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Integration of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering with IoT
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener (martin@scrivenerpublishing.com)
Phillip Carmical (pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com)
Integration of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering with IoT
A Digital Transformation
Edited by R. Rajasekar
C. Moganapriya
P. Sathish Kumar and M. Harikrishna Kumar
This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC
For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-86500-1
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
This book is dedicated to the profound memory of our beloved friend Mr. R. Manivannan
31st October 1989 - 4th July 2022
2.7.3
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2.8.13
2.8.14
Manivannan Rajendran, Kamesh Nagarajan, Vaishnavi Vadivelu, Harikrishna Kumar Mohankumar and Sathish Kumar Palaniappan
3.2.1
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Solomon Jenoris Muthiya, Shridhar Anaimuthu, Joshuva Arockia Dhanraj, Nandakumar Selvaraju, Gutha Manikanta and C. Dineshkumar
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Suganeswaran Kandasamy, Santhosh Sivaraj and Raja Gunasekaran
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Adithya K. and Girimurugan R.
Ganesh Angappan, Santhosh Sivaraj, Premkumar Bhuvaneshwaran, Mugilan Thanigachalam, Sarath
Preface
The Internet of Things (IoT) changes the way in which products are designed, prototyped and manufactured. In recent times, the core mechanical companies have experienced a strong transition on controlling mechanical systems by software-driven tools. Technology driven platform transform products into IoT-led smart devices, which can communicate with the producer, when they departed from the manufacturing line. Manufacturers should upgrade their production strategy by linking with IoT in order to maintain a long term sustainability.
This book is intended to compile and broadly explore the latest developments of IoT and its integration towards mechanical and manufacturing engineering. The book is envisioned to explore the fundamental concepts and recent developments in IoT & Industry 4.0 with special emphasis to the mechanical engineering platform to such issues as product development and manufacturing, environmental monitoring, automotive applications, energy management and renewable energy sectors. Topics and related concepts are portrayed in a comprehensive manner so that readers can develop expertise and knowledge in the field of IoT. It will provide professionals and students with a resource on the basic principles and application of IoT in manufacturing sectors.
We thank all the authors for their valuable research inputs. We render our sincere thanks to Scrivener – Wiley publishing team for their help with this book.
R. Rajasekar
C. Moganapriya
P. Sathish Kumar
M. Harikrishna Kumar
Evolution of Internet of Things (IoT): Past, Present and Future for Manufacturing Systems
Vaishnavi Vadivelu1, Moganapriya Chinnasamy2, Manivannan Rajendran3, Hari Chandrasekaran1 and Rajasekar Rathanasamy3*
1Department of Management Studies, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
2Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a platform that permits communication between gadgets, elements, and other digitized resources that send and receive data automatically without involvement of personal interactions. The key feature of IoT is the massive amount of information generated by finished systems that must be interpreted in the cloud in a short amount of time. The current study reveals the origin of IoT, brief revolution of IoT over two decades, emerging technologies with IoT, its current applications, and its future challenges. The current part of chapter starts with a broad review of the IoT revolution. After that, the technical aspects of IoT enablement technologies, protocols, and applications. The current chapter goal is to provide a more comprehensive overview of the most important protocols and application issues, allowing researchers and application developers to quickly grasp how various protocols interact to deliver desired functionalities without having to wade through RFCs and standard specifications.
Keywords: IoT, EC, manufacturing system, cloud computing, IoT architecture
*Corresponding author: rajasekar.cr@gmail.com
R. Rajasekar, C. Moganapriya, P. Sathish Kumar and M. Harikrishna Kumar (eds.) Integration of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering with IoT: A Digital Transformation, (1–40) © 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC
1.1 Introduction
The current world is being pushed by the Internet and digital era, which is affecting digital life notions. The online and wi-fi networks have performed a crucial part in the digital era. In today’s fact changing world, the major goal is to use modern technologies to minimize human-machine contact efforts while increasing machine-machine interaction capabilities [1]. Information and communication techniques has formed a trend in this regard, bringing concepts such as wireless control, remote monitoring, and so on, reducing the strain on humans and workers. An innovative and revolutionary technology known as the IoT was launched as a result of developments in wireless communications, cognitive computing and network connection [2]. Wireless sensor networks (WSN), bluetooth, long-term evolution (LTE), radiofrequency identification (RFID), nearfield communication (NFC), as well as various wireless modern communications link things to the Internet. As a result, IoT might be described as “things connected via the Internet” [3]. The IoT links trillions of electronic things and electronic objects to develop a digital environment that allows humans to use new cyber technology to sense, analyse, regulate, and improve old physical manual systems [4]. A shipyard’s operating efficiency was improved using Industrial Internet of Things (I-IoT) principles [5, 6].
