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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology 12th Edition –Ebook PDF Version
Molecules, Chemical Bonds, and Chemical Reactions 20
Biochemistry: The Composition of Living Matter 23
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for Biochemistry 28
At the Clinic 30
The Finale: Multiple Choice 31
Chapter 3 CELLS AND TISSUES 33
Cells 33
Overview 33
Anatomy of a Generalized Cell 34
Cell Physiology 38
Body Tissues 46
Tissue Repair 51
Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues 52
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Cell 53
At the Clinic 54
The Finale: Multiple Choice 56
Chapter 4 SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES 59
Classification of Body Membranes 59
Integumentary System (Skin) 61
Basic Functions of the Skin 61
Basic Structure of the Skin 62
Appendages of the Skin 64
Homeostatic Imbalances of the Skin 67
Developmental Aspects of the Skin and Body
Membranes 68
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Skin 68
At the Clinic 70
The Finale: Multiple Choice 72
Chapter 5 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 75
Bones—An Overview 75
Axial Skeleton 79
Skull 79
Vertebral Column 83
Thoracic Cage 86
Appendicular Skeleton 87
Bone Fractures 96
Joints 97
Homeostatic Imbalances of Bones and Joints 99
Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton 99
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Skeletal System 100
At the Clinic 101
The Finale: Multiple Choice 103
Chapter 6 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 105
Overview of Muscle Tissues 105
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle 107
Skeletal Muscle Activity 109
Muscle Movements, Types, and Names 112
Gross Anatomy of the Skeletal Muscles 114
Muscles of the Head 114
Muscles of the Trunk 116
Muscles of the Hip, Thigh, and Leg 120
Muscles of the Arm and Forearm 122
General Body Muscle Review 123
Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System 128
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Muscular System 128
At the Clinic 129
The Finale: Multiple Choice 131
Chapter 7 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 133
Organization of the Nervous System 134
Nervous Tissue—Structure and Function 134
Central Nervous System 141
Brain 141
Protection of the CNS 147
Brain Dysfunctions 148
Spinal Cord 149
Peripheral Nervous System 152
Structure of a Nerve 152
Cranial Nerves 153
Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses 154
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 156
Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System 158
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Nervous System 158
At the Clinic 160
The Finale: Multiple Choice 163
Chapter 8 SPECIAL SENSES 165
The Eye and Vision 165
The Ear: Hearing and Balance 170
Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste 174
Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses 177
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Special Senses 178
At the Clinic 179
The Finale: Multiple Choice 181
Chapter 9 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 183
The Endocrine System and Hormone Function— An Overview 183
The Major Endocrine Organs 185 Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs 190
Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System 191
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Endocrine System 191
At the Clinic 192
The Finale: Multiple Choice 193
Chapter 10 BLOOD 195
Composition and Functions of Blood 195
Hemostasis 200
Blood Groups and Transfusions 201
Developmental Aspects of Blood 201
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Blood 202
At the Clinic 203
The Finale: Multiple Choice 205
Chapter 11 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 207
The Heart 207
Anatomy of the Heart 207 Physiology of the Heart 212
Blood Vessels 214
Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels 214
Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels 215
Physiology of Circulation 225
Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System 229
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Cardiovascular System 230
At the Clinic 231
The Finale: Multiple Choice 234
Chapter 12 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND BODY DEFENSES 237
The Lymphatic System 237
Lymphatic Vessels 237
Lymph Nodes and Other Lymphoid Organs 239
Body Defenses 242
Nonspecific (Innate) Body Defenses 242
Specific (Adaptive) Body Defenses: The Immune System 245
Disorders of Immunity 254
Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses 254
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Immune System 255
At the Clinic 257
The Finale: Multiple Choice 259
Chapter 13 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 261
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System 261
Respiratory Physiology 269
Respiratory Disorders 273
Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System 274
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Respiratory System 274
At the Clinic 276
The Finale: Multiple Choice 277
Chapter
14
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND BODY METABOLISM 279
Anatomy of the Digestive System 279
Physiology of the Digestive System 291
Nutrition and Metabolism 295
