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Fire Risk Management
Fire Risk Management
Principles and Strategies for Buildings and Industrial Assets
Fabio Dattilo
This edition first published 2023 © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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The right of Luca Fiorentini and Fabio Dattilo to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Names: Fiorentini, Luca, 1976- author. | Dattilo, Fabio, author. | John Wiley & Sons, publisher. Title: Fire risk management : Principles and Strategies for Buildings and Industrial Assets / Luca Fiorentini, Fabio Dattilo.
Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : JW-Wiley, [2023] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023021900 (print) | LCCN 2023021901 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119827436 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119827443 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119827450 (epub) | ISBN 9781119827467 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Fire protection engineering. | Fire risk assessment. | Fire prevention. | Risk management. Classification: LCC TH9145 .F49 2023 (print) | LCC TH9145 (ebook) | DDC 628.9/22--dc23/eng/20230622
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023021900
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023021901
Cover Image(s): © Possawat/Getty Images, Keith Lance/Getty Images, rocketegg/Getty Images Cover design: Wiley
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India
To my father, Carlo Fiorentini.
The memory of his passion for fire safety, his immeasurable expertise and above all his example at work with TECSA and with fire safety professional associations and also in our family accompanies me in my professional life every day, with the hope that I can always do my best and also leave a small contribution of my own to the world of fire-safety engineering and industrial risk assessment, which he made known to me and which I have always been close to, appreciating this whole world and developing a passion to be part of it.
To Carlo Fiorentini, father of Luca, pioneer and master in risk assessment and fire safety. His passion for his work, in-depth knowledge and love for his family mark our path like milestones.
Contents
Foreword xiii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
List of Acronyms xxiii
About the Companion Website xxvii
1 Introduction 1
2 Recent Fires and Failed Strategies 3
2.1 Torre dei Moro 4
2.1.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 4
2.2 Norman Atlantic 6
2.2.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 7
2.3 Storage Building on Fire 8
2.3.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 8
2.4 ThyssenKrupp Fire 9
2.4.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 9
2.5 Refinery’s Pipeway Fire 12
2.5.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 13
2.6 Refinery Process Unit Fire 16
2.6.1 How It Happened (Incident Dynamics) 17
3 Fundamentals of Risk Management 21
3.1 Introduction to Risk and Risk Management 22
3.2 ISO 31000 Standard 26
3.2.1 The Principles of RM 28
3.3 ISO 31000 Risk Management Workflow 28
3.3.1 Leadership and Commitment 28
3.3.2 Understanding the Organisation and Its Contexts 30
3.3.3 Implementation of the RM Framework 31
3.3.4 The Risk Management Process 32
3.4 The Risk Assessment Phase 32
3.5 Risk Identification 33
3.6 Risk Analysis 34
3.6.1 Analysis of Controls and Barriers 35
3.6.2 Consequence Analysis 35
3.6.3 Frequency Analysis and Probability Estimation 36
3.7 Risk Evaluation 36
3.7.1 Acceptability and Tolerability Criteria of the Risk 37
3.8 The ALARP Study 40
3.9 Risk Management over Time 43
3.10 Risk Treatment 44
3.11 Monitoring and Review 46
3.12 Audit Activities 47
3.13 The System Performance Review 47
3.14 Proactive and Reactive Culture of Organisations Dealing with Risk Management 50
3.15 Systemic Approach to Fire Risk Management 64
4 Fire as an Accident 65
4.1 Industrial Accidents 65
4.2 Fires 67
4.2.1 Flash Fire 67
4.2.2 Pool Fire 71
4.2.3 Fireball 72
4.2.4 Jet Fire 75
4.3 Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) 76
4.4 Explosion 76
4.5 Deflagrations and Detonations 78
