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Chapter 27 Bronchial Disease, Chronic
Chapter 28 Calicivirus Infection
Chapter 29 Carcinomatosis
Chapter 30 Cataracts
Chapter 31 Ceruminous Gland Disease
Chapter 32 Cervical Ventroflexion
Chapter 33 Chlamydophila Infection
Chapter 34 Chylothorax
Chapter 35 Cobalamin Deficiency
Chapter 36 Coccidioidomycosis
Chapter 37 Coccidiosis, Enteric
Chapter 38 Constipation/Obstipation
Chapter 39 Corneal Ulcers
Chapter 40 Coughing
Chapter 41 Cryptococcosis
Chapter 42 Cryptosporidiosis
Chapter 43 Cutaneous Markers of Systemic Disease
Chapter 44 Cuterebriasis
Chapter 45 Cystitis, Idiopathic
Chapter 46 Cytauxzoonosis
Chapter 47 Dermatophytosis
Chapter 48 Diabetes Insipidus
Chapter 49 Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Complications
Chapter 50 Diabetes Mellitus, Loose Control
Chapter 51 Diabetes Mellitus, Tight Control and Remission
Chapter 52 Diabetes Mellitus, Traditional Control
Chapter 53 Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Chapter 54 Diaphragmatic Hernia
Chapter 55 Diarrhea
Chapter 56 Digital Diseases
Chapter 57 Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Chapter 58 Draining Tracts and Nodules
Chapter 59 Dysautonomia
Chapter 60 Dyspnea
Chapter 61 Dystocia
Chapter 62 Dysuria, Pollakiuria, and Stranguria
Chapter 63 Ear Mites
Chapter 64 Envenomization: Arachnids
Chapter 65 Envenomization: Insects
Chapter 66 Envenomization: Snakes
Chapter 67 Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex
Chapter 68 Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis
Chapter 69 Esophageal Disease
Chapter 70 Ethylene Glycol Toxicity
Chapter 71 Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
Chapter 72 Eyelid Diseases and Surgery
Chapter 73 Feline Enteric Coronavirus Infection
Chapter 74 Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Chapter 75 Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Chapter 76 Feline Leukemia Virus Diseases
Chapter 77 Femoral Neck Osteopathy
Chapter 78 Fever
Chapter 79 Flea Allergy Dermatitis
Chapter 80 Fleas
Chapter 81 Flukes: Liver, Biliary, and Pancreatic
Chapter 82 Food Reactions
Chapter 83 Giardiasis
Chapter 84 Glaucoma
Chapter 85 Glomerulonephritis
Chapter 86 Granulosa-theca Cell Tumor
Chapter 87 HeartwormDisease and Heartworm-associated Respiratory Disease
Chapter 88 Heinz Body Hemolytic Anemia and Methemoglobinemia
Chapter 89 Helicobacter Infection
Chapter 90 Hemangiosarcoma
Chapter 91 Hemoplasmosis
Chapter 92 Hepatic Lipidosis
Chapter 93 Hepatitis, Inflammatory
Chapter 94 Herpesvirus Infection
Chapter 95 High-rise Syndrome
Chapter 96 Histoplasmosis
Chapter 97 Hookworms
Chapter 98 Horner's Syndrome
Chapter 99 Hydronephrosis
Chapter 100 Hyperadrenocorticism
Chapter 101 Hyperaldosteronism, Primary (Conn's Disease)
Chapter 102 Hypercalcemia
Chapter 103 Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
Chapter 104 Hyperesthesia Syndrome
Chapter 105 Hyperkalemia
Chapter 106 Hyperparathyroidism
Chapter 107 Hypertension, Systemic
Chapter 108 Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy
Chapter 109 Hyperthyroidism
Chapter 110 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Chapter 111 Hypoadrenocorticism
Chapter 112 Hypoalbuminemia
Chapter 113 Hypocalcemia
Chapter 114 Hypokalemia
Chapter 115 Hypomagnesemia
Chapter 116 Hypophosphatemia
Chapter 117 Icterus
Chapter 118 Idiopathic Ulcerative Dermatitis
Chapter 119 Ileus
Chapter 120 Immune-mediated Hemolytic Anemia
Chapter 121 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Chapter 122 Inflammatory Polyps and Masses
Chapter 123 Intraocular Tumors
Chapter 124 Ischemic Encephalopathy
Chapter 125 Keratitis and Conjunctivitis
Chapter 126 Kidneys, Abnormal Size
Chapter 127 Laryngeal Disease
Chapter 128 Leprosy Syndrome
Chapter 129 Linear Foreign Bodies
Chapter 130 Lumbosacral Disease and Spondylosis Deformans
Chapter 131 Lung Parasites
Chapter 132 Lymphoma
Chapter 133 Malassezia Dermatitis
Chapter 134 Mammary Hyperplasia
Chapter 135 Mammary Neoplasia
Chapter 136 Manx Syndrome
Chapter 137 Mast Cell Tumors
Chapter 138 Megacolon
Chapter 139 Meningioma
Chapter 140 Mesothelioma
Chapter 141 Metaldehyde Toxicosis
Chapter 142 Miliary Dermatitis
Chapter 143 Mitral Valve Dysplasia
Chapter 144 Mosquito Bite Hypersensitivity
Chapter 145 Murmurs
Chapter 146 Myasthenia Gravis
Chapter 147 Mycobacterial Diseases, Rapidly Growing
Chapter 148 Myiasis
Chapter 149 Nasal and Frontal Sinus Disease, Chronic
Chapter 150 Nasopharyngeal Disease
Chapter 151 Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
Chapter 152 Neurogenic Bladder
Chapter 153 Nocardiosis
Chapter 154 Obesity
Chapter 155 Oral Neoplasia
Chapter 156 Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicosis
Chapter 157 Osteoarthritis and Degenerative Joint Disease
Chapter 158 Otitis Externa
Chapter 159 Otitis Media and Interna
Chapter 160 Ovarian Remnant Syndrome
Chapter 161 Palatine Arterial Bleeding
Chapter 162 Pancreatitis, Acute
Chapter 163 Pancreatitis, Chronic
Chapter 164 Panleukopenia (Feline Parvovirus Infection)
Chapter 165 Panniculitis and Steatitis
Chapter 166 Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Chapter 167 Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Chapter 168 Pectus Excavatum
Chapter 169 Pemphigus Foliaceus
Chapter 170 Perinephric Pseudocysts
Chapter 171 Peritonitis, Septic
Chapter 172 Plague
Chapter 173 Plant Toxicities
Chapter 174 Pleural Effusion
Chapter 175 Pneumothorax
Chapter 176 Pododermatitis, Plasmacytic
Chapter 177 Polyarthritis, Immune-mediated
Chapter 178 Polycystic Kidney Disease
Chapter 179 Polyuria and Polydipsia
Chapter 180 Portosystemic Shunts
Chapter 181 Pregnancy, Parturition, and Lactation
Chapter 182 Pulmonary Fibrosis
Chapter 183 Pulmonic Stenosis
Chapter 184 Pyelonephritis
Chapter 185 Pyometra and Mucometra
Chapter 186 Pyothorax
Chapter 187 Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Toxicosis
Chapter 188 Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency in Somali and Abyssinian Cats
Chapter 189 Rabies
Chapter 190 Recreational Drug Toxicosis
Chapter 191 Rectal Disease
Chapter 192 Refeeding Syndrome
Chapter 193 Renal Disease, Chronic
Chapter 194 Renal Failure, Acute
Chapter 195 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Chapter 196 Retinal Disease
Chapter 197 Rodenticide Toxicosis
Chapter 198 Roundworms
Chapter 199 Salmonellosis
Chapter 200 Sarcomas, Injection Site
Chapter 201 Sarcoma, Other
Chapter 202 Scottish Fold Osteochondrodysplasia
Chapter 203 Seizures
Chapter 204 Skin Parasites
Chapter 205 Small Bowel Disease, Chronic
Chapter 206 Sporotrichosis
Chapter 207 Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Cutaneous
Chapter 208 Stomach Worms
Chapter 209 Stomatitis-Gingivitis
Chapter 210 Stud Tail
Chapter 211 Tail-pull Injuries
Chapter 212 Tapeworms
Chapter 213 Temporomandibular Joint Disease
Chapter 214 Tetanus
Chapter 215 Tetralogy of Fallot
Chapter 216 Thiamine Deficiency
Chapter 217 Third Eyelid Diseases
Chapter 218 Thromboembolic Disease
Chapter 219 Thymoma
Chapter 220 Tooth Resorption
Chapter 221 Toxoplasmosis
Chapter 222 Tracheal Disease
Chapter 223 Triad Disease
Chapter 224 Trichobezoars
Chapter 225 Tritrichomoniasis
Chapter 226 Ureteral Obstruction
Chapter 227 Urethral Obstruction
Chapter 228 Urinary Bladder Tumors
Chapter 229 Urolithiasis
Chapter 230 Uveitis
Chapter 231 Ventricular Septal Defect
Chapter 232 Vestibular Syndrome
Chapter 233 Viral Dermatitis
Chapter 234 Vitamin AToxicosis
Chapter 235 Vitamin D Toxicosis
Chapter 236 Vomiting
Chapter 237 Weight Loss
Chapter 238 Zoonotic Diseases
Section 2: Behavior
Chapter 239 Aggression, Human Directed
Chapter 240 Aggression, Intercat
Chapter 241 Behavioral Pharmaceuticals
Chapter 242 Environmental Enrichment in the Home
Chapter 243 Environmental Enrichment in the Hospital
Chapter 244 Housesoiling
Chapter 245 Psychogenic Alopecia
Chapter 246 Urine Marking
Section 3: Surgery
Chapter 247 Bulla Osteotomy, Ventral Approach
Chapter 248 Colectomy
Chapter 249 Corneal Surgery
Chapter 250 Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture
Chapter 251 CryptorchidismSurgery
Chapter 252 Dental Extraction Techniques
Chapter 253 Esophagostomy Tube Placement
Chapter 254 Frontal Sinus Obliteration
Chapter 255 Gastrostomy Tube Placement
Chapter 256 Hypothermia, Surgical
Chapter 257 Jejunostomy Tube Placement
Chapter 258 Laparotomy for Chronic Small Bowel Disease
Chapter 259 Laser Surgery, CO2
Chapter 260 Lip Avulsion Reattachment
Chapter 261 Luxating Patella
Chapter 262 Mandibular Symphyseal Separation
Chapter 263 Mastectomy
Chapter 264 Maxillomandibular Fixation
Chapter 265 Nasopharyngeal Mass Removal
Chapter 266 Nephrolith Removal
Chapter 267 Onychectomy
Chapter 268 Oronasal Fistula Repair
Chapter 269 Pain Management
Chapter 270 Perivulvar Skin Fold Removal
Chapter 271 Ranula
Chapter 272 Rhinotomy
Chapter 273 Skin Flaps, Local
Chapter 274 Thoracostomy Tube Placement
Chapter 275 Thyroidectomy
Chapter 276 Total Ear Canal Ablation and Lateral Bulla Osteotomy
Chapter 277 Urethrostomy, Perineal
Chapter 278 Urethrostomy, Perineal: Repair
Chapter 279 Urethrostomy, Prepubic
Chapter 280 Uretrotomy
Chapter 281 Urinary Bladder Marsupialization
Section 4: Cytology
Chapter 282 Adenocarcinoma
Chapter 283 Ascites
Chapter 284 Atypical Bacterial Infections
Chapter 285 Hepatic Lipidosis
Chapter 286 Inflammation versus Neoplasia
Chapter 287 Lymph Node Disease
Chapter 288 Lymphoma
Chapter 289 Mast Cell Tumors
