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I dedicate this book to the two most important partnerships in my life: my husband, Don Marquis, and my colleague, Carol Huston
BessieL.Marquis
I dedicate this book to my husband Tom, who has stood by my side for almost 45 years I love you CarolJorgensenHuston
REVIEWERS
CarolAmann,PhD,RN-BC,FNGNA NursingInstructor VillaMariaSchoolofNursing GannonUniversity Erie,Pennsylvania
AndreaArcher,EdD,ARNP UndergraduateNursingDepartment FloridaInternationalUniversity Miami,Florida
CynthiaBanks,PhD ProgramDirector,RNtoBSN DepartmentofNursing SentaraCollegeofHealthSciences Chesapeake,Virginia
DanaBotz,MSN Faculty,DepartmentofNursing NorthHennepinCommunityCollege BrooklynPark,Minnesota
SharonBradley,DNP ClinicalAssistantProfessor DirectorofStudentSuccess CollegeofNursing UniversityofFlorida Gainesville,Florida
CarolynBrose,EdD,MSN AssociateProfessor MSNProgramDirector MissouriWesternStateUniversity St Joseph,Missouri
BerylBroughton,MSN,CRNP,CS,CNE NursingInstructor,NursingEducation AriaHealthSchoolofNursing Trevose,Pennsylvania
SuzetteCardin,PhD AdjunctAssociateProfessor SchoolofNursing
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles LosAngeles,California
FranCherkis,DHSc AssociateProfessor DepartmentofNursing FarmingdaleStateCollege Farmingdale,NewYork
AliceColwell,MSN AssistantProfessor DepartmentofNursing KentStateUniversityTrumbullCampus Warren,Ohio
LauraCrouch,EdD,MSN AssociateClinicalProfessor SchoolofNursing NorthernArizonaUniversity Flagstaff,Arizona
KarenDavis,DNP AssistantProfessor CollegeofNursing UniversityofArkansasforMedicalSciences LittleRock,Arkansas
KarenEstridge,DNP,RN AssistantProfessor DepartmentofNursing AshlandUniversity Mansfield,Ohio
JamesFell,MSN,MBA,BSN,BS AssociateProfessor Director DepartmentofNursing BaldwinWallaceUniversity Berea,Ohio
RickGarcía,PhD AssociateProfessor FacultyFellow RoryMeyersCollegeofNursing NewYorkUniversity NewYork,NewYork
EvalynGossett,MSN ClinicalAssistantProfessor SchoolofNursing IndianaUniversityNorthwest Gary,Indiana
DebraGrosskurth,PhD(c) AssistantChair
DepartmentofNursing SalveReginaUniversity Newport,RhodeIsland
PatriciaHanson,PhD Professor DepartmentofNursing MadonnaUniversity Livonia,Michigan
TammyHenderson,MSN AssociateDirector ConemaughSchoolofNursing ConemaughMemorialMedicalCenter Johnstown,Pennsylvania
BarbaraHoerst,PhD,RN AssistantProfessor DepartmentofNursing LaSalleUniversity Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
BrendaKucirka,PhD,RN,PMHCNS-BC,CNE AssistantProfessor DepartmentofNursing WidenerUniversity Chester,Pennsylvania
ColeenKumar,PhD CollegeofNursing StateUniversityofNewYorkDownstateMedicalCenter Brooklyn,NewYork
KathleenLamaute,EdD Professor DepartmentofNursing MolloyCollege RockvilleCentre,NewYork
PamelaLapinski,MSN Professor DepartmentofNursing ValenciaCollege Orlando,Florida
JamieLee,MSN,RN,CNL AssistantProfessor DepartmentofNursing JamesMadisonUniversity Harrisonburg,Virginia
CarolynLewis,PhD AssistantProfessor DepartmentofNursing AngeloStateUniversity
SanAngelo,Texas
BetteMariani,PhD,RN AssistantProfessor CollegeofNursing VillanovaUniversity Villanova,Pennsylvania
DavidMartin,MSN Director
RN-BSN&SharedCurriculumPrograms SchoolofNursing UniversityofKansas KansasCity,Kansas
DonnaMcCabe,DNP,APRN-BC,GNP ClinicalAssistantProfessor DepartmentofNursing
RoryMeyersCollegeofNursing NewYorkUniversity NewYork,NewYork
TheresaMiller,PhD AssociateProfessor,NursingEducation OSFSaintFrancisMedicalCenterCollegeofNursing Peoria,Illinois
DonnaMolyneaux,PhD AssociateProfessor DepartmentofNursing GwyneddMercyUniversity GwyneddValley,Pennsylvania
LaDonnaNorthington,DNS Professor,TraditionalUndergraduateNursingProgram UniversityofMississippiSchoolofNursing Jackson,Mississippi
SallyRappold,MSN,BSN AssistantTeachingProfessor DepartmentofNursing MontanaStateUniversity Missoula,Montana
KarenRingl,MSN Faculty DepartmentofNursing CaliforniaStateUniversity,Fullerton Fullerton,California
JoyceShanty,PhD,RN AssociateProfessor NursingandAlliedHealthProfessions IndianaUniversityofPennsylvania Indiana,Pennsylvania
JeanShort,MSN AssistantProfessor DivisionofPost-LicensureNursing SchoolofNursing IndianaWesleyanUniversity Marion,Indiana
JenniferSipe,MSN,CRNP AssistantProfessor SchoolofNursingandHealthSciences LaSalleUniversity Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
AnaStoehr,PhD,MSN Faculty DepartmentofNursing GeorgeMasonUniversity Fairfax,Virginia
PatriciaThielemann,PhD Professor CollegeofNursing St PetersburgCollege PinellasPark,Florida
CharleneThomas,PhD,MSN,BSN AssociateProfessor SchoolofNursingandAlliedHealth AuroraUniversity Aurora,Illinois
NinaTrocky,DNP,RN AssistantProfessor DepartmentofOrganizationalSystemsandAdultHealth SchoolofNursing UniversityofMaryland Baltimore,Maryland
BrendaTyczkowski,DNP,RN,RHIA AssistantProfessor ProfessionalPrograminNursing UniversityofWisconsinGreenBay GreenBay,Wisconsin
DannielleWhite,MSN AssociateProfessor SchoolofNursing AustinPeayStateUniversity Clarksville,Tennessee
MaryWilliams,MS AssociateProfessor SchoolofNursingandHealthScience GordonStateCollege
Barnesville,Georgia
ConnieWilson,EdD ProfessorEmeritus SchoolofNursing UniversityofIndianapolis Indianapolis,Indiana
KellyWolgast,DNP SchoolofNursing VanderbiltUniversity Nashville,Tennessee
ReneeWright,EdD AssistantProfessor DepartmentofNursing YorkCollege,CityUniversityofNewYork NewYork,NewYork
JudithYoung,DNP ClinicalAssistantProfessor,CommunityandHealthSystems SchoolofNursing IndianaUniversity Indianapolis,Indiana
PREFACE
Legacyof Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing
Thisbook’sphilosophyhasevolvedover35yearsofteachingleadershipandmanagement.Weentered academefromtheacutecaresectorofthehealth-careindustry,whereweheldnursingmanagementpositions Inourfirsteffortasauthors, Management Decision Making for Nurses: 101 Case Studies,publishedin1987, weusedanexperientialapproachandemphasizedmanagementfunctionsappropriateforfirst-andmiddlelevelmanagers.Theprimaryaudienceforthistextwasundergraduatenursingstudents.
