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Acknowledgments
1. Science, Society, and Social Work Research
2. The Process and Problems of Social Work Research
3. Ethical and Scientific Guidelines for Social Work Research
4. Conceptualization and Measurement
5. Sampling
6. Group Experimental Designs
7. Single-Subject Design
8. Survey Research
9. Qualitative Methods: Observing, Participating, Listening
10. Mixing and Comparing Methods and Studies
11. Evaluation Research
12. Quantitative Data Analysis
13. Qualitative Data Analysis
14. Reporting Research
Appendix A: Questions to Ask About a Quantitative Research Article
Appendix B: How to Read a Quantitative Research Article
Appendix C: Questions to Ask About a Qualitative Research Article
Appendix D: How to Read a Qualitative Research Article
References
About the Authors
Detailed Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Science, Society, and Social Work Research
Reasoning About the Social World
Everyday Errors in Reasoning
Overgeneralization
Selective or Inaccurate Observation
Illogical Reasoning
Resistance to Change
Adherence to Authority
The Scientific Approach Is Different
Why Research Is Important for Social Work
Evidence-Based Practice and Social Work Research
Social Work Research in Practice
Descriptive Research: Who Are the Homeless?
Exploratory Research: How Do the Homeless Adapt to Shelter Life
Explanatory Research: Why Do People Become Homeless?
Evaluation Research: What Services Help the Homeless?
Alternative Research Paradigms
The Validity of Research Findings
Measurement Validity
Generalizability
Causal Validity
Social Work Research in a Diverse Society
Strengths and Limitations of Social Work Research
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CRITIQUING RESEARCH
MAKING RESEARCH ETHICAL
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
WEB EXERCISES
2. The Process and Problems of Social Work Research
Developing Social Work Research Questions
Considering Social Diversity
Foundations of Social Work Research
Searching the Literature
Reviewing Research
Finding Literature for Evidence-Based Practice
Campbell Collaboration
Government-Supported Resources
Theory and Social Work Research
Alternative Research Strategies
Deductive Research
Inductive Research
Research Circle
Descriptive Research
Research Philosophies
The Time Element
Cross-Sectional Designs
Longitudinal Designs
Trend Studies
Panel Studies
Cohort Studies
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CRITIQUING RESEARCH
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
3. Ethical and Scientific Guidelines for Social Work Research
Let’s Start With a Story
Historical Background
Ethical Principles
Protecting Research Participants
Avoid Harming Research Participants
Obtain Informed Consent
Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality
Honesty and Openness
Achieving Valid Results
Encouraging Appropriate Application
Institutional Review Boards
Internet Research
Scientific Guidelines for Social Work Research
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
PRACTICE EXERCISES
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
WEB EXERCISES
4. Conceptualization and Measurement
From Concepts to Observations
Concepts and Variables
Operationalization
Using Scales to Measure Variables
Treatment as a Variable
From Observations to Concepts
Gathering Data
Combining Measurement Operations
Levels of Measurement
Nominal Level of Measurement
Ordinal Level of Measurement
Interval Level of Measurement
Ratio Level of Measurement
The Case of Dichotomies
Mathematical Comparisons
Measurement Error
How to Assess Measurement Accuracy
Measurement Reliability
Test-Retest Reliability
Internal Consistency
Alternate-Forms Reliability
Interrater Reliability
Intrarater Reliability
Measurement Validity
Face Validity
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Construct Validity
Reliability and Validity of Existing Measures
Using Scales to Identify a Clinical Status
Measurement in a Diverse Society
Measurement Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CRITIQUING RESEARCH
MAKING RESEARCH ETHICAL
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
WEB EXERCISES
5. Sampling
Preparing to Sample
Evaluate Generalizability
Assess the Homogeneity of the Population
Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling Methods
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling Methods
Availability Sampling
Quota Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling, Qualitative Research, and
Generalizability
The Sampling Distribution
Unit of Analysis
Enhancing the Participation of Diverse Populations
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CRITIQUING RESEARCH
MAKING RESEARCH ETHICAL
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
WEB EXERCISES
6. Group Experimental Designs
Causal Explanation
Association
Time Order
Nonspuriousness
Mechanism
Context
Threats to the Validity of Experimental Designs
Threats to Internal Validity
Noncomparable Groups
Endogenous Change
External Events
Contamination
Treatment Misidentification
Generalizability
Sample Generalizability
External Validity
Reactivity
Why Experiment
Types of True Experimental Designs “Difficulties” in True Experiments in Agency-Based Research
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Nonequivalent Control Group Designs
Time Series Designs
Designs to Monitor Programs
Types of Nonexperimental Designs
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
Diversity, Group Design, and Evidence-Based Practice
Ethical Issues Unique to Experimental Research
Deception
Selective Distribution of Benefits
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CRITIQUING RESEARCH
MAKING RESEARCH ETHICAL
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
WEB EXERCISES
7. Single-Subject Design
Features of Single-Subject Design
Repeated Measurement
Baseline Phase
Internal Validity
Treatment Phase
Graphing
Measuring Targets of Intervention
Analyzing and Interpreting Results
Visual Analysis
Level
Trend
Variability
Interpretation
Problems of Interpretation
Types of Single-Subject Designs
Basic Design (A-B)
Withdrawal Designs
A-B-A Designs
A-B-A-B Designs
Multiple Baseline Designs
Multiple Treatment Designs
Monitoring Designs
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
Single-Subject Design in a Diverse Society
Ethical Issues in Single-Subject Design
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CRITIQUING RESEARCH
MAKING RESEARCH ETHICAL
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
WEB EXERCISES
8. Survey Research
Why Is Survey Research so Popular?
