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Additional content onbiological influencesonbehavior, environmental justice,evidence-basedpractice,andhumanrightsand social justiceinvariouschapters,adversechildhoodexperiencesand principlesof trauma-informedcareinChapter 13,eco-mapsin Chapter 3,andanextensionof empowerment-basedsocial workin Chapter 1toincludecontent onaffirmingdiversityanddifference, adoptingahumanrightsperspective,andtakingaction

E-text features,includinganelectronicallylinkedglossary,Assess Your Understanding“pop-up”quizzesalignedwithlearning outcomes,andMyLabHelpingProfessionsfor IntroductiontoSocial Workactivitiesat theendof eachchapter

Updatestodemographicdataaswell asinclusionof several hundred newcitationstoensurecurrency

OrganizationoftheBook

Thebookisorganizedintofour sections:

Part One, The Profession of Social Work,laysout the“who,what,why,and where”of social workandthesocial servicedeliverysystem.

Chapter 1definessocial work,examinesthepurposeof the profession,overviewsfieldsof practice,andintroduces empowerment-basedsocial workpractice.

Chapter 2surveysthehistorical rootsof thesocial workprofession, includingthecontributionsof diversityinthehistoryof social work, anddetailsthebaseof professional knowledge,values,andskills.

Chapter 3introducesthesocial systemsandecological frameworks for practiceanddelineatesmicro-,mezzo-,andmacrolevel clients.

Chapter 4identifieskeycomponentsof thesocial servicedelivery network.

Part Two, Social Work Perspectives,examinesthevalues,social justice mandate,andelementsof diversityanddifferencethat bothinform and shapesocial workpractice.

Chapter 5featuresthevalueandethical foundationsof social work practice.

Chapter 6focusesonsocial justiceandhumanrights,the“isms”and injustice,thetheoretical basisof social injustice,andimplicationsfor social workpractice.

Chapter 7considersdiversityanddifferenceinthecontext of cultural identityandintersectionalityandtheknowledge,values,andskills necessarytosupport multicultural social workpractice.

Part Three, Generalist Social Work,introducesanempoweringapproachto generalist social workat all system levels,includingcoreprocesses,social workfunctionsalongwithassociatedrolesandstrategies,andpolicy practice.

Chapter 8describesthenatureof thecollaborativepartnership betweenpractitionersandclientsandbrieflydescribesempowering processesfor generalist practice.

Chapter 9delineatesthevariousrolesandstrategiesassociatedwith eachfunctionof social work—consultancy,resourcemanagement, andeducation.

Chapter 10explorestherelationshipsbetweensocial workandsocial policyandreviewsmajor historicandcontemporarysocial welfare policiesandservices.

Part Four, Contemporary Issues in Fields of Practice,featuresthe opportunitiesandchallengesfor social workerswithinthebroadfieldsof publicwelfare,healthsystems,familyservicesandchildwelfare,and adult andagingservices.

Chapter 11profilesresponsestoissuesinthepublicdomainthat involvesocial workers,includingpoverty,homelessness, unemployment,andcrimeanddelinquency.

Chapter 12presentsopportunitiesfor social workersinthefieldsof healthandbehavioral healthcare,includingarangeof publichealth andhealthcaresettingsandservicesfor peoplewithdisabilities, mental healthissues,andsubstanceusedisorders.

Chapter 13examinessocial workinterestsintheareasof familycenteredservices,childmaltreatment,acontinuum of childwelfare services,school social work,andother servicesfor youths.

Chapter 14emphasizesadult andagingservices,including longstandingfieldsof practicesuchasoccupational and gerontological social work,aswell asresponsetofamilycaregiving issues,intimatepartner violence,elder abuse,andtheincreasing numbersof older adultswhoaspiretoalifespanthat isequal totheir healthspan.

Acknowledgments

I acknowledgethemanycolleagues,friends,andmembersof our families whoprovidedencouragement andsupport duringthetimeBrendaandI hadtocollaborateonthevisionandsomedetailsfor thisrevisionprior to her deathinNovember 2017.I am grateful toBrendafor her friendship, depthof knowledgeandconceptual skills,ingenuityinwaystoturna phrase,andlifelongcommitment tosocial justice.I am deeplyindebtedto myfamilyandfriendsfor their continuedsupport asI forgedaheadto completetherevision,especiallyMichael O’Meliawhorefocusedand revisedChapter 7tomorefullyintegrateacritical perspectiveon diversity.I am alsothankful for reviewersandstaff at PearsonEducation whoofferedvaluablecritiquesandsuggestionsaswepreparedthisninth edition.ReviewersincludeGloriaJ.Davis,Universityof Arkansasat Pine Bluff; BonnieYoungLaing,CaliforniaUniversityof Pennsylvania; and YvonnePatterson,Collegeof Our Ladyof theElms.Finally,I thankmy

editor,RebeccaFox-Gieg,andother staff at PearsonEducationfor their careful guidanceanddiligent workduringvariousstagesof writingand production.

