. 9 (mesne process)

c. 15 (wardships and uses)

c. 28 (attainders)

4 Hen. VIII, c. 2 (bene t of clergy, 1512) 556, 572

5 Hen. VIII, c. 2 (clothiers’ marks, 1513) 487

21 Hen. VIII (1529)

c. 7 (embezzlement by a servant)

576

c. 11 (restitution of stolen goods) 410

c. 15 (falsi cation of recoveries) 320

22 Hen. VIII (1530)

c. 9 (murder by poisoning)

556

c. 14 (abjuration) 553

23 Hen. VIII (1532)

c. 1 (bene t of clergy)

c. 5 (commissions of sewers)

556, 572, 573, 574

162, 225

c. 6 (recognizances) 331

c. 11 (escape) 556

c. 15 (costs) 49, 73

24 Hen. VIII, c. 12, Restraint of Appeals 1532 .

25 Hen. VIII (1533)

c. 6 (buggery)

c. 14 (heresy trials)

c. 19, Submission of the Clergy 1533.

c. 21, Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1533

27 Hen. VIII (1536)

c. 10, Statute of Uses 1536 211, 220, 274–7, 290, 305–7, 323, 324

c. 12 (clothiers’ marks, 1536) .

c. 16, Statute of Enrolments 1536

276–7, 324

c. 26, Laws in Wales Act 1536 38

31 Hen. VIII (1539)

c. 1 (partition)

c. 6 (monks)

c. 8 (proclamations)

32 Hen. VIII (1540)

c. 1, Statute of Wills 1540 272, 276, 305–6

c. 12 (sanctuary) .

c. 16 (aliens)

c. 30, Statute of Jeofails 1540

c. 38, Marriage Act 1540 531

c. 45 (Court of Wards)

33 Hen. VIII (1541)

c. 26 (Sir John Shelton’s will)

c. 39 (Court of Surveyors)

34 & 35 Hen. VIII (1542)

c. 5 (explanation of the Statute of Wills)

c. 26 (Wales and the Marches)

35 Hen. VIII, c. 6 (tales de circumstantibus, 1543)

1 Edw. VI, c. 12 (criminal law, 1547) 555, 569, 574

2 & 3 Edw. VI (1549)

c. 8 (lessees)

c. 13 (tithes)

2 & 3 Ph. & Mar., c. 7, Sale of Horses Act 1555

1 Eliz. I, c. 1 (royal supremacy)

27 Eliz. I, c. 8 (Exchequer Chamber, 1585)

.411

.141, 511

54, 147

43 Eliz. I, c. 6 (costs) 437

1 Jac. I, c. 8, Statute of Stabbing 1603 572

21 Jac. I (1624)

c. 3, Statute of Monopolies 1624

c. 6 (bene t of clergy for women)

483, 485

555

c. 16, Statute of Limitations 1624 322, 437

c. 28 (sanctuary) 554

3 Car. I, c. 1, Petition of Right 1628

16 Car. I (1641)

509

c. 10, Star Chamber Abolition Act 1641 126, 509

c. 11 (ecclesiastical courts) 511

c. 14, Ship-Money Act 1641

Blasphemy Act 1648.

12 Car. II, c. 24, Military Tenures Abolition Act 1660

227, 509

229

277

13 Car. II, c. 12 (ecclesiastical courts) 511

13 Car. II, st. ii, c. 2 (mesne process, 1661) 53

22 & 23 Car. II (1670)

c. 1, Coventry’s Act 1670 (wounding)

c. 9, Duties on Law Proceedings Act 1670

c. 10, Statute of Distribution 1670.

29 Car. II, c. 3, Statute of Frauds 1677

s. 4 (contracts)

s. 7 (declaration of trust)

s. 10 (trusts)

s. 12 (tenancy pur auter vie)

s. 17 (sale of goods)

31 Car. II, c. 2, Habeas Corpus Act 1679

1 Will. & Mar., st. i, c. 27 (Council in the Marches, 1689)

1 Will. & Mar., st. ii, Bill of Rights 1689

3 Will. & Mar., c. 9 (bene t of clergy for women, 1691)

4 Will. & Mar., c. 18 (malicious informations, 1692)

6 & 7 Will. & Mar., c. 6 (marriages, 1694)

7 & 8 Will. III, c. 35 (marriages, 1695)