Errors in Survey Research
Questionnaire Design
Maintain Consistent Focus
Build on Existing Instruments
Order the Questions
Make the Questionnaire Attractive
Writing Questions
Write Clear Questions
Avoid Confusing Phrasing
Avoid Vagueness
Provide a Frame of Reference
Avoid Vague Words
Avoid Negative Words and Double Negatives
Avoid Double-Barreled Questions
Avoid Jargon
Reduce the Risk of Bias
Memory Questions
Closed-Ended and Open-Ended Questions
Closed-Ended Questions and Response Categories
Allow for Disagreement
Social Desirability
Minimize Fence-Sitting and Floating
Filter Questions
Utilize Likert-Type Response Categories
Matrix Questions
Sensitive Topics
Pretest
Survey Design Alternatives
Mailed Surveys
Group-Administered Surveys
Telephone Surveys
In-Person Interviews
Electronic Surveys
Mixed-Mode Surveys
A Comparison of Survey Design
Secondary Data
Survey Research Design in a Diverse Society
Translating Instruments
Interviewer-Respondent Characteristics
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
Ethical Issues in Survey Research
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CRITIQUING RESEARCH
MAKING RESEARCH ETHICAL
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
WEB EXERCISES
9. Qualitative Methods: Observing, Participating, Listening
What Are Qualitative Methods?
Case Study: Making Gray Gold
Participant Observation
Choosing a Role
Complete Observation
Participation and Observation
Complete Participation
Entering the Field
Developing and Maintaining Relationships
Sampling People and Events
Taking Notes
Managing the Personal Dimensions
Systematic Observation
Intensive Interviewing
Establishing and Maintaining a Partnership
Asking Questions and Recording Answers
Interviewing Online
Focus Groups
Community-Based Participatory Research
Qualitative Research in a Diverse Society
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CRITIQUING RESEARCH
MAKING RESEARCH ETHICAL
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
WEB EXERCISES
10. Mixing and Comparing Methods and Studies
Mixed Methods
Types of Designs
Comparing Research Designs
Empirically Summarizing Research Studies
Case Study Meta-Analysis: Do Parent Training Programs
Prevent Child Abuse?
Case Study Metasynthesis: A Meta-Ethnographic Synthesis of Mutual Aid Groups
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
PRACTICE EXERCISES
WEB EXERCISES
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
11. Evaluation Research
Evaluation Basics
Describing the Program: The Logic Model
Questions for Evaluation Research
Needs Assessment
Process Evaluation
Outcome Evaluation
Efficiency Analysis
Design Considerations
Black Box or Program Theory?
Researcher or Stakeholder Orientation?
Quantitative or Qualitative Methods?
Simple or Complex Outcomes?
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
Evaluation Research in a Diverse Society
Ethical Considerations
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CRITIQUING RESEARCH
MAKING RESEARCH ETHICAL
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
WEB EXERCISES
12. Quantitative Data Analysis
Preparing Data for Analysis
Displaying Univariate Distributions
Graphs
Frequency Distributions
Summarizing Univariate Distributions
Measures of Central Tendency
Mode
Median Mean
Median or Mean? Measures of Variation
Range
Interquartile Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Relationships Among Variables
Graphing Association
Describing Association
Evaluating Association
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
Choosing a Statistical Test
Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Reasoning
Quantitative Data Analysis in a Diverse Society
Ethical Issues: Avoiding Misleading Findings
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CRITIQUING RESEARCH
MAKING RESEARCH ETHICAL
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
WEB EXERCISES
13. Qualitative Data Analysis
Features of Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative Data Analysis as an Art
Qualitative Compared to Quantitative Data Analysis
Techniques of Qualitative Data Analysis
Documentation
Conceptualization, Coding, and Categorizing
Examining Relationships and Displaying Data
Authenticating Conclusions
Reflexivity
Alternatives in Qualitative Data Analysis
Ethnography
Netnography
Narrative Analysis
Grounded Theory
Photovoice
Content Analysis
Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis
Ethics in Qualitative Data Analysis
Conclusion
KEY TERMS
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CRITIQUING RESEARCH
MAKING RESEARCH ETHICAL
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
WEB EXERCISES
14. Reporting Research
A Research Proposal
Writing Can Be Frustrating!
Reporting Results
Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles
Applied Research Reports
Reporting Qualitative Research
Mixed Methods
Poster Presentations
Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
Social Work Research in a Diverse Society
Ethical Considerations
Communicating With the Public
Plagiarism
Conclusion
HIGHLIGHTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
CRITIQUING RESEARCH
MAKING RESEARCH ETHICAL
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
WEB EXERCISES
Appendix A: Questions to Ask About a Quantitative Research Article
Appendix B: How to Read a Quantitative Research Article
Appendix C: Questions to Ask About a Qualitative Research Article
Appendix D: How to Read a Qualitative Research Article
