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Governance and Societal Adaptation in Fragile States
Visit the Sociology:A global introduction,fourth edition,Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/plummer to find valuable student learning material including:
•Podcasts introducing key topics in the book and global voices in sociology
•The Big Vote,allowing you to give your view on a key debate or issue and see what other students think
SVALBARD (to Norway)
Franz Josef Land
Novaya Zemlya
FAEROE ISLANDS (to Denmark)
ISLE OF MAN (to UK)
CHANNEL ISLANDS (to UK)
Azores (to Portugal)
GIBRALTAR (to UK)
Madeira (to Portugal)
Canary Islands (to Spain)
WESTERN SAHARA (disputed)
Cabinda (to Angola)
ASCENSION ISLAND (to St. Helena)
ST. HELENA (to UK)
TRISTAN DA CUNHA (to St. Helena)
Gough Island (to Tristan da Cunha)
MAPPING THE WORLD
There are many maps of the world and its regions to be found on the internet. The map here is intended to serve only as a quick general guide and resource as you read this book. For more detail look at:
MAPS OF THE WORLD
http://www.mapsofworld.com/
GOOGLE MAPS http://maps.google.co.uk/maps
TURKISH REP. OF N. CYPRUS (only recognised by Turkey)
PARACEL ISLANDS (disputed)
(to Yemen)
Laccadive Islands (to India)
Andaman Islands (to India)
Nicobar Islands (to India)
BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY (to UK)
Agalega Islands (to Mauritius)
MAYOTTE (to France)
REUNION (to France)
CHRISTMAS ISLAND (to Australia)
COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS (to Australia)
SPRATLY ISLANDS (disputed)
MARIANA ISLANDS (to US)
GUAM (to US)
ASHMORE & CARTIER ISLANDS (to Australia)
Prince Edward Islands (to South Africa)
FRENCH SOUTHERN & ANTARCTIC TERRITORIES (to France)
HEARD & MCDONALD ISLANDS (to Australia)
MEXICO: independent state
ISLANDS (to Denmark): self-governing territory, with parent state indicated
Andaman Islands (to India): non self-governing territory, with parent stated indicated
MACED. Macedonia, MOLD. Moldova, MON. Montenegro, NETH. Netherlands, NETH. ANT. Netherlands Antilles, PORT. Portugal, ROM. Romania, RUSS. FED. Russian Federation, S.M. San Marino, SLVK. Slovakia, SLVN. Slovenia, SWITZ. Switzerland, TAJ. Tajikistan, THAI. Thailand, TURKMEN. Turkmenistan, U.A.E. United Arab Emirates, UZBEK. Uzbekistan, VAT. CITY Vatican City, ZIMB. Zimbabwe.
ST. KITTS & NEVIS ANTARCTICA
MONTSERRAT (to UK)
GUADELOUPE (to France)
DOMINICA
BARBADOS GRENADA CUBA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
MARTINIQUE (to France)
ST. LUCIA
FRENCH GUIANA (to France)
BRAZIL
FALKLAND ISLANDS (to UK)
SOUTH GEORGIA & SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS (to UK)
Kurile
Arctic Circle
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle
Equator
SOCIETY IN HISTORY:TIME LINES
A time line is a visual device that helps us understand historical change.The upper time line represents 5 billion years ofthe history ofthe planet Earth.This time line is divided into three sections,each ofwhich is drawn to a different scale oftime.The first section, The Earth’s Origins,begins with the planet’s origins 5 billion years before the present (B.P.) and indicates that another full billion years passed before the earliest forms oflife
appeared.The second section, Our Human Origins, shows that plants and animals continued to evolve for billions more years until,approximately 12 million years ago,our earliest human ancestors came onto the scene.In the third section ofthis time line, Earliest Civilisation, we see that what we term civilisation is relatively recent, indeed,with the first permanent settlements occurring in the Middle East a scant 12,000 years ago.But the written record ofour species’existence extends back only halfthis long,to the time humans invented writing and first farmed with animal-driven ploughs some 5,000 years B.P.
All humans are hunters and gatherers
Evolutionary divide,
Colonisation of Latin America/India
THE EARTH’S ORIGINS OUR HUMAN ORIGINS THE MODERN ERA
Women’s suffrage movement begins
European colonisation of Africa
Bones in Ethiopia attest to ‘Stone Age’ human who used tools and fire.
Sociology came into being in the wake ofthe many changes to society wrought by the Industrial Revolution over the last few centuries – just the blink of an eye in evolutionary perspective.The lower time line provides a close-up look at the events and trends that have defined The Modern Era,most ofwhich are discussed in this text.
Innovations in technology are charted in the panel below the line and provide a useful backdrop for viewing the milestones ofsocial progress highlighted in the panel above the line.Major contributions to the
Earliest horticultural and pastoral societies
First humans reach North America from Asia via Peking land bridge
First permanent settlements in Middle East Cave art
Domestication of dogs
Horticulture in Latin America
development ofsociological thought are traced along the very bottom ofthis time line.
