Bird’sElectricalCircuitTheoryandTechnology, 7thEditionJohnO.Bird
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Bird’sElectricalCircuitTheoryandTechnology Whatskillsareneededforacareerinelectricalandelectronicengineering?
Whenyoudecidetobecomeanelectricalorelectronicengineer,you’recommittingyourselftoaprofessionthat involvesdeveloping,designing,testingandsupervisingthemanufacturingofelectricaldevicesandequipment, includingnavigationsystems,electricmotorsandpowergenerationequipment.Therefore,tobeabletohandlesuch complexconceptsandtheories,andunderstandhowtoapplythemtoreal-lifeprojects,youneedtopossessaunique andtailoredskillset.Indeed,it’snosecretthatahighproportionofengineeringstudentsdropoutorchangecourse, withalackofpreparednessoftencitedasthebiggestreasonforthisunusuallyhighattritionrate.
So,toseeifyouhavewhatittakestostaythecourseanddevelopapromisingcareerinthefield,herearethetop10 electricalandelectronicengineeringskillsthatyouwillneed.
1.Problem-SolvingSkills
Regardlessoftheirdiscipline,engineersare,attheircore,problem-solvers.Thisisparticularlytrueinelectricaland electronicengineering,whereyouareoftenrequiredtothinklogicallyandapplyaparticularruleorconcepttoa probleminordertosolveit.
2.BasicCircuitKnowledge
Electricaldesigncanbecomeanextraordinarilycomplextopic,especiallywherelargeinstallationsareconcerned (suchasenergygrids),orevenwithinhighlyadvancedpiecesofsmallhardware,suchasthoseusedinsmartphones. Therefore,ifyouaretohaveanyhopesofgettingtogripswithitall,youneedtofirsthaveasolidunderstandingof basiccircuitdesign.
3.EnthusiasmforLearning
Althoughitisanessentialandunavoidablestep,havingadegreeorahighqualificationisnottheendoftheeducationalroadforanelectrical/electronicengineer;infact,itisjustthebeginningofyouractivelearningjourney. Muchofthisisborneoutofnecessity.Electricalandelectronicengineeringisoneofthefastestevolvingandfiercely competitiveengineeringfields,soyouwillneedtobeconstantlyuptodate(forexample,withIEEwiringregs,and particularlyifyouworkintheproductdesignandmanufacturingsector).
4.CommunicationSkills
Thereisbarelyaprofessionintheworldwheretheabilitytocommunicateisnotimportant,andelectricaland electronicengineeringisnodifferent.Whetherit’sunderstandingtheneedsandrequirementsofaclient,working withinprojectteamstodeveloporimproveapieceofhardware/software,orworkingwithotherdepartmentsand stakeholders,communicationskillsareanessentialpartoftherole.
5.OrganisationalSkills
Theabilitytoorganiseandmanageyourtimeisimportantforanelectrical/electronicengineer,asmuchofyourwork willlikelybetime-sensitiveorproject-based,regardlessofwhichareaofengineeringyouspecialisein.
6.NumericalSkills
Acommonissueforelectricalandelectronicengineeringstudentsisthattheirmathematicalbackgroundisnotstrong enough.Therefore,itisimportanttofocusonmathematicsatcollegeoruniversity.Understandingengineeringis extremelydifficultwithoutagoodknowledgeofmathematics.
7.WorkEthic
Astrongworkethicisanotherhugelyimportantpartofasuccessfulengineer’smakeup.Therefore,youmustbe determinedandwillingtoworkuntilyoufindasolutiontowhatevertechnicalproblemsyouencounterinyourrole.
8.CriticalThinkingSkills
Criticalthinkingisabroadskillthatcanbeappliedtoawidearrayofsituations,butitisjustasimportantinelectrical andelectronicengineering.Possessingtheabilitytoapproachthingsdifferentlyortakeadifferentviewtothenorm canmakeabigdifferencewhenyouaretryingtoachieveacertaingoalwithyourproject.
9.CreativeThinkingSkills
Engineersarenotjustproblem-solvers-theyarepioneers.Whetherit’sonagrandscaleorasimpleone,thesolutions theyprovidechangethewaywelive;therefore,tobeabletoexploreandimplementsuchradicalideas,youneed tobeabletothink‘outsidethebox’.Thisisespeciallytrueinthecommercialsector,whereelectronicsgiantsare constantlycompetingtodevelopnewandexcitingtechnologies.Youcanhavealltheknowledgeintheworld,butif youdon’tknowhowtobecreativeandexplorenewpossibilitieswithit,thenyou’regoingtobeleftbehind.
