Immediate download (ebook pdf) social psychology: the science of everyday life 2nd edition ebooks 20

Page 1


(eBook

PDF)

Social Psychology: The Science of Everyday Life 2nd Edition

Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://ebookmass.com/product/ebook-pdf-social-psychology-the-science-of-everyday -life-2nd-edition/

More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant download maybe you interests ...

Discovering Psychology: The Science of Mind 2nd Edition, (Ebook PDF)

https://ebookmass.com/product/discovering-psychology-the-scienceof-mind-2nd-edition-ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Social Psychology Australian & New Zealand Edition 2nd Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/ebook-pdf-social-psychologyaustralian-new-zealand-edition-2nd-edition/

(eBook PDF) Social Psychology: A Storytelling Approach 2nd ed. Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/ebook-pdf-social-psychology-astorytelling-approach-2nd-ed-edition/

Introducing Sociology Using the Stuff of Everyday Life 1st Edition, (Ebook PDF)

https://ebookmass.com/product/introducing-sociology-using-thestuff-of-everyday-life-1st-edition-ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Inside Social Life: Readings in Sociological Psychology and Microsociology 8th Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/ebook-pdf-inside-social-lifereadings-in-sociological-psychology-and-microsociology-8thedition/

(eTextbook PDF) for Philosophy Here and Now: Powerful Ideas in Everyday Life 2nd Edition

https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-pdf-for-philosophy-hereand-now-powerful-ideas-in-everyday-life-2nd-edition/

Social Psychology 9th Edition, (Ebook PDF)

https://ebookmass.com/product/social-psychology-9th-editionebook-pdf/

Social Psychology 14th Edition, (Ebook PDF)

https://ebookmass.com/product/social-psychology-14th-editionebook-pdf/

Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life 5th Edition, (Ebook PDF)

https://ebookmass.com/product/statistical-reasoning-for-everydaylife-5th-edition-ebook-pdf/

Vice President, Social Sciences:Charles Linsmeier

Director of Content and Assessment:ShaniFisher

Executive Program Manager:ChristineCardone

Senior Development Editor:ValerieRaymond

Assistant Editor:MelissaRostek

Executive Marketing Manager:KatherineNurre

Marketing Assistant:MorganRatner

Director of Media Editorial, Social Sciences:NoelHohnstine

Media Editor:StefaniWallace

Assistant Media Editor:Nik Toner

Director, Content Management Enhancement:Tracey Kuehn

Managing Editor:LisaKinne

Content Project Manager:WonMcIntosh

Project Manager:KatieOstler,LuminaDatamatics,Inc.

Media Project Manager:ElizabethDowden

Senior Workflow Project Supervisor:SusanWein

Senior Workflow Project Manager:PaulRohloff

Photo Editor:SheenaGoldstein

Photo Researcher:TeriStratford

Director of Design, Content Management:DianaBlume

Cover Design: VickiTomaselli

Interior Design:LuminaDatamatics,Inc

Art Manager:Matthew McAdams

Composition:LuminaDatamatics,Inc

Cover Art: KatrinKorfmann©2017Artists Rights Society (ARS),New York /c/oPictoright Amsterdam

Library ofCongress ControlNumber:2017948834

ISBN:978-1-319-06153-1(EPUB)

©2018,2015by WorthPublishers

WorthPublishers

OneNew York Plaza

Suite4500

New York,NY 10004-1562 www.macmillanlearning.com

My wife, Liz, and children, Jonathan and Camila, for their love and supportthroughoutthe journey.

J.G.

Matt, Hazen, and Ivy. For adding to the sheer joy of everyday life.

T.S.

Stephanie, Nick, and Alexis for their love and support, and my mom and dad for instilling the value of education.

J.A.

For Mom, with gratitude.