Events are coded according to the broad themes as follows:
● Technology
■ National/global events and trends
▲ Sociology as a discipline
For Time Lines on the world wide web,see www.hyperhistory.com
Rise of agriculture and bureaucracy
Invention of the wheel
Horticulture and pastoralism in Asia
Settlement in Nile region Austrian ‘Iceman’ Writing invented Settlement in Indus region
▲ First poverty surveys in UK of Booth & Rowntree ■ Russian Revolution
▲ First sociology department at University of Chicago
▲ Emile Durkheim dies
▲ George Simmel dies
War I
Splitting of the atom
Birth rates fall in Europe and US
■ Great Depression
● First McDonald’s restaurant
▲ G.H. Mead dies
▲ C.H. Cooley dies
‘Baby boom’
Student protests
Child’s life expectancy 76 years (in the west)
Evolution of the European Economic Community ■ Long period of Conservative government in UK: Thatcherism
■ Rapid expansion of Sociology in UK universities
Emergence of Second wave Feminism, The Black Movement and The Lesbian & Gay Movement: Civil Rights
Revolution United Nations founded
Max Weber dies
Chinese revolution
Chemist
Albert Hoffman takes 1st LSD ‘trip’
■ European colonisation of Africa ends
● CD invented
Berlin Wall
Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs) (e.g. Thailand, Singapore)
Persian Gulf War
Revolutions in USSR and Eastern Europe
First earth day
First AIDS cases reported
2001 Destruction of Twin Towers and Pentagon: Terrorist crisis
Kosovo Refugee Crisis World Trade Organisation established First working draft of the Human Genome Project
▲ Goffman dies
● First car (the Duryea)
● Aeroplane invented ● Ford assembly line
● Television invented
● Invention of aerosol spray can First atomic explosion in Hiroshima
Computer invented
● Sputnik launched
● Radio invented ● First human on moon
● Discovery of DNA
● Cable TV
● First heart transplant
● Space shuttle
▲ Foucault dies
Postindustrial era
Durkheim studies suicide Cooley and Mead study the self
Simmel analyses small groups
Weber sees expanding bureaucracy
Du Bois describes racial consciousness information revolution
Freud formulates psychoanalysis
Student protests, + rise of conflict theories
Piaget probes how we learn Goffman debuts’dramaturgical analysis’ Ethnomethodology
Feminism impacts sociology Postmodernism
Multiculturalism
Dedicated to all those involved in the saving of lives through transplant surgery:especially the skills of doctors,the kindness of carers and the greatest gift of life from the donors and their loved ones.
SOCIOLOGY
A Global Introduction
Fourth edition
John J.Macionis
Ken Plummer
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk
All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording or by any information storage retrieval system,without permission from Pearson Education,Inc.
The rights of John J.Macionis and Ken Plummer to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise,without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,Saffron House,6–10 Kirby Street,London EC1N 8TS.
ISBN:978-0-13-205158-3
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08
Typeset in 10/12pt Minion by 30 Printed and bound by Rotolito Lombarda,Italy
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests
Guide to boxes and featuresxvii
Preface:How to use this bookxxv
About the authorsxxxi
Guided tour to the book and websitexxxii
Acknowledgementsxxxvi
Part One:Introducing Sociology1
1 The Sociological Imagination2
2 Thinking Sociologically,Thinking Globally26
3 Doing Social Science:An Introduction to Method50
Interlude 1:Sociological Thinking about Sport 81
Part Two:The Foundations of Society:From Macro to Micro87
4 Societies88
5 Culture126
6 Groups,Organisations and the Rise of the Network Society160
7 Micro-sociology:the Social Construction of Everyday Life190
Interlude 2:Introducing a Sociology of Food 222
Part Three:The Unequal World:Social Divisions,Social Inequalities and Social Exclusion229
8 Social Divisions and Social Stratification230
9 Global Inequalities and Poverty260 10 Class,Poverty and Welfare298
11 Racism,Ethnicities and Migration326
12 The Gender Order and Sexualities364
13 Age Stratification,Children and Later Life402
14 Disabilities,Care and the Humanitarian Society432
Interlude 3:Social Divisions and Global Youth 458
Part Four:Social Structures,Social Practices and Social Institutions461
15 Economies,Work and Consumption462
16 Power,Governance and Social Movements502
17 Control,Crime and Deviance540
18 Families,Households and Personal Cultures578
19 Religion and Belief608
20 Education638
21 Health,Medicine and Well-being668
22 Communication and the New Media708
23 Science,Cyberspace and the Risk Society740
Interlude 4:Our Life Stories:The Sociology of Biography 767
Part Five:Social Change and the Twenty-First Century769
24 Populations,Cities and the Space of Things to Come770
25 Social Change and the Environment800
26 Living in the Twenty-First Century836
Interlude 5:Epilogue:Social Sufferings,Utopias and the Problem of Values 857
Part Six:Resources for Critical Thinking859
Film:100 or so key films of sociological interest862
Novels:100 or so novels of sociological interest863
Art and Sociology:Paintings and Photos of Sociological Interest865
Time and Space:Review the Book for History and World Cultures868
Websites:100 sites of interest869
YouTube:100 YouTube themes876
Thinkers:25 key social thinkers878
Statistics:The Ten Boxes879
Questions:25 key debates of our time879
Glossary880
Select References893
Names Index919
Subject Index927
Guide to boxes and featuresxvii
Preface:How to use this bookxxv
About the authorsxxxi
Guided tour to the book and websitexxxii
Acknowledgementsxxxvi
Part One:Introducing Sociology 1
1The Sociological Imagination 2
What is sociology?4
The sociological perspective in everyday life9
Social change and the origins of sociology12
Sociologists look to the future17
Summary19
Sociological e-lab20
2Thinking Sociologically,Thinking Globally 26
Starting a short tour of sociological theory:or how to think about society28
‘Classical’,traditional perspectives in sociology28
Contemporary perspectives in sociology: multiple perspectives,other voices and the postmodern35
Thinking globally:a global perspective in sociology39
Taking stock and looking ahead44
Summary45
Sociological e-lab46
3Doing Social Science:An Introduction to Method 50
The basics of sociological investigation52
What is a sociological ‘truth’? Matters of epistemology53
Making sense of sociological data59
The tools of sociological research64
Ethical,political and policy questions71
Putting it all together:planning a sociological project75
Summary77
Sociological e-lab78
Interlude 1:Sociological Thinking about Sport 81
Part Two:The Foundations of Society:From Macro to Micro 87
4Societies 88
Changing patterns of society90
Explaining modern industrial society:the classical sociological accounts101
Karl Marx:capitalism and conflict101
Max Weber:the rationalisation of society and the disenchantment of the world106
Emile Durkheim:the bonds that tie us together:from mechanical to organic109
