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Smart Cities Cybersecurity and Privacy Danda B. Rawat
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781394215874
Cover image: Pixabay.com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
in the USA
S. Venkatesh Kumar, C. Kathirvel and P. Sebastian Vindro Jude
32.1
32.3
Komathi, Arun A., M. G. Umamaheswari, S. Durgadevi and K. Thirupura Sundari 35.1
41 Case Study: Smart City Prospects for Economic Growth
Divyansh Singh, Milind Shrinivas Dangate and Nasrin I. Shaikh
Varun Gopalakrishnan, Dhakshain Balaji V., Nasrin I. Shaikh and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
42.3.3 Scenario 3: Smart De-Growth (Decreased
42.3.4 Scenario 4: Stagnation (Decreased
M. R., Tarusri Raja and Reena Monica P.
Preface
What makes a regular electric grid a “smart” grid? It comes down to digital technologies that enable “two-way communication between the utility and its customers, and the sensing along the transmission lines,” according to SmartGrid.gov. Based on statistics and available research, even though IoT is the talk of the town, smart grids globally attract the largest investment venues in smart cities. Smart grids and city buildings that are connected in smart cities contribute to significant financial savings and contribute to improve the country economy globally. The smart grid evolves around its efficient portfolio in the forte of how and when to utilize electricity and other forms of energy. Smart Grids vastly involve IoT sensors and real-time communication features that contribute to control loads based on available supply and peak demand characteristics. Phenomenal research and deployment is witnessed in the area of smart meters enabled smart cities.
In the traditional electrical grid, “power flows in one direction — from centralized generation facilities, through transmission lines, and finally to the customer via distribution utilities.” The smart grid has a multitude of components, including controls, computers, automation, and new technologies and equipment working together. Also these technologies will work in conjunction with the electrical grid to respond digitally to our quickly changing electric demand.
The investment in smart grid technology also has certain challenges. Ideally the interconnected feature of smart grids is valuable but it tremendously increases their susceptibility to threats. Smart Grid stakeholders also agree on the fact that since numerous non-utility stakeholders and devices are connected to smart grids, even in the best conditions possible, the secure operations can no longer be guaranteed by a single organization or security department. It is crucial to make sure that smart grid is made secure wherein number of technologies are employed to increase the real-time situational awareness and the ability to support renewables and system automation to increase the reliability, efficiency and safety of the
electric grid. Various secure communications solutions are available for public utilities to contribute to the newest smart grid applications including advanced metering infrastructure, distribution automation, voltage optimization and substation automation.
5 Salient Features:
1. Smart grids: Concepts, Challenges, Architecture, Standards, and Communication
2. Renewable Energy Systems (RES) enhanced smart grids
3. Smart Grid Applications and Benefits to Smart City
4. The synergy of Sustainability, ICT, and Urbanization in Smart Cities
5. Smart City: IoT, Cloud, Big Data Convergence and Wireless Networks
Smart Child Tracking System
Vijayan Sumathi1*, Mohamed Abdullah. J.2, Rethinam Senthil3 and E. Prema4
1Centre for Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
2School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
3Ege University, Bornova, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
4VIT School of Law, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
Abstract
Recent advancements in embedded technologies have helped researchers develop various applications and systems with varying design requirements. This study focuses on safety and precautions for child monitoring systems. The main challenge of modern-day parenting is continuous monitoring of their children; it is rigorous and exhausting. A solution requires overseeing children when their parents are not in the children’s vicinity to avoid mishaps. When the parents do not directly supervise the child, the child’s movement inside the home is monitored through sensors interfaced with the microcontroller. The application of social network tools, in particular GSM, aids in providing tracking information of the child to its parents via SMS to their mobile phones. The developed tracking system is adaptable, affordable and easy to interface in real time.
Keywords: Global system for mobile communication, arduino microcontroller, tracking system, sensor network, child monitoring
21.1 Introduction
During the recent COVID-19 pandemic, many parents and caretakers were forced to isolate themselves and work from home. As a result, parenting and professional work together have become a burden, and continuous
monitoring of the children’s activity becomes tiresome work. To work in peace, parents require a solution vigilant enough to track the whereabouts of their children and cautiously warn them.