Chapter 290 Plasma Cell Inflammation and Neoplasia
Chapter 291 Pleural Effusions
Chapter 292 Sample Staining
Chapter 293 Sarcoma
Chapter 294 Systemic Fungal Diseases
Chapter 295 Transtracheal Wash Hemosiderosis
Section 5: Clinical Procedures
Chapter 296 Blood Gas Analysis
Chapter 297 Blood Transfusion
Chapter 298 Bone Marrow Aspiration
Chapter 299 Cardiopulmonary Arrest
Chapter 300 Central Venous Catheter Placement
Chapter 301 Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection (Atlanto-Occipital)
Chapter 302 Endoscopic Applications
Chapter 303 Enteral Nutrition
Chapter 304 Euthanasia
Chapter 305 Fine-needle Biopsy
Chapter 306 Fluid Therapy
Chapter 307 Fluid Therapy for Shock
Chapter 308 Jugular Blood Collection
Chapter 309 Lymphoma, Chemotherapy
Chapter 310 Ophthalmic Examination
Chapter 311 Orogastric Tube Feeding
Chapter 312 Radioiodine Therapy for Hyperthyroidism
Chapter 313 Restraint Techniques and Devices
Chapter 314 Testing Procedures
Section 6: Topics of Special Interest
Chapter 315 Age Approximation
Chapter 316 Aging Changes in Cats
Chapter 317 Body Surface Area Conversion
Chapter 318 Calcitriol in Feline Patients
Chapter 319 Catnip Effects in Cats
Chapter 320 Echocardiographic Tables
Chapter 321 Electrocardiographic Tables
Chapter 322 End of Life Issues
Chapter 323 Genetic Diseases
Chapter 324 History of Feline-only Practice and Feline Medicine in the United States
Chapter 325 Normal Laboratory Values
Chapter 326 Nutrition
Chapter 327 Palliative and Hospice Care
Chapter 328 Polydactylism
Chapter 329 Pulse Wave Analysis
Chapter 330 Purring
Chapter 331 Vibrissae
Chapter 332 Drug Formulary
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 9
Table 9.1
Chapter 10
Table 10.1
Table 10.2
Chapter 12
Table 12.1
Table 12.2
Chapter 13
Table 13.1
Chapter 16
Table 16.1
Chapter 22
Table 22.1
Chapter 28
Table 28.1
Chapter 32
Table 32.1
Chapter 33
Table 33.1
Chapter 38
Table 38.1
Chapter 47
Table 47.1
Chapter 50
Table 50.1
Chapter 53
Table 53.1
Chapter 55
Table 55.1
Table 55.2
Chapter 56
Table 56.1
Chapter 58
Table 58.1
Chapter 60
Table 60.1
Chapter 61
Table 61.1
Chapter 76
Table 76.1
Chapter 95
Table 95.1
Table 95.2
Table 95.3
Chapter 102
Table 102.1
Table 102.2
Chapter 105
Table 105.1
Table 105.2
Chapter 107
Table 107.1
Table 107.2
Chapter 109
Table 109.1
Chapter 112
Table 112.1
Chapter 113
Table 113.1
Chapter 116
Table 116.1
Chapter 117
Table 117.1
Chapter 120
Table 120.1
Chapter 142
Table 142.1
Chapter 145
Table 145.1
Chapter 149
Table 149.1
Chapter 152
Table 152.1
Chapter 169
Table 169.1
Chapter 173
Table 173.1
Table 173.2
Chapter 174
Table 174.1
Chapter 179
Table 179.1
Chapter 192
Table 192.1
Table 192.2
Chapter 193
Table 193.1
Chapter 194
Table 194.1
Chapter 197
Table 197.1
Table 197.2
Chapter 201
Table 201.1
Chapter 203
Table 203.1
Chapter 225
Table 225.1
Chapter 236
Table 236.1
Table 236.2
Chapter 237
Table 237.1
Chapter 238
Table 238.1
Table 238.2
Table 238.3
Table 238.4
Table 238.5
Table 238.6
Chapter 241
Table 241.1
Chapter 244
Table 244.1
Chapter 269
Table 269.1
Table 269.2
Table 269.3
Chapter 286
Table 286.1
Table 286.2
Table 286.3
Chapter 291
Table 291.1
Chapter 292
Table 292.1
Chapter 296
Table 296.1
Table 296.2
Table 296.3
Chapter 306
Table 306.1
Table 306.2
Table 306.3
Chapter 307
Table 307.1
Table 307.2
Chapter 309
Table 309.1
Table 309.2
Table 309.3
Table 309.4
Chapter 311
Table 311.1
Chapter 312
Table 312.1
Chapter 313
Table 313.1
Chapter 315
Table 315.1
Table 315.2
Table 315.3
Table 315.4
Table 315.5
Chapter 316
Table 316.1
Table 316.2
Table 316.3
Chapter 318
Table 318.1
Table 318.2
Chapter 320
Table 320.1
Table 320.2
Table 320.3
Chapter 322
Table 322.1
Chapter 324
Table 324.1
Chapter 327
Table 327.1
Chapter 329
Table 329.1
Table 329.2
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Heinz body formation (closed arrows) on the red blood cells is one of the diagnostic features of acetaminophen toxicity. The large, non-nucleated erythrocytes (open arrows) (macrocytes or reticulocytes) indicate a regenerative anemia. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Comedones are an early clinical sign of acne. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 2.2 Chronic acne results in severe folliculitis and furunculosis. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 (a) This female cat was not regulated on 18 units of protamine zinc insulin twice daily. Compared to a prior photograph (b) her cheek bones and mandible are more prominent. Her IGF-1 was elevated. Although advanced imaging was not performed, the changes in her facial conformation and her abnormal IGF-1 made a tentative diagnosis of acromegaly very plausible. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 3.2 Alarge pituitary mass can be seen at the tip of the arrow. This CT scan is typical for a cat with acromegaly. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Multiple draining fistulas are seen on the ventral abdomen of this cat with actinomycosis. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 4.2 Actinomycosis was diagnosed in this cat with nasal disease based on histopathology and growth on an aerobic culture. (a) The infection caused a swelling over the nose on the midline. (b) Radiographs showed increased density in the nasal cavity, especially on the left (arrow). (c) ACT scan showed significant turbinate damage and displacement of the nasal septumfromleft to right and (d) disease in the frontal sinuses. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Lateral radiograph of a cat with severe hepatic amyloidosis. Irregular hepatomegaly (arrows) is evident.
Figure 6.2 Hepatic ultrasound of the same cat showing that the normally homogenous echo-pattern has been replaced by a mixed echogenic pattern.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Desiccated, thick anal sac material was expressed fromthe right anal sac of this cat. This is the first step in anal sac disease.
Figure 7.2 The left anal sac of the cat in Figure 7.1 was abscessed. It was surgically opened with an incision over the abscess. Blood tinged purulent material drained freely.
Figure 7.3 Anal sacculectomy is indicated after more than one anal sac infection or for cats with incompetent anal sac sphincters. One or both anal sacs are carefully dissected fromthe surrounding tissues.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Signs of a regenerative anemia include the presence of nucleated RBCs and reticulocytes. Several metarubricytes (black arrows) and macrocytes (red arrows) are shown. Macrocytes are reticulocytes stained with a modified Wright's stain that demonstrate increased cell diameter but do not show the reticulum. The organisms on the RBCs are Mycoplasma haemofelis. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 9.2 When stained with new methylene blue stain, reticulocytes demonstrate the reticulumas either younger aggregate reticulocytes (black arrows) or more mature punctuate reticulocytes (red arrows). Only aggregate reticulocytes are counted to generate the reticulocyte count. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 9.3 Although there are six nucleated RBCs in this image (black arrows), there are no macrocytes. Erythroleukemia results in overproduction of immature RBC types, but they do not mature past the metarubricyte stage so the cat remains functionally anemic. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Angiography can be used to diagnose aortic stenosis. Acatheter (open arrows) is passed through the carotid artery into the left ventricle. Contrast material is injected and lateral thoracic radiographs are made. The supravalvular stenotic area (closed arrow) is seen in the outflow of contrast fromthe left ventricle into the aortic outflow tract.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Examples of different rhythms fromthe sinoatrial node.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Sino-orbital aspergillosis was the diagnosis in this cat. No disease was found in the nasal cavity or frontal sinuses. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 14.2 The radiograph shows extensive turbinate and nasal septal destruction in a case of nasal aspergillosis. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 14.3 This CT image shows sino-nasal aspergillosis. The arrows, fromtop to bottom, point to the frontal sinuses, the nasal cavity, and the nasopharynx. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Atopic dermatitis can occur on any region of the body. This cat had lesions localized to the (a) head and (b) pinna. Skin scrapings, a cellophane tape prep, and a fungal culture were negative. Given the severity of this cat's lesions and evidence of pyoderma, cefovecin and prednisolone (10 mg q24h × 5d PO initially) were administered.
Figure 16.2 The lesions were either greatly improved or resolved, but a continued work up, looking for a replacement for long-termsteroids would be recommended. AD would be the likely diagnosis if the cat remained steroid dependent after attempting other diagnostic/treatment trials and if anti-inflammatory doses of prednisolone were successful in preventing recurrence long term. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 The bite wounds on this woman's finger are most likely to become infected with Pasteurella multocida; however, the scratches on her wrist make her a candidate for cat-scratch fever if Bartonella henselae is present on the cat's claws.