K.K.M.

BriefContents

1.Part One: TheProfessionof Social Work

1.1.Social Work: AHelpingProfession1

2.2.AnEvolvingProfession29

3.3.Social WorkandSocial Systems61

4.4.TheSocial ServiceDeliverySystem 83

2.Part Two: Social WorkPerspectives

1.5.ValuesandEthicsinSocial Work108

2.6.HumanRightsandSocial Justice131

3.7.DiversityandSocial Work156

3.Part Three: Generalist Social Work

1.8.Empowerment Social WorkPractice190

2.9.Social WorkFunctionsandRoles217

3.10.Social WorkandSocial Policy242

4.Part Four: ContemporaryIssuesinFieldsof Practice

1.11.Social WorkandPoverty,Homelessness,Unemployment,and Criminal Justice269

2.12.Social WorkinHealth,Rehabilitation,andMental Health 298

3.13.Social WorkwithFamiliesandYouths336

1.Part One: TheProfessionof Social Work

1.1.Social Work: AHelpingProfession1

1.TheSocial WorkProfession2

1.Social WorkDefined2

2.Social WorkersasCaringProfessionals3

3.Voicesfrom theField3

4.Generalist Social Work6

2.Social WorkPerspectives7

1.Social Work’sMissionandPurpose7

2.Personal TroublesandPublicIssues7

3.StrengthsandNeeds8

4.InteractionsamongStrengths,Needs,and Environments12

5.Social Work’sGoals12

3.TheRelationshipbetweenSocial WorkandSocial Welfare 14

1.Social Institutions14

2.TheSocial WelfareInstitution15

3.Functionsof Social Welfare15

4.Fieldsof Social WorkPractice16

5.Social Work,Social Welfare,andSociety19

4.Social WorkasanEmpoweringProfession21

1.Empowerment Defined21

2.AccesstoResources22

5.Empowerment Social Work23

1.FocusingonStrengths23

2.AffirmingDiversityandDifference24

3.WorkingCollaboratively25

4.CriticallyReflectingonStructural Arrangements25

5.AdoptingaHumanRightsPerspective26

6.LinkingPersonal andPolitical Power 26

7.TakingAction26

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward27

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions28

2.2.AnEvolvingProfession29

1.TheEmergenceof Social WorkasaProfession30

1.EarlySocial WelfareOrganizations30

2.CharityOrganizationSocieties31

3.Settlement HouseMovement 32

2.DiversityandtheHistoryof Social Work33

1.AfricanAmericanWomen’sClubMovement 34

2.AfricanAmericanSettlement HouseMovement 34

3.National UrbanLeague35

4.PostsecondaryEducationandTrainingfor Social Workers35

5.Legacyof AfricanAmericanSocial WelfareInitiatives 36

3.DefiningSocial WorkasaProfession37

1.Social Casework38

2.PsychoanalyticMovement 38

3.PublicWelfareMovement 39

4.Social GroupWorkandCommunityOrganization40

5.Dual Perspective40

6.Social Reform 42

7.EcosystemsApproach43

8.EmergingTrendsintheTwenty-First Century43

9.TheEvolvingDefinitionof Social Work44

4.TheQuest for Professional Status45

1.“IsSocial WorkaProfession?”45

2.TheRiseof Professional Organizations47

3.TheDevelopment of Professional Education47

4.Council onSocial WorkEducation49

5.Social WorkToday49

5.TheCommonBaseof Social WorkPractice51

1.Professional Values51

2.TheKnowledgeBaseof Social Work53

3.TheSkill Baseof Social Work55

4.Tenetsfor theSocial WorkProfession57

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward59

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions59

3.3.Social WorkandSocial Systems61

1.TheEcosystemsPerspective62

1.TheSocial SystemsView63

2.General SystemsTheoryasaFrameworkfor Social Work65

3.UsingEco-MapstoUnderstandSocial Systems65

4.TheEcological Perspective67

5.TheEcosystemsViewAppliedtoSocial Work68

2.Social Functioning68

1.Typesof Social Functioning69

2.Environmental Press70

3.Social ProblemsandSocial Functioning71

3.Client SystemsinSocial Work72

1.Microlevel Intervention72

2.Mezzolevel Intervention74

3.Macrolevel Intervention75

4.WorkingwiththeSocial WorkProfession77

4.Social WorkMethods79

1.Casework79

2.GroupWork80

3.CommunityOrganization80

4.TheIntegratedGeneralist Model 80

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward 81

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions82

4.4.TheSocial ServiceDeliverySystem 83

1.Social ServiceSettings84

1.AgenciesandAssociations84

2.PublicandPrivateAuspices85