M.L.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Jeff Greenberg, Ph.D., isaprofessor of psychologyandaCollegeof ScienceFellowat theUniversityof Arizona.Asasmall childgrowingup intheBronx,hewasverycuriousabout thehumanpropensitiesfor vanity andprejudice.Jeff majoredinpsychologyat theUniversityof Pennsylvania,but it wasn’t until hetooksocial psychologyinhisfinal semester that hefoundafieldwherepeoplewereaskingthequestionshe thought shouldbeasked.Soonafter startingamaster’sprogram insocial psychologyat SouthernMethodist University,heknewthiswaswhat he wantedtospendhislifestudyingandteaching.After receivinghisM.A., Jeff completedhisPh.D.at Universityof Kansasin1982,under the mentorshipof JackBrehm.Hehassincereceivednumerousresearchand teachingawards.Hisresearchhascontributedtounderstandingselfservingbiases,howmotivationaffectscognition,theeffectsof ethnic slurs,theroleof self-awarenessindepression,cognitivedissonance,and howconcernsabout deathcontributetoprejudice,self-esteem striving, andmanyother aspectsof social behavior.Jeff hasalsocoauthoredor

coeditedsixprior books,includingthe Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology and The Worm at the Core.

Toni Schmader, Ph.D., isaCanadaResearchChair inSocial Psychologyat theUniversityof BritishColumbia.Shereceivedher B.A. from Washington& JeffersonCollegeinPennsylvaniabeforecompleting her Ph.D.at theUniversityof California,SantaBarbara.Beforemovingto Canadain2009,Toni taught at theUniversityof Arizonafor 10years.At theUniversityof BritishColumbia,shewasawardedtheKillam Prizefor excellenceinresearch,andat theUniversityof Arizona,shereceivedthe MagellanPrizefor excellenceinteaching.Toni hasservedonthe executivecommitteesof theSocietyfor PersonalityandSocial PsychologyandtheSocietyof Experimental Social Psychologyandasan associateeditor at the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.Shewasdrawntoresearchin social psychologyfor itsabilitytotakeasystematicempirical approachto examiningimportant social issuesandtoteachingfor theopportunityto sharethoseinsightswithothers.Her researchexamineshowindividuals areaffectedbyandcopewithtarnishedidentitiesandnegativestereotypes. Toni haspublishedworkontopicsof social identitythreat,stigmaand identity,stereotypingandprejudice,self-consciousemotion,andgender roles.

Jamie Arndt, Ph.D., isthe2012FrederickA.MiddlebushProfessor of Psychological Sciencesat theUniversityof Missouri (MU).After attendingSkidmoreCollegeintheeasternUnitedStatesfor hisB.A.and theUniversityof Arizonainthewest for hisPh.D.,hesettledinthe middle,acceptingapositionat MUin1999.Duringhistimeat MU,hehas receivedtheRobert S.Daniel Junior FacultyTeachingAward,the Provost’sJunior FacultyTeachingAward,theInternational Societyfor Self andIdentityOutstandingEarlyCareer Award,andtheUniversityof Missouri Chancellor’sAwardfor OutstandingResearchandCreative ActivityintheSocial andBehavioral Sciences.Jamieisafounding member of theSocial PersonalityandHealthNetworkandformer chair of theSocietyfor PersonalityandSocial PsychologyTrainingCommittee, andhehasservedontheeditorial boardsof variousjournalsinthefield. Hehasauthoredor coauthoredscholarlyworkspertainingtotheself, existential motivation,psychological defense,andtheir implicationsfor manytopics,most notablyhealthdecisionmaking,creativity,andlegal judgment.

Mark J. Landau, Ph.D., isanassociateprofessor of psychologyat the Universityof Kansas.MarkreceivedhisB.A.from SkidmoreCollege, wherehebecameinterestedintheintersectionof experimental psychology andexistential philosophy.Hecontinuedhisresearchandeducationat the Universityof Colorado,ColoradoSprings,andthenat theUniversityof Arizona,wherehereceivedhisPh.D.in2007.Mark’sresearchexplores howexistential motivesinfluencesocial perceptionsandbehavior andhow peopleuseconceptual metaphorstounderstandandrelatetothesocial world.Hehasreceivedanumber of awardsrecognizinghisresearch, includingtheTheoretical InnovationPrizefrom theSocietyfor PersonalityandSocial Psychology,theOutstandingEarlyCareer Award from theInternational Societyfor Self andIdentity,andtheEarlyCareer Awardfrom theAPA.Hehasalsoauthoredor coeditedtwoprior books, including Conceptual Metaphor in Social Psychology: The Poetics of Everyday Life. Markhastaught social psychologyfor over 15years.He enjoysshowingstudentsthat engagingwithresearchcanimproveour lives byaffirmingour commonhumanity,remindingusthat wearenot alonein our strivings,insecurities,andfoibles.