4.5.1 Vapour Cloud Explosion 79
4.5.2 Threshold Values 79
4.5.3 Physical Effect Modelling 81
4.6 Fire in Compartments 82
5 Integrate Fire Safety into Asset Design 93
6 Fire Safety Principles 103
6.1 Fire Safety Concepts Tree 103
6.2 NFPA Standard 550 104
6.3 NFPA Standard 551 111
6.3.1 The Risk Matrix Method Applied to Fire Risk 121
7 Fire-Safety Design Resources 123
7.1 International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) 123
7.1.1 ISO 16732 125
7.1.2 ISO 16733 133
7.1.3 ISO 23932 139
7.1.3.1 Scope and Principles of the Standard 139
7.1.4 ISO 17776 143
7.1.5 ISO 13702 143
7.2 British Standards (BS) – UK 146
7.2.1 PAS 911 147
7.2.1.1 Risk and Hazard Assessment 152
7.2.2 BS 9999 156
7.3 Society of Fire Protection Engineers – USA (SFPE-USA) 159
7.3.1 Engineering Guide to Fire Risk Assessment 160
7.3.2 Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection 163
7.4 Italian Fire Code 167
7.4.1 IFC Fire-Safety Design Method 168
8 Performance-Based Fire Engineering 175
9 Fire Risk Assessment Methods 189
9.1 Risk Assessment Method Selection 191
9.2 Risk Identification 192
9.2.1 Brainstorming 193
9.2.2 Checklist 194
9.2.3 What–If 194
9.2.4 HAZOP 196
9.2.5 HAZID 199
9.2.6 FMEA/FMEDA/FMECA 201
9.3 Risk Analysis 215
9.3.1 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 215
9.3.2 Event Tree Analysis (ETA) 219
9.3.3 Bow-Tie and LOPA 224
9.3.3.1 Description of the Method 226
9.3.3.2 Building a Bow-Tie 229
9.3.3.3 Barriers 232
9.3.3.4 LOPA Analysis in Bow-Tie 238
9.3.4 FERA and Explosion Risk Assessment and Quantitative Risk Assessment 243
9.3.5 Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) 243
9.3.6 Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment (FERA) 254
9.4 Risk Evaluation 258
9.4.1 FN Curves 258
9.4.2 Risk Indices 259
9.4.3 Risk Matrices 260
9.4.4 Index Methods 264
9.4.4.1 An Example from a “Seveso” Plant 266
9.4.5 SWeHI Method 267
9.4.6 Application 268
9.5 Simplified Fire Risk Assessment Using a Weighted Checklist 272
9.5.1 Risk Levels 273
10 Risk Profiles 281
10.1 People 282
10.2 Property 283
10.3 Business Continuity 285
10.4 Environment 287
11 Fire Strategies 289
11.1 Risk Mitigation 289
11.2 Fire Reaction 295
11.3 Fire Resistance 296
11.4 Fire Compartments 300
11.5 Evacuation and Escape Routes 303
11.6 Emergency Management 312
11.7 Active Fire Protection Measures 317
11.8 Fire Detection 323
11.9 Smoke Control 330
11.10 Firefighting and Rescue Operations 332
11.11 Technological Systems 334
12 Fire-Safety Management and Performance 339
12.1 Preliminary Remarks 339
12.2 Safety Management in the Design Phase 341
12.3 Safety Management in the Implementation and Commissioning Phase 344
12.4 Safety Management in the Operation Phase 345
13 Learning from Real Fires (Forensic Highlights) 349
13.1 Torre dei Moro 349
13.1.1 Why It Happened 349
13.1.2 Findings 350
13.1.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 350
13.2 Norman Atlantic 352
13.2.1 Why It Happened 352
13.2.2 Findings 355
13.2.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 357
13.3 Storage Building on Fire 357
13.3.1 Why It Happened 357
13.3.2 Findings 358
13.3.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 359
13.4 ThyssenKrupp Fire 360
13.4.1 Why It Happened 360
13.4.2 Findings 363
13.4.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 364
13.5 Refinery’s Pipeway Fire 366
13.5.1 Why It Happened 366
13.5.2 Findings 367
13.5.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 367
13.6 Refinery Process Unit Fire 367
13.6.1 Why It Happened 367
13.6.2 Findings 370
13.6.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations 373
13.7 Fire in Historical Buildings 374
13.7.1 Introduction 374
13.7.1.1 Description of the Building and Works 376
13.7.2 The Fire 379
13.7.2.1 The Fire Damage 379
13.7.3 Fire-Safety Lessons Learned 379
13.8 Fire Safety Concepts Tree Applied to Real Events 380
14 Case Studies (Risk Assessment Examples) 387
14.1 Introduction 396
14.2 Facility Description 396
14.3 Assessment 397
14.3.1 Selected Approach and Workflow 397
14.3.2 Methods 398
14.3.3 Fire Risk Assessment 404
14.3.4 Specific Insights 406
14.4 Results 410
15 Conclusions 421 Bibliography 425 Index 435
Foreword
“Fire safety between prescription and performance”.