Reviewing the theories111
The contemporary shape of world societies114
Conclusion:Change and societies119
Summary120
Sociological e-lab121
5Culture 126
What is culture?128
The major components of culture130
Cultural diversity:many ways of life in one world138
Muslim cultures141
A global culture?146
Understanding culture148
From culture to cultural studies150
Looking ahead:culture and human freedom153
Summary154
Sociological e-lab155
6Groups,Organisations and the Rise of the Network Society 160
Social groups162
Organisations168
‘Social networks’and the rise of the network society180
Looking ahead:the network society184
Summary186
Sociological e-lab187
7Micro-sociology:The Social Construction of Everyday Life 190
The social construction of reality192
Becoming social:the process of socialisation193
Becoming biographies? Two theories of socialisation195
The life course and generations200
Constructing situations:Erving Goffman and drama204
Ethnomethodology and conversational analysis209
The sociologies of identity,emotion and the body210
Conclusion:micro-sociology217
Summary217
Sociological e-lab219
Interlude 2:Introducing a Sociology of Food 222
Part Three:The Unequal World:
Social Divisions,Social Inequalities and Social Exclusion 229
8Social Divisions and Social Stratification 230
What is social stratification?232
Closed and open systems of stratification: slavery,estate,caste and class234
Some examples of stratification at work: Japan and Russia240
The role of ideology:stratification’s ‘staying power’243
Explaining social stratification244
Marxist and neo-Marxist ideas on stratification and conflict246
Max Weber:class,status and power249
Stratification and technology in global perspective250
Inequalities,stratification and divisions in the twenty-first century253
Summary256
Sociological e-lab257
9Global Inequalities and Poverty 260
What is global stratification?262
Global wealth and poverty266
The globalisation of the ‘super rich’and the localisation of the ‘bottom billion’272
Who are the global poor?276
Global inequality:how is it to be explained?280
Global inequality:looking ahead290
Summary292
Sociological e-lab293
10Class,Poverty and Welfare 298
The nature of social class300
Some dimensions of class and social inequality in the UK300
Layers of social class in the UK305
Social exclusion and the idea of an underclass309
Poverty:the lower ends of inequality in capitalist society310
The ‘Death of Class’debate315
Citizenship and the rise of welfare states317
Looking ahead:class in the twenty-first century320
Summary321
Sociological e-lab322
11Racism,Ethnicities and Migration 326
The social significance of race and ethnicities329
Prejudice and racism332
Explaining racism333
Discrimination336
Majority and minority:patterns of interaction338
Migration,ethnicity and race341
Ethnicity in the UK347
Racism and ethnic antagonism in Europe354
The future of ethnic relations358
Summary359
Sociological e-lab360
12The Gender Order and Sexualities 364
The Gender Order367
Key terms and basic distinctions:sex and gender?367
Patriarchy,gender stratification and sexism369
Becoming gendered:the case of gender socialisation376
Nancy Chodorow and the reproduction of mothering377
Understanding gender381
Resisting patriarchy:the Women’s Movement and feminism382
Sexualities387
Sexuality and stratification387
Understanding sexualities389
Key elements of sexual stratification:gay and lesbian relations392
Social change and sexuality395
Looking ahead:gender and sexuality in the twenty-first century396
Summary397
Sociological e-lab399
13Age Stratification,Children and Later Life 402
A sociology of children404
Growing older:age populations in the twenty-first century408
The social implications of ageing413
Researching ageing421
Looking ahead:ageing in the twenty-first century423
Summary426
Sociological e-lab428
14Disabilities,Care and the Humanitarian Society 432
Clarifying disabilities and differences434
The classical social theories and disability435
Stigma and outsiders:cultural responses to disabilities437
Contemporary disabling responses:legal responses and social policy440
The Disability Movement442
Globalisation:differences and disabilities445
Humanitarianism,care and the humane society447
Looking for the signs of an emerging compassionate society448
Looking ahead:disability,difference and change453
Summary454
Sociological e-lab455
Interlude 3:Social Divisions and Global Youth 458
Part Four:Social Structures, Social Practices And Social Institutions 461
15Economies,Work and Consumption 462
Changing economies:the great transformations464
Economies:differing kinds468
The changing nature of work474
Unemployment486
The world of corporations488
Consumption in modern economies492
Looking ahead497
Summary497
Sociological e-lab499
16Power,Governance and Social Movements 502
Types of political system505
The globalisation of politics509
Gender and power511
Political organisation in Europe512
Explaining power? Theoretical analysis of power in society514
Power beyond the rules517
New politics:The rise of social movements525
The globalisation of ‘human rights regimes’?528
Summary534
Sociological e-lab536
17Control,Crime and Deviance 540
Some opening definitions542
The social and global shapes of crime543
Changes in social control550
Explaining crime and deviance559
Looking ahead573
Summary573
Sociological e-lab574
18Families,Households and Personal Cultures 578
What are families?580
Family and history582
Thinking about families:theories and ideas583
Family differences in the UK:class,ethnicity and gender586
Practices of family life587
Towards the postmodern family?590
Looking ahead:families in the twenty-first century600
Summary602
Sociological e-lab603
19Religion and Belief 608
What is religion?610
Understanding religion611
The nature of religious organisations613
The social shapes of global religions616
Religion in Europe623
Religion in the twenty-first century626
Taking stock and looking ahead632
Summary633
Sociological e-lab634
20Education638
Global education and literacy640
Schooling around the world642
Understanding education in the modern world644
Social divisions and schooling646
Education in the twenty-first century: some current issues654
Looking ahead663
Summary664
Sociological e-lab665
21Health,Medicine and Well-being 668
What is health?670
Health:a global survey671
Some social links to illness675
Healthcare provision and medicine679
Understanding health and medicine686
A growing health problem:the overweight and the underweight691
HIV/AIDS and sociology693
Death,dying and sociology699
Taking stock and looking ahead:health in the twenty-first century701
Summary702
Sociological e-lab704
22Communication and the New Media 708
The media age710
Communications and social change712
The twentieth century:harbinger of new media716
Media theories719
Three key questions in media analysis724
The globalisation of the media730
Looking ahead:the future of the media734
Summary735
Sociological e-lab736
23Science,Cyberspace and the Risk Society 740
Risk and the three scientific revolutions of the twentieth century742
