GregoryofNyssa OntheHumanImageofGod
JOHNBEHR
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Preface
‘Every logos’—word,argument,treatise—‘islikealivingbeing,withabodyofits own ’,sothateachmemberis ‘composedin fittingrelationtoeachotherandtothe whole’ (Phaedr. 264c2–5).ThesewordsofPlatoarecertainlytrueofthetreatise presentedhere, OntheHumanImageofGod byGregoryofNyssa(otherwise knownas OntheMakingofMan).Itisoneofthemostremarkabletreatisesfrom thegoldeneraofPatristicliterature,presentingasophisticatedanalysisofthe humanbeingthatdrawsuponbothScriptureandthepriorChristiantradition, aboveallOrigen,andalsothetraditionofphilosophicalandmedicalreflection goingbacktoAnaxagoras,andaboveallPlato’ s Timaeus.Althoughattentionis rarelygiventothetreatiseasawhole,itis,likeitssubject,askilfullycomposedand arrangedcomplexwork,withitsowneconomy,thatis,theworkingtogetherofthe differentpartsofthetext(paralleling,Iargue,thoseofTimaeus’ speech);an economy,moreover,whichreflects,andsocontributesto,theeconomyofGod thatisthegrowthofhumanbeing,intheworkshopofnature,towardsthe final realizationofGod’sprojectfromthebeginning,thatofmakingthehumanbeing, individuallyandcollectively,inhisimageandlikeness.
Thistreatisehaslongbeenasourceoffascinationforme;indeed,itwasthe subjectofoneofmy firstpublishedpieces.Whatispresentedintheintroduction tothisvolumeisasubstantialrevisionofmy firstattempttotrytomakesenseof howthewhole fitstogether.Ithasbenefittedfromotherworkdonealongthe way ontheGospelofJohn,Irenaeus,andOrigen andespeciallybytheopportunitiesIhavehadtoworkthroughthistextnumeroustimeswithothers,in semester-longseminarsorshortsummerintensives atStVladimir’sSeminary, NashotahHouse,Regent’sCollege,TrinitySchoolforMinistry,StAndrew’sGreek OrthodoxTheologicalCollege,andStIrenaeusInstituteforOrthodoxTheology. IamtrulygratefultoallthosewithwhomIhavehadthepleasureofreading throughthetext,learningfromthemateachstage.Myespecialthanksgoto FrAndrewLouthforhisguidance,SophiaTheodoratosforcheckingthroughthe criticalapparatus,BradJersakforreadingthroughtheintroduction,andTom Perridgeforhisencouragement,andallthoseatOxfordUniversityPressfortheir workonthisvolume.
Abbreviations
AbbreviationsforclassicalandPatristictextsaregivenintheBibliographyfollowing thetitle;theyarebasedonthosefoundinthefollowing:
TheSBLHandbookofStyleforAncientNearEastern,BiblicalandEarlyChristian Studies,ed.P.H.Alexanderetal.(Peabody,MA:Hendrickson,1999).
And:
H.G.LiddellandR.Scott, AGreek-EnglishLexicon,rev.H.S.Joneswith R.McKenzie.9thedn.withrevisedsupplement(Oxford:ClarendonPress,1996).
G.W.Lampe, APatristicGreekLexicon (Oxford:ClarendonPress,1961).
Whenatextisnotconvenientlydividedaccordingtochapterandparagraph,reference hasbeengiventotheeditor’sname,pageandlinenumberoftheeditiongiveninthe Bibliography.ScripturalreferenceshavebeengivenaccordingtotheLXX;thisprincipallyaffectsthenumerationofthePsalmsandthenamingof1&2Samueland1&2 Kingsas1–4Reigns.
ACAAncientCommentatorsonAristotle
ACOActaConciliorumOecumenicorum
ACWAncientChristianWriters
ANFAnte-NiceneFathers
CAGCommentariainAristotelemGraeca
CBQ MS CatholicBiblicalQuarterly MonographSeries
CCCMCorpusChristianorum:ContinuatioMediaevalis
CCSGCorpusChristianorum:SeriesGraeca
CCSMCorpusChristianorum:SeriesMediaevalis
CÉA,SACollectiondesÉtudesAugustiniennes,SérieAntiquité
CLAChristianityinLateAntiquity
CMGCorpusMedicorumGraecorum
CPGClavisPatrumGraecorum,vol.2,ed.MauritsGeerard(Turnhout:Brepols, 1974)
CTCChristianTheologyinContext
CWSClassicsofWesternSpirituality
D–KHermanDiels, DieFragmentederVorsokratiker,ed.WaltherKranz,6thedn., 3vols(Berlin,1951–2)
DLDiogenesLaertius
DOMPDumbartonOaksMedievalLibrary
DOPDumbartonOaksPapers
EcRevEcclesiasticalReview
ETEnglishtranslation
FCFathersoftheChurch
FChrFontesChristiani
GCSDiegriechischechristlicheSchriftstellerderersten[drei]Jarhunderte
GNOGregoriiNysseniOpera
HTRHarvardTheologicalReview
IJSTInternationalJournalofSystematicTheology
JECSJournalofEarlyChristianStudies
JTI Suppl. JournalofTheologicalInterpretation Supplements
JTSJournalofTheologicalStudies
LCLLoebClassicalLibrary
M
–REmmanuelAmanddeMendietaandStigY.Rudberg, BasiledeCésarée:La traditionmanuscritedirectedesneufhoméliessurl’Hexaéméron,TU123 (Berlin:Akademie,1980).