Oursecondbook, Retention and Productivity Strategies for Nurse Managers,focusedonleadershipskills necessaryformanagerstodecreaseattritionandincreaseproductivity Thisbookwasdirectedatthenursemanagerratherthanthestudent.Theexperienceofcompletingresearchforthesecondbook,coupledwithour clinicalobservations,compelledustoincorporatemoreleadershipcontentinourteachingandtowritethis book
Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing wasalsoinfluencedbynationaleventsin businessandfinancethatledmanytobelievethatalackofleadershipinmanagementwaswidespread It becameapparentthatifmanagersaretofunctioneffectivelyintherapidlychanginghealth-careindustry, enhancedleadershipandmanagementskillsareneeded.
Whatweattemptedtodo,then,wastocombinethesetwoverynecessaryelements:leadershipand management Wedonotseeleadershipasmerelyoneroleofmanagementnormanagementasonlyonerole ofleadership.Weviewthetwoasequallyimportantandnecessarilyintegrated.Wehaveattemptedtoshow thisinterdependencebydefiningtheleadershipcomponentsandmanagementfunctionsinherentinallphases ofthemanagementprocess Undoubtedly,afewreaderswillfindfaultwithourdivisionsofmanagement functionsandleadershiproles;however,wefeltitwasnecessaryfirsttoartificiallyseparatethetwo componentsforthereader,andthentointegratetherolesandfunctions Wedobelievestronglythatadoption ofthisintegratedroleiscriticalforsuccessinmanagement
Thesecondconceptthatshapedthisbookwasourcommitmenttodevelopingcriticalthinkingskills throughtheuseofexperientiallearningexercises Weproposethatintegratingleadershipandmanagement canbeaccomplishedthroughtheuseoflearningexercises Themajorityofacademicinstructioncontinuesto beconductedinateacher-lecturer–student-listenerformat,whichisoneoftheleasteffectiveteaching strategies.Fewindividualslearnbestusingthisstyle.Instead,mostpeoplelearnbestbymethodsthatutilize concrete,experiential,self-initiated,andreal-worldlearningexperiences
Innursing,theoreticalteachingisalmostalwaysaccompaniedbyconcurrentclinicalpracticethatallows concreteandreal-worldlearningexperience.However,theexplorationofleadershipandmanagementtheory mayhaveonlylimitedpracticumexperience,solearnersoftenhavelittlefirst-handopportunitytoobserve middle-andtop-levelmanagersinnursingpractice Asaresult,novicemanagersfrequentlyhavelittlechance topracticetheirskillsbeforeassumingtheirfirstmanagementposition,andtheirdecisionmakingthusoften reflectstrial-and-errormethodologies Forus,then,thereislittlequestionthatvicariouslearning,orlearning throughmockexperience,providesstudentstheopportunitytomakesignificantleadershipandmanagement decisionsinasafeenvironmentandtolearnfromthedecisionstheymake.
Havingmovedawayfromthelecturer–listenerformatinourclasses,welectureforonlyasmallportionof classtime ASocraticapproach,casestudydebate,andsmallandlargegroupproblemsolvingare emphasized.Ourstudents,onceresistanttotheexperientialapproach,arenowenthusiasticsupporters.We
alsofindthisenthusiasmforexperientiallearningapparentintheworkshopsandseminarsweprovidefor registerednurses.Experientiallearningenablesmanagementandleadershiptheorytobefunandexciting,but mostimportant,itfacilitatesretentionofdidacticmaterial Theresearchwehavecompletedonthisteaching approachsupportsthesefindings
Althoughmanyleadershipandmanagementtextsareavailable,ourbookmeetstheneedforanemphasison bothleadershipandmanagementandtheuseofanexperientialapproach Morethan280learningexercises, representingvarioushealth-caresettingsandawidevarietyoflearningmodes,areincludedtogivereaders manyopportunitiestoapplytheory,resultingininternalizedlearning.InChapter1,weprovideguidelinesfor usingtheexperientiallearningexercises Westronglyurgereaderstousethemtosupplementthetext
NewtoThisEdition
Thefirsteditionof Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing presentedthesymbiotic elementsofleadershipandmanagement,withanemphasisonproblemsolvingandcriticalthinking This nintheditionmaintainsthisprecedentwithabalancedpresentationofastrongtheorycomponentalongwitha varietyofreal-worldscenariosintheexperientiallearningexercises
Respondingtoreviewerrecommendations,wehaveaddedanddeletedcontent Inparticular,wehave attemptedtostrengthentheleadershipcomponentofthebookwhilemaintainingabalanceofmanagement content.Wehavealsoattemptedtoincreasethefocusonqualityandsafetyaswellashealth-carefinance,and usedoutpatient/communitysettingsasthelocationformorelearningexercises
Wehavealsoretainedthestrengthsofearliereditions,reflectingcontentandapplicationexercises appropriatetotheissuesfacedbynurseleader-managersastheypracticeinaneraincreasinglycharacterized bylimitedresourcesandemergingtechnologies Thenintheditionalsoincludescontemporaryresearchand theorytoensureaccuracyofthedidacticmaterial
Additionalcontentthathasbeenaddedorexpandedinthiseditionincludesthefollowing:
26newlearningexercises,furtherstrengtheningtheproblem-basedelementofthistext.
