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Brief contents
Chapter 1 A cultural approach to human development 1
Chapter 2 Genetics and prenatal development 44
Chapter 3 Birth and the newborn child 81
Chapter 4 Infancy 124
Chapter 5 Toddlerhood 173
Chapter 6 Early childhood 222
Chapter 7 Middle childhood 277
Chapter 8 Adolescence 331
Chapter 9 Emerging adulthood 388
Chapter 10 Young adulthood 438
Chapter 11 Middle adulthood 482
Chapter 12 Late adulthood 528
Chapter 13 Death and afterlife beliefs 578
Answers 612
Glossary 614
References 624
Name index 710
Subject index 740
Preface x
Features xii
Acknowledgements xv
About the authors xvi
Educator resources xviii
Chapter 1 A cultural approach to human development 1
Section 1: Human development today and its origins 2
A demographic profile of humanity today 2
Cultural Focus: Niger and the Netherlands: an up-close look at the demographic divide 4
Human origins: the rise of a cultural and global species 10
Summary: Human development today and its origins 16
Section 2: Theories of human development 17
Ancient conceptions 17
Scientific conceptions 20
Summary: Theories of human development 27
Section 3: How we study human development 29
The scientific method 29
Research methods and designs 33
Research Focus: Darwin’s diary—a case study 36
Summary: How we study human development 42
Apply your knowledge as a professional 42
Chapter quiz 42
Chapter 2 Genetics and prenatal development 44
Section 1: Genetic influences on development 45
Genetic basics 45
Genes and the environment 50
Research Focus: Twin studies: the story of Oskar and Jack 54
Genes and individual development 56
Summary: Genetic influences on development 60
Section 2: Prenatal development and prenatal care 61
Prenatal development 61
Prenatal care 64
Cultural Focus: Pregnancy and prenatal care across cultures 65
Summary: Prenatal development and prenatal care 71
Section 3: Pregnancy problems 72
Prenatal problems 72
Infertility 75
Summary: Pregnancy problems 79
Apply your knowledge as a professional 79
Chapter quiz 79
Chapter 3 Birth and the newborn child 81
Section 1: Birth and its cultural context 82
The birth process 82
Historical and cultural variations 86
Summary: Birth and its cultural context 96
Section 2: The neonate 97
The neonate’s health 97
Physical functioning of the neonate 102
Summary: The neonate 107
Section 3: Caring for the neonate 108
Nutrition: is breast best? 108
Cultural Focus: Breastfeeding practices across cultures 110
Research Focus: Preterm births declined during COVID-19 lockdowns: Why? 113
Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care 114
Summary: Caring for the neonate 121
Apply your knowledge as a professional 121
Chapter quiz 121
Chapter 4 Infancy 124
Section 1: Physical development 125
Growth and change in infancy 125
Infant health 135
Motor and sensory development 139
Summary: Physical development 143
Section 2: Cognitive development 145
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development 145
Cultural Focus: Object permanence across cultures 148
Information processing in infancy 150
Assessing infant development 153
The beginnings of language 155
Summary: Cognitive development 159
Section 3: Emotional and social development 160
Temperament 160
Research Focus: Measuring temperament 161
Infants’ emotions 163
The social world of the infant 167
Summary: Emotional and social development 170
Apply your knowledge as a professional 171
Chapter quiz 171
Chapter 5 Toddlerhood 173
Section 1: Physical development 174
Growth and change in years 2 and 3 174
Cultural Focus: Gross motor development across cultures 180
Socialising physical functions: toilet training and weaning 181
Summary: Physical development 183
Section 2: Cognitive development 184
Cognitive development theories 184
Language development 188
Cultural Focus: Language development across cultures 194
Summary: Cognitive development 196
Section 3: Emotional and social development 197
Emotional development in toddlerhood 197
Attachment theory and research 203
Cultural Focus: Stranger anxiety across cultures 205
Research Focus: Can a therapeutic intervention change attachment? 207
The social world of the toddler 211
Summary: Emotional and social development 218
Apply your knowledge as a professional 219
Chapter quiz 219
Chapter 6 Early childhood 222
Section 1: Physical development 224
Growth from age 3 to 6 224
Motor development 230
Summary: Physical development 233
Section 2: Cognitive development 234
Theories of cognitive development 234
Cultural Focus: Theory of mind across cultures 237
Language development 239
Summary: Cognitive development 242
Section 3: Emotional and social development 243
Emotional regulation and gender socialisation 243
Early childhood education 249
Parenting 253
The child’s expanding social world 263
Research Focus: Play groups as early childhood interventions 267
Summary: Emotional and social development 273
Apply your knowledge as a professional 274
Chapter quiz 274
Chapter 7 Middle childhood 277
Section 1: Physical development 278
Growth in middle childhood 278
Health issues 282
Summary: Physical development 286