8 & 9 Will. III, c. 11, Administration of Justice Act 1696

9 [& 10] Will. III (1698)

c. 15 (arbitration)

c. 35, Blasphemy Act 1698

12 & 13 Will. III, c. 2, Act of Settlement 1700

1 Ann., st. ii, c. 9 (defence witnesses, 1702)

3 & 4 Ann., c. 8 (or 9), Promissory Notes Act 1704

4 & 5 Ann., c. 3, Administration of Justice Act 1705

s. 4 (several pleas)

s. 9 (attornment)

ss. 12–13 (penalties)

[5 &] 6 Ann. (1707)

c. 9 (bene t of clergy)

c. 11, Union with Scotland Act 1707

c. 58 (or 31), Act preventing Mischiefs from Fire 1707.

8 Ann., c. 19, Copyright Act 1710

4 Geo. I, c. 11, Transportation Act 1718

6 Geo. I, c. 5 (error from Ireland, 1719)

4 Geo. II, c. 26 (Latin and court-hand, 1731)

11 Geo. II, c. 19 (parol leases, 1738) 397

26 Geo. II, c. 33, Lord Hardwicke’s Marriage Act 1753 518, 521

12 Geo. III, c. 20 (refusal to plead, 1772) 549

19 Geo. III, c. 74 (criminal punishments, 1779)

32 Geo. III, c. 60, Fox’s Libel Act 1792

557, 558

512

39 Geo. III (1799) c. 81, Combination Act 1799 494 c. 85 (embezzlement)

39 & 40 Geo. III, c. 106, Combination Act 1800

577

41 Geo. III, c. 107 (copyright, 1801) 486

47 Geo. III, c. 36 (abolition of slave trade, 1807) 515

56 Geo. III, c. 100, Habeas Corpus Amendment Act 1816

59 Geo. III, c. 46 (appeal of murder, 1819)

4 Geo. IV (1823)

509

c. 76, Marriage Act 1823 521 c. 83, Factors Act 1823 .411

7 & 8 Geo. IV, c. 28, Criminal Law Act 1827 . .

549, 557

9 Geo. IV, c. 31 (petty treason, 1828) 570

11 Geo. IV & 1 Will. IV (1830)

c. 68, Carriers Act 1830 383

c. 70, Law Terms Act 1830

2 & 3 Will. IV (1832)

148

c. 39, Uniformity of Process Act 1832 58, 75, 591

c. 92, Privy Council Appeals Act 1832 151

3 & 4 Will. IV (1833)

c. 15, Bulwer Lytton’s Act 1833.

c. 27, Real Property Limitation Act 1833

c. 41, Judicial Committee Act 1833 151

c. 73, Slavery Abolition Act 1833

c. 105, Dower Act 1833

c. 106, Inheritance Act 1833

5 & 6 Will. IV (1835)

c. 54, Lord Lyndhurst’s Act 1835

c. 65, Lecture Copyright Act 1835

c. 76, Municipal Corporations Act 1835

6 & 7 Will. IV (1836)

c. 32, Building Societies Act 1836

c. 85, Marriage Act 1836

c. 114, Trial for Felony Act 1836

7 Will. IV & 1 Vict., c. 86 (burglary, 1837)

1 & 2 Vict., c. 62, Judgments Act 1838

4 & 5 Vict., c. 21, Conveyance by Release Act 1841

6 & 7 Vict. (1843)

c. 85, Evidence Act 1843 (Lord Denman’s Act)

c. 96, Lord Campbell’s Libel Act 1843

8 & 9 Vict. (1845)

c. 106, Real Property Act 1845

c. 112, Satis ed Terms Act 1845

9 & 10 Vict. (1846)

c. 54 (bar of Common Pleas)

c. 93, Fatal Accidents Act 1846 (Lord Campbell’s Act)

11 & 12 Vict. (1848)

445–6, 490

c. 42, Indictable O ences Act 1848 233

c. 43, Summary Jurisdiction Act 1848 233, 552

c. 78 (crown cases reserved) 149

14 & 15 Vict., c. 99, Evidence Act 1851 (Lord Brougham’s Act)

15 & 16 Vict. (1852)

c. 76, Common Law Procedure Act 1852 75, 148, 322, 591

c. 83, Patent Law Amendment Act 1852 485

17 & 18 Vict. (1854)

c. 31, Railway and Canal Tra c Act 1854

c. 125, Common Law Procedure Act 1854 100

18 & 19 Vict., c. 41, Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1855 143 19 & 20 Vict., c. 120, Settled Estates Act 1856.