MThModernTheology
NHCNagHammadiCodices
NPNFNiceneandPostNiceneFathers
OCAOrientaliaChristianaAnalecta
OCTOxfordClassicalTexts
OECSOxfordEarlyChristianStudies
OECTOxfordEarlyChristianTexts
OLPOrientaliaLovaniensiaPeriodica
PPSPopularPatristicSeries
PTSPatristicheTexteundStudien
RevScRelRevuedesSciencesReligieuses
RSRRecherchesdeScienceReligieuse
SAStudiaAnselmiana
SBLSocietyofBiblicalLiterature
SCSourceschrétiennes
SCEStudiesinChristianEthics
SLAStudiesinLateAntiquity
SPMStudiaPatristicaMediolanensia
SROCStudieRicherchesull’OrienteCristiano
STACStudienundTextezuAntikeundChristentum
StPStudiaPatristica
Suppl. VC Supplementsto VigiliaeChristianae
SVFStoicorumVeterumFragmenta
TSTheologicalStudies
TTHTranslatedTextsforHistorians
TUTexteundUntersuchungen
UCPCPUniversityofCaliforniaPublicationsinClassicalPhilology
VCVigiliaeChristianae
WGRWWritingsfromtheGreco-RomanWorld ZACZeitschriftfürAntikesChristentum/JournalofAncientChristianity
‘Weare,clearly,transitorybeingsandourexistenceonearthis,clearly, aprocess,theuninterruptedexistenceofachrysalistransitioningintoa butterfly. ’ StavrogintoShatovinappendixtoDostoevsky’ s TheDemons
TheText,Manuscripts,andEditions
If,asWernerJaegersuggested,asideeffectoftheFrenchRevolutionwasthat theMauristFathers,havingproducedmonumentaleditionsofBasil,Gregory ofNazianzus,andJohnChrysostom,werenotabletodothesameforGregoryof Nyssa,¹itisaptthatamongstallthecriticaleditionsofPatristictextsinthe variousseriesproducedduringthepastcentury,Gregory’ sworksaredistinguishedbythefactthathealonehasanequallymagni ficenteditiondedicated solelytohisworks,overseenbyJaegerhimself theLeidenBrillCorpus, GregoriiNysseniOpera(GNO).TheprojectwaslaunchedbyUlrichvon Wilamowitz-Moellendorffatthebeginningofthe20thcentury,initiallyresulting ineditionsofGregory ’ s ContraEunomium (ed.Jaeger,1921)andhisletters (ed.Pasqualis,1925).²TheprojectwascontinuedbyJaegerafterhismovetothe UnitedStatesandfoundingtheInstituteforClassicalStudiesatHarvard Universityin1939.Afterdecadesofgatheringandexaminingcopiesofmore than1,000manuscriptscontainingGregory’ stexts,volumesofGNObeganto appearfromthe1950s,numbering18individualvolumesby2014(thedateof themostrecentvolume).Inapaperdeliveredin1969,HadwigHörnerrecalled howJaegerhadgivenherthetaskofeditingthe ApologiainHexaemeron and then,afterHermannLangerbeck’sdeath(1964),theworknowcustomarily knownas Dehominisopi ficio inaddition,notingthat ‘ untilthenonlythe collationshavebeenmade’ .³Theeditionofthe Apologia appeared fi vedecades later;the Dehominisopifi cio isthelastannouncedworkyettoappear. ⁴ Fortunately,however,wedohaveaneditionofthisworkpublishedinthe mid-19thcentury,wellinadvanceofanyothereditionfromtheperiodofthis
¹WernerJaeger, TwoRediscoveredWorksofAncientChristianLiterature:GregoryofNyssaand Macarius (Leiden:Brill,1954),5–6.
²TheearliestannouncementofanewcriticaleditionofGregory’scorpusseemstobethenotice,in ByzantinischeZeitschrift 18(1909),711–12,ofagatheringinhonourofUlrichvonWilamowitzMoellendorffontheoccasionofhis60thbirthday.FormoredetailsofthehistoryoftheGNOedition, seeHadwigHörner, ‘ÜberGeneseundDerzeitigenStandderGrossenEditionderWerkeGregorsvon Nyssa’,inMargueriteHarl, ÉcritureetculturephilosophiquedanslapenséedeGrégoiredeNysse:Actes duColloquedeChevetogne(22–25Septembre1969) (Leiden:Brill,1971),18–50.
³Hörner, ‘ÜberGenese’,48.
⁴ HubertR.Drobner, GregoriiNysseniinHexaemeron,GNO4.1(Leiden:Brill,2009).InMargarete AltenburgeranndFriedhelmMann, BibliographiezuGregorvonNyssa:Editionen Übersetzungen Literatur (Leiden:Brill,1988),x,MartinHennigesislistedastheeditorforthe Apologia andHadwig Hörnerfor Dehom.op.
oranyotherworkofGregory,producedbytheremarkableScottishscholar, GeorgeHaysForbes.⁵
Gregory’ s Dehominisopificio waswrittenbetweenthedeathofBasilin September378andEaster379.⁶ Itwasverypopularinantiquityasisclearfrom thenumerousmanuscriptsandtranslationsofthetreatise.Theworkwas first translatedintoLatinbyDionysiusExiguus(c.470–540)andthenseveralcenturies laterbyEriugena(completed c.862–4),whoalsousedtheworkextensivelyinhis Periphyseon,referringtoitasGregory ’ s Sermodeimagine.Theworkwasalso translatedintoSyriac,Arabic,Georgian,Armenian,andSlavonic.⁷ The first printededitionofthework,entitledsimply Βίβλοςπερὶἀνθρώπου,wasbythe AldusPressin1536.⁸ Inthefollowingyear,Dionysius’ Latintranslationwas
GeorgeHayForbes,
ρισκόμεναπάντα SanctipatrisnostriGregoriiNysseniBasiliiMagnifratrisquae supersuntomnia.Inunumcorpuscollegit,ad fidemcodd.mss.recensuit,Latinisversionibusquam accuratissimisinstruxitetgenuinaasupposititiisdiscrevit,Tomusprimus,Fasc.1and2(Burntisland: PitsligoPress,1855,1861).The Περὶ
Dehominisconditioneidestdeimagine is foundinFasc.1,102–Fasc.2,319;itisprecededbyForbes’‘Monitum’,Fasc.1,96–101.