Nutrients Used by Body Cells 295
Metabolic Processes 296
Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System 300
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Digestive System 301
At the Clinic 302
The Finale: Multiple Choice 304
Chapter 15 THE URINARY SYSTEM 307
Kidneys 308
Location and Structure 308
Nephrons, Urine Formation, and Control of Blood Composition 310
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra 315
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 317
Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System 320
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Urinary System 320
At the Clinic 322
The Finale: Multiple Choice 323
Chapter 16 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 327
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System 327
Male Reproductive Functions 330
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 333
Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles 335
Mammary Glands 340
Survey of Pregnancy and Embryonic Development 340
Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System 345
Incredible Journey: A Visualization Exercise for the Reproductive System 346
At the Clinic 348
The Finale: Multiple Choice 350
Answers 353
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THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION 1
Most of us have a natural curiosity about our bodies, and a study of anatomy and physiology elaborates on this interest. Anatomists have developed a universally acceptable set of reference terms that allows body structures to be located and identified with a high degree of clarity. Initially, students might have difficulties with the language used to describe anatomy and physiology, but without such a special vocabulary, confusion is bound to occur.
The topics in this chapter enable students to test their mastery of terminology commonly used to describe the body and its various parts, and concepts concerning functions vital for life and homeostasis. Body organization from simple to complex levels and an introduction to the organ systems forming the body as a whole are also covered.
AN OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
1. Match the terms in Column B to the appropriate descriptions provided in Column A. Enter the correct letter or its corresponding term in the answer blanks.
1. The branch of biological science that studies and describes how body parts work or function
2. The study of the shape and structure of body parts
3. The tendency of the body’s systems to maintain a relatively constant or balanced internal environment
4. The term that indicates all chemical reactions occurring in the body
A. Anatomy
B. Homeostasis
C. Metabolism
D. Physiology
Column A
Column B
2. Use a highlighter to identify the terms or phrases that correctly relate to the study of physiology. Use a different color highlighter to identify those terms or phrases that relate to the study of anatomy. Color the coding circles.
Physiology
Anatomy
A. Measuring an organ’s size, shape, and weight
B. Can be studied in dead specimens
C. Often studied in living subjects
D. Chemistry principles
E. Measuring the acid content of the stomach
F. Principles of physics
G. Observing a heart in action
H. Dynamic
I. Dissection
J. Experimentation
K. Observation
L. Directional terms
M. Static
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
3. The structures of the body are organized into successively larger and more complex structures. Fill in the answer blanks with the correct terms for these increasingly larger structures.
Chemicals
4. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. Then, fill in the answer blanks with the correct group name. Follow the example below.
Organism
E.g. Atom Cell Tissue Alive Organ Group: Levels of structural organization
1. Protects the body; destroys bacteria and tumor cells.
4. Removes carbon dioxide from the blood.
6. Rids the body of nitrogencontaining wastes; conserves body water or eliminates excesses.
7. Includes the brain, nerves, and sensory receptors.
8. Moves the limbs; allows facial expression.
9. Provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act.
10. Is affected by the removal of the thyroid gland.
Down
2. Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues.
3. Protects underlying organs from drying out and from mechanical damage.
4. Includes the testis, vas deferens, and urethra.
5. Includes the esophagus, large intestine, and rectum.
6. Figures 1–1 to 1–6, on pages 4–6, represent the various body organ systems. Complete the following:
(A) Identify and name each organ system by labeling the organ system under each illustration.
(B) Select a different color for each organ and use it to color the coding circles and corresponding structures in the illustrations.
Blood vessels
Heart
Organ System:
Nasal cavity
Lungs
Trachea
Organ System:
Figure 1–1
Figure 1–2
○ Brain ○ Kidneys
○ Spinal cord ○ Ureters
○ Nerves ○ Bladder
Organ System:
Organ System:
Figure 1–3
Figure 1–4
Stomach
Organ System:
Esophagus
Oral cavity
Organ System:
Figure 1–5
Figure 1–6
MAINTAINING LIFE
7. Match the terms that relate to functional characteristics of organisms in Column B with the appropriate descriptions in Column A. Fill in the answer blanks with the appropriate letter or term.