Over200displays,figures,andtables(17ofwhicharenew)helpreadersvisualizeimportantconcepts, whereasphotographsofnursesinleadershipandmanagementsituationshelpstudentsrelateconceptsto real-worldpractice.
Anexpandedfocusonevidence-drivenleadershipandmanagementdecisionmaking
Timemanagementandproductivityapps
Newercaredeliverymodelsfocusedonambulatorycareandoutpatientsettings(primarycarenurse coordinatorinmedicalhomes,nursenavigators,clinicalnurseleaders[CNLs],leadersinpatient-centered care)
Impactofthe2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA)onqualityandhealth-care financeinthiscountry
Theshiftinginhealth-carereimbursementfrom volume to value
Personalitytestingasanemploymentselectiontool
Electronichealthrecordsandmeaningfuluse
Reflectivepracticeandtheassessmentofcontinuingcompetency
Civility,healthyworkplaces,andbullying
Interprofessionalcollaborationandworkgroups
Workingwithdiverseworkforcesandpatientpopulations
Socialmediaandorganizationalcommunication
NewqualityInitiativesputforthbytheCentersforMedicare&MedicaidServices,TheJoint Commission,andotherregulatorybodies
Sentinelevents
LeanSixSigmamethodologies
Medicationreconciliation
Self-appraisal,peerreview,and360-degreeevaluationasperformanceappraisaltools
TheText
UnitIprovidesafoundationforthedecision-making,problem-solving,andcritical-thinkingskillsaswellas managementandleadershipskillsneededtoaddressthemanagement–leadershipproblemspresentedinthe text.
UnitIIcoversethics,legalconcepts,andadvocacy,whichweseeascorecomponentsofleadershipand managementdecisionmaking
UnitsIII–VIIareorganizedusingthemanagementprocessesofplanning,organizing,staffing,directing, andcontrolling
FeaturesoftheText
Thenintheditioncontainsmanypedagogicalfeaturesdesignedtobenefitboththestudentandtheinstructor:
ExaminingtheEvidence,appearingineachchapter,depictsnewresearchfindings,evidence-based practice,andbestpracticesinleadershipandmanagement
LearningExercisesinterspersedthroughouteachchapterfosterreaders’critical-thinkingskillsand promoteinteractivediscussions.Additionallearningexercisesarealsopresentedattheendofeach chapterforfurtherstudyanddiscussion
BreakoutCommentsarehighlightedthroughouteachchapter,visuallyreinforcingkeyideas Tables,displays,figures,andillustrationsareliberallysuppliedthroughoutthetexttoreinforce learningaswellastohelpclarifycomplexinformation
KeyConceptssummarizeimportantinformationwithineverychapter
TheCrosswalk
Acrosswalkisatablethatshowselementsfromdifferentdatabasesorcriteriathatinterface Newtothe eightheditionwasachaptercrosswalkofcontentbasedontheAmericanAssociationofCollegesofNursing (AACN) Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice (2008),theAACN Essentials of Master’s Education in Nursing (2011),the American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE) Nurse Executive Competencies (updatedSeptember2015),andthe Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) Competencies (2014).Forthisedition,thenewlyrevisedStandardsforProfessionalPerformance fromtheAmericanNursesAssociation(ANA) Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice (2015)havebeen included Thisedition,then,attemptstoshowhowcontentineachchapterdrawsfromorcontributesto contentidentifiedasessentialforbaccalaureateandgraduateeducation,forpracticeasanurseadministrator, andforsafetyandqualityinclinicalpractice.
Inhealthcaretoday,baccalaureateeducationfornursesisbeingemphasizedasofincreasingimportance, andthenumberofRN-MSNandBSN-PhDprogramsisalwaysincreasing Nursesarebeingcalledonto remainlifelonglearnersandmovewithmorefluiditythaneverbefore.Forthesereasons,thistextbook includesmappingtoEssentials,Competencies,andStandardsnotonlyatthebaccalaureatelevelbutalsoat themaster’sandexecutivelevels,sothatnursesmaybecomefamiliarwiththecompetenciesexpectedasthey continuetogrowintheircareers.
Withoutdoubt,somereaderswilldisagreewiththeauthor’sdeterminationsofwhichEssential, Competency,orStandardhasbeenaddressedineachchapter,andcertainly,anargumentcouldbemadethat mostchaptersaddressmany,ifnotall,oftheEssentials,Competencies,orStandardsinsomeway.The crosswalksinthisbookthenareintendedtonotetheprimarycontentfocusineachchapter,although additionalEssentials,Competencies,orStandardsmaywellbeapartofthelearningexperience
TheAmericanAssociationofCollegesofNursingEssentialsofBaccalaureateEducationfor ProfessionalNursingPractice
TheAACN Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice (commonlycalledthe BSNEssentials)werereleasedin2008andidentifiedthefollowingnineoutcomesexpectedofgraduatesof baccalaureatenursingprograms(Table1) EssentialIXdescribesgeneralistnursingpracticeatthecompletion
ofbaccalaureatenursingeducationandincludespractice-focusedoutcomesthatintegratetheknowledge, skills,andattitudesdelineatedinEssentialsItoVIII.AchievementoftheoutcomesidentifiedintheBSN Essentialswillenablegraduatestopracticewithincomplexhealth-caresystemsandtoassumetherolesof providerofcare;designer/manager/coordinatorofcare;andmemberofaprofession(AACN,2008)(Table1)
TABLE1 AMERICANASSOCIATIONOFCOLLEGESOFNURSING ESSENTIALSOFBACCALAUREATEEDUCATIONFORPROFESSIONAL NURSINGPRACTICE
EssentialI:Liberaleducationforbaccalaureategeneralistnursing practice
•Asolidbaseinliberaleducationprovidesthecornerstoneforthepracticeand educationofnurses
EssentialII:Basicorganizationalandsystemsleadershipforqualitycare andpatientsafety
•Knowledgeandskillsinleadership,qualityimprovement,andpatientsafety arenecessarytoprovidehigh-qualityhealthcare.
EssentialIII:Scholarshipforevidence-basedpractice
•Professionalnursingpracticeisgroundedinthetranslationofcurrent evidenceintoone’spractice.