10.ProgrammingSkills
Althoughtheimportanceofprogrammingishigherinsomeareasofelectricalandelectronicengineeringthanothers, itisstillaveryusefulskilltopossess,particularlywhenworkingwithlow-levelembeddedsystemsorwhenanalysing data.
Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock.com
Asyoucansee,thecareerofanelectrical/electronicengineerisdemanding.Apartfrompossessingtherequisite technicalknowledge,itisalsomandatoryforyoutoincorporateotherkeysoftskillsintoyouremployability repertoire,suchasdecision-making,leadershipandattentiontodetail.Therewardsarehighthough,with electricalandelectronicengineeringoneofthehighest-payingsectorsintheindustry. Hopefully, Bird’sElectricalCircuitTheoryandTechnology willhelpyouonyourfirstimportantstepsina longcareerinelectricaland/orelectronicengineering. Thereisalottolearn;staywithit-itwillbeworthit.
Bird’sElectricalCircuitTheoryandTechnology Nowinitsseventhedition, Bird’sElectricalCircuitTheoryandTechnology explainselectricalcircuittheoryandassociatedtechnologytopicsinastraightforwardmanner,supportedbypracticalengineeringexamplesandapplications toensurethatreaderscanrelatetheorytopractice.
Theextensiveandthoroughcoverage,containingover800workedexamples,makesthisanexcellenttextfora rangeofcourses,inparticularforDegreeandFoundationDegreeinelectricalprinciples,circuittheory,telecommunications,andelectricaltechnology.Thetextincludessomeessentialmathematicsrevision,togetherwithallthe essentialelectricalandelectronicprinciplesforBTECNationalandDiplomasyllabusesandCity&GuildsTechnicianCertificateandDiplomasyllabusesinengineering.Thismaterialwillbeagreatrevisionforthoseonhigher courses.
Thiseditionincludesseveralnewsections,includingglassbatteries,climatechange,thefutureofelectricityproductionanddiscussionsconcerningeverydayaspectsofelectricity,suchaswattsandlumens,electricalsafety,ACvs DC,andtrendingtechnologies.
Itscompanionwebsiteat www.routledge.com/cw/bird providesresourcesforbothstudentsandlecturers,including fullsolutionsforall1400furtherquestions,listsofessentialformulae,andillustrations,aswellasfullsolutionsto revisiontestsforcourseinstructors.
JohnBird,BSc(Hons),CEng,CMath,CSci,FIMA,FIET,FCollT,istheformerHeadofAppliedElectronicsinthe FacultyofTechnologyatHighburyCollege,Portsmouth,UK.Morerecently,hehascombinedfreelancelecturing attheUniversityofPortsmouthwithExaminerresponsibilitiesforAdvancedMathematicswithCity&Guildsand examiningfortheInternationalBaccalaureateOrganisation.Hehasover45years’experienceofsuccessfullyteaching,lecturing,instructing,training,educating,andplanningtraineeengineers’studyprogrammes.Heistheauthorof 146textbooksonengineering,scienceandmathematicalsubjects,withworldwidesalesofoveronemillioncopies. Heisacharteredengineer,acharteredmathematician,acharteredscientistandaFellowofthreeprofessionalinstitutions.HehasrecentlyretiredfromlecturingattheRoyalNavy’sDefenceCollegeofMarineEngineeringinthe DefenceCollegeofTechnicalTrainingatH.M.S.Sultan,Gosport,Hampshire,UK,oneofthelargestengineering trainingestablishmentsinEurope.
Besidesthistext, ElectricalCircuitTheoryandTechnology7th Edition, otherbookswrittenbyJohnBird,andpublishedbyRoutledge,include:
• Bird’sBasicEngineeringMathematics8th Edition
• Bird’sEngineeringMathematics9th Edition
• Bird’sHigherEngineeringMathematics9th Edition
• Bird’sComprehensiveEngineeringMathematics2nd Edition
• MathematicsPocketBookforEngineersandScientists5th Edition
• Bird’sElectricalandElectronicPrinciplesandTechnology7th Edition
• ScienceandMathematicsforEngineering6th Edition
• MechanicalEngineeringPrinciples4th Edition
• MechanicsofSolids3rd Edition
Bird’sElectricalCircuitTheoryand Technology SeventhEdition
JohnBird
Seventheditionpublished2022
byRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon,OX144RN
andbyRoutledge
605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10158
RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2022JohnBird
TherightofJohnBirdtobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedbyhiminaccordancewithsections77and78of theCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical, orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageor retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers.
Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentification andexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe.
FirsteditionpublishedbyNewnes1997
SixtheditionpublishedbyRoutledge2017
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Bird,J.O.,author
Title:Bird’selectricalcircuittheoryandtechnology/JohnBird. Othertitles:Electricalcircuittheoryandtechnology
Description:Seventh.|NewYork:Routledge,2021.|Includesindex. Identifiers:LCCN2021003948(print)|LCCN2021003949(ebook)|ISBN 9780367672249(hbk)|ISBN9780367672225(pbk)|ISBN9781003130338 (ebk)
Subjects:LCSH:Electriccircuits.|Electricalengineering. Classification:LCCTK454.B482021(print)|LCCTK454(ebook)|DDC 621.319/2–dc23
LCrecordavailableat https://lccn.loc.gov/2021003948
LCebookrecordavailableat https://lccn.loc.gov/2021003949
ISBN:978-0-367-67224-9(hbk)
ISBN:978-0-367-67222-5(pbk) ISBN:978-1-003-13033-8(ebk)
TypesetinTimes byKnowledgeWorksGlobalLtd.
Accessthecompanionwebsite: www.routledge.com/cw/bird
InMemoryofElizabeth 1Somemathematicsrevision
1.1Useofcalculatorandevaluatingformulae4
1.9Solvingsimultaneousequations
5.1Resistorconstruction
5.3Temperaturecoefficientofresistance73
5.4Resistorcolourcodingandohmicvalues75
6Batteriesandalternativesourcesofenergy78
6.1Introductiontobatteries 79
6.2Somechemicaleffectsofelectricity79
6.5e.m.f.andinternalresistanceofacell81
7Seriesandparallelnetworks
7.1Seriescircuits
7.2Potentialdivider
7.3Parallelnetworks
7.4Currentdivision
7.5Loadingeffect
7.6Potentiometersandrheostats
7.7Relativeandabsolutevoltages
7.8Earthpotentialandshortcircuits110
7.9Wiringlampsinseriesandinparallel110
Practicallaboratoryexperiment:
8Capacitorsandcapacitance
8.1Introductiontocapacitors
8.2Electrostaticfield
8.3Electricfieldstrength
8.4Capacitance
8.5Capacitors
8.6Electricfluxdensity
8.7Permittivity
8.8Theparallelplatecapacitor
8.9Capacitorsconnectedinparallel andseries
8.10Dielectricstrength
8.11Energystored
8.12Practicaltypesofcapacitor
8.13Supercapacitors
8.14Dischargingcapacitors
9.1Introductiontomagnetismand
9.2Magneticfields
9.3Magneticfluxandfluxdensity
9.4Magnetomotiveforceandmagnetic fieldstrength 132
9.5Permeabilityand B–H curves 133
9.6Reluctance 134
9.7Compositeseriesmagneticcircuits136
9.8Comparisonbetweenelectricaland magneticquantities 139
9.9Hysteresisandhysteresisloss
10.4Principleofoperationofasimple
12Electricalmeasuringinstrumentsand measurements
12.8Instrument‘loading’effect 171 12.9Theoscilloscope 173
13Semiconductordiodes
14Transistors 206
14.1Transistorclassification 207
14.2Bipolarjunctiontransistors(BJTs)207
14.3Transistoraction 208
14.4Leakagecurrent 209
14.5Biasandcurrentflow 210
14.6Transistoroperatingconfigurations210
14.7Bipolartransistorcharacteristics211
14.8Transistorparameters 212
14.9Currentgain 213
14.10TypicalBJTcharacteristicsand maximumratings 214
14.11Fieldeffecttransistors 215
14.12Fieldeffecttransistorcharacteristics216
14.13TypicalFETcharacteristicsand maximumratings 217
14.14Transistoramplifiers 217 14.15Loadlines 219
16.8Rectification
16.9Smoothingoftherectifiedoutputwaveform273
Practicallaboratoryexperiment:Useofan oscilloscopetomeasurevoltage,frequencyand phase
Practicallaboratoryexperiment:Useofan oscilloscopewithabridgerectifiercircuit277
15.3Thesuperpositiontheorem
15.4Generald.c.circuittheory
15.5Thévenin’stheorem
15.6Constant-currentsource
15.7Norton’stheorem
15.8ThéveninandNortonequivalentnetworks248
15.9Maximumpowertransfertheorem251