Column A
1. Keeps the body’s internal environment distinct from the external environment
2. Provides new cells for growth and repair at a cellular level
3. Occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive activities
4. The tuna sandwich you have just eaten is broken down to its chemical building blocks
5. Elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and elimination of nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys
6. Ability to react to stimuli; a major role of the nervous system
7. Walking, throwing a ball, riding a bicycle
8. All chemical reactions occurring in the body
9. At the cellular level, membranes; for the whole organism, the skin
Column B
A. Digestion
B. Excretion
C. Growth
D. Maintenance of boundaries
E. Metabolism
F. Movement
G. Responsiveness
H. Reproduction
8. Using the key choices, correctly identify the survival needs that correspond to the following descriptions. Insert the correct letter or term in the answer blanks. Letters or terms can be used more than once.
Key Choices
A. Appropriate body temperature
B. Atmospheric pressure
C. Nutrients
D. Oxygen
E. Water
1. Includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and minerals
2. Essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing
3. Single substance accounting for more than 60% of body weight
4. Required for the release of energy from foodstuffs
5. Provides the basis for body fluids of all types
6. When too high or too low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional
HOMEOSTASIS
9. The following statements refer to homeostatic control systems. Complete each statement by inserting your answers in the answer blanks.
There are three essential components of all homeostatic control mechanisms: control center, receptor, and effector. The (1) senses changes in the environment and responds by sending information (input) to the (2) along the (3) pathway. The (4) analyzes the input, determines the appropriate response, and activates the (5) by sending information along the (6) pathway. When the response causes the initial stimulus to decline, the homeostatic mechanism is referred to as a (7) feedback mechanism. When the response enhances the initial stimulus, the mechanism is called a (8) feedback mechanism. (9) feedback mechanisms are much more common in the body.
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
10. Complete the following statements by filling in the answer blanks with the correct term.
The abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities are subdivisions of the (1) body cavity; the cranial and spinal cavities are parts of the (2) body cavity. The (3) body cavity is totally surrounded by bone and provides very good protection to the structures it contains.
11. Circle the term or phrase that does not belong in each of the following groupings. Then, fill in the answer blanks with the correct group name.
12. Select different colors for the dorsal and ventral body cavities and color the coding circles below. Complete the following in Figure 1–7:
(A) Color the corresponding cavities in figure A.
(B) Label the body cavity subdivisions that have a leader line in figure A.
(C) Label each of the abdominal regions indicated by a leader line in figure B.
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Figure 1–7
13. Select the key choices that identify the following body parts or areas. Enter the appropriate letter or corresponding term in the answer blanks.
Key Choices
A. Abdominal E. Buccal I. Inguinal M. Pubic
B. Antecubital F. Cervical J. Lumbar N. Scapular
C. Axillary G. Femoral K. Occipital O. Sural
D. Brachial H. Gluteal L. Popliteal P. Umbilical
1. Armpit
2. Thigh region
3. Buttock area
4. Neck region
5. “Belly button” area
6. Genital area
7. Anterior aspect of elbow
8. Posterior aspect of head
9. Area where trunk meets thigh
10. Back area from ribs to hips
11. Pertaining to the cheek
14. Using the key terms from Exercise 13, correctly label all body areas indicated with leader lines on Figure 1–8.
In addition, identify the sections labeled A and B in the figure.
Section A:
Section B:
Figure 1–8
15. From the key choices, select the body cavities and the cavity subdivision where the following surgical procedures would occur. Insert the correct letter(s) or term(s) in the answer blanks. Be precise. Items may have more than one answer.