Over the last 20 years, it has attracted a wide spectrum of audiences from business and academics, expanding the technology to a variety of scientific applications in various industries. IoT principles are applied in various fields like agricultural, supply of water, smart grid and energy savings, handling equipment and materials, industrial businesses, and transport planning. The Internet of Things concept has gained widespread acceptance and use in a variety of sectors. However, the IoT-related study findings do not delve into the IoT’s fundamental development principles and research trends. Few studies had been done to disclose the beginnings of the IoT, analyze its popular study themes with the emphasize the challenges that the IoT will confront in the future. Furthermore, the advancement of IoT technology is inextricably linked to the support of associated theories and methodologies, and a rising number of researchers and practitioners are keen to learn more about the IoT’s current state of development through reading publications.
1.2 IoT Revolution
The word Internet of Things was changed for M2M (Machine to Machine), which was anticipated and referenced by MIT professors who characterized
the future world of communication in the late 1990s. Briton Kevin Ashton, a creative developer, was making a presentation for Procter & Gamble in which he presented IoT as a system that connects multiple devices using RFID tags for managing their supply chain. The adoption of RFID has enabled for the direct flow of information between devices to be accelerated. He envisioned a vision of data being collected, analyzed, and transferred with the absence of human interference. The IoT is a network system enabled by the Internet that aims to create real-time interaction between objects, machinery, and people using a number of advanced techniques. Likewise, a number of significant advancements aided in the IoT’s development are depicted in Figure 1.1.
The first was an Internet-connected refrigerator developed by LG Electronics in 2000, which allowed customers to purchase online and conduct video chats. Another significant advancement was the creation in 2005 of Nabaztag, a little rabbit-shaped robot capable of providing up-todate news, weather forecasts, and stock market updates. The Auto-ID center sponsored 103 branches throughout the world and created a standard to maintain the smart package to communicate with the other networks at distributors and buyers. Over time, the market improved, investments improved, chips improved, and chips grew cheaper and cheaper.Nest Labs was the first company to develop a sensor technology based, wireless based,self education, thermostat and smoke alarm to introduce IoT in 2010. The IoT was ultimately brought to the public’s attention when, Google bought Nest Labs in 2014 and debuted the Amazon Alexa and, later, Google Home. Since then, the sector has been growing faster.
Figure 1.1 Power generating capacity installed in 2017 [5, 6]. https://www.avsystem.com/ blog/what-is-internet-of-things-explanation/.
Kevin Ashton proposes WWW
John Romkey makes f irst toast via Internet
IoT has gotten a lot of attention during the last 20 years, with a lot of government officials, business leaders, and academics believing that this essential technology is evolving people’s standard of living and surrounding conditions are depicted in Figure 1.2 [7–10]. Several researchers have stretched IoT associated research with service as Internet of Service [11], equipment as Internet of Machine [12], humans as Internet of People [13] and information as Internet of Knowledge [14, 15]. With the advancement of science and technology, IoT is expected to have a wide range of applications in the government service and domestic sectors [16]. The application of IoT helps to reduce the pollution created by human activities and enhance the economic growth of the country [17–19]. To apprehend this possible development in the economic, the development of diverse developing technologies and services must keep up with the expansion of market demand [14, 20, 21]. The IoT diversified developments in the aspect of technology, applications, undamental ideologies, design aspects, and trends in the anticipated growth are combined with interdisciplinary association with the telecommunications, electronics and informatics [7, 9, 22]. After the two decades of development in IoT, the research have been extended, accepted in numerous industries and employed in smart medical care, smart agriculture, smart supply chains and smart cities [23–28].