20 & 21 Vict. (1857)

c. 43, Summary Jurisdiction Act 1857

c. 54 (fraud by trustee or bailee).

c. 77, Court of Probate Act 1857 143

c. 85, Matrimonial Causes Act 1857

525, 536

21 & 22 Vict., c. 106, Government of India Act 1858

23 & 24 Vict., c. 144, Matrimonial Causes Act 1860 537

24 & 25 Vict., c. 97, Malicious Damage Act 1861 574

24 & 25 Vict., c. 100, O ences against the Person Act 1861 233, 573

25 & 26 Vict. (1862)

c. 68, Copyright Act 1862

c. 88, Merchandise Marks Act 1862

28 & 29 Vict., c. 99 (county courts, 1865) 123

30 & 31 Vict., c. 35, Criminal Law Amendment Act 1867

32 & 33 Vict. (1869)

c. 46, Administration of Estates Act 1869 347

c. 110, Debtors Act 1869 74

33 & 34 Vict. (1870)

c. 14, Naturalization Act 1870

c. 93, Married Women’s Property Act 1870

36 & 37 Vict., c. 66, Judicature Act 1873 58–9, 75, 123, 148, 152, 173

38 & 39 Vict. (1875)

c. 77, Judicature Act 1875 .

c. 86, Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875

c. 91, Trade Marks Registration Act 1875.

39 & 40 Vict., c. 59, Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876

40 & 41 Vict., c. 18, Settled Estates Act 1877. .

43 & 44 Vict., c. 42, Employers’ Liability Act 1880

44 & 45 Vict., c. 60, Newspaper Libel and Registration Act 1881

45 & 46 Vict. (1882)

c. 38, Settled Land Act 1882

c. 51, Bills of Exchange Act 1882

c. 75, Married Women’s Property Act 1882

46 & 47 Vict. (1883)

c. 38, Trial of Lunatics Act 1883

c. 57, Patents, Designs and Trademarks Act 1883

51 & 52 Vict. (1888)

c. 41, Local Government Act 1888

c. 64, Law of Libel Amendment Act 1888

53 & 54 Vict. (1890)

c. 39, Partnership Act 1890

c. 44, Sir Robert Finlay’s Act 1890 (judicature)

c. 69, Settled Land Act 1890

54 & 55 Vict., c. 51, Slander of Women Act 1891

56 & 57 Vict. (1893)

c. 63, Married Women’s Property Act 1893

c. 71, Sale of Goods Act 1893

60 & 61 Vict. (1897)

c. 65, Land Transfer Act 1897

c. 87, Workmen’s Compensation Act 1897

61 & 62 Vict., c. 36, Criminal Evidence Act 1898

6 Edw. VII (1906)

c. 47, Trade Disputes Act 1906

c. 58, Workmen’s Compensation Act 1906

7 Edw. VII, c. 47, Deceased Wife’s Sister’s Marriage Act 1907

372, 380,

449

1 & 2 Geo. V, c. 13, Parliament Act 1911 218

9 & 10 Geo. V, c. 71, Sex Disquali cation (Removal) Act 1919 183, 500

10 & 11 Geo. V, c. 55, Emergency Powers Act 1920

11 & 12

Geo. V, c. 24, Deceased Brother’s Widow’s Marriage Act 1921

531

13 & 14 Geo. V, c. 19, Matrimonial Causes Act 1923 537

15 & 16 Geo. V (1925)

c. 18, Settled Land Act 1925 315

c. 20, Law of Property Act 1925 .

c. 23, Administration of Estates Act 1925

285, 331, 372

288

c. 49, Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925 216

16 & 17 Geo. V, c. 60, Legitimacy Act 1926 529

19 & 20 Geo. V, c. 36, Age of Marriage Act 1929

24 & 25 Geo. V, c. 41, Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934.

