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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Prendergast, Heather, editor.
Title: Review questions and answers for veterinary technicians / [edited by] Heather Prendergast.
Description: Fifth edition. | St. Louis, Missouri : Elsevier, [2017] | Preceded by: Review questions and answers for veterinary technicians / [edited by] Thomas Colville. 4th ed. 2010.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015044880 | ISBN 9780323316958 (pbk. : alk. paper)
William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University
of California Davis
Davis, California
Jeanne Perrone CVT, VTS (Dentistry)
Dentistry Instructor and Trainer
VT Dental Training
Plant City, Florida
Rachel V. Poulin RVT, VTS (SAIM)
Internal Medicine Supervisor
Coral Springs Animal Hospital
Coral Springs, Florida
Brandy Tabor BS, CVT, VTS (ECC)
Senior Emergency/Critical Care Technician
Animal Emergency and Specialty Center
Parker, Colorado
Marianne Tear MS, LVT
Program Director, Veterinary Technology Program
Baker College of Clinton Township
Clinton Township, Michigan
Kenichiro Yagi BS, RVT, VTS (ECC, SAIM)
ICU Manager, Blood Bank Manager
Adobe Animal Hospital
Los Altos, California
Dedication
To my mother ~the wind beneath my wings~ who has guided and given me inspiration, motivation, and empowerment. You have been a truly amazing woman. I miss you dearly.
Preface
New editions of books are often more similar to previous editions than different. This fifth edition of Review Questions and Answers for Veterinary Technicians, however, departs significantly from previous editions in both form and content.
The content of the book is arranged to allow intuitive review for the Veterinary Technician National Examination (VTNE). The main subject areas in the VTNE Review section represent the “domains” of the VTNE that were in effect when this was written. The subjects included in the Foundation Knowledge Review section represent general knowledge that is included in all of the VTNE domains.
The 5000 questions in this book resulted from a process that began with a rigorous review of each of the questions from the fourth edition. To meet the criteria for inclusion in this edition, each question, answer, and rationale had to reflect accurate, contemporary, entry-level veterinary technology knowledge. More than 4500 of the questions, answers, and explanations are completely new, and about 500 were significantly revised.
The questions in Review Questions and Answers for Veterinary Technicians test factual knowledge, reasoning skills, and clinical judgment. To the best of our knowledge, none of the questions in this book have come directly from any current or previous credentialing examination. When properly used, however, the questions can help identify an individual's strengths and weaknesses in various subject areas.
Heather Prendergast RVT, CVPM
Acknowledgments
This book is the result of the hard work of a veterinary technician team. I am honored to work with these skilled professionals, all of whom teach or work in practice.
I am grateful for the hard work and dedication given by: Kara Burns, MS, MEd, LVT, VTS (Nutrition), VTS-H (Internal Medicine, Dentistry); Ed Carlson, CVT, VTS (Nutrition); Jody Nugent-Deal, RVT, VTS (Anesthesia, Clinical Practice Exotic Companion Animal); Mary Ellen Goldberg, BS, LVT, CVT, SRA, CCRA; Brooke Lockridge, RDMS; Tasha McNerney, BS, CVT; Jeanne Perrone, CVT, VTS (Dentistry); Rachel V. Poulin, RVT, VTS (SAIM); Brandy Tabor, BS, CVT, VTS (ECC); Marianne Tear, MS, LVT; and Kenichiro Yagi, BS, RVT, VTS (ECC, SAIM). Without their skills and knowledge, the revision would not have been possible.
Last, and certainly not least, this book would not have been possible without the support from Clint. Hats off to an awesome man who can hold down the fort while I continue to pursue my dream, and carry out an awesome career, and still have welcome arms every time I come home from another trip. I love you.
Credentialing of Veterinary Technicians
In most states and Canadian provinces, individuals who wish to work as veterinary technicians must demonstrate their knowledge and competence by completing a credentialing process that is administered by an appropriate regulatory agency. Successful completion of this credentialing process generally confers the title of Licensed Veterinary Technician (LVT), Certified Veterinary Technician (CVT), or Registered Veterinary Technician (RVT) on the individual, depending on the terminology used in each state.
Nearly all states and provinces that regulate the veterinary technology profession use the Veterinary Technician National Examination (VTNE) as the main component of their credentialing process, although some jurisdictions have additional requirements. Candidates should contact the appropriate regulatory agency in the state or province in which they desire credentialing to obtain information on processes, requirements, and deadlines. Contact information can be found on the website of the American Association of Veterinary State Boards (AAVSB) at http://www.aavsb.org.