EssentialIV:Informationmanagementandapplicationofpatient-care technology
•Knowledgeandskillsininformationmanagementandpatient-care technologyarecriticalinthedeliveryofqualitypatientcare
EssentialV:Health-carepolicy,finance,andregulatoryenvironments
•Health-carepolicies,includingfinancialandregulatory,directlyand indirectlyinfluencethenatureandfunctioningofthehealth-caresystemand therebyareimportantconsiderationsinprofessionalnursingpractice
EssentialVI:Interprofessionalcommunicationandcollaborationfor improvingpatienthealthoutcomes
•Communicationandcollaborationamonghealth-careprofessionalsarecritical todeliveringhighqualityandsafepatientcare.
EssentialVII:Clinicalpreventionandpopulationhealth
•Healthpromotionanddiseasepreventionattheindividualandpopulation levelarenecessarytoimprovepopulationhealthandareimportant componentsofbaccalaureategeneralistnursingpractice
EssentialVIII:Professionalismandprofessionalvalues
•Professionalismandtheinherentvaluesofaltruism,autonomy,human dignity,integrity,andsocialjusticearefundamentaltothedisciplineof nursing
EssentialIX:Baccalaureategeneralistnursingpractice
•Thebaccalaureategraduatenurseispreparedtopracticewithpatients, includingindividuals,families,groups,communities,andpopulationsacross thelifespanandacrossthecontinuumofhealth-careenvironments
•Thebaccalaureategraduateunderstandsandrespectsthevariationsofcare, theincreasedcomplexity,andtheincreaseduseofhealth-careresources inherentincaringforpatients
TheAmericanAssociationofCollegesofNursingEssentialsofMaster’sEducationin Nursing
TheAACN Essentials of Master’s Education in Nursing (commonlycalledtheMSNEssentials)were publishedinMarch2011andidentifiedthefollowingnineoutcomesexpectedofgraduatesofmaster’s
nursingprograms,regardlessoffocus,major,orintendedpracticesetting(Table2).Achievementofthese outcomeswillpreparegraduatenursestoleadchangetoimprovequalityoutcomes,advanceacultureof excellencethroughlifelonglearning,buildandleadcollaborativeinterprofessionalcareteams,navigateand integratecareservicesacrossthehealth-caresystem,designinnovativenursingpractices,andtranslate evidenceintopractice(AACN,2011).
TABLE2 AMERICANASSOCIATIONOFCOLLEGESOFNURSING ESSENTIALSOFMASTER’SEDUCATIONINNURSING
EssentialI:Backgroundforpracticefromsciencesandhumanities
•Recognizesthatthemaster’s-preparednurseintegratesscientificfindings fromnursing,biopsychosocialfields,genetics,publichealth,quality improvement,andorganizationalsciencesforthecontinualimprovementof nursingcareacrossdiversesettings
EssentialII:Organizationalandsystemsleadership
•Recognizesthatorganizationalandsystemsleadershiparecriticaltothe promotionofhighqualityandsafepatientcare Leadershipskillsareneeded thatemphasizeethicalandcriticaldecisionmaking,effectiveworking relationships,andasystemsperspective.
EssentialIII:Qualityimprovementandsafety
•Recognizesthatamaster’s-preparednursemustbearticulateinthemethods, tools,performancemeasures,andstandardsrelatedtoquality,aswellas preparedtoapplyqualityprincipleswithinanorganization.
EssentialIV:Translatingandintegratingscholarshipintopractice
•Recognizesthatthemaster’s-preparednurseappliesresearchoutcomeswithin thepracticesetting,resolvespracticeproblems,worksasachangeagent,and disseminatesresults
EssentialV:Informaticsandhealth-caretechnologies
•Recognizesthatthemaster’s-preparednurseusespatient-caretechnologiesto deliverandenhancecareandusescommunicationtechnologiestointegrate andcoordinatecare
EssentialVI:Healthpolicyandadvocacy
•Recognizesthatthemaster’s-preparednurseisabletointerveneatthesystem levelthroughthepolicydevelopmentprocessandtoemployadvocacy strategiestoinfluencehealthandhealthcare.
EssentialVII:Interprofessionalcollaborationforimprovingpatientand populationhealthoutcomes
•Recognizesthatthemaster’s-preparednurse,asamemberandleaderof interprofessionalteams,communicates,collaborates,andconsultswithother healthprofessionalstomanageandcoordinatecare
EssentialVIII:Clinicalpreventionandpopulationhealthforimproving health
•Recognizesthatthemaster’s-preparednurseappliesandintegratesbroad, organizational,client-centered,andculturallyappropriateconceptsinthe planning,delivery,management,andevaluationofevidence-basedclinical preventionandpopulationcareandservicestoindividuals,families,and aggregates/identifiedpopulations
EssentialIX:Master’slevelnursingpractice
•Recognizesthatnursingpractice,atthemaster’slevel,isbroadlydefinedas anyformofnursinginterventionthatinfluenceshealth-careoutcomesfor individuals,populations,orsystems.Master’s-levelnursinggraduatesmust haveanadvancedlevelofunderstandingofnursingandrelevantsciencesas
wellastheabilitytointegratethisknowledgeintopractice Nursingpractice interventionsincludebothdirectandindirectcarecomponents.
TheAmericanOrganizationofNurseExecutivesNurseExecutiveCompetencies In2004(updatedin2015),theAONEpublishedapaperdescribingskillscommontonursesinexecutive practiceregardlessoftheireducationallevelortitlesindifferentorganizations Whilethese Nurse Executive Competencies differdependingontheleader’sspecificpositionintheorganization,theAONEsuggestedthat managersatalllevelsmustbecompetentinthefiveareasnotedinTable3(AONE,2015).These competenciessuggestthatnursingleadership/managementisasmuchaspecialtyasanyotherclinicalnursing specialty,andassuch,itrequiresproficiencyandcompetentpracticespecifictotheexecutiverole
TABLE3 AMERICANORGANIZATIONOFNURSEEXECUTIVESNURSE EXECUTIVECOMPETENCIES
1.Communicationandrelationshipbuilding
•Communicationandrelationshipbuildingincludeseffective communication,relationshipmanagement,influencingbehaviors,diversity, communityinvolvement,medical/staffrelationships,andacademic relationships
2.Knowledgeofthehealth-careenvironment
•Knowledgeofthehealth-careenvironmentincludesclinicalpractice knowledge,deliverymodelsandworkdesign,health-careeconomicsand policy,governance,evidence-basedpractice/outcomemeasurementand research,patientsafety,performanceimprovement/metrics,andrisk management
3.Leadership
•Leadershipskillsincludefoundationalthinkingskills,personaljourney disciplines,systemsthinking,successionplanning,andchange management.