Fire safety, in deliberately general terms, is a discipline of extreme complex application. This is primarily because, although it presents itself as a specialised sector, it affects almost the entirety of the profiles in which the design of an activity is declined; if we think that the firesafety strategy developed for a given commercial activity conditions the choice of furnishings and fittings, we immediately realise the breadth of the profiles and perspectives impacted by the discipline. Second, because fire safety runs through and affects all phases of the development of an activity, starting from design and ending with daily management, once implemented, the fire-safety strategy must be applied in the operation of the activity and cyclically measured in expected performances.
Considering therefore the breadth of the regulated profiles and the immanence of fire safety in management processes, it is easy to understand how the discipline cannot be relegated among the recurring fulfilments to be carried out once and for all, but must find an integrated place in the production cycle and constitute an opportunity to improve the overall management process of the activity.
A little further elaboration is needed on this point.
In fact, fire safety – particularly in its prevention portion – was perceived as a separate process that had to accompany, through fire-safety design, the technical development of a given project, and that ended with obtaining a favourable opinion from the competent authorities and obtaining certification once the project was implemented (where applicable).
Such an approach was undoubtedly favoured by a prescriptive regulatory approach that, by providing for predetermined standards, allowed for the certainty of compliance once they had been integrated.
In fact, this approach can certainly not be considered the most efficient; the inherent limitation of the prescriptive approach precisely lies in the general and abstract nature of the standardisation and thus in the rigid application of standards:
● on the one hand, they condition the possibility of developing innovative solutions in the case of new works;
● on the other hand, they do not allow the utilisation in the fire strategy of strengths that may be available in existing works and activities through compensation with other requirements that are not fully sufficient.
Granted, with all its limitations, but the prescriptive approach is somewhat reminiscent of the Platonic view of reality in which the project constitutes the ideality and its application represents its imperfect mirror.
The fact is that, probably also due to instances of severe and continuous innovation in architectural, engineering and supporting technological development, a more performance-oriented approach to fire-safety management has progressively established itself, the development of which has gone hand in hand with the affirmation of the centrality of risk assessment and the empowerment of the activity owner in this regard.
In short, the fire protection designer has been allowed to play a central role in constructing the fire protection strategy – as if he or she were the ‘demiurge’ that connects reality to bring it closer to its ideality – with the owner’s guarantee and commitment to ensure that the assumptions underlying the design and expected performance are maintained over time.
Having said this, in such a largely established context, it would make no sense – in addition to being inconsistent with the obligations assumed by the owner with respect to the service – to manage fire prevention ‘fulfilments’ in a minimal and fractional manner in the context of the entire business cycle.
On the contrary, also thanks to the technological development of support tools, the integration of fire safety into the broader system of business process management constitutes an opportunity for overall improvement, both to strengthen safety and performance monitoring and to extend a participative and conscious approach of all actors involved.
This book, applicable to civil buildings as well as to industrial assets, enforces a holistic view of fire strategy design to be coupled with a conscious management of assets overtime to ensure the maintenance of the performances identified to achieve an acceptable level of fire risk from the earliest design stages and from the risk-based identification of fire scenarios by the competent application of sound approaches and methods.
Damiano Tranquilli Head
of Safety, Environment and Quality of Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, Direzione operativa stazioni. Head of Safety, GS Rail, Operations. Italian Ferrovie dello Stato Group
Foreword
According to its current technical definition, risk is the potential for realisation of unwanted, adverse consequences to human life, health, property or to the environment. Estimation of risk (for an event) is usually based on the expected value of the conditional probability of the event occurring times the consequence of the event, given that it has occurred. In this context, fire risk management can be considered as the process of firstly understanding and characterising fire hazard in a building, unwanted outcomes that may result from a fire, and secondly developing optimal and robust fire strategies to reduce risk or, at least, control its occurrence.