The tracking system is vital in the modern day since it is not possible to provide constant observation. Tracking systems have been successfully deployed in many applications such as monitoring patients, elderly and tracking vehicles [1]. This research focuses on cost, reliability, flexibility, and robustness while using a microcontroller to design a workable solution.
The proposed system focuses on tracking the child’s movement inside the house. Unfortunately, good childcare cannot be substituted; it requires constant monitoring; the truth is that constant monitoring of children is not feasible always, especially with toddlers aged between 2-4 years, when they cannot recognize danger. The tracking system plays a vital role. The information about the child is sent to parents if they move beyond the safe zone at home. This project implements two sensors-pressure sensors and beam-breaker, and information is transmitted through the GSM modem [2]. Sensors are deployed in homes to provide information if the child is approaching a hazardous environment within the home. When the child enters the restricted region, an observant message is instantly sent to the parents’ mobile about the child’s current position. It is essential to develop a system that is adaptable and low-cost. The objective is to build an intelligent child tracking system that is easy to install and add affordable and socially beneficial functions. The system equipped with microcontroller uses sensors and a global system for mobile communication (GSM) [3, 4].
The proposed software-based method sends specialized requests to the GSM network providers to send messages to parents whenever the child enters an unsafe area. The system uses a similar communication process as used in common mobile phones provided with a SIM card. Since SMS technology is simple, inexpensive and convenient for short communications, it has become more prominent. GSM has good network coverage in most urban areas, and it supports the users to communicate by allowing them to send short text messages to each other at a minimal cost [5, 6]. The designed system is low-cost, reliable and can be easily installed in the home. The danger states taken into consideration are falling into a swimming pool, hiding behind a gas heater, etc. Furthermore, the proposed system will not necessarily require the child to wear any sensor device for monitoring.
21.2 System Modeling
The model of the proposed system given in Figure 21.1 consists of both hardware and software modules. The hardware design for the tracking system consists of a Pressure pad, Beam-breaker, Microcontroller and a GSM Modem. The tracking system will provide the accurate location of the child according to the triggered sensor location. The microcontroller unit plays a vital role in the tracking unit, by acquiring and processing the signals collected from all the sensors. First, the collected signal is transmitted through the GSM communication controller, and then the GSM network sends the message to the monitoring centre. Finally, the warning message is delivered to the cell number provided in the code [7, 8].
In order to integrate the hardware system with the GSM network, a supporting algorithm is required. The flowchart of the overall design is programmed using the ‘C’ language as given in Figure 21.2, and using compiler software; it is converted and uploaded to the Arduino microcontroller.
21.3 Hardware Design
The microcontroller used in this tracking system is Arduino Uno; it is based on the ATmega328 platform with RISC architecture. The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for data storage. It also has EEPROM of 1 KB and SRAM of 2 KB. UART TTL (5V) serial communication on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) is available and GSM modem is used as user interface communication. As the system uses GSM mode for communication, even Internet outages will not affect the tracking system from sending messages. Moreover, short text communication is cost-efficient; it is effortless to choose a plan with low or zero cost SMS tariffs while purchasing a SIM card.
A piezoelectric plate is used as a pressure mat, and it is triggered from a single tap by feet; the model circuit for the pressure plate is given in Figure 21.3. If the area that needs to be covered is large, then a larger surfaced area pressure mat with several interconnected piezoelectric plates for sensing is required. By placing piezoelectric plates in parallel, we can create a pressure mat. Then, the LED status changes to high if the pressure sensor is triggered and a signal is sent to the microcontroller, followed by a message sent to the caregiver via GSM modem.
4 Smart Grids for Smart Cities Volume 2
Figure 21.1 Block diagram of the proposed tracking system.
Make all the connections
When any of the sensor is triggered Yes
if piezo plate is tapped? if sensor beam is broken?