4.Professionalism
•Professionalismincludespersonalandprofessionalaccountability,career planning,ethics,andadvocacy.
5.Businessskills
•Businessskillsincludefinancialmanagement,humanresource management,strategicmanagement,andinformationmanagementand technology
TheAmericanNursesAssociationStandardsofProfessionalPerformance In2015,ANApublishedsix Standards of Practice forNursingAdministrationaswellaseleven Standards of Professional Performance Thesestandardsdescribeacompetentlevelofnursingpracticeandprofessional performancecommontoallregisterednurses(Table4) Becausethe Standards of Practice fornursing administrationdescribethenursingprocessandthuscrossallaspectsofnursingcare,onlythe Standards of Professional Performance havebeenincludedinthecrosswalkofthisbook(Table4)
TABLE4 AMERICANNURSESASSOCIATIONNURSINGADMINISTRATION STANDARDSOFPROFESSIONALPERFORMANCE
Standard7.Ethics
•Theregisterednursepracticesethically Standard8.Culturallycongruentpractice
•Theregisterednursepracticesinamannerthatiscongruentwithcultural
diversityandinclusionprinciples.
Standard9 Communication
•Theregisterednursecommunicateseffectivelyinallareasofpractice Standard10.Collaboration
•Theregisterednursecollaborateswithhealth-careconsumersandotherkey stakeholdersintheconductofnursingpractice Standard11.Leadership
•Theregisterednurseleadswithintheprofessionalpracticesettingandthe profession Standard12.Education
•Theregisterednurseseeksknowledgeandcompetencethatreflectscurrent nursingpracticeandpromotesfuturisticthinking Standard13.Evidence-basedpracticeandresearch
•Theregisterednurseintegratesevidenceandresearchfindingsintopractice. Standard14.Qualityofpractice
•Theregisterednursecontributestoqualitynursingpractice Standard15.Professionalpracticeevaluation
•Theregisterednurseevaluatesone’sownandothers’nursingpractice Standard16.Resourceutilization
•Theregisterednurseutilizesappropriateresourcestoplan,provide,and sustainevidence-basednursingservicesthataresafe,effective,andfiscally responsible Standard17.Environmentalhealth
•Theregisterednursepracticesinanenvironmentallysafeandhealthymanner
TheQualityandSafetyEducationforNursesCompetencies
UsingtheInstituteofMedicine(2003)competenciesfornursing,theQSENInstitute(2014;Cronenwett, 2007)definedsixprelicensureandgraduatequalityandsafetycompetenciesfornursing(Table5)and proposedtargetsfortheknowledge,skills,andattitudestobedevelopedinnursingprogramsforeachofthese competencies.Ledbyanationaladvisoryboardanddistinguishedfaculty,QSENpursuesstrategiesto developeffectiveteachingapproachestoassurethatfuturegraduatesdevelopcompetenciesinpatientcenteredcare,teamworkandcollaboration,evidence-basedpractice,qualityimprovement,safety,and informatics.
TABLE5 QUALITYANDSAFETYEDUCATIONFORNURSES COMPETENCIES
Patient-centeredcare
•Definition:Recognizethepatientordesigneeasthesourceofcontrolandfull partnerinprovidingcompassionateandcoordinatedcarebasedonrespectfor patient’spreferences,values,andneeds
Teamworkandcollaboration
•Definition:Functioneffectivelywithinnursingandinterprofessionalteams, fosteringopencommunication,mutualrespect,andshareddecisionmakingto achievequalitypatientcare.
Evidence-basedpractice
•Definition:Integratebestcurrentevidencewithclinicalexpertiseand patient/familypreferencesandvaluesfordeliveryofoptimalhealthcare. Qualityimprovement
•Definition:Usedatatomonitortheoutcomesofcareprocessesanduse improvementmethodstodesignandtestchangestocontinuouslyimprovethe qualityandsafetyofhealth-caresystems
Safety
•Definition:Minimizestheriskofharmtopatientsandprovidersthroughboth systemeffectivenessandindividualperformance
Informatics
•Definition:Useinformationandtechnologytocommunicate,manage knowledge,mitigateerror,andsupportdecisionmaking
Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing,ninthedition,hasancillaryresourcesdesignedwith bothstudentsandinstructorsinmind,availableon website
StudentResourcesAvailableon
Glossary Fullyupdatedfortheninthedition,theglossarycontainsdefinitionsofallimportanttermsin thetext
JournalArticles 25fullarticlesfromWoltersKluwerjournals(onecorrespondingtoeachchapter) areprovidedforadditionallearningopportunities
LearningObjectivesfromthetextbookareavailableinMicrosoftWordforyourconvenience
NursingProfessionalRolesandResponsibilities
Instructor’sResourcesAvailableon
CompetencyMapspulltogetherthemappingprovidedinthecrosswalkfeatureforeachchapter, showinghowthebookcontentasawholeintegrateskeycompetenciesforpractice
AnImageBankletsyouusethephotographsandillustrationsfromthistextbookinyourPowerPoint slidesorasyouseefitinyourcourse.
AnInstructor’sGuideincludesinformationonexperientiallearningandguidelinesonhowtousethe textforvarioustypesoflearnersandindifferentsettingsaswellasinformationonhowtousethevarious typesofLearningExercisesincludedinthetext.
LearningManagementSystemCourseCartridges
PowerPointpresentationsprovideaneasywayforyoutointegratethetextbookwithyourstudents’ classroomexperience,eitherviaslideshowsorhandouts.Audienceresponsequestionsareintegratedinto thepresentationstopromoteclassparticipationandallowyoutousei-clickertechnology
SampleSyllabiprovideguidanceforstructuringyourleadershipandmanagementcourseandare providedfortwodifferentcourselengths:7and14weeks.