1.3 IoT
The advancement of mobile gadgets, automobiles and integrated device has aided in the creation of a smart world of linking the gadgets that can perceive, gather data, cooperate, and make choices without the need for human intervention [29]. This intelligence is called Internet for things,
Figure 1.2 Power generating capacity installed in 2017 [5, 6].
which simplifies the day-to-day life of humans. The IoT is characterized as a dynamic, self-configuring manual linkage and virtual devices connected through interoperable communication, media and standards [26, 30, 31]. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zig Bee and other protocols are used by these items to communicate with one another. The interconnection of numerous communication technological innovations which includes wireless network and sensors, controller networks, tracking and identification networks and so on to promote interactivity and cooperation between them is a crucial component of the IoT [32]. Some emerged real-time examples are wearable fitness and trackers (like Fitbits) and IoT healthcare apps, voice assistants (Siri and Alexa), smart automobiles (Tesla) and smart appliances.
1.4 Fundamental Technologies
Hardware such as sensing devices, electronic controls and integrated sensor hardware; software components such as data storage requirement and information processing analysis of data predictive analysis and visualization; and demonstration as unique, simple to use visualization and explanation tools technique that can be accessible across multiple platforms and built for a variety of implementations fields are the three IoT components that allow for smooth widespread computing [9]. The current part discusses a few enabling technologies that contribute to the components of IoT.
1.4.1 RFID and NFC
The key innovation in RFID technology is the design and development of a wireless microchip for the embedded communication paradigm for data transfer [33]. It provides the automated identification of whatever is connected to this electronic barcode [34, 35]. RFID devices, often known as RFID tags, which used microchips to transmit data wirelessly. RFID tags emit data over the air, and an RFID reader recovers the signal, allowing items to be identified based on the data received (barcode). The most often utilized device for IoT applications in many industries such as retail, supply chain, healthcare, banking, privacy control, and social applications [36]. NFC is a quick sequence of high frequency network technology that exchanges data between a few centimetres, making it easier for people to use their phones and providing a variety of loyalty applications such as locking and unlocking doors and cars, exchanging contact information, paying for general populace transportation, reading newspapers, and others [37].
1.4.2 WSN
WSN is a broad system of intelligent detecting device that gather, process, analyse, and transmit information [38]. The WSN is made up of the components listed below. To begin, the gather unit is referred to as a sensor, and it is responsible for collecting data in the form of waves and converting it into electronic knowledge that the formulating unit can understand. The second component is the processing unit, which is in charge of analyzing the recorded data. The transmission unit, which is in charge of all data transmission and receiving, is the third component. Finally, there is a power main controller that is a critical network component [39]. WSNs are also employed in a range of applications, including monitoring systems (e.g., surveilling pollution, disasters, and wildfires), industrial (e.g., intelligent lighting control, automation), defence, and healthcare applications [40].
1.4.3 Data Storage and Analytics (DSA)
A big storage unit is necessary since a great volume of data is produced and exchanged in IoT. As a result, data storage has become an important issue in the Internet of Things. To ensure effective communication, digital cities, intelligent and interconnected societies, and better medical are just a few of the data processing and storing technologies available. Cloud-based information management and processing have grown in popularity in recent years, and they are widely used and desired because they can speed up information analysis and deliver a highly secure interchange of information [38].
1.5 IoT Architecture
To manage the trillions and millions of linked devices, the IoT requires a flexible layered architecture. The diverse models originate from an increasing diversity of latent designs [41], and IoT-A is attempting to establish a common architecture to meet industrial demands, which is being investigated by the researcher [22]. Three-layer designs are the most typical IoT architectures because they are versatile, practical, and simple execution. The perception layer, network layer, and application layer are the three tiers of the architecture. Figure 1.3 depicts a three-layer IoT design, with an explanation underneath.
• The perception layer has sensing capabilities, which means it gathers as well as accumulates specific data about the surrounding environment in which digital things are present.
