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The Substance of Consciousness
A Comprehensive Defense of Contemporary Substance Dualism
Brandon Rickabaugh
J. P. Moreland
Copyright © 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Published simultaneously in Canada.
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“There is exactly one overriding question in contemporary philosophy….How do we fit in?…How can we square this self-conception of ourselves as mindful, meaning-creating, free, rational, etc., agents with a universe that consists entirely of mindless, meaningless, unfree, nonrational, brute physical particles?”
John Searle, Freedom and Neurobiology
To Richard Swinburne, whose meticulous reformulation and rigorous defense of substance dualism has inspired and challenged generations of philosophers to contend with the reality that we are body and soul.
To the prolific substance dualists of our lifetime who have greatly inspired and informed our work: Todd Buras, Roderick Chisholm (in his better moments), C. Stephen Evans, Stewart Goetz, W. D. Hart, William Hasker, Robert Koons, H. D. Lewis, E. J. Lowe, David Lund, Alexander Pruss, Uwe Meixner, Charles Taliaferro, Dean Zimmerman, and Dallas Willard.
2.3.3
2.4.5.1
2.4.5.2
2.4.5.3 Emergence
5.2.3.1 Explanatory
5.2.3.2 Unity and Simplicity Seemings 85
5.2.3.3 The Cognitive Science of Commonsense Substance Dualism 86
5.2.3.4 Eighteen Distinct Dualist Seemings 88
5.2.3.5 Artificial Intelligence Test Seemings 90
5.2.3.6 Three Explanatory Conditions of Dualist Seemings 90
5.3 A Direct Self-Awareness Argument for Substance Dualism
5.3.1 DSA: The Direct Self-Awareness Account of Dualist Seemings
5.3.2 Knowledge by Acquaintance
5.3.3 Monadic Intentionality
5.3.4 Givenness and Directedness
5.3.5 Direct Self-Awareness as a Self-Presenting Property 98
5.3.6 Self-Awareness Necessity
5.3.7 The Causal-Acquaintance Principle
5.3.8 Monadic Intentionality, Direct Self-Awareness, and Dualist Seemings
5.3.9 Satisfying the Explanatory Conditions of Dualist Seemings
5.3.10 Explanatory
5.4 A Direct Reflective Self-Awareness Argument for Substance
5.4.1 Husserlian Fulfillment Structures and Self-Knowledge
5.4.2 Knowledge and Intentionality
5.4.3 Fulfilled
5.5 Objections to Self-Awareness
5.5.1 Hume’s Phenomenological
5.5.2 Commonsense Materialism
5.5.3 Linguistic
5.5.4 Absent
5.5.5 Religious
5.5.6 Neuroscientific
5.5.7 Self-Awareness
5.5.8 The Dual-Process Defeater
5.5.8.1 Dualist Seemings and Moorean Facts
5.5.8.2 A Dualist Rival to DPA
5.5.8.3 A Generality Problem for DPA
5.5.8.4 A Superior Physicalist Account of Self-Awareness
5.6 A Crucial Implication of the Direct Self-Awareness
6.2.1 Phenomenal
6.2.2 Phenomenal
6.2.3 Subject
6.3 Phenomenally
6.3.1 The
6.3.2 A
6.3.3 The
6.3.4 A
6.3.5 A
6.3.6 The
6.3.8 Not
6.4 Phenomenally
6.4.1 The
6.4.2
6.5 General
6.4.2.4
7.3.3 Plantinga’s Replacement Argument
7.3.4 Normative, Teleological Rationality, Rational Deliberation, and the Simple Enduring Spiritual Self 160
7.3.4.1 Reasoning Is Intrinsically Teleological 160
7.3.4.2 Fulfillment Structures and Teleologically Arranged Action Plans 162
7.4 Defense of Premise (1): MAs Are Mereological Inconstant Objects 163
7.4.1 An Ontological Assay of MAs 164
7.4.2 Defeaters for the Complex View of PI
7.4.2.1 The Circularity Problem 165
7.4.2.2 Gradualism, Transitivity, and Sorites 166
7.4.2.3 The Fission Problem 166
7.4.2.4 Immanent Causation to the Rescue? 167
7.4.3 Two Physicalist Alternatives to Human Persons as MAs 169
7.4.3.1 We Are Atomic Simples 169
7.4.3.1.1 Chisholm on Extended Physical Atoms or Simple Souls 169