StrategiesforEffectiveTeachingoffercreativeapproachesforengagingstudents
ATestGeneratorletsyouputtogetherexclusivenewtestsfromabankcontainingover750questionsto helpyouinassessingyourstudents’understandingofthematerial.Testquestionslinktochapterlearning objectives
Accesstoallstudentresources
Comprehensive,IntegratedDigitalLearningSolutions
Wearedelightedtointroduceanexpandedsuiteofdigitalsolutionstosupportinstructorsandstudentsusing Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing,ninthedition Nowforthefirsttime,ourtextbookis embeddedintotwointegrateddigitallearningsolutions onespecificforprelicensureprogramsandtheother forpostlicensure thatbuildonthefeaturesofthetextwithproveninstructionaldesignstrategies Tolearn moreaboutthesesolutions,visithttp://wwwnursingeducationsuccesscom/orcontactyourlocalWolters Kluwerrepresentative.
Ourprelicensuresolution,LippincottCoursePoint,isarichlearningenvironmentthatdrivescourseand curriculumsuccesstopreparestudentsforpractice LippincottCoursePointisdesignedforthewaystudents learn.Thesolutionconnectslearningtoreal-lifeapplicationbyintegratingcontentfrom Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing withvideocases,interactivemodules,andjournalarticles Idealforactive, case-basedlearning,thispowerfulsolutionhelpsstudentsdevelophigherlevelcognitiveskillsandasksthem tomakedecisionsrelatedtosimple-to-complexscenarios.
LippincottCoursePointforLeadershipandManagementfeaturesthefollowing:
Leadingcontentincontext:Digitalcontentfrom Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing isembeddedinourPowerfulTools,engagingstudentsandencouraginginteractionandlearning onadeeperlevel
ThecompleteinteractiveeBookfeaturesannualcontentupdateswiththelatestevidence-based practicesandprovidesstudentswithanytime,anywhereaccessonmultipledevices
Fullonlineaccessto Stedman’s Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing ensures studentsworkwiththebestmedicaldictionaryavailable.
Powerfultoolstomaximizeclassperformance:Additionalcourse-specifictoolsprovidecase-based learningforeverystudent:
VideoCaseshelpstudentsanticipatewhattoexpectasanurse,withdetailedscenariosthatcapture theirattentionandintegrateclinicalknowledgewithleadershipandmanagementconceptsthatare criticaltoreal-worldnursingpractice Bywatchingthevideosandcompletingrelatedactivities, studentswillflextheirproblem-solving,prioritizing,analyzing,andapplicationskillstoaidbothin NCLEXpreparationandinpreparationforpractice
InteractiveModuleshelpstudentsquicklyidentifywhattheydoanddonotunderstand,sotheycan studysmartly Withexceptionalinstructionaldesignthatpromptsstudentstodiscover,reflect, synthesize,andapply,studentsactivelylearn Remediationlinkstothedigitaltextbookareintegrated throughout.
Curatedcollectionsofjournalarticlesareprovidedvia Lippincott NursingCenter,WoltersKluwer’s premierdestinationforpeer-reviewednursingjournals ThroughintegrationofCoursePointand NursingCenter,studentswillengageinhownursingresearchinfluencespractice.
Datatomeasurestudents’progress:Studentperformancedataprovidedinanintuitivedisplaylets instructorsquicklyassesswhetherstudentshaveviewedinteractivemodulesandvideocasesoutsideof classaswellasseestudents’performanceonrelatedNCLEX-stylequizzes,ensuringstudentsarecoming totheclassroomreadyandpreparedtolearn
TolearnmoreaboutLippincottCoursePoint,pleasevisit: http://www.nursingeducationsuccess.com/coursepoint
Lippincott RN to BSN Online: Leadership and Management isapostlicensuresolutionforonlineandhybrid courses,marryingexperientiallearningwiththetrustedcontentin Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing,ninthedition
BuiltaroundlearningobjectivesthatarealignedtotheBSNEssentialsandQSENnursingcurriculum standards,everyaspectofLippincottRNtoBSNOnlineisdesignedtoengage,challenge,andcultivate postlicensurestudents
Self-pacedinteractivemodulesemploykeyinstructionaldesignstrategies includingstorytelling, modeling,andcase-basedandproblem-basedscenarios toactivelyinvolvestudentsinlearningnew materialandfocusstudents’learningoutcomesonreal-lifeapplication.
Pre-andpost-moduleassessmentsactivatestudents’existingknowledgepriortoengagingwiththe moduleandthenassesstheircompetencyaftercompletingthemodule
Discussionboardquestionscreateanongoingdialoguetofostersociallearning
Writingandgroupworkassignmentshonestudents’competenceinwritingandcommunication, instillingtheskillsneededtoadvancetheirnursingcareers
Collatedjournalarticlesacquaintstudentstothebodyofnursingresearchongoinginrecentliterature
Casestudyassignments,includingunfoldingcasesthatevolvefromcasesintheinteractivemodules, aidstudentsinapplyingtheorytoreal-lifesituations
BestPracticesinScholarlyWritingGuidecoversAmericanPsychologicalAssociationformattingand styleguidelines.
Usedaloneorinconjunctionwithotherinstructor-createdresources, Lippincott RN to BSN Online adds interactivitytocourses.Italsosavesinstructorstimebykeepingbothtextbookandcourseresourcescurrent andaccuratethroughregularupdatestothecontent
TolearnmoreaboutLippincottRNtoBSNOnline,pleasevisit http://wwwnursingeducationsuccesscom/nursing-education-solutions/lippincott-rn-bsn-online/
ClosingNote
Itisourhopeandexpectationthatthecontent,style,andorganizationofthisnintheditionof Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing willbehelpfultothosestudentswhowanttobecomeskillful, thoughtfulleadersandmanagers
BessieL Marquis,RN,MSN
CarolJ.Huston,RN,MSN,DPA,FAAN
REFERENCES
AmericanAssociationofCollegesofNursing.(2008). The essentials of baccalaureate education for professional nursing practice RetrievedOctober17,2015,fromhttp://wwwaacnncheedu/educationresources/baccessentials08pdf
AmericanAssociationofCollegesofNursing.(2011). The essentials of master’s education in nursing. RetrievedOctober17,2015,fromhttp://wwwaacnncheedu/educationresources/MastersEssentials11pdf
AmericanNursesAssociation.(2015). Nursing: Scope & standards of practice (3rded.).SilverSpring,MD: Author
AmericanOrganizationofNurseExecutives (2015) The AONE nurse executive competencies Retrieved October17,2015,fromhttp://www.aone.org/resources/nurse-leader-competencies.shtml
Cronenwett,L,etal (2007) Qualityandsafetyeducationfornurses Nursing Outlook 55(3),122
InstituteofMedicine (2003) Health professions education: A bridge to quality Washington,DC:National AcademiesPress.