⁶ ForthedatingofGregory’sworks,Ihaveusedtherangesgivenin TheBrillDictionaryofGregoryof Nyssa,ed.LucasFranciscoMateo-SecoandGiulioMaspero,Suppl. VC 99(Leiden:Brill,2010),153–69, ‘ChronologyofWorks’,byPierreMaraval.
⁷ FortheSyriacversion,seeM.Parmentier, ‘SyriacTranslationsofGregoryofNyssa’ , Orientalia LovaniensiaPeriodica 20(1989),143–93,at164.Translationsof,andcommentson, Vat.sir.106,dated c.700 (noted,butnotstudiedbyForbes,cf. ‘Monitum’,99),appearedinaseriesofarticles,entitled ‘Laversionesiriacadel “Deopificiohominis” diGregoriodiNissa’ in SROC:T.Clementoni,on chapters13–14, SROC 5(1982),81–101,157–71;M.R.DeDeo,furtheronchapter14, SROC 3 (1983),39–56,181–95;F.Grassi,onchapters9–11, SROC 7(1984),25–50,191–206;and A.Bonanni,onchapter22, SROC 10(1987),149–70.
FortheArabicversion,seeJosephNasrallah, ‘DossierarabedesoeuvresdesaintBasiledansla littératuremelchite’ , Proche-OrientChrétien 29(1979),17–43,at27–9,ontheexistenceofan8thcenturyArabictranslationofBasil’ s Hexaemeron andGregory’ s Dehom.op.,whichwasthenusedfor theGeorgiantranslation(seebelow).
FortheGeorgianversion,seeTinaDolidzeandEkvtime(Tamaz)Kochlamazanashvili, ‘Old GeorgianTranslationsofGregoryofNyssa’sWorks’,in GregoryofNyssa:TheMinorTreatiseson TrinitarianTheologyandApollinarism,ed.VolkerHenningDrecollandMargittaBerghaus,Suppl. VC 106(Leiden:Brill,2011),577–92,at577–8and581,whichdatesthe first,anonymous,translationof De hom.op. tothe8th–9thcenturies,thoughpreservedinthe10th-centuryShatberdicollectionandthe 12th–13th-centurymanuscriptCodexJerusalem,GreekPatriarchalLibraryCollection44(nowedited byandpublishedIliaAbuladze:Tbilisi,1979;inGeorgian);thesecondtranslationisthatbyGeorgethe Athonite(1009–65),acriticaledition,editedbyEkvtimeKochlamazanashvili,isforthcomingin ChristianArchaeology 2.SeeEkvtimeKochlamazanashviliandTinaDolidze, DescriptionofGeorgian ManuscriptsIncludingSt.GregoryofNyssa’sWorks (Tbilisi,2009;inGeorgian).
FortheArmenianversion,Forbes, ‘Monitum’,99,notesanArmenianversionheldbythe MekhitaristsmonksinVenice;seealsoR.P.Casey, ‘ArmeniaInedita’,in LeMuséon,Revued’études orientales 68(1955),55–9,at59,onanmsintheTübingencollection,andM.vanEsbroeckand U.Zanetti, ‘LemanuscritÉrevan993.Inventairedespièces’ , RevuedesétudesArméniennes 12(1977), 123–67,at139(no.118,regarding Dehom.op. 25).
TheSlavonictranslationhasnowbeencriticallyeditedbyLaraSels, GregoryofNyssa, Dehominis opificio ООбразѣЧловѣка:TheFourteenth-CenturySlavonicTranslation:ACriticalEditionwith GreekParallelandCommentary,BausteinezurSlavischenPhilologieundKulturgeschichteNF21 (Köln:Böhlau,2009).
⁸ GregoriiNazanzeniTheologiorationesnovemelegantissimae,GregoriiNysseniliberdehomine, quaeomnianuncprimum,emendatissima,inlucemprodeunt (Aldus,1536);andinthe finalcolophon: Venetiis,inaedibushaeredumAldi,etAndreaeAsulanisoceri.MDXXXVI
published(Cologne,1537,reprintedin1551;subsequentlyre-editedbyLaurentius Sifanus,Basel,1562),withthetitle Decreationehominis,althoughintheexplicit (fol.23v)itisreferredtoas Deimagine . ⁹ TwofurtherLatintranslationswere producedinthemid-16thcentury,thatoftheCassinesemonkAmbrosius Ferrariusin1553,andthen,apparentlywithoutknowledgeofFerrarius ’swork, byJohannesLöwenklau(Levvenklaius).¹⁰ Löwenklau’seditionwaspublishedin Baselin1567,alongwiththeGreektextfromAldus’ edition,underthetitle De hominisopificio Περὶ
;thisLatintranslationandthese titlesthereafterbecamestandard.¹¹Itwasthistextthatwasincludedby ClaudiusMorellusinthe firstpublicationofthecollectedknownworksof Gregoryin1615.¹²Anappendixtothiswork,containingnewlydiscovered works,waspublishedin1618,andanenlargededition,theexpanded editio Morelliana,in1638,whichwasthenusedasthebasisforGregory ’sworksin theseriesPatrologiaGraeca.¹³Eriugena’stranslationwasonlyrediscoveredinthe yearsbeforetheSecondWorldWar,whenDomMaïeulCappuynsnoticeditin themanuscript BambergB.IV.13 andpublishedaneditionofthetext,comparing italsotothetranslationfoundinEriugena’ s Periphyseon (inthethreeprincipal recensions:Reims,BibliothèqueMunicipale, 875;Bamberg,Staatsbibliothek, Patr. 78 [olimB.IV.13];andParis,BibliothèquenationaledeFrance, Lat. 12964–5);the workhasrecentlybeenre-editedbyGiovanniMandolino,withrecoursetoboth thecriticaleditionofthe Periphyseon byÉdouardJeauneauandtheGreektextof Forbes.¹⁴