Key Choices
A. Abdominal C. Dorsal E. Spinal G. Ventral
B. Cranial D. Pelvic F. Thoracic
1. Removal of the uterus, or womb
2. Coronary bypass surgery (heart surgery)
3. Removal of a serious brain tumor
4. Removal of a “hot” appendix
5. A stomach ulcer operation
16. Complete the following statements by choosing an anatomical term from the key choices. Enter the appropriate letter or term in the answer blanks.
Key Choices
A. Anterior D. Inferior G. Posterior J. Superior
B. Distal E. Lateral H. Proximal K. Transverse
C. Frontal F. Medial I. Sagittal
In the anatomical position, the face and palms are on the (1) body surface, the buttocks and shoulder blades are on the (2) body surface, and the top of the head is the most (3) part of the body. The ears are (4) to the shoulders and (5) to the nose. The heart is (6) to the spine and (7) to the lungs. The elbow is (8) to the fingers but (9) to the shoulder. In humans, the dorsal surface can also be called the (10) surface; however, in fourlegged animals, the dorsal surface is the (11) surface.
If an incision cuts the heart into right and left parts, the section is a (12) section, but if the heart is cut so that anterior and posterior parts result, the section is a (13) section. You are told to cut an animal along two planes so that the paired kidneys are observable in both sections. The two sections that meet this requirement are the (14) and (15) sections.
17. Using the key choices, identify the body cavities where the following body organs are located. Enter the appropriate letter or term in the answer blanks. Letters or terms can be used more than once.
Key Choices
A. Abdominopelvic
B. Cranial C. Spinal D. Thoracic
1. Stomach 7. Bladder
2. Small intestine 8. Trachea
3. Large intestine 9. Lungs
4. Spleen
5. Liver
6. Spinal cord
18. Number the following structures, from darkest (black) to lightest (white), as they would appear on an Xray. Number the darkest one 1, the next darkest 2, etc. (Hint: Denser structures appear lighter).
A. Soft tissue
B. Femur (bone of the thigh)
C. Air in lungs
D. Gold (metal) filling in a tooth
AT THE CLINIC
10. Pituitary gland
11. Rectum
12. Ovaries
19. A jogger has stepped in a pothole and sprained his ankle. What organ systems have suffered damage?
20. A newborn baby is unable to hold down any milk. Examination reveals a developmental disorder in which the esophagus fails to connect to the stomach. What survival needs are most immediately threatened?
21. The Chan family was traveling in their van and had a minor accident. The children in the backseat were wearing lap belts, but they still sustained bruises around the abdomen and had some internal organ injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others?
22. John, a patient at Jones City Hospital, is in tough shape. He has a hernia in his inguinal region, pain from an infected kidney in his lumbar region, and severe bruises and swelling in his pubic region. Explain where each of these regions is located.
23. The hormone thyroxine is released in response to a pituitary hormone called TSH. As thyroxine levels increase in the blood, they exert negative feedback on the release of TSH by the pituitary gland. What effect will this have on the release of TSH?
24. In congestive heart failure, the weakened heart is unable to pump with sufficient strength to empty its own chambers. As a result, blood backs up in the veins, blood pressure rises, and circulation is impaired. Describe what will happen as this situation worsens owing to positive feedback. Then, predict how a heartstrengthening medication will reverse the positive feedback.
25. The following advanced imaging techniques are discussed in the text: CT, DSA, PET, and MRI. Which of these techniques uses Xray? Which uses radio waves and magnetic fields? Which uses radioisotopes? Which displays body regions in sections? (You may have more than one answer for each question.)
26. A patient reports stabbing pains in the right hypochondriac region. The medical staff suspects gallstones. What region of the body will be examined?
27. Mr. Harvey, a computer programmer, has been complaining of numbness and pain in his right hand. His nurse practitioner diagnoses his problem as carpal tunnel syndrome and prescribes use of a splint. Where will Mr. Harvey apply the splint?
28. Mrs. Gallo's physician suspects that she is showing the initial signs of multiple sclerosis, a disease characterized by the formation of hardened plaques in the insulating sheaths surrounding nerve fibers. What medical imaging technique will the physician probably order to determine if such plaques are present?