3.PrimaryandHost Settings87

4.SectarianandNonsectarianAffiliations88

5.Nonprofit or For-Profit Status89

6.Independent Practice89

2.GeographicLocation90

1.Political Jurisdictions90

2.UrbanSettings90

3.Rural Settings91

3.TheFundingof Services94

1.Federal andStateFunding95

2.Grants95

3.CommunityFunds95

4.EndowmentsandSpecial Funds96

5.Fees-for-Service96

6.InsuranceReimbursement 96

7.Purchaseof ServiceContracts97

4.StaffingPatterns98

1.Social WorkProfessionals98

2.Paraprofessionals99

3.Volunteers99

5.ServiceDeliveryResourcesandChallenges101

1.Self-HelpGroupsasServiceDeliveryResources101

2.ComputersandTechnologyinServiceDelivery102

3.Consumer Involvement 103

4.ReductionsinServicesthroughPolicyRetrenchment 103

5.Limitationsof ServicesthroughFiscal Retrenchment 104

6.Fragmentationof Services105

7.Optimal Social ServiceDelivery106

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward107

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions107

2.Part Two: Social WorkPerspectives

1.5.ValuesandEthicsinSocial Work108

1.ValuesandProfessional Social Work109

1.ValuesDefined110

2.TheFoundationof Professional Social WorkValues 110

3.CoreValuesof Social Work112

2.TheValueContext of Social Work112

1.Sociocultural MilieuandValues113

2.ValuesandtheSocial WorkProfession114

3.TheAgencyandValues115

4.TheClient System andaDiversityof Values116

5.ThePresentingProblem andValues116

6.Social Workers’ Personal Values117

3.EthicsandSocial Work118

1.EthicsDefined118

2.Codesof Ethics118

3.TheNASWCodeof Ethics119

4.TheInternational Statement of Ethical Principles119

5.TheRadical Codeof Ethics121

4.Ethical PrinciplesandEthical Preferencesfor Social Work 121

1.Acceptance121

2.Individualization122

3.Purposeful Expressionof Feelings123

4.Nonjudgmental Attitudes123

5.Objectivity125

6.ControlledEmotional Involvement 125

7.Self-Determination126

8.AccesstoResources127

9.Confidentiality127

10.Accountability127

11.Ethical Preferencesfor Empowerment Social Work 127

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward130

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions130

2.6.HumanRightsandSocial Justice131

1.HumanRightsandSocial Justice133

1.HumanRights133

2.Civil RightsandCivil Liberties134

3.TheRight toSocial Welfare134

4.Theoriesof Social Justice136

5.Social WorkandSocial Justice137

2.Social Injustice: The“Isms”137

1.Racism 138

2.Elitism 139

3.Sexism 140

4.Heterosexism 141

5.Ageism 142

6.Handicapism 143

7.TheCollectiveIsms145

3.Theoretical Basisof Social Injustice145

1.Social Darwinism 145

2.Sociological Theories147

3.Psychological Theories148

4.BlamingtheVictim 149

5.Just WorldBeliefs149

4.Implicationsfor Social Work149

1.Effectsof Social Injustice150

2.Opportunities,Obstacles,andEmpowerment 153

3.Social WorkasaHumanRightsandSocial Justice Profession154

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward155

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions155

3.7.DiversityandSocial Work156

1.DiversityandDifference157

1.Cultural Diversity158

2.PrivilegeandDominance159

3.ResponsestoDominance159

4.Cultural Pluralism 160

5.Cultural IdentityandIntersectionality160

2.Multicultural Social WorkPractice161

3.Essential Knowledgefor Multicultural Practice162

1.Critical Theory162

2.Critical RaceTheory163

3.Standpoint Theory163

4.DevelopingaCritical Consciousness164

4.Cultural CompetenceandValuesinContext 165

1.AdoptingaStanceof Cultural Humility165

2.ImplementingSocial WorkValuesinContext 165

5.Skillsfor Multicultural Social Work166

1.AddressingMicroaggressions166

2.ConfrontingPower andPrivilege168

6.Racial andEthnicIdentities168

1.BlackAmericans169

2.AsianAmericans170

3.NativeAmericans172

4.HispanicAmericans173

5.Non-HispanicWhiteAmericans175

7.Gender Identity176

1.Gender Diversity176

2.IndividualsWhoAreTransgender 176

8.Sexual Orientation177

1.IdentityDevelopment andSexual Orientation178

2.Social WorkPracticewithSexual Minorities179