7.4.3.1.2 Mental Subjects Are Simple Souls: Assessing the Case 170
7.4.3.1.3 The Ubiquitous Rejection of the EPA Position 171
7.4.3.2 We Are Homeodynamic Systems 172
7.4.3.2.1 Objections to the Systems Approach 173
7.4.3.2.1.1 What We Seem to Know About Ourselves 174
7.4.3.2.1.2 Avoid Spooky Entities at All Costs 174
7.4.3.2.1.3 Complex Systems as Synchronically Unified Wholes 174
7.4.3.2.1.4 Problems with Harmonizing Physicalism and Downward Causation (DC) 174
7.4.3.2.1.5 Complex Systems as Enduring Continuants 178
7.4.3.2.1.6 Versions of Staunch Hylomorphism Are Superior to Systems Theories of Organisms, Specifically, Human Persons 179
PART IV Updated and Novel Arguments from Modality and Libertarian Freedom
CHAPTER 8 Upgrading Modal Arguments for Substance Dualism 191
8.1 A Modal Argument for SD 191
8.1.1 Statement of the Argument 191
8.1.2 Clarification of the Argument
8.2 Defense of the Argument 193
8.2.1 Contingent Physicalism and Premise (2) 193
8.2.1.1 Merricks on Contingent Physicalism and the Modal Argument 193
8.2.1.1.1 Objections to Merricks’s Argument 194
8.2.1.2 Contra Bailey’s Contingent Physicalism 201
8.2.1.2.1 Four Features of Bailey’s Position 201
8.2.1.2.2 Four Problems with Bailey’s Position 203
8.2.1.2.3 An Addition Response to Bailey’s Via Negativa 211
8.2.2 Clarification and Defense of Premise (3)
8.2.2.1 Conceivability and Possibility
8.2.2.2 Modal Epistemology, Rational Intuitions as Seemings and Adequate Intuitive
8.2.2.2.1 Timothy
8.3 Five Objections Against Modal Arguments for SD
8.3.1 The
8.3.2
8.3.3 Physicalist and Dualism Intuitions Cancel Out Each Other
9.2.1 The
9.2.2 Our
9.3.2.5 Free Agents Act for the Sake of Teleological Ends 245
9.3.2.6 Free Agents Exhibit Top/Down Causation 246
9.4 Alternatives to SLA 249
9.4.1 Daniel Dennett and Free Will Irrealism 249
9.4.2 John Searle and Creative Compatibilism 250
9.4.2.1 Free Will Within Naturalist Constraints 250
9.4.2.2 A Solution to the Naturalist Problem of Free Will
9.4.2.3 A Critique of Searle’s Solution 254
9.4.3 Robert Kane and Faint-Hearted Libertarian Freedom 257
9.4.3.1 Kane and Naturalistic Constraints
9.4.3.2 Three Objections to Kane’s Position 259
9.4.3.2.1 Kane’s Denial of a Substantial Agent 259
9.4.3.2.2 Two Problems with Kane’s Account of Causality
9.4.3.2.3 Kane’s Rejection of Reasons as Teleological Ends 261
9.4.4 Kevin Timpe and Jonathan Jacobs: Minimalist Naturalism and Libertarianism 261
9.5 Causal Closure of the Physical and “Top-Down” Causation 263
9.5.1 Kim’s Supervenience Argument 263
9.5.2 Kim’s Crucial Background Assumption
9.5.3 The Major Difficulty: Emergence
9.5.3.1 No Causal Overdetermination
9.5.3.1.1 Ted Sider’s Counterargument and Our Response
9.5.3.1.2 Macro-Objects Are Aggregates 266
9.5.3.1.3 Adapting a Defeater from O’Connor and Churchill 267
9.6 Conclusion
PART V New and Neglected Responses to Common Defeaters Against Substance Dualism
CHAPTER 10 Important Frequently Raised Defeaters Against Substance Dualism
10.1 The Three Problems of Causal Interaction
10.1.1 Disambiguating “How Can Mental Entities Causally Interact with Physical Entities?”
10.1.2 Causal Interaction Violates the Conservation of Energy Principle
10.1.3 Causal Interaction Falls Prey to the Problem of Causal Pairing
10.2 Nine Neuroscientific Objections to SD
10.2.1 SD as a Soul-of-the-Gaps Argument
10.2.2 Neuroscience and the Explanatory Impotence of SD
10.2.3 Empirically Equivalent Theories and the Findings of Neuroscience 288
10.2.4
10.2.6 Scientific Explanation, Necessitation, and the Failure of the
10.2.7
and an Ad Hoc, Bloated
10.2.8 The
11.3.3 SD
8.2
8.3