Section 2: Cognitive development 287
Theories of cognitive development 287
Language development 298
School in middle childhood 301
Cultural Focus: School and education in middle childhood across cultures 303
Summary: Cognitive development 306
Section 3: Emotional and social development 308
Emotional and self-development 308
The social and cultural contexts of middle childhood 314
Research Focus: TV or not TV? 326
Summary: Emotional and social development 328
Apply your knowledge as a professional 329
Chapter quiz 329
Chapter 8 Adolescence 331
Section 1: Physical development 332
The metamorphosis: biological changes of puberty 332
Health issues in adolescence 340
Summary: Physical development 344
Section 2: Cognitive development 345
Adolescent cognition 345
Education and work 350
Summary: Cognitive development 357
Section 3: Emotional and social development 358
Emotional and self-development 358
Cultural beliefs: morality and religion 363
The social and cultural contexts of adolescence 367
Research Focus: The daily rhythms of adolescents’ family lives 368
Cultural Focus: Adolescent conflict with parents 369
Summary: Emotional and social development 384
Apply your knowledge as a professional 385
Chapter quiz 385
Chapter 9 Emerging adulthood 388
Section 1: Physical development 389
The emergence of emerging adulthood 389
Cultural Focus: The features of emerging adulthood 394
Physical changes of emerging adulthood 395
Risk behaviour and health issues 398
Research Focus: Graduated driver licensing 400
Summary: Physical development 405
Section 2: Cognitive development 406
Education and work 406
Cultural Focus: Tertiary education across cultures 406
Summary: Cognitive development 414
Section 3: Emotional and social development 415
Emotional and self-development 415
Cultural beliefs and stereotypes 420
Cultural beliefs 422
The social and cultural contexts of emerging adulthood 425
Cultural Focus: Media use in emerging adulthood across culture 434
Summary: Emotional and social development 435
Apply your knowledge as a professional 436
Chapter quiz 436
Chapter 10 Young adulthood 438
Section 1: Physical development 439
The transition to adulthood 439
Physical health 443
Research Focus: What is ‘overweight’? What is ‘obesity’? 444
Summary: Physical development 448
Section 2: Cognitive development 449
Adult intelligence 449
Cognitive advances in young adulthood 451
Summary: Cognitive development 454
Section 3: Emotional and social development 455
Emotional development in young adulthood 455
The social and cultural contexts of young adulthood 458
Cultural Focus: Marriage and love relationships across cultures 461
Summary: Emotional and social development 479
Apply your knowledge as a professional 480
Chapter quiz 480
Chapter 11 Middle adulthood 482
Section 1: Physical development 483
Physical changes in middle adulthood 483
Health and disease 487
Summary: Physical development 493
Section 2: Cognitive development 494
Intelligence, expertise and career development 494
Research Focus: Intelligence in middle adulthood: two research approaches 495
Information processing in middle adulthood 502
Summary: Cognitive development 504
Section 3: Emotional and social development 505
Emotional and social development: emotional and selfdevelopment 505
Emotional and social development: the social and cultural contexts of middle adulthood 512
Cultural Focus: Family relationships in middle adulthood across cultures 516
Summary: Emotional and social development 525
Apply your knowledge as a professional 526
Chapter quiz 526
Chapter 12 Late adulthood 528
Section 1: Physical development 529
Cultural beliefs about late adulthood 529
Physical changes 535
Health in late adulthood 540
Cultural Focus: Physical health in First Nations
Australians 542
Summary: Physical development 546
Section 2: Cognitive development 548
Cognitive changes and decline 548
Alternative views of cognitive changes 554
Summary: Cognitive development 557
Section 3: Emotional and social development 559
Emotional and self-development 559
The social and cultural contexts of late adulthood 562
Research Focus: Do North Americans become more religious with age? 571
Summary: Emotional and social development 575
Apply your knowledge as a professional 576
Chapter quiz 576
Chapter 13 Death and afterlife beliefs 578
Section 1: Physical aspects of death 579
The biological processes of death and ageing 579
Research Focus: Growing telomeres 584
The sociocultural contexts of death 587
Summary: Physical aspects of death 592
Section 2: Emotional responses to death 593
Bereavement and grief 593
Confronting death 596
Summary: Emotional responses to death 598
Section 3: Beliefs about death and the afterlife 599
Beliefs about death throughout the life span 599
Afterlife beliefs and mourning rituals 601
Cultural Focus: Mourning the dead across cultures 608
Summary: Beliefs about death and the afterlife 609
Apply your knowledge as a professional 610
Chapter quiz 610
Answers 612
Glossary 614
References 624
Name index 710
Subject index 740
Preface
Welcome to the second edition of Human Development: A Cultural Approach, Australian and New Zealand Edition.