Subject Index

TheRootsofSocial Psychology

An Instinct-Based View of Human Behavior

Psychoanalytic Theory: The Hidden Desires That Guide Behavior

Behaviorism: Behavior Is Shaped by Experience

The Emergence of Modern Social Psychology

Toward an Integrated Perspective on Human Behavior

TheFourCoreAssumptions ofSocialPsychology

1. Behavior Is a Joint Product of the Person and the Situation

2. Behavior Depends on a Socially Constructed View of Reality

3. Behavior Is Strongly Influenced by Our SocialCognition

4. The Best Way to Understand SocialBehavior Is to Use the Scientific Method

CulturalKnowledge:The IntuitiveEncyclopedia

Explaining Behavior Through Introspection

PeopleDon’tAlways TelltheTruth PeopleOftenDon’tReally Know WhatThey Think They Know

Explaining Behavior Using Intuitive Observation

Our Observations Comefrom Our OwnUniqueand LimitedPerspective

Our ReasoningProcesses May BeBiasedtoConfirm WhatWeSetOuttoAssess

TheActofObservingMay ChangetheBehavior We Seek toExplain

TheScientificMethod: SystematizingtheAcquisition ofKnowledge

The Cycle of Theory and Research in SocialPsychology

Stereotype Threat: Case Study of a Theory

Research: The Correlational Method

TheCorrelationCoefficient CorrelationDoes NotImply Causation LongitudinalStudies

Research: The Experimental Method

How Experiments MakeCausalInferencePossible ControllingtheImpactofIndividualDifferences by Random Assignment

ExperimentalandCorrelationalResearchinConcert FieldResearchandQuasi-ExperimentalMethods TheoryBuilding:TheEngine

What Makes for a Good Theory in SocialPsychology?

Organizes Observations

Explains Observations

Provides Directionfor Research

Generates New Questions

Has PracticalValue

Assessing Abstract Theories with Concrete Research

MeasuringandManipulatingWhatWeIntend

CantheFindings BeGeneralized?

CantheFindings BeReplicated?

The Limitations of Science

EthicalConsiderationsin Research

Harming Research Participants

Deceiving

Research Participants

EthicalSafeguards

Chapter2 FundamentalsofSocial Behavior

Evolution:HowLivingThings ChangeoverTime

NaturalSelection

Survivalof the Fittest: Yes, but What Is Fittest?

GeneralAdaptationsofthe

CulturalAnimal

Humans Are SocialBeings

Humans Are Very Intelligent Beings

Imagination:ThePossibility ofPossibilities

Symbolic ThoughtandLanguage:TheGreatLiberators TheSelf Conscious andNonconscious Aspects ofThinking

Humans Are Motivated, GoalStriving Beings

Needs andGoals

Hedonism:ApproachingPleasure,AvoidingPain

TheTwoFundamentalPsychologicalMotives:Security andGrowth

APPLICATION An Example of the Hierarchy of Goals: Rita and Her Shoelaces

Humans Are Very Emotional Beings

TheWide-RangingPaletteofEmotions How Cognitions InfluenceEmotions How Emotions AffectCognition

Culture:TheUniquely HumanAdaptation

What Is Culture?