AlthoughnothavingyetappearedintheGNO,wearefortunate,asalready noted,tohavetheexceptionaleditionofthisworkofGregory,alongwiththe ApologiainHexaemeron andthe VitaMoysis ,editedbyGeorgeForbesand publishedin1855/61athisownprivatepress(PitsligoPress,namedafterhis ancestorLordPitsligo)inBurntisland,asmalltownonthenorthernshoreofthe
⁹ Fordetailsoftheseandothereditions,seeAltenburgerandMann, Bibliographie,11–12,15,23–4. The editioprinceps wasincludedinPL(67.347–408),withtwotitles: AdfratremsuumPetrum Presbyterum:Deimagine,idestdehominisconditionequaeafratreeorumSanctoBasilioepiscopoin Hexaemeronsuntomissa,andthen Decreationehominis
¹⁰ FormoredetailsseeP.Levine, ‘TwoEarlyVersionsofSt.GregoryofNyssa
ἀνθρώπου’ , HarvardStudiesinClassicalPhilology 63(1958),473–92,at475and484n.24,relatingalso thescathingcommentsofFerrariusandLöwenklauonDionysius’ translationandbetrayingtheir ignoranceoftheidentityofDionysius. ¹¹
.OpusadmirandumGregoriiNysseniantistitisdehominisopificio.InterpreteIohanneLevvenklaio,annotationibus estiamnecessariisadditis.Libermedicinae,philosophiaesacrarumquelitterarumstudiosisperutilis (Basel:IoannisOporini,1567).Ferrarius’stranslation(Cod.Vat.Ottolat.776)remainsunpublished. ¹²Fordetails,seeAltenburgerandMann, Bibliographie,50–1. ¹³Ibid.55,58–60.Gregory’streatiseisfoundinPG44,123–256(Paris,1858).
¹⁴ M.Cappuyns, ‘Le ‘Deimagine’ deGrégoiredeNyssetraduitparJeanScotÉrigène’ , Recherchesde théologieancienneetmédiévale 32(Louvain,1965),205–62.IohannisScottiEriugenae, Carmina;De Imagine,ed.MichaelW.Herren,AndrewDunning,GiovanniMandolino,andChiaraO.Tommasi, CCCM167(Turnhout:Brepols,2020).IohannesScottusEriugena, Periphyseon,ed.É.Jeauneau, CCCM161–5(Turnhout:Brepols,1996–2003).
FirthofForth.¹⁵ Despitehisphysicalhandicap(paralysedfromthekneesdownward),Forbestravelledextensively,notonlytoOxfordandLondonbutalsoto Paris,Turin,Nancy,andVenice,tocollatenumerousmanuscriptsforhisedition. Hesettledon20manuscripts,fromthe10thto16thcenturies,collatingmostof themhimself,butalsobene fittingfromthekindservicesofothers:J.G.Krabinger collatedtheMunichmanuscripts;J.B.Pitraalsoinspectedmanuscriptsonhis behalf;andE.B.Puseyhelped financethiswork.¹⁶ Althoughitwastheexpanded editioMorelliana thatultimatelyservedasthebasisforthePatrologiaGraeca,it seemedpossibleforawhilethatAbbéMigne,attheurgingofCardinalJ.B.Pitra, waswillingtoengageForbes(despitebeing ‘aProtestantandaheretic’)toeditthe worksofGregoryforhismonumentalseries.¹⁷ Forbesconsultedthe1536Aldus PresseditionandthatofLöwenklau,andalsopreparedhisownedition,published onthefacingpage,ofDionysius’ LatintranslationusingSifanus’ editionand himselfcollatingtwofurthermanuscriptsfoundinOxfordandthereadingsof threeParisianmanuscriptssuppliedbyPitra.
Inthe19thcentury,theworkwastranslatedonceintoEnglish(entitled Onthe MakingofMan;ithasnotbeenretranslatedsince),¹ ⁸ twiceintoRussian,¹⁹ andno lessthanthreetimesintoGerman(underthetitles: UeberdieSchöpfungdes Menschen, AbhandlungvonderErschaffungdesMenschen, ÜberdieAustattung desMenschen).²⁰ Inthemid-20thcentury,the firstFrenchtranslationappeared intheSourceschrétiennesseries,byJeanLaPlace(Lacréationdel’homme,without afacingGreektextaslaterbecamecustomaryforSC),asecondtranslationfour decadeslaterintheseriesLesPèresdanslafoi,²¹thenanItaliantranslation (simplycalled L’ uomo),²²andmostrecentlyanewRussiantranslation(Об устроениичеловека).²³
¹
⁵ ForForbeshimself,seeW.Perry, GeorgeHayForbes:ARomanceinScholarship (London:SPCK, 1927).
¹
¹
⁶ Cf.Forbes, ‘Monitum’,97;Perry, GeorgeHayForbes,77–8.
⁷ Seetheaccount,togetherwithlettersexchangedbetweenPitraandMigne,inPerry, GeorgeHay Forbes,76–85.
¹
⁸ TranslationbyHenryAustinWilsoninWilliamMooreandHenryAustinWilson, SelectWritings andLettersofGregory,BishopofNyssa,NPNF,secondseries,vol.5(1893;reprintedGrandRapids,MI: Eerdmans,1994);WilsonutilizedsomeofthealternatereadingsnotedbyForbes.
¹⁹ Cf.CyprienKern, Lestraductionsrussedestextespatristiques:Guidebibliographique (Chevetogne: ÉditionsdeChevetogne,1957),32:thecompleteworksofGregory firstappearedin Християнское Чтение (Moscow,1826–47),andthenintheseries ТворенияСвятыхОтцовиздаваемыхврусском переводеприМосковскойДуховнойАкадемии vols.37–45(Moscow,1861–72),vol.37,pp.76–222.