427

25 & 26 Geo. V, c. 30, Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors Act) 1935 400, 527

1 Edw. VIII & 1 Geo. VI, c. 57, Matrimonial Causes Act 1937 (A. P. Herbert’s Act)

1 & 2 Geo. VI (1938)

c. 45, Inheritance (Family Provision) Act 1938

537

c. 63, Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1938 163

8 & 9 Geo. VI, c. 28, Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945

9 & 10 Geo. VI, c. 36, Statutory Instruments Act 1946

10 & 11 Geo. VI, c. 44, Crown Proceedings Act 1947 163 11 & 12 Geo. VI (1948)

c. 41, Law Reform (Personal Injuries) Act 1948

c.66, Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Act 1948

12, 13 & 14 Geo. VI, c. 103, Parliament Act 1949

13 & 14 Geo. VI (1949)

c. 76, Marriage Act 1949

c. 78, Married Women (Restraint upon Anticipation) Act 1949

15 & 16 Geo. VI & 1 Eliz. II, c. 66, Defamation Act 1952

2 & 3 Eliz. II, c. 34, Law Reform (Enforcement of Contracts) Act 1954

4 & 5 Eliz. II (1956)

c. 46, Administration of Justice Act 1956

c. 74, Copyright Act 1956

5 & 6 Eliz. II (1957)

c. 11, Homicide Act 1957

c. 31, Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957

6 & 7 Eliz. II, c. 66, Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1958

7 & 8 Eliz. II, c. 73, Legitimacy Act 1959

8 & 9 Eliz. II, c. 9, Judicial Pensions Act 1959 179

From 1963 statutes are cited by the calendar year instead of the regnal years of the parliament in which they were passed: Acts of Parliament Numbering and Citation Act 1962 (10 & 11 Eliz. II, c. 34)

Criminal Procedure (Right of Reply) Act 1964 (c. 34)

Law Commissions Act 1965 (c. 22)

Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 (c. 71)

Misrepresentation Act 1967 (c. 7)

Criminal Law Act 1967 (c. 58)

Matrimonial Homes Act 1967 (c. 75)

Sexual O ences Act 1967 (c. 60)

e Act 1968 (c. 60) 410, 574, 577

Clean Air Act 1968 (c. 62)

Family Law Reform Act 1969 (c. 46)

Divorce Reform Act 1969 (c. 55) .

Administration of Justice Act 1969 (c. 58)

Administration of Justice Act 1970 (c. 31)

Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1970 (c. 33)

Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act 1970 (c. 45)

Courts Act 1971 (c. 23)

Wild Creatures and Forest Laws Act 1971 (c. 47)

Criminal Damage Act 1971 (c. 48)

European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68)

Administration of Justice Act 1973 (c. 15)

Juries Act 1974 (c. 23)

Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977 (c. 32)

Administration of Justice Act 1977 (c. 38)

Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (c. 50)

Wales Act 1978 (c. 52)

Housing Act 1980 (c. 48)

Supreme Court Act 1981 (c. 54)

Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984 (c. 3)

Family Law Reform Act 1987 (c. 42)

Consumer Protection Act 1987 (c. 43)

Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 (c. 34)

Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1994 (c. 32). .

Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 33)

Treasure Act 1996 (c. 24)

Family Law Act 1996 (c. 27)

Defamation Act 1996 (c. 31)

Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (c. 47)

Civil Procedure Act 1997 (c. 12)

Human Rights Act 1998 (c. 42)

Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c. 37)

Government in Wales Act 1998 (c. 38)

Scotland Act 1998 (c. 38)

Contracts (Rights of ird Parties) Act 1999 (c. 31)

Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (c. 36)

Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4)

Compensation Act 2006 (c. 29)

Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (c. 15)

Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4)

Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (c. 25)

Succession to the Crown Act 2013 (c. 20)

Defamation Act 2013 (c. 26)

Social Action, Responsibility and Heroism Act 2015 (c. 3)

Consumer Rights Act 2015 (c. 15)

Trade Union Act 2016 (c. 15)

Table of Cases

CASES CITED BY NAME

Abbots Ripton (Parson) v. Can (1376)

Abernethy v. Hutchinson (1825)

Acres v. Stutevill (1352)

Acton v. Symon (1634)

Adam the Apprentice, his Case (1321)

Adling eet v. Maidstone (1362)

Agar v. Lisle (1614)

Agmondesham’s Case (1590)

Albert (Prince) v. Strange (1849)

Aldred v. Benton (1610)

All Souls College, Case of, ex parte Heron (1655)

Allen v. Flood (1898)

Allen v. Gulf Oil Re ning Ltd (1981)

Alston v. Pamphyn (1596)

Amner d. Fulshurst v. Luddington (1583)

Andrew v. Boughey (1552)

Andrews v. Webb (1607) 106, 370

Angell v. Satterton (1663) 437

Anisminic Ltd v. Foreign Compensation Commission (1969)

Anns v. Merton L.B.C. (1978)

447, 449

Anstey Case (1158) 19, 135

Anton Piller K.G. v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd (1976) 216

Archbold v. Sweet (1832)

Archer’s Case (1595).