TheCommonyetDistinctiveElements ofCulture

FOODFORBODY,MIND,ANDSOUL

Culture as Creative Adaptation

CulturalDiffusion:SpreadingtheWord CulturalTransmission

HowCultureHelpsUsAdapt

Culture and the Natural Environment

APPLICATION Cultural Ripples of Environmental Change

Culture,Cognition,andPerception

Culture and the Social Environment

TheUncertainties ofGroupLiving

How Individuals RelatetoEachOther: Individualism/Collectivism

TheNatureoftheSelf

FittingInandStickingOut

Emotion

ModernizationandCulturalValues

Culture and the Metaphysical Environment

CreationStories

Institutions,Symbols,andRituals:Worldview

TransmissionandMaintenance

Bases ofSelf-Worth:Standards,Values,SocialRoles, andSelf-Esteem

Strivingfor Immortality

TheEssentialRoleofSocialValidation

TheThreatofOther Cultures:A RootCauseofPrejudice

EmpiricalTests ofTMT

DefendingtheWorldview

TheProtectiveShieldofCulturalBeliefs

Is DeaththeFactor Responsiblefor TheseFindings?

Culture as a Synthesis of HumanCreated Adaptations

APPLICATION Culture and Thinking Styles

CultureintheRound:Central Issues

Does Culture Illuminate or Obscure Reality?

Is Culture a Good or Bad Thing?

Is There Just One Culture? Beyond a Monolithic View BLACKROBE

The“Why”ofSocial Cognition:TheMotives BehindThinking

The“How”ofSocial Cognition:TwoWaysto ThinkAbouttheSocialWorld

The Strange Case of Facilitated Communication

DualProcess Theories

APPLICATION Two Routes to Engaging in Risky Health Behavior

ImplicitandExplicitAttitudes

Automaticity andControlledProcesses

The Smart Unconscious

APPLICATION Can the Unconscious Help Us Make

Better Health Decisions?

The“What”ofSocial Cognition:Schemasasthe CognitiveBuildingBlocksof Knowledge

Knowledge Is Stored in Mental Structures Called Schemas

Scripts:Schemas AboutEvents

Impressions:Schemas AboutPeople Schemas CanChange

Where Do Schemas Come From?

CulturalSources of Knowledge

Rumors andGossip

Mass MediaBiases

How Do Schemas Work?

Accessibility and Priming of Schemas

CanPrimingChangeOur Impressions ofOthers?

CanPrimingChangeOur Behavior?

APPLICATION Using Priming to Prevent Infection

Confirmation Bias: How Schemas Alter Perceptions and Shape

Reality

APPLICATION Confirmation Bias and Climate Change

WhenObjectiveInformationIs UsedtoJustify Bias BiasedInformationGathering TheSelf-FulfillingProphecy Limits onthePower ofConfirmationBiases

ASCARYIMPLICATION:

THETYRANNY OFNEGATIVE

LABELS

Beyond Schemas: Metaphor’s Influence on SocialThought

Priming and Motivation

Motivated SocialCognition

TheNeedfor Accuracy

TheNeedtoReachClosureQuickly

PI

TheNeedtoValidateWhatWeAlready Believe

APPLICATION “Seeing” the Play

Mood and SocialJudgment

The Next Step Toward Understanding Social Understanding

Chapter4 ThinkingAboutPeopleand Events

RememberingThingsPast

How Are Memories Formed?

How Do We Remember?

Memory for Schema-ConsistentandSchemaInconsistentInformation

TheMisinformationEffect

APPLICATION Eyewitness Testimony

TheAvailability Heuristic andEaseofRetrieval

APPLICATION What Is Your Risk of Disease?

APPLICATION School

Performance and Causal Attribution

FixedandIncrementalMind-Sets

Automatic Processes in Causal

Attribution

TheFundamentalAttributionError

APPLICATION Judging Others

How FundamentalIs theFAE?

APPLICATION Finger-Pointing

Does theFAE Occur Across Cultures?