²⁰ The firsttitleisfromtheseriesSämmtlicheWerkederKirchen(VäterausdemUrtexteindas Teutscheübersetzt),Bd.I(Kempten1851);secondtitle,trans.F.Oehler,BibliothekderKirchenväter, Bd.III(Leipzig,1859),202–315;thirdtitle,trans.H.Hayd,BibliothekderKirchenväter,Bd. I(Kempten,1874),207–317.Cf.AltenburgerandMann, Bibliographie,85,88–9,93–4,respectively.
²¹J.LaPlaceandJ.Daniélou, GrégoiredeNysse:Lacréationdel’homme,SC6(Paris:Cerf,1943, reprinted2002).J.Y.GuillauminandA.G.Hamman, GrégoiredeNysse:Lacréationdel’homme (Paris: DeslcéedeBrouwer,1982).
²²B.Salmona, GregoriodiNissa.L’ uomo,Collanaditestipatristici32(Rome:CittàNuova,1982, reprinted2000).
²³ В. Лурье, Обустроениичеловека (StPetersburg,2000).
Whileweeagerlyawaitafull editiomaior inGNO,Forbes ’ editionremainsthe unparalleledbasisfromwhichtowork.Regardingthe20manuscriptsusedby Forbesandhiseditorialjudgement,Hörnerwasverypositive: ‘All nearlyall theimportantstrandsoftransmissionwereavailabletoForbes,whosejudgment inevaluatingthemwasextraordinarilygood.’²⁴ ThemanuscriptsusedbyForbes, togetherwithhissigla,are:²⁵
a ‘Nesseliiccxvii’ (i.e.Vienna,ÖsterreichischeNationalbibliothek, theol. gr.222)
α ‘Burneianus52’ (i.e.London,BritishLibrary, BurneyMS52)
b ‘Lambeciitomiiv.cod.110’ (i.e.Vienna,ÖsterreichischeNationalbibliothek, theol.gr.278)
β ‘Regius1277’ (i.e.Paris,BibliothèquenationaledeFrance, grec1277)
c ‘Lamb.t.iii.cod.63’ (i.e.Vienna,ÖsterreichischeNationalbibliothek, theol. gr.113)
d ‘Lamb.t.iii.cod.62’ (i.e.Vienna,ÖsterreichischeNationalbibliothek, theol. gr.160)
e ‘Lamb.t.iii.cod.64’ (i.e.Vienna,ÖsterreichischeNationalbibliothek, theol. gr.168)
f ‘Lamb.t.iii.cod.65’ (i.e.Vienna,ÖsterreichischeNationalbibliothek, theol. gr.134)
g ‘ÆdisChristiOxonii’ (i.e.OxfordChristChurchLibrary, grec45)
h ‘CodexinMuseoHunterianoGlasguaeasservatus’ (i.e.Glasgow,University Library, MSHunter447,containsonlyextracts)
i ‘Mon.192’ (i.e.Munich,BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Cod.graec.192)
k ‘Monac.206’ (i.e.Munich,BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Cod.graec.206, incomplete)
l ‘Monac.240’ (i.e.Munich,BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Cod.graec.240)
m ‘Monac.570’ (i.e.Munich,BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Cod.graec.570)
n ‘Marcianus58’ (i.e.Venice,BibliotecaNazionalediSanMarco, grec58)
p ‘Regius476’ (i.e.Paris,BibliothèquenationaledeFrance, grec476)
q ‘Coislinianus235’ (i.e.Paris,BibliothèquenationaledeFrance, Coislin grec235)
²⁴ LettertoLaraSels,dated20May2003(Sels, GregoryofNyssa,95,ftn.352);SelsreusedForbes’ textforherparallelGreek–Slavoniceditionofthistreatise,butonlynotedthosevariantspertinentto theSlavonictranslation.
²⁵ Fora,b,c,d,e,andf,ForbesreferstoDanieldeNessel, CatalogussiveRecensiospecialisomnium codicummanuscriptorumgraecorum,necnonlinguarumorientalium,AugustissimaeBibliothecae CaesareaeVindobonensis (Vienna:L.Voigt&J.B.Endteri,1690),321(Forbeshasmisidentified ‘ a ’ as ‘ccxvii’;Sels, GregoryofNyssa,95,gives ‘ccxxvii’;itshouldbeccxxii),andPeterLambeck, CommentariorumdeaugustissimabibliothecacaesareaVindobonensis, LiberTertius,editioaltera (Vienna:J.Thomae,1776),286(cod.62),289(cod.63),294(cod.64),and LiberQuartus,editioaltera (Vienna:J.Thomae,1778),126–7(cod.110).
r ‘MusæBritannicixvi.D1’ (i.e.London,BritishLibrary, RoyalMS16DI)
s ‘Baroccianus144’ (i.e.Oxford,Bodleian, Baroccigrec144)
t ‘Vaticanus408’ (i.e.VaticanCity,BibliotecaApostolicaVaticana, grec408)
Inhisbriefintroductorycomments,Forbessuggestedthatthesemanuscripts formedtwobasicfamilies: first,abcikmnqrtand,second,def,withwhichghpl andsarecloselyconnected.Further,inhisassessmenta/α andb/β aresoclosethat heonlyrecorded α or β whenthereadingofaorbhadnotbeennoted(andhe occasionallynoteswhentheydisagreewitheachother).²⁶ Forbesalsonotesthat ‘Regius956’ (i.e.Paris,BibliothèquenationaledeFrance, grec956,14thcentury) concursverycloselywithn,²⁷ andheoccasionallyincludesvariantreadingsinhis apparatusfromthreeothermanuscriptshehadread: ‘Regius940’ (i.e.Paris, BibliothèquenationaledeFrance, grec940,14thcentury); ‘coislin228’ (i.e.Paris, BibliothèquenationaledeFrance, coislingrec228,11thcentury);and ‘Mon.562’ (i.e.Munich,BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Cod.graec.562,11thcentury).² ⁸ Forbes ’ apparatusisverycompleteandfullofdetails,thoughhismethodofreferenceis sometimesunclearandoccasionallyincorrect.² ⁹ Moreover,whenhischoiceoftext differsfromthoseofpreviouseditors,henotesthemsssupportinghisreadingbut notthosesupportingtheearliereditions;but,ashedoesnoteallothervariants, onecanprobablyassumethattheremainingunnamedmssalignwiththeprevious editions.Notably,ForbesalsoprintedthelistofheadingsfollowingtheLetter toPeter,prefacingthework,whichhadnotbeendoneinthe editioMorelliana or PG(norinthetranslationofMooreandWilson),buthadbeenincludedby Löwenklauinhisedition.