Archer (Justice), Re (1672)

Arglasse v. Muschamp (1682)

Armes v. Nottinghamshire C.C. (2017)

Armory v. Delamirie (1722)

Arris v. Stewkly (1677)

Arscott v. Escott (1528)

Arundel’s Case (1594)

Arundel (Earl) his Case (1500)

Ash v. Ash (1696)

Ashburn Anstalt v. Arnold (1989)

Ashby v. White (1703)

Ashford v. ornton (1818)

Asshecombe v. Accon (1400)

Astley v. Fereby (1510)

Aston v. Heaven (1797)

Att.-Gen. v. Barnard (1582)

Att.-Gen. v. Bastwick, Burton, and Prynne (1629)

Att.-Gen v. Brereton (1614)

Att.-Gen. v. Capel (1494)

Att.-Gen. v. Cooke and others (1569)

Att.-Gen. v. Donatt (1560)

Att.-Gen. v. East and How (1596)

Att.-Gen. v. Elliot, Holles, and Valentine (1628) 178, 509, 511

Att.-Gen. v. Gooderick (1612) .

Att.-Gen. v. Gresham (1596) 511

Att.-Gen. v. Joiners’ Company (1582) 481

Att.-Gen. v. Nichol (1809) 457

Att.-Gen. v. Northumberland (Earl) (1567) (Case of Mines)

Att.-Gen. v. Porter (1592) .

406

Att.-Gen. v. Poultney (1665) 56

Att.-Gen. v. Skynner and Catcher, sheri s of London (1588) 128, 507, 546

Att.-Gen. v. Strode (1629) .

Att.-Gen. v. Taylor (1678)

Att.-Gen. v. Tutchin (1704)

Att.-Gen. v. Ward, Barnes, and Smith (1628) 463

Aubrey v. Flory (1321)

Audelet v. Latton (1519–26)

Aumale (Countess) v. Countess of Gloucester (1276)

Aumeye’s Case (1305)

Austin v. Culpeper (1683)

Aylesbury v. Wattes (1382)

Ayton v. Van Santen (1665)

Bach v. Longman (1777)

Bacon v. Bacon (1640)

Bagg’s case (1615)

Baker’s Case (1410)

Bakere v. Londeneys (1384)

Baldeswell v. Pulter (1366)

Baldwyn v. Smyth (1585)

Banastre v. Banastre (1583)

Banbury v. Bank of Montreal (1918)

Bankes v. Allen (1615)

Barantine (Drew) his Case (1411)

Barber v. Colefax (1591)

Barfote v. Smyth (1533)

Barham v. Hayman (1561)

Barham v. Dennis (1600)

Barley, Case of. See Orwell v. Morto

Barnabas v. Traunter (1640)

Barnes’ Case (c. 1650)

Baron v. Wilson (1533)

Barre v. Hales (1329)

Barrow v. Lewellin (1614)

Barry v. Pierrpont (1287)

Bartie v. Herenden (1560)

Bartilmewe v. Shragger (1498)

Batty v. Metropolitan Pty Realisations Ltd (1978)

Bay eld v. Collard (1646)

Bayly v. Davye (1550)

Beamish v. Beamish (1861)

Beatrix, late Queen of Germany v. Earl of Cornwall (1274)

Beard v. Webb (1800)

Beauchamp (Lord) v. Cro (1497)

Beaufort (Cardinal) his Case (1453)

Beaulieu v. Finglam (1401)

Beckingham and Lambert v. Vaughan (1616)

Beding eld v. Leder (1585) .

Bellhouse v. Claveryng (1341)

Belyng’s Case (1312)

Bendlowes v. Kemp (a. 1584)

Berden v. Burton (1382).