LED will Glow
LED will Glow
GSM gets data and send
User receives the data Watchout! Jess is near electrical appliances.
Figure 21.2 Flowchart of the child tracking system.
User receives the data Alert! Jess is stepping outside.
The model circuit diagram of the beam breaker sensor is given in Figure 21.4; this circuit requires a BC548 transistor, IR module, 470Nf capacitor, and a 470Ω resistor. The IR module is be placed at the entrance of an unsafe zone or near a hazardous region. If the child crosses the IR module, it sends a triggering signal to the microcontroller, and the LED glows to indicate the movement. The hardware implementation of the model innovative child tracking system using microcontroller and GSM module is given in Figure 21.5 [9, 10].
21.4 Results and Discussion
A cautionary short text message is sent to the parents’ mobile phone via GSM modem if one of the sensors is triggered. For example, assume that
Figure 21.3 Circuit diagram of the pressure plate.
Figure 21.4 Circuit diagram of beam breaker sensor.
the child is walking across the kitchen area. When the child steps on the pressure mat, the sensor starts, and the high state of LED directs the GSM modem to transmit a SMS to the parents; the SMS conveyed by the GSM is given in Figure 21.6.
Figure 21.5 Hardware model of child tracking system.
Figure 21.6 GSM message sent to parents for pressure mat triggered.
If the child tries to enter an unsafe zone, then a beam of the sensor gets broken. It automatically senses the child’s current position and sends its data to the microcontroller, and the microcontroller transmits the data to the GSM modem. Finally, the message is forwarded to parents through the GSM, as given in Figure 21.7. There will be no transmission of the notice when none of the sensors is triggered.
21.5 Conclusion
This project implementation primarily focuses on monitoring a child’s position and then warning their parents about any critical situation. Its real-time capability assists parents in keeping their children safe from hazardous environments within the home. The flexibility of the designed system makes it easy to add new sensors to the existing system. The benefits of the tracking system include efficiency and affordable means of communication by use of SMS. Also, the system is robust and reliable and ensures easy installation. This pilot model system can be further extended and used in other applications for monitoring and tracking of even pets or any dependent who needs special supervision. And for future work, image sensors, cameras, GPS, and other sensors supported with provided data and images could be used to create a more reliable monitoring system. By using RFID tags [11, 12], multiple tracking of children in daycare or school
Figure 21.7 GSM message sent to parents for sensor beam triggered.
is possible, and this can be extended to perform the same for all children in the school to monitor within the campus.
References
1. Punetha, Deepak; Mehta, Vartika (2014). “Protection of the child/elderly/ disabled/pet by smart and intelligent GSM and GPS based automatic tracking and alert system”. IEEE 2014 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Delhi, India doi:10.1109/icacci.2014.6968490.
2. Khan Abid, Mishra Ravi, “GPS – GSM Based Tracking System”, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012.
3. Wang Xiaoli, Albert Kai-Sun Wong, and Yong ping Kong, “Mobility Tracking using GPS, Wi-Fi and Cell ID”. 27th International Conference on Information Networking. Bali, Indonesia 2012.
4. Cassandra Dsouza, Dhanashree Rane, “Design of Child Security System”. 2018 3rd International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), Pune, India. doi:10.1109/I2CT.2018.8529432.
5. Ramamurthy B., Bhargavi S., Shashi Kumar R., “Development of a Low-Cost GSM SMS-Based Humidity Remote Monitoring and Control system for Industrial Applications”. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 1, October 2010.
6. Al-Mazloum A., Omer E., Abdullah M. F. A., “GPS and SMS-Based Child Tracking System Using Smart Phone”. International Journal of Electrical, Electronic Science and Engineering, Vol. 7 No. 2, 2013.
7. Parvez M.Z., Ahmed K.Z., Mahfuz Q.R., Rahman M.S., “A theoretical model of GSM network-based vehicle tracking system”. International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE), 2010.
8. Liu Yanfei, “A Robotic Prototype System for Child Monitoring”. International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA), Volume 2, Issue 1, 2011.