WehavefurtherinformationaboutthemanuscripttraditionofGregory’streatise,indirectly,fromthestudyofthemanuscripttraditionofBasil’ s Hexaemeron, undertakenbyEmmanuelAmanddeMendietaandStigY.Rudberginpreparation fortheirowneditionofBasil’swork.³⁰ Theyidentifiedthreedifferentformsof collectionsinwhichBasil’sworkhasbeenhandeddowninthemanuscripttradition: first,asmallcollection,includingBasil’ s Hexaemeron andthetwohomilies In Verba:FaciamusHominem (alsocalled Sermonesdecreationehominis)³¹towhich
²⁶ Forbes, ‘Monitum’,98.²⁷ Forbes, ‘Monitum’,97.
²⁸ ParisBNF coislingrec228,62–74v containschaps.1–12.11.Munich,BSB Cod.graec. 562,contains onlychap.12,at113r–117v,betweenNemesiusofEmesa’ s Denaturahominis andGregory’ s DeAnima, followedbyashortworkofJohnofDamascusonthosewhohavefallenasleepinfaith.
²⁹ ForbesplacedasuperscriptletterabovetheGreekwordinthetext,withthevariantsnotedbelow, frequentlyfollowedbyvariantsofsubsequentwordsinthetextinthelinesthatfollow,beforethenext superscriptletter.
³⁰ EmmanuelAmanddeMendietaandStigY.Rudberg, BasiledeCésarée:Latraditionmanuscrite directedesneufhoméliessurl’Hexaéméron,TU123(Berlin:Akademie,1980);referredtobelowas M–R.EmmanuelAmanddeMendietaandStigY.Rudbergeds, BasiliusvonCaesarea:Homilienzum Hexaemeron,GCSNF2(Berlin:AkademieVerlag,1997).
³¹CPG3215and3216.Ed.AlexisSmitsandMichelvanEsbroeck, BasiledeCésarée:Surl’originede l’homme,SC160(Paris:Cerf,1970);HadwigHörner,GNOSupplement(Brill,1972),2–40,41–72;ET NonnaVernaHarrison, StBasiltheGreat:OntheHumanCondition,PPS(Crestwood,NY:SVSPress, 2005),31–48,49–64.
theapocryphalhomily DeParadiso issometimesadded;³²second,whatthey describedasbeingthenormalcollection,inwhichthe Hexaemeron issupplemented by Dehominisopificio andsometimesGregory’ s ApologiainHexaemeron;and, third,alargercollection,whichbringstogetherallthetextsthatareinthesmalland normalcollection: Hexaemeron, Dehominisopificio,thetwohomilies InVerba: FaciamusHominem,andoccasionallythe ApologiainHexaemeron andthe De Paradiso.Ofthemanuscriptstheylist,68containGregory’streatise(18inthelarge collection;50inthenormalcollection),14ofwhichhadbeenusedbyForbes;afull listofthese68manuscriptsanddetailstheysuppliedisgivenintheAppendix.³³
1.ManuscriptsUsedinthisEdition
Inthelistprovidedonthewebsitedatabase ‘Pinakes|Πίνακες Textesetmanuscrits grecs ’,thereare166manuscriptsofGregory’streatise.³⁴ Forthispresentedition, Ihavere-examinedseveralofthemanuscriptsusedbyForbes,especiallywhen hisreadingseemedquestionableorhewasindoubtorwhenhisapparatus wasunclear.Ihavealsocollatedfouroftheearliestmanuscripts,notusedby Forbes,nowdigitizedandavailableonline:VaticanCity,BibliotecaApostolica Vaticana, Vat.grec2053 and Vat.grec2066,tothelatterofwhichalsobelongs Washington,LibraryofCongress, Ms60;Oxford,Bodleian, Baroccigrec228 ; andFlorence,BibliotecaLaurenziana, grecPlut.4.27.Ihavealsotakennoteof Paris,BibliothèquenationaledeFrance, grec1356,two fly-leavesofwhich,dating fromthe9thto10thcenturies,containtwopassagesfromGregory’streatise.For printededitions,IhavecomparedthetextasgiveninthePatrologiaGraeca,the textwhich,duetothescarcityofForbes’ edition,hasbecomethestandardonein moderntimes,andalsothe editioprinceps (Aldus,1536).Passagesfromthetextas theyappearinJustinian’ s Ep.adMennam,the DoctrinaPatrumdeIncarnatione Verbi,JohnofDamascus’ DeSacrisImaginibus,andthe SacraParallela attributed toJohnofDamascus,havealsobeennoted.
IhaveretainedForbes ’ siglaforthemanuscripts,modifying α toÆand β toß, toavoidconfusion.Theinformationprovidedbelowisdrawnfromthemanuscriptsthemselves,whenavailableonline(onthewebsitesofthevariouslibrariesin whichtheyareheld,togetherwithsupplementaryinformationcontainedtherein), ‘Pinakes’,thestudyofA.deMendietaandS.Rudberg(=M–R),Forbes,andthe
³²CPG3217,ed.Hörner,GNOSupplement(Brill,1972),75–84.