THE FINALE: MULTIPLE CHOICE
29. Select the best answer or answers from the choices given.
1. Which of the following activities would not represent an anatomical study?
A. Making a section through the heart to observe its interior
B. Drawing blood from recently fed laboratory animals at timed intervals to determine their blood sugar levels
C. Examining the surface of a bone
D. Viewing muscle tissue through a microscope
2. The process that increases the size of the body or its number of cells is:
A. metabolism. C. growth.
B. responsiveness. D. digestion.
3. Which of the following is (are) involved in maintaining homeostasis?
A. Effector
B. Control center
C. Receptor
D. Feedback
E. Lack of change
4. When a capillary is damaged, a platelet plug is formed. The process involves platelets sticking to each other. The more platelets that stick together, the more the plug attracts additional platelets. This is an example of:
A. negative feedback.
B. positive feedback.
5. A coronal plane through the head:
A. could pass through both the nose and the occiput.
B. could pass through both ears.
C. must pass through the mouth.
D. could lie in a horizontal plane.
6. Which of the following statements is (are) correct?
A. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium.
B. The femoral region is superior to the tarsal region.
C. The orbital region is inferior to the buccal region.
D. The axillary region is lateral to the sternal region.
E. The crural region is posterior to the sural region.
7. Which of the following body regions is (are) found on the torso?
A. Gluteal D. Acromial
B. Inguinal E. Olecranal
C. Popliteal
8. A neurosurgeon orders a spinal tap for a patient. Into what body cavity will the needle be inserted?
A. Ventral D. Cranial
B. Thoracic E. Pelvic
C. Dorsal
9. An accident victim has a collapsed lung. Which cavity has been entered?
A. Mediastinal D. Vertebral
B. Pericardial E. Ventral
C. Pleural
10. Which body system would be affected by degenerative cartilage?
A. Muscular D. Skeletal
B. Nervous E. Lymphatic
C. Cardiovascular
11. The position of the heart relative to the structures around it would be described accurately as:
A. deep to the sternum (breast bone).
B. lateral to the lungs.
C. superior to the diaphragm.
D. inferior to the ribs.
E. anterior to the vertebral column.
12. What term(s) could be used to describe the position of the nose?
A. Intermediate to the eyes
B. Inferior to the brain
C. Superior to the mouth
D. Medial to the ears
E. Anterior to the ears
13. The radiographic technique used to provide information about blood flow is:
A. DSR. D. ultrasonography.
B. CT. E. any Xray technique.
C. PET.
14. A patient complains of pain in the lower right quadrant. Which system is most likely to be involved?
A. Respiratory D. Skeletal
B. Digestive E. Muscular
C. Urinary
15. Harry was sweating profusely as he ran in the 10K race. The sweat glands producing the sweat would be considered which part of a feedback system?
A. Stimulus C. Control center
B. Effectors D. Receptors
BASIC CHEMISTRY 2
6p 6n + 0
Everything in the universe is composed of one or more elements, the unique building blocks of all matter. Although more than 100 elemental substances exist, only four of these (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) make up more than 96% of all living material.
The student activities in this chapter consider basic concepts of both inorganic and organic chemistry. Chemistry is the science that studies the composition of matter. Inorganic chemistry studies the chemical composition of nonliving substances that (generally) do not contain carbon. Organic chemistry studies the carbon-based chemistry (or biochemistry) of living organisms, whether they are maple trees, fish, or humans.
Understanding of atomic structure, bonding behavior of elements, and the structure and activities of the most abundant biological molecules (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids) is tested in various ways. Mastering these concepts is necessary to understand how the body functions.
CONCEPTS OF MATTER AND ENERGY
1. Select all phrases that apply to each of the following statements and insert the letters in the answer blanks.
1. The energy located in the bonds of food molecules:
A. is called thermal energy.
B. is a form of potential energy.
2. Heat is:
A. thermal energy.
B. infrared radiation.
3. Whenever energy is transformed:
A. the amount of useful energy decreases.
B. some energy is lost as heat.
C. causes molecular movement.
D. can be transformed to the bonds of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
C. kinetic energy.
D. molecular movement.
C. some energy is created.
D. some energy is destroyed.
2. Use choices from the key to identify the energy form in use in each of the following examples. Items may have more than one answer.