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Although benign, some basal cell tumors can be (a) large or (b) in difficult surgical locations. The nasal planumis a common site. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Alarge, solitary biliary cyst is seen attached to the periphery of one lobe of the liver. At this size, biliary cysts may cause pressure on nearby viscera. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 19.2 Alarge biliary cyst is seen in the parenchyma of the liver. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 19.3 (a) Asmall biliary cyst is seen attached to the caudal aspect of the liver. (b) This cat has multiple cysts within the parenchyma of the liver. Radiographs can show liver masses and enlargement, but they cannot identify themas cystic structures. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 19.4 Large biliary cysts can be drained using a 22-gauge needle and ultrasound guidance. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 19.5 When a solitary cyst is located on the periphery of a hepatic lobe, it can be surgically excised. Closure was accomplished with mattress sutures and HemaBlock® , a hemostatic powder. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 (a) Two bite wounds occurred on this cat's head about 5 days prior. The abscesses had ruptured and were draining at the time of presentation. (b) There was a deep bite wound and abscess into the epaxial muscles. After spontaneously opening, a deep hole remained. However, it granulated and closed in about 5 days.
Figure 21.2 This cat's right foreleg was bitten by another cat. Because there is minimal loose skin in this location, cellulitis developed. These wounds are not amenable to surgical drainage because there is not a focal collection of pus; however, they heal more slowly.
Figure 21.3 Certain body regions are more likely to sustain fight wounds. These are largely influenced by whether the cat is the aggressor or the victim.
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Blastomycosis usually results in fungal pneumonia, resulting in a diffuse interstitial pattern (a, b), not radiographically unlike other pneumonias due to systemic fungi. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 22.2 Uveitis is a common finding in blastomycosis. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Severe glaucoma caused pain in this nonvisual eye. These are the two criteria for recommending enucleation.
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 Brachial neuropathy is characterized by neurological deficits, including loss of conscious proprioception (CP) in the front legs with normal CP in the rear legs.
Chapter 27
Figure 27.1 Note the moderate to severe bronchial markings. Air trapping may be assumed if the lungs are hyperinflated. This is seen most prominently on the lateral view and can be appreciated by recognizing the position of the diaphragmatic crus at approximately the level of L1–L2.
Figure 27.2 This is another example of chronic bronchial disease. Note the degree of disease in all lung lobes. In these radiographs, there are some similarities to a fungal pneumonia. The only one in this cat's geographic area was histoplasmosis, which was ruled out with urine and serumantigen tests.
Figure 27.3 This is an example of less severe disease than shown in Figure 27.2. It is
of less duration so the severe bronchial thickenings are not present.
Figure 27.4 (a) Lateral radiograph of a cat with chronic bronchitis demonstrating right middle lung lobe collapse. The increased density of the atelectatic lung lobe is not readily apparent because the lung (black arrows) silhouettes over the heart shadow. (b) Collapse of the right middle lung lobe is more obvious as increased density in the right cranial and middle lung area (black arrows). The atelectatic right middle lung lobe is compressing the right cranial lung lobe. An airbronchogram(open arrow) can be seen going across the collapsed lung tissue. Note the presence of air in the stomach, a sign of aerophagia (white arrow).
Figure 27.5 Proper position of spacer device to deliver inhaled medications to cat with asthma.
Chapter 28
Figure 28.1 The signature sign of an FCVinfection is lingual ulceration. The ulcers typically affect the anterior or lateral margins of the tongue, as seen in this cat.
Figure 28.2 (a) The VS-FCVcauses a vasculitis resulting in swelling, edema, local alopecia, and ulcerative dermatitis, as seen in this 10-week-old kitten. (b) Other manifestations of the VS-FCVinclude icterus and lingual ulceration, as seen in this 6year-old cat that died of the disease.
Chapter 29
Figure 29.1 Carcinomatosis often produces solid metastasis of (a) the mesentery and (b) other organs. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 29.2 Radiograph of ascites in a cat with carcinomatosis and pulmonary nodules.
Figure 29.3 Ultrasound image of ascites and nodular mesentery in a cat with carcinomatosis.
Chapter 30
Figure 30.1 The Y-shaped pattern of lens fibers can be seen in the anterior portion of the lens in this mature cataract.
Figure 30.2 Nuclear sclerosis causes cloudiness of the lenses. It is not a precataractous change but rather a bilateral, normal aging process.
Figure 30.3 Amature cataract is a totally opaque lens; the eye is blind.
Figure 30.4 Ahypermature cataract is one that begins to liquefy. Some sight may be restored or uveitis may result.
Figure 30.5 (a) Trauma caused inflammation within this cat's left eye. (b) Afew months later a cataract formed in this eye, which is seen 2 years after the traumatic event.
Figure 30.6 The lens is luxated medially in this eye, which sustained trauma many
months prior. Note the laceration in the margin of the third eyelid, another sign of the prior trauma.
Chapter 31
Figure 31.1 Otitis externa is often considered a predisposing factor in ceruminous gland disease. Several small lesions are seen at the base of the pinna. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 31.2 (a) Multiple ceruminous gland adenomas were found on the concave side of the pinnae of this cat. The number of lesions present resulted in obstruction of the external ear canal. (b) Following a total ear canal ablation, the proliferation of masses within the external ear canal can be appreciated. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 31.3 (a) Some of these benign lesions may get quite large in size. (b) Note that the large lesion is located on the pre-auricular skin. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 31.4 This Persian cat has peri-ocular lesions. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 31.5 This cat has lesions on (a) the pinna and (b) the chin. (c) Another cat has similar lesions on the chin. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 32
Figure 32.1 This cat's cervical ventroflexion suggests muscle spasm, therefore thiamine deficiency should be high on one's differential list.