Knowledge and science:traditions of study 743
The quantum revolution:human society and the cosmos748
The ‘biotechnology revolution’:social issues 751
The computer revolution and the information society757
Looking to the future:technology and the risk society761
Summary763
Sociological e-lab764
Interlude 4:Our Life Stories:The Sociology of Biography 767
Part Five:Social Change and the Twenty-First Century 769
24Populations,Cities and the Space
of Things to Come
The sociology of space772
770
Demography and population772
Key factors shaping the population773
Population growth776
Urbanisation:space and the city781
Understanding cities?789
Looking ahead:population and urbanisation in the twenty-first century794
Summary795
Sociological e-lab797
25Social Change and the Environment 800
Sociology,natural disasters and the global environment802
Sociology and the natural environment805
The changing global environment806
Growth and its limits812
The ‘social practices’of degrading the environment816
Constructing the social problem of the environment822
The environmental movement827
Taking stock and looking ahead:for a sustainable world?828
Summary831
Sociological e-lab833
26Living in the Twenty-First Century
836
Sociology tells one grand story,and a multitude of smaller ones838
Social change and modernity840
Causes of social change841
Recalling modernity843
The world as it is now:the good news and the bad news844
The future and change:new kinds of society in the making?845
Globalisation revisited847
The cyber-information society revisited848
Postmodernism revisited848
The risk society revisited850
The shape of societies to come – A New World Order?851
Supporting resources
Visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/plummer to find valuable online resources
Companion Website for students
•Podcasts introducing key topics in the book and global voices in sociology
•The Big Vote,allowing you to give your view on a key debate or issue and see what other students think
In conclusion852
Summary853
Sociological e-lab854
Interlude 5:Epilogue:Social Sufferings,Utopias and the Problem of Values 857
Part Six:Resources for Critical Thinking 859
Eleven Pathways into Critical Sociological Thinking860
Film:100 or so key films of sociological interest862
Novels:100 or so novels of sociological interest863
Art and Sociology:25 or so paintings and photos of sociological interest865
Time and Space:Review the book for history and world cultures868
Websites:100 or so sites of interest869
YouTube:100 or so YouTube themes876
Thinkers:25 or so key social thinkers878
Statistics:The Ten Boxes879
Questions:25 key debates of our time879
Glossary880
Select References893
Names Index919
Subject Index927
For instructors
•Complete,downloadable Instructor’s Manual
•PowerPoint lecture slides that can be downloaded and used as OHTs
Also:The Companion Website provides the following features:
•Search tool to help locate specific items of content
•E-mail results and profile tools to send results of quizzes to instructors
•Online help and support to assist with website usage and troubleshooting
For more information please contact your local Pearson Education sales representative or visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/plummer
GUIDE TO BOXES AND FEATURES
Classical Social Thinkers
C.Wright Mills:The sociological imagination11
Auguste Comte:Weathering a storm of change13
The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason17
Herbert Spencer:The survival of the fittest30
The foundational three:Marx,Durkheim,Weber32
Georg Simmel:A sociology of forms168
George Herbert Mead:The self is born of society198
The dramatic world of Erving Goffman205
Norbert Elias:The civilising of bodies and societies215
W.E.B.Du Bois:Race and conflict334
Margaret Mead and Samoa368
Robert Ezra Park:Walking the city streets790
Contemporary Social Thinkers
On twenty-first century society:Apocalypse Now?115
Stuart Hall:From culture to cultural studies151
Manuel Castells:The network society and the Information Age 183
Mary Douglas:Danger,disability and purity437
Martha Nussbaum:Human capabilities and human rights442
Ulrich Beck:A brave new world of work in a globalised risk society485
Anthony Giddens:The politics of ‘life choice’and the ‘Third Way’529
Michel Foucault:Power and surveillance551
Stanley Cohen:From Mods and Rockers to states of denial558
Paulo Freire:Empowering the poor642
Pierre Bourdieu:Reproducing class649
Carol Gilligan:In a different voice650
Jürgen Habermas:The changing public sphere734
Donna Haraway:The cyborg society754
European Eye
What is European society?112
Disneyland:Old cultures and new cultures in Europe149
Bureaucracy’s darkest hour:Killing millions of people in the Nazi genocide171
The Social Charter:Social policies in the European Union319
Ethnic divides in the UK:A chronology350
The Roma and the skinheads356
The elderly and social policy in Europe425
Violence beyond the rules:A report from the former Yugoslavia519
How to control drugs:case studies from Sweden and The Netherlands552
A less central family? A report from Sweden581
What’s going on in the family in the UK?591
The politics of curriculum653
Healthcare in Europe681
The Eurovision Song Contest:Globalising music,queering worlds?724
European environmental policy829
Speaking Lives
Youth cultural styles144
Disability,interaction and facial disfigurement208
What the poor say279
Living through ethnic cleansing345
The voices of child soldiers406
Living over a hundred years:Immigrants in time423
The Elephant Man440
The story of an eight-year-old agricultural worker in Guatemala476
The Jack-Roller and criminological life stories569
World religions and patriarchy:Do gods favour men?614
A self-fulfilling prophecy:From the autobiography of Malcolm X645
World obesity693
Worldwatch
The globalisation of music:hip hop in Japan43
What is ‘Chinese society’?93
From ‘race as caste’to social class:A report from South Africa 238
The troubles in Africa272
Dealing with world poverty276
Patriarchy breaking down:A report from Botswana373
Sex trafficking,tourism and the sex trade in Thailand374
The killing of the children:Infanticide in India407
The global politics of disabilities446
‘Soft authoritarianism’or planned prosperity? A report from Singapore506
Global governance:The United Nations530
Marriage patterns582
The globalisation and glocalisation of Mexican families509
Bollywood and the diaspora717
Empowering women:The key to controlling population growth780
The global ecosystem:The environmental consequences of everyday choices811
Turning the tide:A report from Egypt814
The world at risk:A dramatically changing environment816
Back to China:Is China the country of the twenty-first century?839
Country Fact Files
China95
South Africa239
Philippines261
Botswana373
Thailand375
Singapore507
India717
Mexico771
Brazil811
Egypt815
Note:These tables are adapted from The World Guide (2007), the World Bank (2007) and Human Development Report (2006).They are constantly changing and often not wholly accurate,but the files provide a general indication.