Berenger v. Barton (1309)

Berford v. Balard (1389)

Berkeley Peerage Case (1861)

Bermondsey (Prior) v. Harding (1481)

Bernard’s Case (1133)

Bernardestone v. Heighlynge (1344)

Berrie’s Case (1599)

Berry v. Heard (1622)

Bespiche v. Coghill (1628)

Beswick v. Beswick (1966–68)

Beswick v. Cunden (No. 1) (1595) 455

Beswick v. Cunden (No. 2) (1596) 454, 455

Bettini v. Gye (1876)

Beverley v. Dodmore (1367)

Beverley (Provost) his Case. See Sutton’s Case

Biere v. Mule (1388)

Billyng v. Bullok (1359)

Binions v. Evans (1972)

Birch v. Wright (1786)

Birchester v. Leech (1390)

Bircot’s Case (1573)

Bishop v. Newman (1619)

Blackamore’s Case (1610)

Blacksmith ( e) his Case (1587)

Blades v. Higgs (1862)

Blakett’s Case (1410)

Blanchard v. Hill (1742)

Bland v. Moseley (1587)

Blanke v. Spinula (1520)

Blo eld v. Payne (1833)

Bluet v. Bowland (1472)

Blyth v. Birmingham Waterworks Co. (1856)

Blyth v. Topham (1607)

Bodenham v. Halle (1456)

Bodon v. Vampage (1507)

Bohun v. Broughton (1456)

Bole v. Horton (1673)

Boles v. Walley (1559)

Bonham’s Case (1610)

Bonham v. Lord Sturton (1554)

Boosey v. Whight (1900)

Boson v. Sandford (1689)

Botye v. Brewster (1595)

Boulston v. Hardy (1597)

Boulton and Watt v. Bull (1795)

Bourgchier v. Cheseman (1504) 421, 423, 576

Bourne v. Mason (1669) 377

Bowdo v. Bowdo (1542)

Bowdon v. Peleter (1315)

Bowen v. Hall (1881)

Bowles v. Bradshaw (1748)

Bowry v. Pope (1588)

Bradford Corp. v. Pickles (1895)

Bradley v. Methwyn (1735)

Bradshaw v. Nicholson (1601)

Bradshaw v. Porter (c. 1660)

Brancaster v. Master of Royston Hospital (1383)

Brent’s Case (1575)

Brent v. Haddon (1619)

Brett v. Read (1634)

Bretton v. Barnet (1599)

Bridlington v. Middleton (1388)

Bridge v. Wain (1816)

Bright v. Eynon (1757)

Bright v. Hutton (1852)

Brigs Case (1623)

Broad v. Jollyfe (1621). See Jollie v. Broad

Broadmeadow v. Rushenden (1364)

Broke v. Abbot of Woburn (1444)

Broker’s Case (1490). .

Bromage v. Genning (1616)

Broughton v. Prince (1589)

Broune v. Franceys (1521)

Brown v. Bridges (Lord) (1589) 119

Brown v. Edgington (1841) .

Browne (Serjeant) his Case (1532)

Browne v. London (1668)

Bruton (Prior) v. Ede (1470)

Bryant v. Herbert (1878)

Brydges v. Warnford (1553)

Buckeridge v. Sherly (1671)

Bukton v. Tounesende (Humber Ferry Case) (1348) 69, 351, 420

Bulkeley v. Wood (1591).

Bulmer Ltd v. Bollinger S.A. (1974)

Bulthorpe v. Ladbrook (1607)

Bunting v. Leppingwell (1585)

Burford v. Dadwel (1669) 92

Burgavenny (Barony), Case of (1604)

Burgess v. Wheate (1759)

Burgh v. Potkyn (1522) 325

Burgh v. Warnford (1553). See Brydges v. Warnford

Bushell’s Case (1670)

Butler v. Baker (1591)

Butler v. Butler (1657)

Butter eld v. Forrester (1809)

Butts v. Peny (1677)

Byard v. Bradell (1586)

Bydeford v. Aunfrey (1291)

Byrne v. Boadle (1863)

Bysshoppe v. Viscountess Mountague (1600)

Cadell v. Palmer (1833) .

Cadigan v. Say (1256) .