Practicallaboratoryexperiment: Measurementoftheinductanceofacoil299
Practicallaboratoryexperiment:Seriesa.c. circuitandresonance
Practicallaboratoryexperiment:Parallela.c. circuitandresonance 320
Whyarerelayssoimportantinelectrical circuits? 322
19d.c.transients 324
19.1Introduction 325
19.2Chargingacapacitor 325
19.3Timeconstantfora C–R circuit 326
19.4Transientcurvesfora C–R circuit326
19.5Dischargingacapacitor 330
19.6Cameraflash 332
19.7Currentgrowthinan L–R circuit332
19.8Timeconstantforan L–R circuit333
19.9Transientcurvesforan L–R circuit333
19.10Currentdecayinan L–R circuit 335
19.11Switchinginductivecircuits 337
19.12Theeffectoftimeconstantona rectangularwaveform 337
Practicallaboratoryexperiment:Charging anddischargingacapacitor 339
20Operationalamplifiers 341
20.1Introductiontooperationalamplifiers342
20.2Someopampparameters 343
20.3Opampinvertingamplifier 344
20.4Opampnon-invertingamplifier 346
20.5Opampvoltage-follower 347
20.6Opampsummingamplifier 347
20.7Opampvoltagecomparator 348
20.8Opampintegrator 349
20.9Opampdifferentialamplifier 350
20.10Digitaltoanalogue(D/A)conversion352
20.11Analoguetodigital(A/D)conversion352
21.7Generatingelectricalpowerusingoil362
21.8Generatingelectricalpowerusing naturalgas 363
21.9Generatingelectricalpowerusing nuclearenergy 364
21.10Generatingelectricalpowerusinghydro power 366
21.11Generatingelectricalpowerusing pumpedstorage
21.12Generatingelectricalpowerusingwind368 21.13Generatingelectricalpowerusingtidal power
21.14Generatingelectricalpowerusingbiomass369 21.15Generatingelectricalpowerusingsolar energy
21.16Harnessingthepowerofwind,tideand sunonan‘energyisland’–afuture possibility?
22Three-phasesystems
22.3Starconnection
22.4Deltaconnection 378 22.5Powerinthree-phasesystems 379 22.6Measurementofpowerinthree-phase systems 381
22.7Comparisonofstaranddeltaconnections386 22.8Advantagesofthree-phasesystems386
23Transformers
389
23.1Introduction 390 23.2Transformerprincipleofoperation390 23.3Transformerno-loadphasordiagram392 23.4e.m.f.equationofatransformer 394 23.5Transformeron-loadphasordiagram396 23.6Transformerconstruction 397 23.7Equivalentcircuitofatransformer398 23.8Regulationofatransformer 399 23.9Transformerlossesandefficiency400 23.10Resistancematching 403 23.11Autotransformers 405 23.12Isolatingtransformers 407 23.13Three-phasetransformers 407 23.14Currenttransformers 408 23.15Voltagetransformers 409
21.1Introduction
21.3Evidenceofrapidclimatechange359
21.4Consequencesofglobalclimatechange359
21.5Howdoeselectricpowerproduction affecttheglobalclimate? 360
21.6Generatingelectricalpowerusingcoal361
24d.c.machines 412
24.1Introduction 413
24.2Theactionofacommutator 413
24.3d.c.machineconstruction 414
24.4Shunt,seriesandcompoundwindings414
24.5e.m.f.generatedinanarmaturewinding415
24.6d.c.generators 416
24.7Typesofd.c.generatorandtheir characteristics 417
24.8d.c.machinelosses 421
24.9Efficiencyofad.c.generator 421
24.10d.c.motors 422
24.11Torqueofad.c.machine 423
24.12Typesofd.c.motorandtheir characteristics 424
24.13Theefficiencyofad.c.motor 428
24.14d.c.motorstarter 430
24.15Speedcontrolofd.c.motors 431
24.16Motorcooling 433
25Three-phaseinductionmotors 434
25.1Introduction 435
25.2Productionofarotatingmagneticfield435
25.3Synchronousspeed 437
25.4Constructionofathree-phaseinduction motor 438
25.5Principleofoperationofathree-phase inductionmotor 438
25.6Slip 439
25.7Rotore.m.f.andfrequency 440
25.8Rotorimpedanceandcurrent 441
25.9Rotorcopperloss 441