³³ThemssusedbyForbesaregiventhefollowingdesignationsbyM–R: β/D5,c/F5,d/C3,e/H7, f/D4,g/A*16,i/H4,l/E17,m/E22,n/E3,p/A1,q/I1,s/A*15,t/C1.FortheirowneditionofBasil’ s Hexaemeron,M–Rused:A1,A2,A3,B1,B2,C1,E1,E2,E3,G1,G2.
³⁴ https://pinakes.irht.cnrs.fr(accessed23October2020);theinformationitsupplies,however, shouldbetreatedwithcaution:itliststhe8th–9th-centuryAthens, EBE223 ascontainingexclusively worksbyBasilbutalsoasincludingGregory’streatise;anditdatesMoscow,Muséehistorique, grec81 Vladimir tothe10thcentury,whichasM–Robserveiscorrectforfolios2–120,butfolios121–235,in whichwehaveGregory’swork,datetothe12thcentury.
cataloguesofNesselandLambeck.Listedindateorder,themanuscriptsusedfor thiseditionareasfollows:
9th–10thcenturies
Z Paris,BibliothèquenationaledeFrance,grec1356 (imagesonline)
Themanuscriptdatesfromthe14thcentury,buttwo fly-leavesofthisvolume, containingpassagesfromGregory’swork,datetothelate9thtoearly10th centuries:³⁵
fol.Ar-v πρ
ῆ
:chapter16.8–13(16,lines62–109).
fol.340r-v Καίσαροςεἰκόνα ἄν(θρωπ)οι:chapters16.13–titulus 17(16,lines 110–17,line2).
fol.341r-v τοῖςδιορατικωτέροις
[
:chapters19.3–20.2(19,line25–20, line26).
fol.Br-v σπουδαζό]μενα Ἐπειδὴ ἀλλ᾽ἀνα
:chapters20.3–21.1(20,line26–21, line16).
W VaticanCity,BibliotecaApostolicaVaticana, grec2053 (M–RG1;images online)
Noinitialtitle.248r (M–RandPinakeshave247r) Τῷἀ
.248rv Ep.toPeter.248v Τοῦὁ
,butnolistofheadings.248v–283v treatisein30chapters,withheadingsandnumbersornatelymarkedout.Text breaksoffafewlinesbeforetheendofthetreatise,atlastlineof283v,with
(chapter30,line301).
V VaticanCity,BibliotecaApostolicaVaticana, grec2066 (M–RE1;imagesonline)
Noinitialtitle.299r Τ
Νύσης.299r–300r Ep.toPeter.300r–301r listof30headingswithnumbersin margin.301r heading
,thentitleof firstchapter.301r–316v incompletetext,containing first11chaptersandpart ofchapter12;textoftreatisebreaksoffatlastlineof316v,with κάτοπτρον γινομένηνκρατεῖ (chapter12,lines119).Chapterdivisionsareclearly indicatedbylineofornamentationandthechapternumbersarewrittenin themargin.
³⁵ IdentifiedbyCharlesAstruc, ‘Deuxfragmentsanciens(enminusculedetype “Anastase”)du De hominisopificio deGrégoiredeNysse’ , Scriptorium:revueinternationaledesétudesrelativesaux manuscrits,39.1(1985),265–9,whoalsoprovidesalistofvariants.
TothismanuscriptbelongthetwofoliosthatconstituteWashington,Libraryof Congress, Ms60 (imagesonlinewith grec2066):³⁶
fol.1rv ἀ
chapter16.3–8(16,lines 21–62).
fol.2rv ἐνοἷ
chapters18.8–19.4(18,line71–19,line29).
N Venice,BibliotecaNazionalediSanMarco, grec58 (M–RE3) 65v titleinreduncials:
.67v–116r textin31chapters,with scholia.
10thcentury
X Florence,BibliotecaMediceaLaurenziana, grec4.27 (M–RA3;imagesonline)
(Datedtothe firstpartofthe10thcentury)Noinitialtitle.186v Τ
.186v–187v Ep.toPeter.187v–188v listof30headingswithnumbers.188v–240v treatisein30chapterswith numbersinthemargins,andscholia.
P Paris,BibliothèquenationaledeFrance, grec476 (M–RA1;imagesonline)
(Datedtothe firstpartofthe10thcentury)Noinitialtitle.64v
.64v–65v Ep.toPeter.65v–66v listof30headings.66v–116v treatisein30chapters,withnumbersinthemargins, andscholia.116v explicit: Το
,writtenaroundanimageofthecross.
S Oxford,Bodleian, Baroccigrec144 (M–RA*15;imagesonline)
(Datedtothesecondpartofthe10thcentury)Noinitialtitle.98v
–100r Ep.toPeter. 100r–101r listof30headings.101v–174v treatisein30chapters,withnumbersin
³⁶ SeeWernerJaeger, ‘GreekUncialFragmentsintheLibraryofCongressinWashington’ , Traditio, 5(1947),79–102,withplates,andafullandfascinatingstudyofthemanuscript’shistory.Jaeger identifiesthemsashavingcomefromConstantinopleandcalculatesthatthesefolioswouldhavebeen fols.325and332of Vat.grec 2066.
themargins.174v explicit inblackuncials: το
T VaticanCity,BibliotecaApostolicaVaticana, grec408 (M–RC1;images online)
(Datedtothesecondpartofthe10thcentury)Noinitialtitle.89v Τῷἀ
.89v–91r Ep.toPeter. 91r–92v listof31headings.92v–161v treatisein31chapters,withnumberswritten inthemarginsandscholia.