Figure 32.2 This cat's serumpotassiumwas 1.8 mEq/l, confirming hypokalemic myopathy.
Chapter 33
Figure 33.1 Ocular signs usually start in one eye and appear in the second eye 5–7 days later. Ocular discharge is initially watery but becomes mucoid or mucopurulent later, and chemosis is common, as in this cat. Transient fever, inappetence, and weight loss may occur shortly after infection, although usually cats remain well and continue to eat.
Chapter 34
Figure 34.1 (a) Lateral and (b) dorsoventral radiographs show pleural effusion with rounding of the lung lobes. The latter is typical of fibrosing pleuritis, a consequence of chylothorax.
Figure 34.2 (a) The fluid removed fromthe chest is typically a white, milky fluid. Sometimes it is blood-tinged due to intrathoracic hemorrhage. (b) Several days of anorexia will result in reduced lipid content of the fluid, making it an amber color.
Figure 34.3 Small lymphocytes (dark cells), having about the same diameter as erythrocytes (lighter cells), are the predominant cell in chylous fluid. The presence of neutrophils indicates chronicity. Bacteria should be absent unless the fluid has been contaminated.
Figure 34.4 Fibrosing pleuritis is the formation of sheets of fibrin. (a) In this necropsy the sheets extend between pleural surfaces and intrathoracic organs. (b) Necropsy on another cat also shows the sheets of fibrin attaching a lobe of lung to the body wall. (c) The lungs of this cat are nonexpansive due to fibrin coating their surface.
Chapter 37
Figure 37.1 (a) Oocysts of Isospora felis ( 25 × 50 µm) are seen in this photomicrograph. The large egg is Toxicara spp. ( 7 g µm). It is shown for size comparison. (b) Higher power image of Isospora felis. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 39
Figure 39.1 Trauma can be a cause of a corneal ulcer. This cat has a thorn embedded in his cornea. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 39.2 Brachycephalic breeds have protruding globes that make themsusceptible to corneal ulceration. (a) This cat has pigmentation and corneal scaring due to having had several corneal ulcers. (b) The corneal sequestrumis a sequel to a deep corneal ulcer. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 39.3 Another cause of corneal ulcers is entropion, as seen bilaterally in this cat. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 39.4 Fluorescein stain adheres to a corneal ulcer. (a) The green coloration is due to the ulcer. (b) The stain is seen more prominently and as a fluorescent green spot when under a black light. (c) Fluorescein stain can also be used to test flow through the nasolacrimal (NL) ducts. This cat's right NLduct is functional as verified by the dye exiting the right nostril. The left NLduct is obstructed as evidenced by dye spilling over the medial canthus and not exiting the left nostril. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 39.5 This feline cornea has pale linear streaks on the corneal surface that are typical of feline herpesvirus lesions.
Figure 39.6 The feline herpesvirus can cause long-termcorneal scarring, as seen in these two cats. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 39.7 This cat had a puncture wound fromanother cat's toenail. Neovascularization and corneal scarring resulted. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 40
Figure 40.1 The most common position assumed by a coughing cat is a crouched stance with the neck extended. However, this does not localize it to a specific disease site and is not diagnostic for a particular disease. It is simply a “coughing cat.”
Chapter 41
Figure 41.1 The draining lesions on the nose and left ear were cause by cryptococcosis. Adiagnosis was made by cytology. Image courtesy of Dr. Richard Malik.
Figure 41.2 Acryptococcal mass is present in the nasopharynx and was seen on radiographs. The cat had a reverse sneeze. The mass (arrow) was approached via a transpalatine incision on the midline. The mass can be seen through the incision. Following surgery, the cat was treated for 8 months with itraconazole and recovered. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 41.3 Multiple ulcerated nodules in this cat were caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. Image courtesy of Dr. Richard Malik.
Chapter 43
Figure 43.1 Nonpruritic dermatitis accompanied by white scale is the characteristic skin presentation for the thymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 43.2 Alarge mass in the cranial mediastinal space is characteristic for thymoma, as seen on the (a) ventrodorsal (VD) and (b) lateral thoracic views. It is important to differentiate this mass fromlymphoma. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 43.3 The skin of a cat with the paraneoplastic syndrome is most commonly secondary to pancreatic neoplasia. The skin lesions most often occur on (a) the feet and (b) the ventral abdomen. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 43.4 Multiple tears in the skin (fragile skin syndrome) can be seen in this cat with diabetes mellitus and hyperadrenocorticism. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 43.5 The Ehler-Danlos syndrome results in redundant, thin skin that tears easily. It can be confused with the fragile skin syndrome.
Chapter 44
Figure 44.1 An adult Cuterebra measures about 2.5 cm(1 inch) long. Image courtesy of Dr. Kelly E. Allen.
Figure 44.2 A Cuterebra larva can be seen in the open lesion on this kitten's face. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 45
Figure 45.1 Ultrasound permits evaluation of the bladder wall thickness and its topography. (a) This cat has a thick and irregular bladder wall. (b) This cat's bladder wall is so thick that there is little lumen remaining. Dysuria was severe.
Figure 45.2 Struvite crystals were so copious in this cat's urine that the crystals were grossly visible in the dried urine.