25.10Inductionmotorlossesandefficiency442
25.11Torqueequationforaninductionmotor443
25.12Inductionmotortorque–speed characteristics 445
25.13Startingmethodsforinductionmotors446
25.14Advantagesofsquirrel-cageinduction motors 447
25.15Advantagesofwoundrotorinduction motor 448
25.16Doublecageinductionmotor 448
25.17Usesofthree-phaseinductionmotors448
26Revisionofcomplexnumbers 459
26.1Introduction 459
26.2OperationsinvolvingCartesiancomplex
26.4Thepolarformofacomplexnumber464
26.5Multiplicationanddivisionusing complexnumbersinpolarform 465
26.6DeMoivre’stheorem–powersandroots ofcomplexnumbers 467
27Applicationofcomplexnumberstoseries a.c.circuits
28Applicationofcomplexnumberstoparallel
29Powerina.c.circuits
29.4Useofcomplexnumbersfor
29.5Powerfactorimprovement
30.2Balanceconditionsforana.c.bridge507
30.4Workedproblemsona.c.bridges513 31SeriesresonanceandQ-factor
31.6Bandwidth 525
31.7Smalldeviationsfromtheresonant frequency 529
32ParallelresonanceandQ-factor 532
32.1Introduction 532
32.2The LR–C parallelnetwork 533
32.3Dynamicresistance 534
32.4The LR–CR parallelnetwork 534
32.5Q-factorinaparallelnetwork 535
32.6Furtherworkedproblemsonparallel resonanceandQ-factor 539
RevisionTest9 542
Whateverydayitemsinthehomeusemotors?543 33Introductiontonetworkanalysis 544
33.1Introduction 544
33.2Solutionofsimultaneousequations usingdeterminants 545
33.3NetworkanalysisusingKirchhoff’slaws547
34Mesh-currentandnodalanalysis 554
34.1Mesh-currentanalysis 554
34.2Nodalanalysis 558
35Thesuperpositiontheorem 565
35.1Introduction 565
35.2Usingthesuperpositiontheorem565
35.3Furtherworkedproblemsonthe superpositiontheorem 570
36Thévenin’sandNorton’stheorems 575
36.1Introduction 575
36.2Thévenin’stheorem 576
36.3FurtherworkedproblemsonThévenin’s theorem 582
36.4Norton’stheorem 586
36.5ThéveninandNortonequivalentnetworks593
39Complexwaveforms 626
39.1Introduction 627
39.2Thegeneralequationforacomplex waveform 627
39.3Harmonicsynthesis 628
39.4Fourierseriesofperiodicand non-periodicfunctions 636
39.5EvenandoddfunctionsandFourier seriesoveranyrange 641
39.6r.m.s.value,meanvalueandtheform factorofacomplexwave 645
39.7Powerassociatedwithcomplexwaves648
39.8Harmonicsinsingle-phasecircuits650
39.9Furtherworkedproblemsonharmonics insingle-phasecircuits 653
39.10Resonanceduetoharmonics 657
39.11Sourcesofharmonics 659
40Anumericalmethodofharmonicanalysis663
40.1Introduction 663
40.2Harmonicanalysisondatagivenin tabularorgraphicalform 663
40.3Complexwaveformconsiderations667
41Magneticmaterials 670
41.1Revisionoftermsandunitsusedwith magneticcircuits 671
41.2Magneticpropertiesofmaterials672
41.3Hysteresisandhysteresisloss 673
41.4Eddycurrentloss 677
41.5Separationofhysteresisandeddy currentlosses 680
41.6Non-permanentmagneticmaterials682
41.7Permanentmagneticmaterials 684
37Delta–starandstar–deltatransformations601
37.1Introduction 601
37.2Deltaandstarconnections 601
37.3Delta–startransformation 602
37.4Star–deltatransformation 610
38Maximumpowertransfertheoremsand impedancematching 614
38.1Maximumpowertransfertheorems615
38.2Impedancematching 620
42Dielectricsanddielectricloss 688
42.1Electricfields,capacitanceandpermittivity688
42.2Polarisation 689
42.3Dielectricstrength 689
42.4Thermaleffects 690
42.5Mechanicalproperties 691
42.6Typesofpracticalcapacitor 691
42.7Liquiddielectricsandgasinsulation691
42.8Dielectriclossandlossangle 691
43Fieldtheory 695
43.1Fieldplottingbycurvilinearsquares696
43.2Capacitancebetweenconcentriccylinders699