Key Choices
A. Chemical B. Electrical C. Mechanical D. Radiant
1. Chewing food
2. Vision (two types of energy, please—think!)
3. Bending your fingers to make a fist
4. Breaking the bonds of ATP molecules to energize your muscle cells to make that fist
5. Getting a tan on the beach
COMPOSITION OF MATTER
3. Complete the following table by inserting the missing words.
4. Insert the chemical symbol (the chemist’s shorthand) in the answer blank for each of the following elements.
5. Using the key choices, complete the crossword puzzle by answering each of the clues provided.
Key Choices
Across
4. The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element.
7. Formed when atoms combine chemically.
8. Uncharged subatomic particles, forming part of an atom.
9. Subatomic particles that determine an atom’s chemical behavior or bonding ability.
Down
1. A unique substance composed of atoms having the same atomic number.
2. Name given to the electron shell that contains the most reactive electrons.
3. Positively charged particles forming part of an atom.
5. Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight).
6. An electrically charged atom or group of atoms.
9. The ability to do work.
6. For each of the following statements that is true, insert T in the answer blank. If any of the statements are false, correct the underlined term by inserting your correction in the answer blank.
1. Na+ and K+ are needed for nerve cells to conduct electrical impulses.
2. The atomic number of oxygen is 8. Therefore, oxygen atoms always contain 8 neutrons.
3. The greater the distance of an electron from the nucleus, the less energy it has.
4. Electrons are located in more or less designated areas of space around the nucleus called orbitals.
5. An unstable atom that decomposes and emits energy is called retroactive.
6. Iron is necessary for oxygen transport in red blood cells.
7. The most abundant negative ion in extracellular fluid is calcium.
8. The element essential for the production of thyroid hormones is magnesium.
9. Calcium is found as a salt in bones and teeth.
MOLECULES, CHEMICAL BONDS, AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS
7. Match the terms in Column B to the chemical equations listed in Column A. Enter the correct letter or term in the answer blanks.
Column A Column B
A + B AB
AB + CD AD + CB
XY X + Y
Decomposition
Exchange
Synthesis
8. Figure 2–1 is a diagram of an atom. Select two different colors and use them to color the coding circles and corresponding structures on the figure. Complete this exercise by responding to the questions that follow, referring to the atom in this figure. Insert your answers in the answer blanks provided.
Nucleus
Electrons
6p 6n + 0
Figure 2–1
1. What is the atomic number of this atom?
2. What is its atomic mass? _________________________
3. Which atom is this? _________________________
4. If this atom had one additional neutron but the other subatomic particles remained the same as shown, this slightly different atom (of the same element) would be called a(n)
5. Is this atom chemically active or inert? _________________________
6. How many electrons would be needed to fill its outer (valence) shell? _____________________
7. Would this atom most likely take part in forming ionic or covalent bonds? _______________________ Why? _______________________
9. Both H2O2 and 2OH – are compound molecules composed of the same two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms. Briefly explain how these molecules are different:
10. Two types of chemical bonding are shown in Figure 2–2. In the figure, identify each type as a(n) ionic or covalent bond. In the case of the ionic bond, indicate which atom has lost an electron by adding an arrow to show the direction of electron transfer. For the covalent bond, color the shared electrons.
9p + 9p + +
3p +
Typeofbond:Typeofbond:
Figure 2–2
11. Figure 2–3 illustrates five water molecules held together by hydrogen bonds.
11. Figure 2–3 illustrates five water molecules held together by hydrogen bonds. First, correctly identify the oxygen and hydrogen atoms both by color and by inserting their atomic symbols on the appropriate circles (atoms). Then label the following structures in the figure:
(A) Select three different colors and use them to color the coding circles and corresponding structures on the figure.