Figure 45.3 Very small calciumoxalate uroliths may lodge in the tapering feline urethra. (a) This cat has three or four uroliths present. (b) This cat had so many tiny uroliths that they looked like one continuous one.
Figure 45.4 Apositive contrast urethrogramand cystogramhas filling defects in both organs caused by very small uroliths.
Figure 45.5 An ultrasound study can detect (a, b) very small uroliths and (c) large uroliths in the urinary bladder.
Figure 45.6 An ultrasound study can detect soft tissue masses in the urinary bladder. (a, b) Both of these masses were blood clots instead of tumors.
Figure 45.7 An ultrasound study can detect heavy urine sediment. The hyperechoic layer on the dorsal wall of the bladder is the sediment. Note that the ventral wall of the bladder is at the top of the image because the cat is in a ventrodorsal position.
Figure 45.8 This ultrasound study shows very thickened bladder and urethral walls, and a line of urinary sediment or very tiny uroliths in the urethra.
Figure 45.9 This cat was given megestrol for 5 days. (a) Pre- treatment ultrasound study. Note the thickness of the bladder wall in this very dysuric cat. (b) Two days and two doses later. Note the change in the thickness of the bladder wall. Not every cat responds this dramatically.
Chapter 46
Figure 46.1 Cytauxzoon piroplasms may be seen within erythrocytes and appear as signet ring-shaped, bipolar oval safety pin-shaped, or anaplasmoid round dot-shaped bodies. There is an unusually large number of organisms in this blood sample.
Figure 46.2 This is a large monocyte filled with hundreds of developing merozoites. Image courtesy of Dr. L.V. Lane.
Chapter 47
Figure 47.1 Dermatophytosis lesions are often associated with alopecia, erythema, and variable amounts of scaling/crusting. (a) This cat exhibits alopecia and crusting. (b) This cat has a nailbed infection. Four months of treatment were required to resolve it. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 47.2 Apseudomycetoma is a granulomatous/pyogranulomatous reaction that surrounds fungal hyphae. (a) This cat has multiple cutaneous masses that could be confused with cutaneous neoplasia. Note that it also has generalized dermatophytosis.
(b) This cat has multiple lesions on the left rear leg. Images courtesy of Dr. Richard Malik.
Figure 47.3 (a) The typical dermatophyte skin lesion on humans is crusty and circular, thus the term“ringworm.” (b) This young boy has multiple lesions on his face and arms, areas commonly in contact with his kitten. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 47.4 These cultures reveal growth of a fluffy, white to off-white organism typical of a dermatophyte with the concurrent red color change of the surrounding medium. Microscopic review for macroconidia is now indicated. Image courtesy of the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine and Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 47.5 Microscopic evaluation of infected hairs may reveal arthroconidia (arrow), which appear as spheres or beads around the outside of the hair shaft. The macroconidia of M. canis are thick walled, have knobbed ends, and have six or more cells.
Figure 47.6 (a) This cat has generalized alopecia and crusting due to M. canis. (b) After 4 months of treatment with fluconazole, the infection was completely resolved. Although they appear to be different cats, notice the skin pigment patterns on the face and right front leg. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 49
Figure 49.1 The plantigrade stance is characteristic of diabetic neuropathy. Both rear legs are affected, and these cats walk with their hocks touching the floor.
Chapter 51
Figure 51.1 Blood can be collected fromthe marginal ear vein. Asingle drop is sufficient for determining the capillary blood glucose value using a hand-held glucometer.
Chapter 54
Figure 54.1 (a) Alateral thoracic radiograph of a congenital pericardial DH reveals a very large cardiac silhouette, which is often global. Note the lack of continuity of the ventral diaphragm. (b) The VD view of the same cat shows the pericardial silhouette extending across the thoracic cavity. (c) Gas-filled small bowel loops can be seen within this pericardial DH.
Figure 54.2 There are many signs of trauma that may be associated with a DH, and frayed toenails is one of them. This occurs when a cat is in the street and suddenly tries to get out of the path of an oncoming automobile or when a cat slides down the pitch of a shingled roof.
Figure 54.3 (a) The radiographic signs of a DH include lack of continuity of the diaphragmatic line, soft tissue densities in the thorax where air-filled lungs should be, gas-filled bowel loops in the thorax, lung compression, and a very small abdomen
because abdominal organs have moved into the thorax. (b) This is the VD view of the same cat as in (a). (c) This radiograph shows the same abnormalities as in (a). (d) This radiograph also shows the same abnormalities plus fetal skeletons in the abdomen. As the kittens grew, dyspnea increased due to more abdominal viscera moving into the thorax and increased caudal to cranial pressure on the diaphragm.
Figure 54.4 (a) Ultrasound can be used to identify abdominal organs that have herniated into the pericardium. The most commonly displaced organ is the liver, which is shown adjacent to the heart. (b) This ultrasound image shows the liver on both sides of the diaphragm(D).
Chapter 56
Figure 56.1 Soft scaly swellings of the foot pads found in plasma cell pododermatitis. Image courtesy of Dr. Eric Guaguere.
Figure 56.2 Ulcerated nodule on a metacarpal pad of a cat with plasma cell pododermatitis. Image courtesy of Dr. Eric Guaguere.
Figure 56.3 Digital metastasis of an asymptomatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Note the nodular and ulcerated appearance. Image courtesy of Dr. Eric Guaguere.