This edition features current research, with particular attention to Australia and New Zealand, as well as a focus on the cultural diversity that exists around the world more broadly. We have worked closely with the Pearson team to develop a wide range of features that make the content and cultural approach engaging. However, what sets this text apart, more than anything else, is that it presents a portrayal of development that covers the whole amazing range of human cultural diversity As individuals who have taught human development in higher education for years, and being familiar with the available texts, we were struck by how narrow they all seemed to be. Many texts focus on human development in the United States as if it were the typical pattern for people everywhere, with only the occasional mention of people in other parts of the world. With this adapted text, we have carefully scrutinised the applicability of the mainstream American model for students in Australia and New
Zealand. In some cases, the research is similar; sometimes, the content is very different; and sometimes American research serves as an interesting contrast for development patterns in New Zealand and Australia.
So, in writing and adapting this text for an Australian and New Zealand audience, we decided to take a cultural approach, and one that pays close attention to development in our own part of the world as well as beyond. We set out to portray human development as it takes place across all the different varieties of cultural patterns that people have devised in response to their local conditions and the creative inspiration of their imaginations. Our goal was to teach students to think culturally, so that when they apply human development to the work they do or to their own lives, they understand that there is, always and everywhere, a cultural basis to development. The cultural approach also includes learning how to critique research for the extent to which it does or does not consider the cultural basis of development. We provide this kind of critique at numerous points throughout the text, with the intent that students will learn how to do it themselves by the time they reach the end. By exploring a balance of examples of research from Australia, New Zealand, the United States and throughout the world, students studying with this text will learn how culture shapes human development at all stages of the life span.
We know from our experiences as university lecturers that students find it fascinating to learn about the different forms that human development takes in various cultures, but there are also practical benefits to the cultural approach. It is more important than ever for
students to have knowledge of the wider world because of the increasingly globalised economy and because so many problems, such as disease and climate change, cross borders. Whether they travel the globe or remain in their hometowns, in a culturally diverse and globalised world, students will benefit from being able to apply the cultural approach and think culturally about development, whether in social interactions with friends and neighbours, or in their careers, as they may have patients, students or co-workers who come from different cultures.
Did you notice that the front cover is a woven mat? We have taken as inspiration the whāriki from Māori culture. Whāriki are usually the result of many people working together who are valued for their artistry There is also a symbolic meaning. The individual strands of the whāriki represent the aspects of life that describe and support human development, and the completed whāriki represents ‘a woven mat for all to stand on’ (Ministry of Education , p. 10). The weaving metaphor is also present in other cultures. There is a Tongan saying that ‘society is like a mat being woven’, and the Malagasy from Madagascar have a proverb that says, ‘All who live under the sky are woven together like one big mat’. The cover image captures the interwoven nature of culture, experiences and historical context for individuals in their development, as well as biological, cognitive and psychosocial aspects of development. As individuals, we need to look beyond our own experiences and not assume that what is true for ourselves is true for others. We have grown up in a certain cultural context. We have learned to think about life in a certain way. Most of us do not realise how broad and diverse our world really is. Our hope
is that this text will help more students identify the strands of the weaving that represent an individual’s development and appreciate the wonderful diversity within this.
1 Ministry of Education. (2017). Te Whāriki He whāriki mātauranga mōngā mokopuna o Aotearoa early childhood curriculum Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Education. [Return to reference]
The cultural approach makes this text different from other life span texts, but there are other features that make this text distinct. This text is also alone among major texts in dividing the adult life span into stages of emerging adulthood, young adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. Emerging adulthood, roughly ages 18–29, is a new life stage that has arisen in developed countries over the past 50 years, as people have entered later into the commitments that structure adult life in most cultures: marriage, parenthood and stable work. Other texts either call the whole period from ages 18 to 40 ‘Young adulthood ’ (which makes little sense, in that for most people in developed countries ages 18–29 are vastly different from ages 30–40) or they have an emerging adulthood chapter and then lump young and middle adulthood together as ‘adulthood’ (which also makes little sense, given that it means applying one life-stage term to ages 25–60). Arnett originally proposed the theory of emerging adulthood in 2000, and it has now become widely used in the social sciences. We think it is a fascinating and dynamic time of life, and we know students enjoy learning about it, as many of them are in that life stage or have recently passed through it.
This text is somewhat shorter than most other texts on human development. There is one chapter devoted to each phase of life, for a total of 13 chapters. Each chapter is divided into three main sections, which correspond to the physical, the cognitive and the emotional and social domains of development. This is an introductory text, and the goal is not to teach students everything there is to know about every aspect of human development, but rather to provide them with a foundation of knowledge on human development that hopefully will inspire them to learn more, in other courses and throughout life.
Features
Opening vignettes begin each chapter and provide an overview of the developmental stage being covered. The vignettes feature people from diverse backgrounds and discuss their lives, experiences and the role that culture has played in their development.
QR codes appear throughout the text in opening vignettes, feature boxes and the margins beside relevant text. The content can be brought to life by scanning the QR codes and watching videos relating to the text.
Research and artwork have been incorporated to help students appreciate the diversity that exists within countries and to understand the role of culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and other factors in human development.
Research Focus features offer a detailed description of a research study, including its premises, methods, results and limitations.
Multiple-choice review questions at the end of the feature ensure that students have a solid understanding of the research study and methodology