3.ResilienceandStrengths180

9.Political Social WorkwithGender andSexual Minorities 181

1.AddressingHomophobia,Biphobia,andTransphobia 181

2.TakingPolitical Action181

10.ReligiousDiversityandSpirituality182

1.ReligioninToday’sWorld182

2.ReligioninCommunity183

3.ReligionandSpirituality183

4.Implicationsof ReligiousandSpiritual Diversityfor Social Work184

5.Resourcesof theReligiousCommunity185

6.Religion,Spirituality,andSocial Work187

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward188

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions189

3.Part Three: Generalist Social Work

1.8.Empowerment Social WorkPractice190

1.TheEmpowerment Baseof Social WorkPractice191

1.From Expert Professional toCollaborativePartner 192

2.TheGeneralist Approach192

2.Engagement—TheDialoguePhase193

1.Engagement: FormingPartnerships194

2.Engagement: ArticulatingSituations196

3.Engagement: DefiningDirections198

3.Assessment—TheDiscoveryPhase200

1.Assessment: IdentifyingStrengths201

2.Assessment: AssessingResourceCapabilities202

3.Assessment: FramingSolutions205

4.Implementation: InterventionandEvaluation—The Development Phase208

1.Intervention: ActivatingResources208

2.Intervention: CreatingAlliances209

3.Intervention: ExpandingOpportunities209

4.Evaluation: RecognizingSuccess212

5.Intervention: IntegratingGains214

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward215

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions216

2.9.Social WorkFunctionsandRoles217

1.AGeneralist Approach218

1.Functionsof Social Work218

2.Social WorkRolesandStrategies219

2.Consultancy221

1.Microlevel: Enabler Role222

2.Mezzolevel: Facilitator Role223

3.Macrolevel: Planner Role225

4.Professional System: ColleagueandMonitor Roles 226

3.ResourceManagement 227

1.Microlevel: Broker andAdvocateRoles229

2.Mezzolevel: Convener andMediator Roles231

3.Macrolevel: Activist Role232

4.Professional System: Catalyst Role233

4.Education234

1.Microlevel: Teacher Role236

2.Mezzolevel: Trainer Role236

3.Macrolevel: OutreachRole237

4.Professional System: Researcher andScholar Roles 239

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward240

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions240

3.10.Social WorkandSocial Policy242

1.Social Policy243

1.What IsSocial Policy?243

2.Social PolicyasaProcess: PolicyFormulation243

3.Social PolicyasaProduct: PolicyImplementation244

4.ExaminingSocial Policy: PolicyAnalysis244

5.LegislativeAnalysisandAction245

6.Social PolicyandPolitical Ideologies246

7.Social WorkandPolitical Ideologies247

2.Social WorkandSocial Policy249

1.Street-Level OrganizationsandBureaucracies249

2.Street-Level Bureaucrats249

3.Street-Level Clients250

4.PolicyImplicationsfor Social WorkPractice250

3.PublicWelfarePolicyintheTwentiethandTwenty-First Centuries251

1.Genesisof Reform: EarlyTwentieth-Century Legislation251

2.OrganizedWaysof Helping252

3.TheEmergenceof PublicWelfare: TheNewDeal Programs253

4.Provisionsfor EconomicandSocial Security256

5.TheGreat SocietyPrograms: AWelfareRights Initiative257

6.Movement towardNewFederalism 258

7.WelfareReform inthe1990s259

8.Twenty-First-CenturyInitiatives259

4.ContemporaryPublicWelfarePrograms260

1.Old-Age,Survivors,Disability,andHealthInsurance 260

2.TemporaryAssistancefor NeedyFamilies261

3.Supplemental SecurityIncome264

4.General Assistance264

5.MedicareandMedicaid265

6.Patient ProtectionandAffordableCareAct 265

7.Supplemental NutritionAssistanceProgram 266

8.Social ServiceProvisionsof TitleXX266

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward267

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions267

4.Part Four: ContemporaryIssuesinFieldsof Practice

1.11.Social WorkandPoverty,Homelessness,Unemployment,and Criminal Justice269

1.Social WorkandPoverty270

1.TheOther America270

2.WhoArethePoor?271

3.RelativeandAbsolutePoverty272

4.WhyArePeoplePoor?273

5.ServiceResponsestoPoverty275

2.Social WorkandHomelessness277

1.Misunderstandingsabout Homelessness277