The VTNE is offered by the AAVSB under a contractual agreement with the Professional Examination Service (PES). It is designed to evaluate essential job-related knowledge at the entry level, and it consists of 150 multiple-choice questions and 20 pilot questions in primary subject areas called “domains.” The current VTNE domains are:
• Pharmacy and Pharmacology
• Surgical Nursing
• Dentistry
• Laboratory Procedures
• Animal Care and Nursing
• Diagnostic Imaging
• Anesthesia
• Emergency Medicine and Critical Care
• Pain Management and Analgesia
After a student passes the VTNE in a state or province, the examination score can be transferred to other states or provinces. Information on this process is also available on the AAVSB website.
How to Use This Book
Review Questions and Answers for Veterinary Technicians, Fifth Edition, covers every major aspect of veterinary technology. It contains 5000 questions and answers. An accompanying Evolve website contains all of the book's content in practice and exam modes, as well as rationales and source information. A 170-question practice test can be taken in the simulated exam mode. The questions are divided by section for the study mode. In exam mode, questions are organized according to VTNE domains of practice and pulled according to percentages comparable to the actual VTNE format.
The subjects covered in the Foundation Knowledge Review section represent general knowledge that is included in all of the VTNE domains. They are:
• Anatomy and Physiology
• Hospital Management
• Medical Calculations
• Terminology
The foundation subjects are particularly important because questions in the second section, VTNE Review, are built on the foundational knowledge in the first section. It may be helpful to complete the Foundation Knowledge Review section before beginning the VTNE Review section.
The VTNE Review section covers subjects related to the VTNE domains that were in effect when this edition was written. The subjects are:
• Pharmacology
• Surgical Nursing
• Dentistry
• Laboratory Procedures
• Animal Nursing
• Diagnostic Imaging
• Anesthesia
• Emergency and Critical Care
• Pain Management and Analgesia
• Exotic Animals
The primary intent of this book is to help students and graduate veterinary technicians prepare for examinations either in academic programs or for credentialing purposes. Before beginning a section, the student should review textbooks and course notes pertaining to that subject area, and then approach each section as though it were an actual examination.
• Carefully read each question. Look for key words such as “most,” “best,” “least,” “always,” “never,” and “except.” Consider only the facts presented in the question. Do not make assumptions and inferences that may not be true.
• Carefully evaluate each answer choice. Each question has only one correct answer. The other three choices are incorrect “distractors.” If more than one answer choice appears to be correct, closely examine each one for clues that would eliminate it from being correct.
• Select an answer for each question.
• Compare your answers with the correct answers. The correct answers are listed in the answer key at the end of this book.
• Identify “weak” areas. Subject areas with many incorrect answers may indicate the need for further review.
The Evolve website is set up in two different modes to better help the student study for the VTNE.
The practice mode includes all of the multiple-choice questions available in the book divided by section. The student chooses the
specific sections he or she wishes to study, and he or she can select any number of questions to review. The student receives instant feedback as to whether the question was answered correctly or incorrectly, along with rationales and source information.
Simulated exam mode, similar to the format of the actual VTNE exam, contains 170 questions that are selected across all sections. The exam is timed and scored. After the student completes it, the results are available for viewing. The student may then review the exam in its entirety with answers and rationales.