DispositionalAttribution: A Three-Stage Model

Elaborate AttributionalProcesses

CausalHypothesis Testing

ThreeKinds ofInformation:Consistency,Distinctiveness, andConsensus

CASABLANCA

MotivationalBias inAttribution

“MAGICAL”ATTRIBUTIONS

Beginning with the Basics: Perceiving Faces, Physical Attributes, and Group Membership

Impression Formation

BuildinganImpressionfrom theBottom Up:Decodingthe Behaviors andMinds ofOthers

BuildinganImpressionfrom theTopDown:Perceiving Others ThroughSchemas Stereotypes andIndividuation

Changing First Impressions

WhatIf,IfOnly: CounterfactualThinking

The More Easily We Can Mentally Undo an Event, the Stronger Our Reaction to It

APPLICATION Awarding Damages

Upward Counterfactuals

Downward Counterfactuals

UpwardandDownwardCounterfactuals andPersonal Accomplishments:TheThrillofVictory,theAgony of Defeat Is ItBetter toGenerateUpwardor Downward Counterfactuals?

ExternalInfluencesonthe Self-Concept

The Influence of Culture on the Self-Concept

The Influence of Gender on the Self-Concept

Stable and Malleable Aspects of the Self-Concept

HowDoWeCometoKnow theSelf?

Reflected Appraisals: Seeing Ourselves Through the Eyes of Others

Errors inReflectedAppraisals

SocialComparison: Knowing the Self Through Comparison with Others

Errors inSocialComparison

CorrectingErrors ofComparison

Self-Perception Theory: Knowing the Self by Observing One’s Own Behavior

UsingOne’s Movements toKnow theSelf Errors ofSelf-Perception

Using the Self to Know One’s Feelings

THESELFLOSTORFOUNDINBLACK SWAN

Self-Awareness and SelfRegulation

Self-Awareness Promotes BehavinginLinewithInternal Standards

APPLICATION Escaping from Self-Awareness

WhatFeelings Does Self-Awareness Arouse?

Staying on Target: How Goals Motivate and Guide Action

PursuingGoals:DesireandAttainability

ActivatingGoals:GettingTurnedOn DefiningGoals as Concreteor Abstract

Self-Regulation and the Psychology of Time

BasingDecisions onAbstractVersus ConcreteIdeas PredictingHow We’llFeel MakingBetter Forecasts

Self-RegulatoryChallenges

Willpower: Running Hot and Cool

NEUROLOGICALUNDERPINNINGSOF SELF-REGULATION

Trying Too Hard: Ironic Process Theory

PossibleCauses oftheReboundEffect MinimizingIronic Processing

Insufficient Energy or Diminished Motivation

EgoDepletion:MentalFatigueIs LikeMuscleFatigue Critiques oftheEgoDepletionConcept

Getting Our Emotions Under Control

APPLICATION What Happened to Those New Year’s Resolutions? Implementing and Maintaining Your Good Intentions

APPLICATION The Power of Prevention

When We Can’t Let Go: SelfRegulatory Perseveration and Depression

Chapter6 TheKeySelf-Motives: Consistency,Esteem, Presentation,andGrowth

TheMotivetoMaintaina ConsistentSelf

Self-Consistency at the Micro Level: Cognitive Dissonance Theory

TheFreeChoiceParadigm TheInducedComplianceParadigm Factors ThatAffecttheMagnitudeofDissonance CulturalInfluences Applications ofDissonanceTheory

DISSONANCECANMAKEFORBETTER SOLDIERS

Self-Consistency at the Macro Level: Sustaining a Sense of the Self as a Unified Whole

Self-Consistency Across Situations

My Story:Self-Consistency Across Time

APPLICATION Stories That Heal

APPLICATION Educational Achievement

TheSelf-EsteemMotive: EstablishingandDefending One’sValue

What Is Self-Esteem, and Where Does It Come From?

Maintaining and Defending SelfEsteem

Self-ServingAttributions

Self-Handicapping

TheBetter ThanAverageEffect

Projection

Symbolic Self-Completion

CompensationandSelf-Affirmation

SocialComparisonandIdentification

APPLICATION An Example of Everyday SelfEsteem Defenses —Andrea’s Day

Why Do People Need Self-Esteem?

Self-Esteem as anAnxiety-Buffer

SocialFunctions ofSelf-Esteem

The Influence of Treatment by Others: Ostracism

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.