QualityandSafetyEducationforNursesInstitute (2014) Competencies RetrievedOctober17,2015,from http://qsenorg/competencies/
TheCriticalTriad:DecisionMaking,Management,andLeadership
1 DecisionMaking,ProblemSolving,CriticalThinking,andClinicalReasoning:Requisitesfor SuccessfulLeadershipandManagement DecisionMaking,ProblemSolving,CriticalThinking,andClinicalReasoning VicariousLearningtoIncreaseProblem-SolvingandDecision-MakingSkills TheoreticalApproachestoProblemSolvingandDecisionMaking CriticalElementsinProblemSolvingandDecisionMaking IndividualVariationsinDecisionMaking
OvercomingIndividualVulnerabilityinDecisionMaking DecisionMakinginOrganizations
Decision-MakingTools
PitfallsinUsingDecision-MakingTools IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinDecisionMaking KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
2 ClassicalViewsofLeadershipandManagement Managers Leaders HistoricalDevelopmentofManagementTheory HistoricalDevelopmentofLeadershipTheory(1900toPresent) IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctions
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
3 Twenty-First-CenturyThinkingAboutLeadershipandManagement NewThinkingAboutLeadershipandManagement TransitionFromIndustrialAgeLeadershiptoRelationshipAgeLeadership IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinthe21stCentury KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
4 EthicalIssues
MoralIssuesFacedbyNurses
EthicalFrameworksforDecisionMaking
PrinciplesofEthicalReasoning
AmericanNursesAssociationCodeofEthicsandProfessionalStandards
EthicalProblemSolvingandDecisionMaking
TheMoralDecision-MakingModel
WorkingTowardEthicalBehaviorastheNorm
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinEthics
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
5 LegalandLegislativeIssues
SourcesofLaw TypesofLawsandCourts
LegalDoctrinesandthePracticeofNursing ProfessionalNegligence
AvoidingMalpracticeClaims
ExtendingtheLiability
IncidentReportsandAdverseEventForms
IntentionalTorts
OtherLegalResponsibilitiesoftheManager
LegalConsiderationsofManagingaDiverseWorkforce
ProfessionalVersusInstitutionalLicensure
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinLegalandLegislativeIssues
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
6 Patient,Subordinate,Workplace,andProfessionalAdvocacy BecominganAdvocate PatientAdvocacy PatientRights
SubordinateandWorkplaceAdvocacy
WhistleblowingasAdvocacy ProfessionalAdvocacy
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinAdvocacy KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
III
RolesandFunctionsinPlanning
7 OrganizationalPlanning LookingtotheFuture ProactivePlanning
StrategicPlanningattheOrganizationalLevel
OrganizationalPlanning:ThePlanningHierarchy VisionandMissionStatements
OrganizationalPhilosophy
SocietalPhilosophiesandValuesRelatedtoHealthCare
IndividualPhilosophiesandValues
GoalsandObjectives
PoliciesandProcedures
Rules
OvercomingBarrierstoPlanning
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinPlanning KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
8 PlannedChange
Lewin’sChangeTheoryofUnfreezing,Movement,andRefreezing Lewin’sChangeTheoryofDrivingandRestrainingForces AContemporaryAdaptationofLewin’sModel ClassicChangeStrategies
Resistance:TheExpectedResponsetoChange
PlannedChangeasaCollaborativeProcess
TheLeader-ManagerasaRoleModelDuringPlannedChange
OrganizationalChangeAssociatedWithNonlinearDynamics
OrganizationalAging:ChangeasaMeansofRenewal
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinPlannedChange KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
9 TimeManagement
ThreeBasicStepstoTimeManagement
PersonalTimeManagement
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinTimeManagement KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
10 FiscalPlanning
BalancingCostandQuality
ResponsibilityAccountingandForecasting
BasicsofBudgets
StepsintheBudgetaryProcess
TypesofBudgets
BudgetingMethods
CriticalPathways
Health-CareReimbursement
MedicareandMedicaid
TheProspectivePaymentSystem
ManagedCare
Health-CareReformandthePatientProtectionandAffordableCareAct
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinFiscalPlanning KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
11 CareerPlanningandDevelopmentinNursing CareerStages
JustificationsforCareerDevelopment
IndividualResponsibilityforCareerDevelopment
TheOrganization’sRoleinEmployeeCareerDevelopment CareerCoaching
ManagementDevelopment
ContinuedCompetencyasPartofCareerDevelopment
ProfessionalSpecialtyCertification
ReflectivePracticeandtheProfessionalPortfolio
CareerPlanningandtheNewGraduateNurse
Transition-to-PracticePrograms/ResidenciesforNewGraduateNurses ResuméPreparation
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinCareerPlanningandDevelopment
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
RolesandFunctionsinOrganizing
12 OrganizationalStructure
FormalandInformalOrganizationalStructure
OrganizationalTheoryandBureaucracy
ComponentsofOrganizationalStructure
LimitationsofOrganizationCharts
TypesofOrganizationalStructures
DecisionMakingWithintheOrganizationalHierarchy
Stakeholders
OrganizationalCulture
SharedGovernance:OrganizationalDesignforthe21stCentury?
MagnetDesignationandPathwaytoExcellence
CommitteeStructureinanOrganization
ResponsibilitiesandOpportunitiesofCommitteeWork
OrganizationalEffectiveness
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsAssociatedWithOrganizationalStructure
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
13 Organizational,Political,andPersonalPower
UnderstandingPower
TheAuthority–PowerGap
MobilizingthePoweroftheNursingProfession
AnActionPlanforIncreasingProfessionalPowerinNursing StrategiesforBuildingaPersonalPowerBase
ThePoliticsofPower
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsWhenUsingAuthorityandPowerin Organizations
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
14 OrganizingPatientCare
TraditionalModesofOrganizingPatientCare
DiseaseManagement
SelectingtheOptimumModeofOrganizingPatientCare
NewRolesfortheChangingHealthCareArena:NurseNavigators,ClinicalNurseLeaders,andLeaders inPatient-CenteredCare
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinOrganizingPatientCare
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
15
EmployeeRecruitment,Selection,Placement,andIndoctrination
PredictingStaffingNeeds
IsaNursingShortageImminent?