9. Verma Pankaj, Bhatia J.S, “Design and Development of GPS-GSM Based Tracking System with Google Map-Based Monitoring”. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol. 3, No. 3, June 2013.
10. Sayad Tazeen, Upadhyay Jash, Naik Chetan, Mane Priyanka, “Parent Aid Mobile Application”. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, Volume 2, Issue 1, 2014.
11. Ge, Xin; Gu, Runan; Lang, Yifan; Ding, Yinyue, “Design of handheld positioning tracker based on GPS/GSM”. IEEE 3rd Information Technology and Mechatronics Engineering Conference (ITOEC), China 2017. doi:10.1109/ ITOEC.2017.8122477.
12. Rengaraj Vinoth; Bijlani Kamal, “A study and implementation of Smart ID card with M-Learning and Child security”. IEEE 2016 2nd International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Computing and Communication Technology (iCATccT), Bangalore, India. doi:10.1109/ ICATCCT.2016.7912013.
Smart Vehicular Parking Systems for Open Parking Lots
Sidharth Mishra, Rohan B., D. Subbulekshmi*, T. Deepa, S. Angalaeswari and Raana Cariappa Kalianda
School of Electrical Engineering, VIT Chennai, Chennai, India
Abstract
The primary goal of this project is to alleviate traffic congestion in the parking lot. Normally, we can observe a problem in multiplexes, cinema halls, huge industries, and function halls. Drivers have to search to find which line is empty and which line has a spot to park the vehicle. For parking, they need staff, which is a money-consuming process. To address this issue, we developed the Car Parking Sensor, which incorporates open source hardware, programmable sensors, and an Arduino interface for interpreting the digital output. As a result, the Car Parking Sensor project has been built in order to solve this problem.
Keywords: Smart parking, smart city, Arduino Uno, ultrasonic sensor
22.1 Introduction
One of the most inevitable challenges that drivers face in everyday life is finding a parking spot wherever they go, due to an extraordinary increase in the use of automobiles and an increase in the population. Our project approaches the difficult task of parking cars, especially during the busiest hours of the day. During peak hours, the bulk of the parking zones fill up, forcing people to search for their parking place among other parking areas, causing extra traffic and leaving them with no indication of parking spot accessibility. To address this issue, there is unquestionably a need for a better approach to parking in a work setting. To define such parking, it
is necessary to compare the cost and time of reserving a parking space with an optimal parking location. This project, on the other hand, creates a time-driven grouping method that uses the opening assignment technique to address the parking issue.
Motivation
Major problems in the world are taken care of on a fast track, but it is also important to think about accident prevention in the context of parking problems, which cause major damage every year. Keeping in mind the precious life of people and trying to decrease the damage to vehicles and casualties, we are out with a project.
22.2 Description of Smart Parking System
A form of sonar is used by parking sensors. Sonar, an acronym for radar and sound navigation, is a technique for measuring the distance and/or direction of an object based on the time it takes for a sound wave to travel to its destination and return. A speaker or microphone that generates or receives ultrasound is called an ultrasonic sensor. A type that can manage both emission and receiving is also available. This sort of sensor is seen in vehicle parking sensors. When the driver shifts into reverse, parking sensors are instantly activated and transmit ultrasonic signals. When these signals hit a nearby item, they are quickly reproduced and collected by the parking sensors. The distance between the vehicle and an object is measured by the engine control unit based on the duration between sending and receiving signals. When the car approaches an item, the alarm system sounds an auditory warning to the driver in order to avoid the vehicle from colliding with it.
Advantages
The following are some of the benefits of using a parking sensor.
• During car parking, this system reduces driver exhaustion.
• The challenging chore of parking in tight spaces is made easier by reducing the viewable area in the vehicle’s region.
• A better vision of the area after the vehicle reduces the likelihood of harm to the car or other nearby items.
Limitations
The following are the key limitations of this sensor.
• It is difficult to detect vertical or flat things in thin air.
• The sensor fails to detect the object when the surface is covered in snow cling or mud.