Living in the Twenty-First Century
The audit culture178
The Hi-Tech Harry Potter Generation203
The unequal world we live in now271
The parade of class:what a difference a class makes308
The commercialisation of sex395
The capitalism of Wal-Mart world490
The new social movements527
Human rights Bills and Acts533
The ever-present gaze:CCTV surveillance in Britain555
The God delusion or the twilight of atheism?627
Structuring homosexuality out of education651
Education as a major issue of our time:More questions than answers655
Transplant bodies698
The possibility of space travel750
Cybersexualities762
The malling of the world781
The new cyberworlds849
Public Sociology
So what is sociology?4
Looking across divides:Sociology and other disciplines18
The meanings of globalisation41
Knowing your averages:Three useful (and simple) statistical measures60
So what is public sociology?73
Issues of ethics in sociology74
Cultural difference,value conflicts?137
Social science and the problem of ‘evil’175
Are the rich worth what they earn?247
The Bell Curve debate:Are rich people really smarter?251
Problems with poverty and inequality measurement:What does a statistical table mean?286
Two approaches to poverty reduction289
Debating the Muslim veil353
Gender matters and the gender gap370
‘It’s only natural’:Are gender and sexuality really socially constructed?379
Talking about Alzheimer’s414
What are the goals of a penal system? How to deal with crime?549
The Acheson Report:Social divisions and health in the UK678
The ‘Science Wars’747
The language and rhetoric of a social problem:A glossary of environmental terms807
Constructing the environment as a social problem823
Research In Action
The population census63
Asking questions of photographs68
Circuits of culture:Doing cultural studies research152
The ‘Who am I?’test211
Interviews and suffering234
History in sociology:Examining ethnic cleansing341
Queer ethnography394
The degradation and alienation of work in the Western world 473
Ethics in educational fieldwork and life stories659
How to make sick societies healthier676
Studying micro-media in the world of Goths715
Anderson:Fieldwork and sociology791
Heatwave:Disaster in Chicago806
The Big Debate
1Keeping up with the times:Sociology in the generation of Wikipedia,Google and YouTube24
2The Sociological Puzzle:Do we make social life or does social life make us?47
3Damned Lies and Statistics:So do statistics tell us the truth?79
4 Progress:Is society getting better or worse?123
5Whose culture? Whose voice? The problem of Eurocentrism,multiculturalism and postcolonialism in sociology157
6The New Tech World:What is it doing to our personal lives?188
7Identity crisis in our time:Just who am I?220
8Living in an unequal world:just how do divisions shape your life?258
9Will the world starve?295
10Blaming the poor:who is to blame?323
11Dangerous extremists:Islamic fundamentalists or Islamophobes?361
12Gender,sexuality and the politics of pornography401
13A sad or a happy old age? What are the social implications of living longer?430
14Bio-ethics and disability rights456
15Neo-liberalism and the problem with markets500
16Beyond left and right:the politics of difference537
17Is crime really decreasing – or increasing? The endless debate576
18 The future of the family and the family values debate604
19The death of God or the triumph of religion?636
20The dumbing down of education:The case of mass higher education666
21Pulling the plug? The ‘right to die’debate705
22Are the media destroying society?737
23The Human Genome Project:Do we really want to look?765
24 Apocalypse soon? Will people overwhelm the earth?798
25What is to be done? Armageddon and the environment834
26Putting it all together:sensing a postmodern future?855
Art and Sociology
1Pieter Brueghel the Younger: The Battle between Carnival and Lent,15592
2Michael Simpson,World in sky26
3Leonardo da Vinci, Vitruvian Man,c.149250
4A detail from an illustration from the Khamsa of Nizami by Aqa Mirak,copied in Tabriz,1543,for Tahmasp I88
5Frank McMahon,Mexican musicians at celebration126
6Evelyn Williams, Face to Face 160
7Masked ball by Lincoln Seligman190
8Two boys scavenge in view of the world’s largest cathedral,Notre Dame de la Paix Basilica in Yamoussoukro,Ivory Coast230
9Gerard Sekoto,Yellow houses:a street in Sophiatown, South Africa 1940260
10William Hogarth’s engraving Gin Lane 298
11Ron Waddams, We the Peoples … 1984326
12Salvador Dali (1904–1989) Gala Contemplating the Mediterranean Sea Which at Eighteen Metres Becomes the Portrait of Abraham Lincoln,1976364
13Deidre Scherer, Gifts 402
14Pieter Breughel the Elder, The Cripples 432
15Ford Maddox Brown, Work,a detail462
16Lenin addresses the workers to encourage them to support him502
17Artist’s dark vision of life in prison540
18Carl Larsson, My Loved Ones 578
19Aqa Mirak, The Ascent of the Prophet Mohammed to Heaven,sixteenth-century Persian manuscript608
20Jacob Lawrence, The Libraries are appreciated 638
21Edward Kienholz, The State Hospital 668
22Max Ferguson, News Vendor,1986708
23Lynn Randolph,Cyborg,1989740
24Yann Arthus-Bertrund,Aerial view of a market in St Paul, Reunion770
25Terrified children flee down Route 1 near Trang Ban, South Vietnam,in June 1972800
26R.B.Kitaj, If Not,Not (detail)836
27Beryl Cook, Tango 860
TOP 10
Most popular sports in the UK81
Richest football clubs84
Most spoken languages132
Leading food companies223
Leading global food retailers223
Richest individuals in the UK272
Poorest countries273
Largest populations with HIV/AIDS274
Highest and lowest gender gap indices,2006371
Fundraising charities in the UK451
Largest transnational corporations489
Largest prison populations554
Universities,2005656
Pharmaceutical companies 2006,by revenue690
All-time worldwide box office hits716
Countries with highest ownership of computers758 Guide
Most populous countries773
Largest cities785
Fastest growing cities786
Largest energy consumers809
Highest and lowest environmental performance indices,2007 823
Facts about China840
Maps
Map 4.1Main nomadic groups by region92
Map 4.2The five Chinas93
Map 4.3Greater Europe:the new enlarged European Union in 2007114
Map 4.4 The world according to (a) The World Bank;(b) UNDP;(c) UNICEF118
Map 5.1World values:Cultural map of the world136
Map 5.2Contemporary Muslim areas of the world142
Map 9.1Median age at death in global perspective270
Table 21.1Samples of the transformation of health and disease685
Table 21.2The world’s major pharmaceutical companies, 2004690
Table 21.3Percentage of obese people in the world692
Table 21.4Regional HIV and AIDS statistics,2001 and 2007 695
Table 22.1New Communications in a global media age 711
Table 22.2Stages in the development of human communication712
Table 22.3Some modern landmarks in media history713
Table 22.4Ownership of press media in the UK720
Table 22.5National newspaper circulation721