Recent tragic fire events such as the fire of the Grenfell Tower in London (2017) and of the Torre dei Moro in Milano (2021) have shown the importance of integrating the fire risk analysis from the beginning of the building design process, in order to identify the best fire strategy to be implemented in the construction. In both cases, the composite facades heated up rapidly and allowed the fire to spread faster, pass through windows and advance from floor to floor up and down the building’s facade.
In this book, the authors, thanks to their personal experience in fire-safety design and accident analysis, provide a comprehensive treatise of fire risk management. First, they describe recent fires, failed strategies and lessons learned. As a second step, they define the appropriate measures for fire risk assessment and the acceptable fire risk levels (according to national and international rules and performance-based codes) representing the first step in fire risk management. Then, the authors explain the state-of-the-art fire risk assessment and the fire-safety design leading to risk mitigation.
All the aspects of fire risk management are considered, including, for example, fault tree analysis, barrier performance, fire growth, fire spread and smoke movement, compartments, occupant response and evacuation models. Critical aspects of risk, such as the correct analysis of event consequences on people, environment, property and business continuity, are included. Finally, a note on explosions and appendices dedicated to railway stations, process industries and warehouse storage buildings are included.
The wide experience of the authors, both on civil buildings and industrial assets, along with their clarity and scientific rigor, make the book a unique and comprehensive essay on fire risk management.
Prof. Dr. Eng. Bernardino Chiaia Head of the Center SISCON ‘Safety of Infrastructures and Constructions’, Politecnico di Torino (Italy)
Foreword
Fire risk management in contexts where the magnitude of damage is potentially very high is a particularly complex business. The history of major accidents teaches that they are typically determined by a variety of logically connected and antecedent causes to the facts, revealing that prevention is a multidisciplinary and multi-level theme, which is constituted on a stratification of decisions and controls, to be planned and supervised with the highest time priority.
Largest industrial organisations have long time ago understood that serious risks like this –which shake the foundations of entrepreneurial certainties linked to human, industrial, economic and reputational heritage – need to be matched, even before an adequately articulated architecture of measures, an iterative and very robust assessment system in order to properly understand accident phenomena in their possibilities, create organisational awareness and management competence among the professional figures involved, and reach a risk management plan capable of providing adequate strategies and responses.
Process control measures, as well as prevention and protection measures, while qualifying the organisation in terms of performance, activate investment procedures that are sometimes very demanding; therefore, the decisions connected to this must be carefully weighed, making use of all the available technologies and specific competencies to define the best actions to protect safety.
In this perspective, this editorial work is precious because, starting from a very broad and usable explication of the fundamental notions, it allows us to understand the importance of conducting weighted and customer-specific analyses and decisions. In fact, there are different methodologies and approaches for risk assessment, and it is now clear that the same performance result – in the design phase – can be achieved with a different dosage of technical-plant engineering solutions, organisational-managerial solutions and/or behavioural solutions, which turns into different costs and sustainability of the results for the operators or users of the assets. What are the most appropriate choices? What implications and charges do these choices entail on the operational management of processes? Since safety is the ultimate and common goal of all the involved actors, fire risk management is obviously not a theme that is affirmed only when the analysis is carried out, nor it is resolved in the effective completion of an authorisation process: the assessment process must accompany a project from its birth and continue throughout its life, consolidating its being as plural process in terms of ownership, temporal development and a variety of analytical and methodological focuses.
Risk assessment becomes a mindset to be used regularly. Appropriately fast and accurate methodologies must correspond to this; the use of resources must in fact be modular so that the efforts of calculation, representation, discussion and investment are diversified and concentrate where needed. Conversely, adopting inadequate methodologies necessarily involves a high risk on
detriment of the asset under consideration, for the simple fact that some risk scenarios may be unknown and therefore not well controlled.