Caesar v. Corsini (1593)

Calton’s Case (1588)

Calvin’s Case (1609)

Calwodelegh v. John (1479)

Calye’s Case (1584)

Camillo Tank S.S. Co. Ltd v. Alexandria Engineering Works (1921)

Candler v. Crane, Christmas & Co. (1951) .

Canterbury (Archbishop) v. Abbot of Battle (1140)

Canterbury (Prior) his Case (1383)

Canterbury (Prior) v. Hore (1493)

Cantrell v. Churche (1601)

Caparo Industries plc v. Dickman (1990)

Capel’s Case (1592)

Capell’s Case (1494)

Carles v. Malpas (1455) 419

Carpenter’s Case (1558) 470

Carpue v. London & Brighton Rly Co. (1844).

Carr v. Lancashire and Yorkshire Rly Co. (1852)

Carrier ( e) his Case (1473)

Carter’s Case (1586)

Cartwright’s Case (1569)

Carvanell v. Mower (1533).

Carver v. Pierce (1647)

Catterall v. Catterall (1847) 522

Caunt’s Case (1430) 357, 380

Cavendish (Lord) his Case (temp. Eliz.)

Chabbok v. Saman (1361)

354

Chamber v. Mountegomery (1506) 544

Chamberlain v. Harvey (1697) 513

Chambers v. Jennings (1703)

Chandelor v. Lopus (1604)

Chandler v. Webster (1904)

Chandos (Lady) v. Sympson (1602)

Chaplain v. Shepherd (1315)

Charles v. Antoigne (1383)

Charnele v. Ferrers (1370)

Chedder v. Savage (1406)

Chikuma ( e) (1981)

Child d. Heath v. Baylie (1623)

Cholmeley v. Humble (1595)

Cholmley’s Case (1586)

Christ Church, Canterbury (Prior). See Canterbury (Prior)

Christie v. Griggs (1809)

Chudelegh v. Napton (1400)

Chudleigh’s Case (1594)

Churche v. Brownewick (1667)

Clark v. Chambers (1878)

Clarke v. Holmes (1862)

Clarke v. Johnson (1774)

446

445

.401

Clarke v. Manning (1608) 323

Clarke v. Shee and Johnson (1774) 400

Claxton v. Lilburn (1638)

Table of Cases

Clere v. Brooke (1573)

Clerk v. Ferour (1320)

Clerk v. More (1452)

Clerk v. Terrell (1507)

Clerk v. Winterbourne (1329)

Clerke v. Martin (1702)

Cleymond v. Vincent (1520)

Cli on (Sir Gervase) his Case (1600)

Co yn v. Gropall (1551)

Coggs v. Barnard (1703)

Cok v. Durant (1377)

Coke v. Rendlesham (1531)

Colan v. West (1367)

Cole’s Case (c

1625)

Cole v. Forth (1672)

Cole v. Saxby (1800)

Colgate v. Bacheler (1602)

Collins v. Jessor (1704)

Colman v. Grene (1528)

Colston v. Carre (1601)

Colthirst v. Bejushin (1550)

Combe v. Gargrave. See Marshalsea ( e), Case of Commendams, Case of (1616)

Compton (Sir Henry) his Case (c. 1621)

Constable’s Case (1601)

Constable v. Gamble (1601)

Conyngesby’s Case (1493)

Cook v. Fountain (1676)

Cook v. Grevvett (1671)

Cooke v. Wotton (1571)

Cooling v. Great Northern Rly Co. (1850)

Coombe v. Coombe (1881)

Cooper v. Chitty (1756)

Cooper v. Wandsworth Board of Works (1863)

Corbet’s Case (1599)

Corbet v. Stury (1292)

Corbett v. Corbett (1600)

Cordell’s Case (1573)

Core v. May (1536)

Cornewe, Ex parte (1475)

Corny and Curtis v. Collingwood (1676)

Cotterill v. Starkey (1839)

Cottington v. Hulett (1587)

Couch v. Steel (1854)

Coventry (Prior) v. Grauntpie (1309)

Cowell v. Edwards (1800)

Cowper v. Ash eld (1583)

Cowper v. Broun (1543)

Cox v. Gray (1610)

Cox v. Kitchin (1798)

Cox v. Matthews (1672)

Cox v. Ministry of Justice (2016)

Cranmer’s Case (1572)

Craw v. Ramsay (1670)

Crawford v. Whittal (1773)