Table 22.6Television programmes and genre725
Table 22.7European cable and satellite reception equipment, 1994731
Table 23.1Landmarks of science743
Table 23.2A map of misreading:how scientists ‘socially construct’science studies748
Table 23.3Timeline of space exploration750
Table 23.4The ‘new reproduction’:chronology of key events in the UK755
Table 24.1World population,2005–2050772
Table 24.2Crude birth and death rates,and annual rates of natural population change,for selected countries 775
Table 24.3Percentage of population residing in urban areas, 1950–2030788
Table 24.4How the global population is increasing798
Table 25.1A brief history of environment degradation810
Table 25.2The dangers of cars:what they release into the environment820
Table 25.3Modern timeline:the environment824
Table 25.4Models of technocentric and ecocentric solutions to environmental problems830
Table 26.1Traditional and modern societies:the big picture 838
Table 26.2The state of the future index845
Table 26.3Globalisation as homogenisation or diversification?848
Table 26.4Some antagonisms of the New World Order 851
PREFACE:HOWTOUSETHISBOOK
Welcome to the fourth edition
The book Sociology : A Global Introduction has fast become one ofthe more prominent sociology texts in many countries.This fourth edition consolidates some ofits past achievements,but also makes clearer its humanistic perspective on global concerns in a rapidly changing high-tech twenty-first century.Its key goals are:
● to introduce all the main areas ofstudy,the key concepts,the historical debates and basic approaches to the discipline ofsociology.It assumes you know nothing about sociology;and thus it is not an advanced text.It is only an introduction,but a challenging one we hope.It sets its goals as opening up the field ofenquiry for the very first time;and to stimulate you to want to take it all further.And if you do want to go further,there are suggestions at the end ofeach chapter for doing this (Sociological e-lab),guidance at the end ofthe book (Part Six) as well as a website which has been designed to give you further links,readings,questions and food for thought.Indeed you could see this book as a key resource to link you up to many topics on your own personal website studies.
● to tell a story about the parallel rise ofsociology and the modern world and how it is persistently shaped by both technologies and inequalities.This is not meant to be a text which just summarises vast streams ofsociological studies.It does not aim to tell you everything that has ever been written on sociology (an impossible task).It aims,rather,to tell a story about how the contemporary world developed from more traditional ones,and how now in the twenty-first century it may well be moving into yet another new – possibly post-modern –phase.The term to be used to discuss this change is one that sociologists constantly discuss.The book provides some suggestions on evaluating whether the modern world is progressing or not.
● to recognise that sociology these days must be global.Many textbooks focus upon one country. Whilst this textbook does often focus on UK and
Europe – its main readership – it also takes its orbit to be the world.It is impossible to understand one country in isolation from others.Indeed,a recurrent theme through this book is that the (post) modern world is becoming progressively globalised.One society cannot be understood in isolation.
● to be wide-ranging and hence to introduce analyses ofa number ofnewer topics that are not always included in introductory sociology textbooks.We have selected some issues that are becoming increasingly critical in the twenty-first century. These include the role ofglobalisation (Chapter 2); the new areas ofbody,emotions and identity (Chapter 7);the importance ofage,children and the growing number ofthe elderly (Chapter 13);the significance ofdisability in the modern world (Chapter 14);the emergence ofa humanitarian society (Chapter 14);the importance ofhuman rights regimes (Chapter 16);the rising (global) power ofthe mass media (Chapter 22);the significance ofmany countries outside the West that are facing poverty (Chapter 9);the importance of science,cyberspace and the new reproductive technologies (Chapter 23);the global significance of environmental hazards (Chapter 25);the sociological significance ofAIDS (Chapter 21);and debates around post-modernity and the new kind of society that may be appearing in the twenty-first century (Chapters 2 and 26 in particular).
● to suggest that all the social sciences should work together and that they are inevitably bound up with political and ethical thought.Social science –despites its pretensions – cannot be value free.The position ofthis book is quite clear:it is a firm belief in the equal value ofall human lives,to reduce human suffering across each generation,and to provide tools to help make the world a better place to live in.You do not have to agree with this,but you must debate the ethical and political foundations ofsociology.
● to present all ofthis in a distinctly fresh and ‘user friendly’way.We hope the book looks good with its
crisp style,clean design and full colour. Although we have tried to present it in a highly readable way,there is still a lot ofmaterial to digest,even in a book as introductory as this.It is worth spending a little bit of time looking at the book as a whole – its chapter organisation,why the Interludes have been written, what the new Part Six may be used for.There is a definite point to the structure ofthe book,a logic that should become apparent ifyou take time to grasp it.But in addition there are a number oftools that have been provided to help study.We hope the book is written in a lively style.Some sections will be easier to read than others.Skip around and enjoy what you find.We have tried to illustrate arguments with visuals,maps,debating boxes and charts which should stimulate discussions.Films and DVD – and sometimes novels – are suggested to take you further in your thinking.We encourage you to use Wikipedia, the YouTube and to blog away! But always – as we suggest throughout the book – work to develop your critical skills in all this:some material on the Internet is garbage and you need to spot it.
The first set of podcasts – Studying Sociology – are designed to help you do this.These are 10 minute recordings which guide you through the book overall and through each Part.They aim to show you how to use the book as a whole.It is worth spending a little time listening to these.An hour ofyour time to break up some iPod listening! (Go to www.pearsoned.co.uk /plummer).
Above all,sociology is about lively and critical thinking about society.It is not in our view the learning offacts,theories or names ofsociologists.It is driven by a passion to understand just what is going on in the modern world and to make it a better place for all.