○ Oxygen
o Oxygen
○ Hydrogen
o Hydrogen
○ Hydrogen bonds
o Positive pole (end)
o Negative pole (end)
(B) Label the positive and negative poles (ends) in one of the water molecules.
o Hydrogen bonds
12. Circle each structural formula that is likely to be a polar covalent compound.
12. Circle each structural formula that is likely to be a polar covalent compound.
13. Respond to the instructions following the equation:
13. Respond to the instructions following the equation:
→ H+ + HCO3–
1. In the space provided, list the chemical formula(s) of compounds. _______________________
1.In the space provided, list the chemical formula(s) of compounds.
2. In the space provided, list the chemical formula(s) of ions. _______________________
2.In the space provided, list the chemical formula(s) of ions.
3. Circle the product(s) of the reaction.
3.Circle the product(s) of the reaction.
4. Modify the equation by adding a colored arrow in the proper place to indicate that the reaction is reversible.
4.Modify the equation by adding a colored arrow in the proper place to indicate that the reaction is reversible.
Figure 2–3
Figure 2–3
BIOCHEMISTRY: THE COMPOSITION OF LIVING MATTER
14. Use the key choices to identify the substances described in the following statements. Insert the appropriate letter or corresponding term in the answer blanks.
Key Choices
A. Acid(s) B. Base(s) C. Buffer D. Salt(s) __________ 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. Substances that ionize in water; good electrolytes
4. Proton (H+) acceptor
5. Ionize in water to release hydrogen ions and a negative ion other than hydroxide (OH–)
6. Ionize in water to release ions other than H+ and OH–
7. Formed when an acid and a base are combined
8. Substances such as lemon juice and vinegar
9. Prevents rapid/large swings in pH
15. Use the key choices to complete the following statements concerning the properties and biological importance of water.
Key Choices
A. 70% E. Dehydration H. Hydrolysis K. Polarity B. 90% F. Heat capacity I. Lubricants L. Salts C. Covalent G. Hydrogen J. Peptide M. Water
D. Cushioning
The ability of water to maintain a relatively constant temperature and thus prevent sudden changes is because of its high (1) . Biochemical reactions in the body must occur in (2) . About (3) % of the volume of a living cell is water. Water molecules are bonded to other water molecules because of the presence of (4) bonds. Water, as H+ and OH– ions, is essential in biochemical reactions such as (5) and (6) reactions. Because of its (7) , water is an excellent solvent and forms the basis of mucus and other body (8)
16. Use an X to designate which of the following are inorganic compounds or substances.
17. Using the key choices, fully characterize weak and strong acids.
Key Choices
A. Act as part of a buffer system E. Ionize at low pH
B. Ionize completely in water F. Ionize at pH 7
C. Ionize incompletely in water G. When placed in water, always act to change the pH
D. Ionize at high pH
Weak acid: _____________________
Strong acid: _____________________
18. Match the terms in Column B to the descriptions provided in Column A. Enter the correct letter(s) or term(s) in the answer blanks. Items may have more than one answer.
Column A
1. Building blocks of carbohydrates
2. Building blocks of fat
3. Building blocks of protein
4. Building blocks of nucleic acids
5. Cellular cytoplasm is primarily composed of this substance
6. The single most important fuel source for body cells
7. Not soluble in water
8. Contain C, H, and O in the ratio CH2O
Column B
A. Amino acids
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids (fats)
D. Fatty acids
E. Glycerol
F. Nucleotides
G. Monosaccharides
H. Proteins
9. Contain C, H, and O, but have relatively small amounts of oxygen
10.
11. These building blocks contain N in addition to C, H, and O
12. Contain P in addition to C, H, O, and N
13. Used to insulate the body and found in all cell membranes
14. Primary components of meat
15. Primary components of bread and lollipops
16. Primary components of egg yolk and peanut oil
17. Include collagen and hemoglobin
18. Class that usually includes cholesterol
19. The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet are both examples of the secondary structure of these molecules.