10th–11thcenturies
O Oxford,Bodleian, Baroccigrec228 (M–RE6;imagesonline)
65r twododecasyllablesinthehandofthecopyist: ὡ
.65r–66r Ep.to Peter.66r–67r listof31headings.67r–118v treatisein31chapters,with numbersinmargin,andscholia.118v, explicit inblackuncials:
Q Paris,BibliothèquenationaledeFrance, Coislin235 (M–RI1;imagesonline)
Noinitialtitle.121r Τῷἀ
.121r–123r Ep.toPeter.123r–124v listof31headings. 124v–208v treatisein31chapters,withnumbersinthemargins.Textbreaksoffa fewlinesbeforetheconclusionofchapter31,with ἐντ
(chapter30, line278).
D Vienna,ÖsterreichischeNationalbibliothek, theol.gr.160 (M–RC3)
Beginningdamaged;Ep.toPetermissing.60r Τοῦἐν
κατασκευήν,followedbylistof30headings.61r–113v,textoftreatisemissing firstsevenchaptersand firstpartofchapter8.
11thcentury
J Munich,BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Cod.graec.562 (113v–117r;images online) Chapter12only.
12th–13thcenturies
Æ London,BritishLibrary, BurneyMS52 (Forbes α;imagesonline)
Noinitialtitle.88v ΠρὸςΠέτροντὸν ἴ
κατασκευὴν.88v–89r Ep.toPeter;89r–90r listof31headings(missingno.19).90v–130r treatisein31chapters.Chaptertitles,andthenumbersinmargins,writtenin redink.
13thcentury
R London,BritishLibrary, RoyalMS16DI (imagesonline)
117v,twoheadings:
118r Ep.toPeter.Nolistofheadings,butinsteadanotherheading:
followedbyheadingforchapter1. 118v–143r treatisein31chapters;headingsmarkedbylargecapitals,only11 markedbynumbersinthemargins.
G OxfordChristChurchLibrary, grec45 (M–RA*16)
Noinitialtitle.115r–116v Ep.toPeter.116v–118r listof30headings;118r–194r textin30chapters,withscholia.194r explicit: Το
andthisdodecasyllableverse:+
F Vienna,ÖsterreichischeNationalbibliothek, theol.gr.134 (M–RD4;images online)
(DatedbyÖNBto1200Constantinople;byPinakesto c.1300)Noinitialtitle.95r
.95r–96v Ep.to Peter.96v–98r listof30headings.98r–150v text;headingsandnumbers,in margins,inredink.
14thcentury
H Glasgow,UniversityLibrary, MSHunter447(V.5.17)
Extracts:chapters1,3,6,7(withlacunae),10,11,12;thenthreeexcerpts fromchapter8,underthetitle:
; thenchapters13,14,15,andfragmentsfromchapters16,20,21,thenchapters 24and30.
I Munich,BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Cod.graec.192 (M–RH4;imagesonline)
(Dated c.1370)111v title: Τοῦἁ
Ep.toPeter.112v–113v listof31headings.
114r–166v treatisein31chapters,withheadingsandnumbers(placedbeforethe heading)inredink.
M Munich,BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Cod.graec.570 (M–RE22)
108r–170v
.Ep.toPeter.Listof30headings.Treatisein30 chapters.
ß Paris,BibliothèquenationaledeFrance, grec1277 (Forbes β;M–RD5;images online)
54v–55r listof30headings.55r–56r Ep.toPeter:
.56r–82v treatisein30chapters,withchapter numbersinthemargins.
E Vienna,ÖsterreichischeNationalbibliothek, theol.gr.168 (M–R:H7) (Pinakes14thcentury;M–R15thcentury)LackingEp.toPeterandlistof headings.73v title:
–120r treatisein30 chapters.
A Vienna,ÖsterreichischeNationalbibliothek, theol.gr.222
B Vienna,ÖsterreichischeNationalbibliothek, theol.gr.278
treatisein30chapters.
15thcentury
C Vienna,ÖsterreichischeNationalbibliothek,theol.gr.113 (M–RF5)
(Dated27August1412)79r title: περὶ εἰ
.79r
80r Ep.toPeter.80r–81r listof31headings.81v–138r treatisein31chapters.
L Munich,BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Cod.graec.240 (M–RE17;images online)
(DatedbyBSBandPinakestothe15thcentury;byM–Rtothe14thcentury)65r title: Το
.65r–66r Ep.toPeter.66r–109v textdividedinto 30chapters;headingsmarkedbylargecapitalinthemargintogetherwith number,inredink.
16thcentury
K Munich,BayerischeStaatsbibliothek, Cod.graec.206 (Datedtothesecondhalfofthe16thcentury)1r–34r incomplete.Forbesgivesthe titleas:
Βασιλείου.On17v thereisthetitleofchapter18(19),withnumber ι θ givenin themargin,andon31r titleofchapter30(31)withoutanaccompanyingnumber; themanuscriptwouldthushaveoriginallybeenin31chapters.
IndirectWitnesses
Justinian, Ep.adMennam
28.4–14(τάχα ἐνφυσήματος)= Ep.adMennam (ACO3,199.22–31)
28.28–74(οἱ τῷ προτέρῳ σώμασι)= Ep.adMennam (ACO3,199.32 –200.37)
DoctrinaPatrumdeIncarnationeVerbi
4.6–9(ἡ μὲνγὰρ διοικουμένην)=19,VII(Diekamp,122.14–15)
15.7–10(πᾶντὸ προσηγορίαν ἔχει)=22,XI(Diekamp,140.13–18)
15.16–17(ἃ μὴ τὴνκλῆσιν)=22,XII(Diekamp,140.1–2)
JohnofDamascus, DeSacrisImaginibus
4.11–17(ὥσπερ ὀνόματος)= Imag. 1.49/2.45(Kotter,3.153.4–11)
5.2–6(Τὸ δὲ τὸὁμοίωμα )= Imag. 1.50/2.46(Kotter,3.154.3–9)
JohnofDamascus(?), SacraParallela
4.6–11(ἡ μὲνγὰρψυχὴ φύσιν)=II¹98/Kcap.A2,20(Thum,117.3–9)