Some features of the text and how to use it
Sociology: A Global Introduction not only aims to provide a highly readable text,it also provides a number ofspecial features that will help you to study. We hope that this is a ‘user friendly’book pitched at an introductory level for those who have never studied sociology before.Amongst the tools in the book that you should note and work with are the following:
1 The boxes.These are aimed at focusing you on specific issues.We believe,and hope you do too, that they provide handy tools for thinking and analysing.They come in six forms each identified by an icon.
European Eye boxes highlight issues in Europe and the European Union.
Speaking Lives boxes focus on multicultural issues and amplify the voices ofpeople who are outside the mainstream ofsociological analysis – such as women,gays and ethnic groups.
Thinkers boxes which highlight both Classical and Contemporary Social Thinkers who have shaped or are shaping the discipline ofsociology,and provide a capsule guide to some oftheir ideas.
Worldwatch boxes focus on issues over a range of different countries and provide Fact Files detailing these countries.
Research In Action boxes which show sociological research actually being conducted.
Some miscellaneous boxes focus on a range ofother issues that are ofimportance within sociology.
2 The Interludes.Each section ofthe book ends with a short interlude.This is designed to provide a topical issue through which you can now review the issues raised in each section.We hope it will be a good way to review the features ofeach section and think about what the section has tried to achieve. The topics raised in the Interludes are sport (Part One),food (Part Two),youth cultures (Part Three), autobiography and lives (Part Four).
3 Global and national maps.These are aimed at helping you locate many ofthe issues discussed in the text through graphic illustration.They come in three forms:
● The Social Shapes ofthe World global maps are sociological maps offering a comparative look at a range ofsociological issues such as favoured languages and religions,permitted marriage forms, the degree ofpolitical freedom,the extent ofthe world’s rain forests,and a host ofother issues.
● National maps focus on social diversity within a country or a group ofcountries.
● The World at a Glance at the back ofthe book suggests very quickly some ofthe major regional divides in the world and can be used as a handy reference as you are studying the book.
4 The Time Line.This three-part time line found at the front ofthe book (page iv)locates every era and important development mentioned in the text,and tracks the emergence ofcrucial trends.
5 Glossary and Key Concepts.A listing ofkey concepts with their definitions appears on the book’s website,and a complete Glossary is to be found at the end ofthe book.
6 A numbered Summary ofeach chapter is given at the end ofchapters and on the book’s website.
7 Each chapter ends with the e-lab.This is a short list ofresources for going further.This aims to provide:
● a few key websites
● some probing questions
● a short introductory reading list
● a few videos or films ofrelevance
● links to other chapters
● and a novel or two that may be ofinterest
Again,you can take these further on the book’s website.
8 The Big Debate section at the end ofeach chapter presents different points ofview on an issue of contemporary importance.
9 A new Part Six aims to be a handy standby resource centre for you to use in your own researches.Here you will find:
● A list ofsuggestions for using the YouTube.
● A guide to the key ‘sociological’artwork found in the book with questions to think about.
● Lists ofnovels and films that may connect to sociology and be ofinterest.
● A list ofbest websites (also see ‘Search the Web’ at the end ofChapter 1,pages 21–23).
● A glossary ofkey words used throughout the book.
● A consolidated/select end ofbook bibliography.
● Basic data lists:time lines,maps,statistics and key theorists.
10 In addition the book provides:
● Images A key opening image to each chapter as well as numerous photographs throughout.
● Vignettes that begin each chapter.These openings,we hope,will spark the interest ofthe reader as they introduce important themes.
● Recognition ofdifferences Readers will encounter the diversity ofsocieties.Although there is an emphasis on Europe and the USA in the book – the dominant Western cultures –there is also a concern with global issues and people from other cultures.There is also an inclusive focus on women and men.Beyond devoting a full chapter to the important concepts ofsex and gender,the book mainstreams gender into most chapters,showing how the topic at hand affects women and men differently,and explaining how gender operates as a basic dimension ofsocial organisation.
Preface:How
● Theoretically clear and balanced presentation The discipline’s major theoretical approaches are introduced in Chapter 2.They are then systematically treated on the book’s website and often reappear in later chapters.The text highlights not only the conflict,functional and action paradigms,but incorporates socialexchange analysis,ethnomethodology,cultural theory,sociobiology and developments in the newer postmodern theories where different voices can be heard.
● A debate on value issues which leads you into the value base line ofthis book which can be loosely defined as a critical humanism.
● Key Theorists Students are also provided with easy-to-understand briefintroductions to important social theorists.They are divided into two kinds ofboxes:those which look at early or ‘classical’thinkers;and those which look at recent or ‘contemporary’ones.The foundational ideas ofMax Weber,Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim appear in distinct sections.
● Emphasis on critical thinking Critical-thinking skills include the ability to challenge common assumptions by formulating questions, identifying and weighing appropriate evidence, and reaching reasoned conclusions.This text not only teaches but encourages students to discover on their own recent sociological research.Part Six provides a major resource for doing this.
Sociology in a fast and hi-tech world
Computers and the new information technology are now playing a major role in sociology.The most common ways in which you use these in your daily studies are:
● Word processing (when you prepare your essays and projects).
● Linking to websites.The World Wide Web is a system that helps you gain systematic access to all the information housed in the vast worldwide computer network known as the Internet.It connects you to libraries,businesses,research centres,voluntary organisations,etc.,all over the world.
● Research (when you need statistical techniques such as those discussed in Chapter 2).
● Searching various databases (the most common of which is probably your university library,when you retrieve information on books).
● Using e-mail and blogs to talk to both lecturers and fellow students.Often this can link students and others with similar interests (such as wanting to find out more about postmodern culture,feminism or Marx),who can then communicate readily with each other.
● Simulated gaming.A number ofgames help you create alternative realities and other societies.
A word of warning
There is a huge amount ofsociological data on the Web,and although it can be very easy to access,it can also bring problems.Throughout this book,we will suggest useful websites,but we do so with some anxiety for the following reasons:
● Websites keep changing.There is no guarantee that a site will not be closed or its name changed.Even while preparing this book,we found a number had ‘vanished’and others that had opened for just a few weeks.
● The quality ofwebsites is very variable:we have checked most ofthe sites listed in this book and they were ‘good’at that time.But they change,and sometimes they can be the home page ofone ‘crank’ who is really only listing his or her own private interests.So use websites carefully and critically.