Cremour v. Sygeon (1521–25)

Cressingham v. Bulmer (1301)

Creting’s Case (1373)

Cristy v. Sparks (1680)

Crito v. Emson (1506)

Crogate v. Marys (1608)

Cromwell (Lord) his Case (1581)

Cropp v. Tilney (1699)

Cross v. Gardner (1689)

Crow v. Rogers (1724)

Crowland (Abbot) v. rupp (1285)

Cunningham v. Laurents (1788)

Cuny v. Brugewode (1506) 430, 442

Curtes (Joan) her Case (1336) 532

Curtes v. Chersey (1559) 518

Cut v. Preston (1329)

D & F Estates Ltd v. Church Commrs (1988)

460

447, 449

Dacre of the South (Lord), Re (1535) 150, 178, 274

Dalby v. Berch (1330) 452

Dale’s Case (1585)

Dale v. Broune (1495)

Dalton v. Brereton (1370)

Dalton v. Mareschal (1369)

Danby v. wyng (1532)

Daniel v. Bere (1292)

Danvers’ Case (1433)

Darcy v. Allen (1602)

357, 381

Darley v. Reginam (1846) 156, 210

Darnel’s Case (1627)

Dartnal v. Morgan (1620)

Davenant v. Hurdys (1599)

Davie v. New Merton Board Mills (1959) 448

Davis Contractors Ltd v. Fareham U.D.C. (1956)

Davyes v. Gardiner (1593)

Davys v. Henbery (1536)

Dawney v. Dee (1620)

Day v. Edwards (1794)

Day v. Savadge (1614)

De Grey. See Grey

De Mara v. Bohun (1199)

De St Edmunds. See St Edmunds

Decker v. Pope (1757).

Deen v. Londonthorpe (1284).

Delabar and Delavall v. Gould (1661)

Delariver v. Spigurnel (1281)

Dell v. Hygden (1595)

Dent v. Scott (1648)

Derry v. Peek (1889)

Devon v. Norfolke (1671)

Dickinson v. Watson (1682)

Digges’s Case (1600)

Dillon v. Freine (1594) .

Disborne v. Donnaby (1649)

Dod v. Chyttynden (1502)

Dod v. Nedeham (1525)

Doige’s Case (1442). See Shipton v. Dogge

Dolbyn v. Ap Tudor (1534)

Dolland v. Champness (1766)

Donaldson v. Beckett (1774)

Donne v. Cornwall (1486)

Donoghue v. Stevenson (1932)

Doorman v. Jenkins (1834)

Doughty’s Case (1582)

Douglas v. Hello! Ltd (2008)

Dowman v. Vavasor (1586)

Drive Yourself Hire Co. (London) Ltd v. Strutt (1954).

Dudley v. Ellis (1559)

Dun v. Basset (1234)

Duncomb v. Duncomb (1695)

Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. v. Selfridge & Co. Ltd (1915)

Dunman v. Weldon (1329)

Duppa v. Jones (1602)

Durham v. Ede (1371)

Durham (Bishop) v. Percy (1284)

Dutch v. Warren (1720)

Dutton v. Poole (1678–80).

Dyer ( e) his Case (1414)

Dyson v. Att.-Gen. (1911)

Eason v. Newman (1596)

East India Co. v. Sandys (1683)

Eden v. Blake (1605)

Eden v. Parkinson (1781)

Edgcomb v. Dee (1670)

Edmund v. Johnson (1781)

Edwardes v. Woolton (1607)

Edwards v. Burre (1573)

Edwards v. Holmedon (or Halinder) (1594)

Edwards v. Porter (1925)

Egles v. Vale (1605)

Eland v. Savile (1530)

Ellah v. Leigh (1794)

Elyot v. Mersshe (1535)

Elyot v. To e (1513)

Elys v. Angieyn (1390)

Elys v. Hoberd (1480)

Embroiderers’ Case (1625)

Emmanuel College, Cambridge v. Evans [Ewens] (1625) 332,

Engle eld (Sir Francis) his Case (1591) 221

Errington v. Errington and Woods (1952)

Eskhevyd v. Coldale (1395)

Essex (Earl), Divorce of (1613)

Esthanney v. Drayton (1248)

Esyngwold v. Nowers (1458) 390

Etton v. Royston (1365)