SupplyandDemandFactorsLeadingtoaPotentialNursingShortage Recruitment
InterviewingasaSelectionTool
TipsfortheInterviewee
Selection
Placement
Indoctrination
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinEmployeeRecruitment,Selection, Placement,andIndoctrination
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
16
SocializingandEducatingStaffinaLearningOrganization
TheLearningOrganization
StaffDevelopment
LearningTheories
AssessingStaffDevelopmentNeeds
EvaluationofStaffDevelopmentActivities
SharedResponsibilityforImplementingEvidence-BasedPractice
SocializationandResocialization
OvercomingMotivationalDeficiencies
CoachingasaTeachingStrategy
MeetingtheEducationalNeedsofaCulturallyDiverseStaff
IntegratingLeadershipandManagementinTeamBuildingThroughSocializingandEducatingStaffina
LearningOrganization
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
17 StaffingNeedsandSchedulingPolicies
UnitManager’sResponsibilitiesinMeetingStaffingNeeds CentralizedandDecentralizedStaffing
ComplyingWithStaffingMandates
StaffingandSchedulingOptions
WorkloadMeasurementTools
TheRelationshipBetweenNursingCareHours,StaffingMix,andQualityofCare ManagingaDiverseStaff
GenerationalConsiderationsforStaffing
TheImpactofNursingStaffShortagesonStaffing
FiscalandEthicalAccountabilityforStaffing
DevelopingStaffingandSchedulingPolicies
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinStaffingandScheduling
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
RolesandFunctionsinDirecting
18 CreatingaMotivatingClimate
IntrinsicVersusExtrinsicMotivation
MotivationalTheory
CreatingaMotivatingClimate StrategiesforCreatingaMotivatingClimate Promotion:AMotivationalTool
PromotingSelf-Care
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinCreatingaMotivatingClimateatWork KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
19 Organizational,Interpersonal,andGroupCommunication
TheCommunicationProcess
VariablesAffectingOrganizationalCommunication
OrganizationalCommunicationStrategies
CommunicationModes
ElementsofNonverbalCommunication
VerbalCommunicationSkills
ListeningSkills
WrittenCommunicationWithintheOrganization
TechnologyasaToolinContemporaryOrganizationalCommunication Communication,Confidentiality,andHealthInsurancePortabilityandAccountabilityAct ElectronicHealthRecordsandMeaningfulUse
GroupCommunication
GroupDynamics
IntegratingLeadershipandManagementinOrganizational,Interpersonal,andGroupCommunication KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
20 Delegation
DelegatingEffectively CommonDelegationErrors
DelegationasaFunctionofProfessionalNursing
SubordinateResistancetoDelegation
DelegatingtoaMulticulturalWorkTeam
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsinDelegation KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
21 EffectiveConflictResolutionandNegotiation
TheHistoryofConflictManagement Intergroup,Intrapersonal,andInterpersonalConflict
TheConflictProcess ConflictManagement ManagingUnitConflict
Bullying,Incivility,Mobbing,andWorkplaceViolence Negotiation AlternativeDisputeResolution SeekingConsensus
IntegratingLeadershipSkillsandManagementFunctionsinManagingConflict KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
22 CollectiveBargaining,Unionization,andEmploymentLaws
UnionsandCollectiveBargaining HistoricalPerspectiveofUnionizationinAmerica
UnionRepresentationofNurses
AmericanNursesAssociationandCollectiveBargaining EmployeeMotivationtoJoinorRejectUnions
AvertingtheUnion Union-OrganizingStrategies
StepstoEstablishaUnion
TheManagers’RoleDuringUnionOrganizing
TheNurseasSupervisor:EligibilityforProtectionUndertheNationalLaborRelationsAct EmploymentLegislation
StateHealthFacilitiesLicensingBoards
IntegratingLeadershipSkillsandManagementFunctionsWhenWorkingWithCollectiveBargaining, Unionization,andEmploymentLaws
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
RolesandFunctionsinControlling
23 QualityControl
DefiningQualityHealthCare
QualityControlasaProcess
TheDevelopmentofStandards
AuditsasaQualityControlTool
StandardizedNursingLanguages
QualityImprovementModels
WhoShouldBeInvolvedinQualityControl?
QualityMeasurementasanOrganizationalMandate ProfessionalStandardsReviewOrganizations
TheJointCommission
CentersforMedicare&MedicaidServices
NationalCommitteeforQualityAssurance
NationalDatabaseofNursingQualityIndicators
ReportCards
MedicalErrors:AnOngoingThreattoQualityofCare
TheLeapfrogGroup
SixSigmaApproachandLeanManufacturing
ReformingtheMedicalLiabilitySystem
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsWithQualityControl
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
24 PerformanceAppraisal
UsingthePerformanceAppraisaltoMotivateEmployees
StrategiestoEnsureAccuracyandFairnessinthePerformanceAppraisal PerformanceAppraisalTools
PlanningthePerformanceAppraisalInterview
OvercomingAppraisalInterviewDifficulties
PerformanceManagement
Coaching:AMechanismforInformalPerformanceAppraisal WhenEmployeesAppraiseTheirManager’sPerformance UsingLeadershipSkillsandManagementFunctionsinConductingPerformanceAppraisals
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
25 ProblemEmployees:RuleBreakers,MarginalEmployees,andtheChemicallyorPsychologically Impaired
ConstructiveVersusDestructiveDiscipline
Self-DisciplineandGroupNorms
FairandEffectiveRules
DisciplineasaProgressiveProcess
DisciplinaryStrategiesfortheManager
DiscipliningtheUnionizedEmployee
TheDisciplinaryConference
TheTerminationConference
GrievanceProcedures
TransferringEmployees
TheMarginalEmployee
TheChemicallyImpairedEmployee
RecognizingtheChemicallyImpairedEmployee
IntegratingLeadershipRolesandManagementFunctionsWhenDealingWithProblemEmployees
KeyConcepts
AdditionalLearningExercisesandApplications
AppendixSolutionstoSelectedLearningExercises
Index