● The usage ofwebsites at key times can be very intensive.So a cardinal rule is to be patient!
● And,finally,note that accuracy matters.Do not change addresses from lower-case to capitals,or miss out slashes and points.The website address must be precise.
● Look out for discussions throughout this book ofthe pitfalls and problems in using these technologies.
Organisation of this text
Part One introduces the foundations ofsociology. Underlying the discipline is the sociological perspective,the focus ofChapter 1,which explains how this invigorating point ofview brings the world to life in a new and instructive way.Chapter 2 spotlights some ofthe key sociological perspectives and suggests the importance ofglobalisation as an idea.Chapter 3 looks at some ofthe issues involved in the practice of sociology,and explains how to use the logic ofscience to study human society.It also provides a guide to planning research.
Part Two targets the foundations ofsocial life.It may be useful to see this section as layered:society, culture,groups,interactions and biographies constitute the matrix ofthe social worlds we live in.Chapter 4 looks at the concept ofsociety,presenting three time-honoured models ofsocial organisation developed by Emile Durkheim,Karl Marx and Max Weber.It also looks at societies ofthe past and societies ofthe present.Chapter 5 focuses on the central concept ofculture,emphasising the cultural diversity that makes up our society and our world.Chapter 6 offers coverage ofgroups and organisations,two additional and vital elements ofsocial structure.Chapter 7 provides a micro-level look at the patterns ofsocial interaction and biographical work that make up our everyday lives.
Part Three looks at the Unequal World we live in.It offers a wide discussion ofsocial inequality,beginning with three chapters devoted to social stratification. Chapter 8 introduces major concepts and presents theoretical explanations ofsocial inequality.This chapter is rich with illustrations ofhow stratification has changed historically,and how it varies around the world today.Chapter 9 extends the analysis with a look at global stratification,revealing the extent of differences in wealth and power between rich and poor societies.Chapter 10 surveys social inequality in a number ofWestern countries,but mainly the UK, exploring our perceptions ofinequality and assessing how well they square with research findings.Race and ethnicity,additional important dimensions ofsocial inequality in both Europe and the rest ofthe world,are detailed in Chapter 11.The focus ofChapter 12,gender and sexuality,explains how societies transform the distinction ofbiological sex into systems ofgender stratification,and looks at the ways sexuality is produced.Childhood and the ageing process are addressed in Chapter 13.And in Chapter 14,we introduce a major new topic:disabilities and the ways in which equalities evolve around them.We also use it as an opportunity to discuss issues around care and the evolution ofa more civilized humanitarian society.
Part Four includes a full chapter on major social institutions and the practices that accompany them. Chapter 15 leads offinvestigating the economy, consumption and work,because most sociologists recognise the economy as having the greatest impact on all other institutions.This chapter highlights the processes ofindustrialisation and postindustrialisation, explains the emergence ofa global economy,and
suggests what such transformations mean.Chapter 16 investigates the roots ofsocial power and looks at the modern development ofsocial movements.In addition,this chapter includes discussion ofthe threat ofwar,and the search for peace.Chapter 17 looks at the control process,as well as some ofthe theories that explain why crime and deviance appear in societies.
Chapter 18,on families,examines the many changes taking place around our personal ways ofliving together in the modern world,looking at some ofthe diversity offamily life.Chapter 19,on religion, addresses the human search for ultimate meaning, surveys world religions,and explains how religious beliefs are linked to other dimensions ofsocial life.
Chapter 20,on education,traces the expansion of schooling in industrial societies.Here again, educational patterns in the United Kingdom are brought to life through contrasts with those ofmany other societies.Chapter 21,on health and medicine, shows how health is a social issue just as much as it is a matter ofbiological processes,and compares UK patterns to those found in other countries.It also considers a major subject:HIV/AIDS.Chapter 22,on mass media,looks at forms ofcommunications in societies,focusing especially on the rise ofthe modern global media.Lastly,in Chapter 23,we look at the institution of‘science’and consider some ofits most recent manifestations,including the Human Genome Project,the New Reproductive Technologies and the importance ofcomputing and the World Wide Web.
Part Five examines important dimensions ofglobal social change.Chapter 24 focuses on the powerful impact ofpopulation growth and urbanisation in Europe and throughout the world.Chapter 25 presents issues ofcontemporary concern by highlighting the interplay ofsociety and the natural environment. Chapter 26 concludes the text with an overview of social change that highlights traditional,modern and postmodern societies.This chapter rounds out the text by explaining how and why world societies change,and by critically analysing the benefits and liabilities of traditional,modern and postmodern ways oflife.
Part Six provides a new,major resource for the critical student.Closely linked to the book’s website,it provides 11 key resources which enable students to actively pursue ideas about society on their own.Not only does it provide the usual list ofkey words (Glossary) and reading lists (References),it also provides a major website listing.For the first time,a new key resource is suggested in the YouTube and a list ofsuggested searches are provided.In addition,the significance ofthe humanities for studying social life is indicated through guides for reading novels,watching films,and looking at art.
A note on authorship
This book is a radical re-writing ofthe highly successful North American textbook Sociology by John J.Macionis, which is now in its 12th edition (Macionis,2008). In 1996,the UK sociologist,Ken Plummer,was commissioned to write an adaptation ofthis original text in order to make it more suitable for a European audience.Since that time it has grown and changed into a distinctively different book under the revisions progressively carried out by the adapting author working alone.Apart from nine completely new chapters,five ‘Interludes’,a new Part (Part Six) and substantial changes throughout the text,it also marks a major shift towards both a global and humanistic perspective as its foundation.John J.Macionis has not been involved with how this book has subsequently evolved,but a debt should be acknowledged to the original organisation ofthe American text,along with the originalcontent,some ofwhich endures in this latest European edition.This European edition of Sociology: A global introduction,4th edition,is available worldwide,but not in the USA.Since sociology is a changing and conflictual discipline,neither author necessarily agrees with everything the other has written. But there is strong agreement that sociology is a lively and challenging discipline that should be presented in a lively and challenging way.We hope that this book succeeds in this aim.