Finally, a good risk assessment provides clear and accurate outputs. Based on this, an effective competence network can be established for the benefit of all components of the organisation concerned. It is no longer just a matter of fostering the ability to react at zero time; rather, the foundations are laid for a widespread governance culture causal elements as well as elements not directly conducive to, obtainable only through an adequate study that moves the centre of the time axis away from the moment of the accident.
Vito Carbonara
Sabo S.p.A. (Italy) –Technical Procurement and Logistics Director
Preface
Heraclitus, an ancient Greek philosopher, asserted that everything in the world flows (‘Panta Rei’) and that fire represents universal becoming better than anything else because fire itself is the ‘arché’, the principle from which all things are generated.
For the philosopher, this is becoming not random and chaotic but is regular and orderly, provided one knows the rules.
In this volume, we have tried to explain the complex rules governing fire in a simple way, using methods, from the simplest to the most refined, such as the engineering approach.
Studying the development of smoke and heat in fires, knowing the effects they have on people and buildings, helps a great deal in adopting the right strategies for preventing and containing fires.
But the approach taken in the book is deliberately holistic in the sense that each individual strategy can have a great influence on the others, and therefore fire prevention must be seen as a whole.
And as a whole, the success (or failure) of the strategies implemented also depends on the behaviour of the people involved, behaviour that must be framed within a safety management perspective.
A volume that purports to present the historical discipline of fire prevention but with a new methodological approach based on the performance to be achieved rather than on strongly prescriptive but often uncritical methods and requirements.
Happy reading.
Luca Fiorentini and Fabio Dattilo
Acknowledgments
First of all, we would like to express our sincere thanks to Riccardo Di Camillo (P.Eng.).
Riccardo Di Camillo is Head of Fire Safety and Emergency Planning at Grandi Stazioni Rail S.p.A. – Operations, where he deals with all safety issues including permitting activities for the major Italian railway stations. Given his expertise in dealing with very large and complex railway infrastructures as well as with their renovation and modification plans, Riccardo gave us an important and fundamental support in developing all the fire strategy elements in the chapter with the title ‘fire strategies’. Fire risk mitigation should be based on a fire strategy conceived to be reliable over time, focused, auditable, and Riccardo, being a professional engineer specialised in fire-safety engineering, also offered us the practical experience in managing fire strategy elements on a daily basis in complex railway stations and infrastructure. This allowed us to highlight how the link between risk analysis, the basis of a performance approach, must necessarily find fulfilment in the implementation of an effective strategy over time as a commitment by organisations to ensure that an acceptable level of fire risk is maintained over time. Riccardo showed how the effective maintenance of the basic elements of the strategy must take into account the complications associated with the normal day-to-day management of the infrastructure for which he works, posed by the constant transformations during the necessary operational continuity, the presence of the public, the intersection with other infrastructure, and nonetheless the architectural complexity, the extension and the use of historical assets. By masterfully managing these aspects within the scope of his work, relating to all stakeholders, he enabled us to describe in a simple, clear and effective manner the problems and methods to seek their solution in the combination of actions aimed on the one hand at identifying and measuring the fire risk and on the other hand at managing the risk over time.
A heartfelt thank you people at TECSA S.r.l. (www.tecsasrl.it) who deal every day in fire risk assessment and industrial risk assessment consulting activities, overcoming the challenges posed by complexity and sharing the professional growth of the entire organisation that complexity itself poses to all those who are called upon to ensure safety over time. Through TECSA activities it is possible every day to measure oneself against important and unique experiences that impose the need to disseminate and share the lessons learnt so that we can increasingly not only speak a common language but also acquire a common understanding. TECSA gave us the material to prepare the case studies in this book summarising some experiences.