PART ONE Foundation of Knowledge Review
OUTLINE
Section 1 Anatomy and Physiology
Section 2 Hospital Management
Section 3 Medical Calculations
Section 4 Terminology
SECTION 1
Anatomy and Physiology
Brooke Lockridge RDMS
Questions
1. Where are striated muscles located?
a. Stomach wall and uterus
b. Urinary bladder and intestine
c. Ciliary body of the eye
d. Heart and skeletal muscles
2. Systemic circulation is under:
a. High pressure
b. Low pressure
c. Partial pressure
d. Equilibrium
3. A pregnant mare has what kind of placentation?
a. Zonary
b. Cotyledonary
c. Diffuse
d. Discoid
4. The pressure in the systemic arteries during ventricular contraction is:
a. Diastolic blood pressure
b. Osmotic pressure
c. Systolic blood pressure
d. Low pressure
5. What hormone contracts the female reproductive tract to help move spermatozoa into the oviducts?
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. Prolactin
d. Oxytocin
6. Cardiac muscle is considered a:
a. Nonstriated involuntary muscle
b. Striated involuntary muscle
c. Nonstriated voluntary muscle
d. Striated voluntary muscle
7. In what order does the impulse for depolarization travel through the heart?
a. AV node, SA node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
b. SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
c. SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers, bundle of His
d. AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, bundle of His
8. A pregnant queen has what kind of placentation?
a. Zonary
b. Cotyledonary
c. Diffuse
d. Discoid
9. The control of color changes in the pigment cells of reptiles, fish, and amphibians is associated with which hormone?
a. FSH
b. LH
c. MSH
d. TSH
10. The wave on an electrocardiogram that is associated with the atrial wall depolarization is the:
a. PR interval
b. T wave
c. QRS complex
d. P wave
11. The SA node is located in the wall of which chamber?
a. Left atrium
b. Left ventricle
c. Right atrium
d. Right ventricle
12. The muscular sphincter located between the stomach and the duodenum is the:
a. Pylorus
b. Cardia
c. Chyme
d. Rugae
13. The type of cell responsible for the transmission of impulses through the nervous system is the:
a. Neuroglia
b. Schwann
c. Neuron
d. Oligodendrocyte
14. Dogs demonstrate what type of estrous cycle?
a. Polyestrous
b. Seasonally polyestrous
c. Diestrous
d. Monoestrous
15. What system is anatomically composed of the brain and spinal cord?
a. Central nervous system
b. Peripheral nervous system
c. Parasympathetic nervous system
d. Sympathetic nervous system
16. Functions that an animal does not have to consciously control, such as peristalsis in the intestine, are influenced by the:
a. Somatic nervous system
b. Central nervous system
c. Peripheral nervous system
d. Autonomic nervous system
17. The cranial nerves and the spinal nerves are anatomically part of what system?
a. Central nervous system
b. Peripheral nervous system
c. Parasympathetic nervous system
d. Sympathetic nervous system
18. Sensory nerves are considered:
a. Efferent motor nerves
b. Motor nerves
c. Efferent nerves
d. Afferent nerves
19. When a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization, it has reached:
a. Threshold
b. Repolarization
c. Refractory period
d. Action potential
20. What happens within the neuron that allows local anesthetics to be effective?
a. Potassium gates open
b. The charge within the cell becomes positive
c. The charge within the cell becomes negative
d. Sodium channels become blocked
21. Smooth muscles can be found in the:
a. Heart
b. Stomach
c. Pelvic limb
d. Diaphragm
22. Which muscle cells have single nuclei?
a. Skeletal and cardiac
b. Skeletal and smooth
c. Smooth and cardiac
d. Skeletal only
23. Cattle and swine display what type of estrous cycle?
a. Polyestrous
b. Seasonally polyestrous
c. Diestrous
d. Monoestrous
24. What species is an induced ovulator?
a. Bovine
b. Equine
c. Canine
d. Feline
25. In what stage of the estrous cycle does the corpus luteum develop?
a. Proestrus
b. Estrus
c. Metestrus
d. Diestrous
26. Which reaction is the result of sympathetic nervous system stimulation?
a. Decreased heart rate
b. Dilated pupils
c. Increased GI activity
d. Increased salivation
27. The hormone produced by a developing ovarian follicle is:
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. Prolactin
d. Oxytocin
28. To achieve a normal pregnancy, the blastocyst attaches to what structure?
a. Endometrium
b. Placenta
c. Oviduct
d. Cervix
29. Giving birth is known as:
a. Parturition
b. Gestation
c. Lactation
d. Estrous
30. From the estrous cycle to parturition, in what order are the following hormones released?
a. Estrogen, oxytocin, progesterone
b. Oxytocin, estrogen, progesterone
c. Estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin
d. Progesterone, estrogen, oxytocin
31. All of the following are types of chorion attachments, except:
a. Diffuse
b. Cotyledonary
c. Zonary
d. Polycyton
32. A pregnant bitch has what kind of placentation?
a. Zonary
b. Cotyledonary
c. Diffuse
d. Discoid
33. The canine uterus is shaped like the letter
a. U
b. Y
c. J
d. V
34. How many mammary glands are typically found on a bitch?
a. 8–12
b. 12–14
c. 4–6
d. 10–16
35. Which reaction is the result of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation?
a. Bronchodilation
b. Pupil dilation
c. Decreased GI motility
d. Decreased heart rate
36. The neurotransmitter that is most responsible for the “flight or fight” reaction is:
a. Epinephrine
b. Acetylcholine
c. Dopamine
d. Serotonin
37. In the healthy heart, the heartbeat is initiated by the:
a. SA node
b. Purkinje fibers
c. Vagus nerve
d. AV node
38. On an electrocardiogram, the T wave is most closely associated with:
a. Atrial depolarization
b. Atrial repolarization
c. Ventricular depolarization
d. Ventricular repolarization
39. On inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity, as compared with ambient air pressure, is
a. Negative
b. Positive
c. Same as the ambient air pressure
d. Fluctuating
40. In the healthy awake cat, the primary stimulus within blood for respiration is:
a. Increased CO2
b. Decreased O2
c. Increased lactic acid
d. Increased K+
41. An increased packed cell volume (PCV) could be indicative of:
a. Liver disease
b. Anemia
c. Leukocytosis
d. Dehydration
42. Apnea will cause:
a. Metabolic acidosis
b. Metabolic alkalosis
c. Respiratory acidosis
d. Respiratory alkalosis
43. Which of the following nutrients can be used for gluconeogenesis?
a. Long-chain fatty acids
b. Amino acids
c. Vitamin C
d. Iron
44. Cataracts result from a problem with transparency of the:
a. Cornea
b. Vitreous humor
c. Lens
d. Aqueous humor
45. Within the eye, the choroid is located between which two structures?
a. Sclera and retina
b. Iris and pupil
c. Lens and cornea
d. Optic nerve and fovea centralis
46. Which of the following are considered to be a category of lipids?
a. Neutral fats
b. Steroids
c. Phospholipids
d. All of the above
47. Which of the following processes is not a function of insulin?
a. Increased glucose transport into muscle
b. Lipogenesis
c. Fatty acid synthesis
d. Increased blood pressure
48. Which endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets produce the hormone glucagon?
a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Delta cells
d. Somatostatin
49. Long-term use of glucocorticoids will:
a. Increase lymphocyte production
b. Increase plasma protein levels
c. Suppress the immune system
d. Decrease blood glucose levels
50. Nociceptors are important for detecting:
a. Color
b. Warmth
c. Lactic acid
d. Pain
51. The sensation of hunger falls under which general sense?
a. Tactile sensation
b. Pain sensation
c. Proprioception
d. Visceral sensation
52. The vagus nerve is cranial nerve ________ .
a. X
b. XII
c. V
d. VI
53. The cranial nerves originate from the
a. Cerebellum
b. Spinal cord
c. Brainstem
d. Cerebrum
54. Glaucoma is:
a. Decreased pressure in the posterior chamber of the eye
b. Increased pressure in the posterior chamber of the eye
c. Increased pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye
d. Decreased pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye
55. Aqueous humor is formed in which chamber of the eye?
a. Posterior chamber
b. Anterior chamber
c. Canal of Schlemm
d. Cornea
56. Clients should be cautioned against sticking Q-tips in the ears of their pets because they could rupture the:
a. Oval window
b. Round window
c. Cochlea
d. Tympanic membrane
57. Which condition would be typical of hypothyroidism?
a. Decreased water consumption
b. Oily hair coat
c. Very active
d. Weight gain
58. In dairy cattle, the teats and udder are gently washed before milking to stimulate the release of one of the following, to stimulate milk letdown:
a. Adrenalin
b. Norepinephrine
c. Dopamine
d. Oxytocin
59. Which hormone helps to trigger and maintain lactation?
a. FSH
b. Prolactin
c. LH
d. TSH
60. Lymph nodes that are found medial to the caudal part of the jaw are the:
a. Popliteal nodes
b. Inguinal nodes
c. Mandibular nodes
d. Prescapular nodes
61. A pregnant rodent has what kind of placentation?
a. Zonary
b. Cotyledonary
c. Diffuse
d. Discoid
62. The neurohypophysis is an anatomic section of which of the following?
a. Hypothalamus
b. Adrenal gland
c. Pancreas
63. The portal vein:
a. Carries blood from the spleen to the heart
b. Delivers blood to the liver
c. Delivers blood to the kidney
d. Carries blood from the lungs to the heart
64. To proceed from a point between the eyes to the tip of a dog's nose, you would move
a. Rostrally
b. Cranially
c. Caudally
d. Laterally
65. Typically, what percentage of an animal's body weight consists of blood?
a. 0.1%
b. 1%
c. 8%
d. 30%
66. A dog that weighs 10 kg would have approximately how much blood?
a. 50 mL
b. 800 mL
c. 1.5 L
d. 2 L
67. Which of the following dissections could be made without cutting through a bone-to-bone joint?
a. Forelimb from the body
b. Hind limb from the body
c. Head from the neck
d. Tail from the body
68. If you were to grasp your hands behind your head at the base of your skull, your hands would be over which bone of the skull?
a. Occipital
b. Frontal
c. Temporal
d. Parietal
69. The glucose absorbed from the GI tract may be stored in the liver as glycogen through a process known as what?