2.Prevalenceof Homelessness279

3.RiskFactorsAssociatedwithHomelessness280

4.TheFederal ResponsetoHomelessness281

5.Social Work’sResponsetoHomelessness282

3.Social WorkandUnemployment 284

1.TheEconomyandUnemployment 284

2.TheConsequencesof Unemployment 284

3.Unemployment Benefits285

4.Servicesfor PeopleWhoAreUnemployed285

4.Social WorkinCriminal Justice286

1.CrimeandDelinquency287

2.CrimeandPunishment 288

3.TheCriminal JusticeSystem 289

5.Social WorkRolesinCriminal Justice291

1.PoliceSocial Work291

2.Victim AssistancePrograms292

3.Victim–Offender MediationPrograms292

4.Victim WitnessPrograms293

5.ForensicSocial Work293

6.JuvenileCourt Services293

7.ProbationandParole294

8.Social WorkinCorrectional Facilities295

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward296

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions297

2.12.Social WorkinHealth,Rehabilitation,andMental Health 298

1.Social WorkinHealthSystems299

1.Social WorkinPublicHealth299

2.Social WorkinPrimaryHealthCare300

3.Hospital-BasedServices302

4.Social WorkinLong-Term-CareServicesandSupports 304

5.Social WorkandGenetics307

2.Social WorkandHIV/AIDS309

1.Prevalence310

2.IssuesFacingPersonswithHIV/AIDS310

3.Continuum of ProgramsandServices312

3.Social WorkandDisabilities313

1.DefiningDisabilities313

2.Federal LawsRelatedtoDisabilities315

3.StigmaandtheSocial Model of Disability316

4.EmpoweringRelationships317

5.Social Work,Social Services,andDisabilities318

6.PromotingConsumer VoiceandChoice320

7.AdvocatingRightsof PersonswithDisabilities321

4.Social WorkandBehavioral Health: Mental Health321

1.DefiningBehavioral HealthIssues322

2.Theoretical Perspectives322

3.ServiceDelivery324

4.Social WorkinMental HealthServices325

5.Social WorkandBehavioral Health: SubstanceUse Disorders327

1.DefiningSubstanceUseDisorders327

2.SubstanceUseDisorder asaBrain-BasedDisease328

3.Consequencesof SubstanceUseDisorders330

4.Social WorkandtheTreatment of SubstanceUse Disorders330

5.Evidence-BasedTreatment andRecoveryPrograms 331

6.MandatoryTreatment 332

7.SubstanceUsePreventionPrograms333

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward334

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions334

3.13.Social WorkwithFamiliesandYouths336

1.TheContemporaryFamily337

1.VariationsinFamilyForms337

2.FamilyServiceAgencies340

3.AFamilySystemsApproach341

4.AdvocacyandFamilyPolicy343

2.ChildMaltreatment 343

1.Historical Perspective344

2.DefiningChildMaltreatment 345

3.MandatoryReportingLaws347

4.ChildMaltreatment asanAdverseChildhood Experience347

5.FosteringResilience348

6.AdoptingPrinciplesof Trauma-InformedCare349

3.ChildWelfareServices349

1.TheChildWelfareDeliverySystem 349

2.Prevention352

3.FamilySupport andFamilyPreservationServices352

4.Foster Care355

5.Residential Services357

6.PermanencyPlanningandFamilyReunification358

7.Adoption360

8.AdvocacyIssuesandChildWelfare361

4.School Social Work361

1.CollaboratingwithCommunities362

2.ChildrenwithSpecial Educational Needs363

3.EarlyDevelopmental Screening363

4.YouthSuicide364

5.Other Servicesfor Youths365

1.Social WorkwithRunawayandHomelessYouths365

2.Social WorkandDomesticMinor SexTrafficking367

3.YouthEmpowerment 370

1.ReflectingBackandLookingForward372

2.Critical ThinkingQuestions373

4.14.Adult andAgingServices374

1.Servicesfor Adults375

1.Bereavement Counseling375

2.Social WorkinEmployeeAssistancePrograms376

3.Social WorkersintheMilitaryandinServicesfor Veterans378

2.Caregivingfor AgingParentsandLifePartners380

1.CaregivingandAgingParents381

2.CaregivingandLifePartners381

3.CaregivingandDementia381

4.Social WorkSupportsfor Caregivers382

3.IntimatePartner Violence383

1.Prevalenceof IntimatePartner Violence383

2.Typesof IntimatePartner Violence384

3.Dynamicsof IntimatePartner Violence384

4.ServiceResponsestoIntimatePartner Violence386

5.IntimatePartner ViolenceintheLGBTCommunity 387

6.Children’sReactionstoIntimatePartner Violence388

4.Elder Abuse389