Finally, considering the fact that fire safety is an achievement of the organisations for themselves to protect their people, their contractors and third parties working there, the environment, their assets and their business continuity, it is most important to thank Dr. Germano Peverelli, President
Acknowledgments
and CEO of Sabo S.p.A. (www.sabo.com), a fine chemical company operating for more than 80 years and under the requirements of the Seveso major accident EU Directive. We appreciated the proactive attitude of the company in dealing with fire and industrial risks as issues to be conjugated with the business. We should thank those guys firstly not only for having allowed high-level risk identification and management activities to be carried out using modern methodologies, but also for having established a relationship over the years characterised by seriousness and a common will to assess and manage fire and industrial risks in the best way and without compromise as a fundamental value for the organisation and all the involved stakeholders including the authorities having jurisdiction. Some of their continuous investments for safety and their commitment widely transpire from several summarised case studies presented in this book for which we thank them.
List of Acronyms
AHJ Authority Having Jurisdiction
AIChE American Institute of Chemical Engineers
AIIA Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Antincendio (SFPE Italy)
ALARP As Low as Reasonably Practicable
ANSI American National Standards Institute
API American Petroleum Institute
ASET Available Safe Egress Time
ATEX Explosive Atmosphere
BFA Barrier Failure Analysis
BIA Business Impact Analysis
BLEVE Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion
BS British Standard
BSI British Standard Institute
CEI Comitato Elettrotecnico Italiano
CEN European Committee for Standardisation
CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
CLP Classification, Labelling and Packaging (EU Regulation)
COMAH Control of Major Accident Hazards (Regulation)
DCS Distributed Control System
DNV Det Norske Veritas (now DNV-GL)
DOWF&EI Dow Fire and Explosion Index
EIV Emergency Isolation Valve
ETA Event Tree Analysis
EVAC Evacuation
EWS Early Warning System
F&EI Fire and Explosion Index
F&G Fire and Gas
FARSI Functionality, Availability, Reliability, Survivability and Interaction
FDS Fire Dynamics Simulator
FEM Finite-Element Method
FERA Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment
FMEA Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
FMECA Failure Modes and Effects Criticality Analysis
FMEDA Failure Modes and Effects Diagnostics Analysis
F–N Frequency–Number (of fatalities)
FPSO Floating Production and Offloading
FRA Fire Risk Assessment
FRM Fire Risk Management
FSE Fire-Safety Engineering
FSM Fire-Safety Management
FSMS Fire-Safety Management System
FTA Fault Tree Analysis
GSA Gestione Sicurezza Antincendio (Fire-Safety Management)
HAC Hazardous Area Classification
HAZAN Hazards Analysis
HAZID Hazards Identification
HAZOP Hazard and Operability
HEP Human Error Probability
HMI Human–Machine Interface
HRA Human Reliability Analysis
HRR Heat Release Rate
HS Health and Safety
HSMS Health and Safety Management System
HSE Health, Safety, Environment
HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
ICI Imperial Chemical Industries
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IMO International Maritime Organisation
IPL Independent Protection Layer
ISO International Standard Organisation
ISO-TR ISO-Technical Report
ISO-TS ISO-Technical Specification
LFL Low Flammability Level
LGN Liquid Natural Gas
LOC Loss of Containment
LOPA Layer of Protection Analysis
LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas
MARS Major Accidents Reporting System
MIL-STD Military Standard (US)
MOC Management of Change
NFPA National Fire Protection Association (USA)
NIST National Institute for Standards and Technology (USA)
OHSAS Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series
P&IDS Process and Instrumentation Diagrams
PDCA Plan Do Check Act
PED Pressure Equipment Directive (EU)
PFD Probability of Failure on Demand
PHA Preliminary (Process) Hazards Analysis
PSV Pressure Safety Valve
QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment
RAGAGEPS Recognised and General Accepted Good Engineering Practices
RAM Reliability Availability Maintainability
RAMS Reliability Availability Maintainability Safety
RBD Reliability Block Diagram
RHR Heat Release Rate
Renv Risk for Environment
Rlife Risk for Occupants
Rpro Risk for Assets and Business Continuity
RM Risk Management
RSET Required Safe Egress Time
SFPE Society of Fire Protection Engineers
SIF Safety Instrumented Function
SIL Safety Integrity Level
SIS Safety Instrumented System
SMS Safety Management System
TNO Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzo
TOR Terms of Reference
UNI-VVF Italian Specific Technical Regulation
UVCE Unconfined Vapour Cloud Explosion
VCE Vapour Cloud Explosion