Chapter 57
Figure 57.1 Thin left ventricular walls, increased left ventricular diameter in diastole, and low fractional shortening are characteristic of dilated cardiomyopathy. All of them are seen in this short-axis echocardiogram. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 57.2 Athrombus can be seen in the (a) short-axis and (b) long-axis views of the left atrium. Atrial enlargement predisposes a cat to thrombus formation.
Figure 57.3 Cardiomegaly with pulmonary edema is seen on the (a) dorsoventral and (b) lateral radiographs of the same cat as in Figure 57.1, which was presented with labored breathing, cyanosis, and hypothermia. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 57.4 Electrocardiograms fromcats with DCM typically have tall R-waves and a variety of arrhythmias.
Chapter 58
Figure 58.1 This nodule has draining tracts. It is a fibrosarcoma, one of several skin tumors potentially with this gross appearance. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 58.2 Subcutaneous nodules usually result in draining tracts. Although their locations differ, they all result in moist, irregular draining lesions on the skin. Note that they cannot be distinguished by their gross appearance. (a) is due to Mycobacteria spp. and (b) is due to Actinomyces spp. The lesions in (c) were caused by Nocardia spp. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 58.3 These draining tracts are due to histoplasmosis. Other systemic fungal infections can be grossly similar.
Figure 58.4 Feline progressive histiocytosis is another disease that cannot be diagnosed with gross appearance. Histopathology was confirmatory.
Chapter 59
Figure 59.1 This cat is showing typical signs of dysautonomia, including mydriasis, photophobia, protrusion of nictitating membranes, and xerostomia with dried, crusted nasal secretions. Image courtesy of Dr. Andrew Sparkes.
Chapter 61
Figure 61.1 (a) Intrauterine gas is a sign of fetal death in this termkitten. Gas is present around the fetus and the skull appears to be fractured. (b) Even more intrauterine gas is present around this fetus.
Figure 61.2 (a) The head of this fetus is compressed against the pelvic canal and cannot move. (b) This is another example of head lock that occurs when the diameter of the fetal head is greater than the diameter of the pelvic canal. Note that this is a onefetus litter. Aprompt Cesarean section is needed to save this kitten.
Figure 61.3 Breech presentation is not considered abnormal in cats, but this fetus’ head was too large to pass.
Chapter 63
Figure 63.1 An adult ear mite and a nearby egg are visible in this 4 × scanning view of an ear swab. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 64
Figure 64.1 This cat was bitten by a brown recluse spider about 5 days prior. The cat is seen before hair was shaved (a, b) and afterwards (c–e). Images courtesy of Dr. Jaimie Newman Halbach.
Chapter 65
Figure 65.1 Fire ants sting their victims multiple times while spinning on the site where their jaws are holding. This creates a circular lesion ringed by many stings. Most victims experience bites frommultiple fire ants simultaneously. The bites are initially painful and then become intensely pruritic.
Chapter 66
Figure 66.1 Following healing of a rattlesnake bite on the foot, this cat had permanent damage that resulted in the loss of two toes and deformity of the others.
Figure 66.2 The result of this rattlesnake bite was scarring but no loss of function.
Chapter 67
Figure 67.1 More than one manifestation of the eosinophilic granuloma complex can occur simultaneously. This cat has a rodent ulcer and eosinophilic plaques on the hard palate. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 67.2 Indolent or rodent ulcers occur along the upper lips. Most are bilateral, but some can be unilateral. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 67.3 Eosinophilic plaques occur most commonly along the ventral abdomen. Lesions often have a characteristic appearance and are intensely pruritic.
Figure 67.4 Eosinophilic granulomas can also be found within the oral cavity, for example on the tongue. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 67.5 Linear eosinophilic granulomas occur most commonly along the caudal thighs. Small linear granulomas are often detected better by palpation than by visualization because they are usually larger than they visually appear. The lesions in this cat are extreme so are easily diagnosed by visualization. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 67.6 In most of these lesions, eosinophils are found in abundance on an impression smear. (a) In this cat, eosinophils are more numerous than neutrophils. In this cat (b) neutrophils predominate, but eosinophils are numerous. No bacteria are seen in either, but this is common when skin lesions occur. Eosinophilia is notably absent in impression smears of indolent ulcers. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 68
Figure 68.1 This severe and untreated eosinophilic keratitis lesion has grown to cover the entire cornea.
Figure 68.2 This cat has lesions of EKC covering the entire corneal surfaces of both eyes. Image courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Figure 68.3 These cats were treated with oral megestrol (10 mg q24h PO for 3 days followed by 5 mg q24h PO). (a), (c), and (e) are pre-treatment photos. (b) (7 days), (d) (7 days), and (f) (9 days) are post-treatment photos. At these treatment points all three were changed to topical corticosteroids to continue treatment. Although all three cases are black, domestic short-hair, neutered male cats, this breed, gender, and color pattern have not been linked to this disease. Images courtesy of Dr. Gary D. Norsworthy.
Chapter 69
Figure 69.1 (a) This is an esophageal stricture seen on fluoroscopy in a cat with generalized megaesophagus. The left arrow points to the ventral esophageal wall and the right arrow points to the stricture. The esophagus is visible because of air in its lumen. (b) This is how the esophageal stricture appeared through an endoscope.
Figure 69.2 This is a balloon dilator for treating esophageal strictures.