43.3Capacitanceofanisolatedtwinline704
43.4Energystoredinanelectricfield707
43.5Inducede.m.f.andinductance 709
43.6Inductanceofaconcentriccylinder(or coaxialcable) 709
43.7Inductanceofanisolatedtwinline712
43.8Energystoredinanelectromagneticfield715
44Attenuators 718
44.1Introduction 719
44.2Characteristicimpedance 719
44.3Logarithmicratios 721
44.4SymmetricalT-and π-attenuators723
44.5Insertionloss 728
44.6AsymmetricalT-and π-sections731
44.7TheL-sectionattenuator 734
44.8Two-portnetworksincascade 736
44.9 ABCD parameters 739
44.10 ABCD parametersfornetworks 742
44.11Characteristicimpedanceintermsof ABCD parameters 748
47Transmissionlines 801
47.1Introduction 801
47.2Transmissionlineprimaryconstants802
47.3Phasedelay,wavelengthandvelocityof propagation 803
47.4Currentandvoltagerelationships804
47.5Characteristicimpedanceand propagationcoefficientintermsofthe primaryconstants 806
47.6Distortionontransmissionlines 810
47.7Wavereflectionandthereflection coefficient 812
47.8Standing-wavesandthestanding-wave ratio 815
48TransientsandLaplacetransforms 820
48.1Introduction 821
48.2Responseof R–C seriescircuittoastep input 821
48.3Responseof R–L seriescircuittoastep input 823
48.4 L–R–C seriescircuitresponse 826
48.5IntroductiontoLaplacetransforms829
48.6InverseLaplacetransformsandthe solutionofdifferentialequations834
48.7Laplacetransformanalysisdirectlyfrom thecircuitdiagram 839
48.8 L–R–C seriescircuitusingLaplace transforms 849
48.9Initialconditions 852
45Filternetworks 753
45.1Introduction 753
45.2Basictypesoffiltersections 754
45.3Thecharacteristicimpedanceandthe attenuationoffiltersections 756
45.4Laddernetworks 757
45.5Low-passfiltersections 758
45.6High-passfiltersections 764
45.7Propagationcoefficientandtimedelayin filtersections 769
45.8‘m-derived’filtersections 775
45.9Practicalcompositefilters 780
46Magneticallycoupledcircuits 783
46.1Introduction 783
46.2Self-inductance 783
46.3Mutualinductance 784
46.4Couplingcoefficient 785
46.5Coilsconnectedinseries 786
46.6Coupledcircuits 789
46.7Dotruleforcoupledcircuits 794
Preface Bird’sElectricalCircuitTheoryandTechnology 7th Edition providescoverageforawiderangeof coursesthatcontainelectricalprinciples,circuittheoryandtechnologyintheirsyllabuses,from IntroductorytoDegreelevel -andincludingEdexcelBTEC Levels2to5NationalCertificate/Diploma,Higher NationalCertificate/DiplomaandFoundationDegrees inEngineering
Inthisnewseventhedition, newmaterialadded includesmentionofthevasttopicofglobalclimate changeandthefutureofelectricityproduction,the developmentofglassbatteries,andsomepracticallaboratoryexperimentshavebeenaddedatappropriate placesinthetext,alongwithotherminoradditionsand modifications.Thetextisessentially,asthetitlesuggests,allabout electricalcircuittheory,andtoadd toomanypracticaldescriptionswouldhaveunduly increaseditsextent.However,anumberofassociated electricaltopics,hopefullyofinterestandhelptoreaders,havebeenadded,eachononeortwopages,some withphotographs,addingpractical,everydayaspects ofelectricity,showinghowtheprinciplesandtheory explainedinthetextarecommonlyused.
Thetextissetoutin fivesections asfollows:
SECTION1,comprising chapters1 and 2,involves Revisionofsomebasicmathematics neededforelectricalandelectronicprinciplesandingeneralenginerring.
SECTION2, involving chapters3 to 14,contains ‘Basicelectricalengineeringprinciples’ whichany studentwishingtoprogressinelectricalengineering wouldneedtoknow.Anintroductiontounits,electrical circuits,resistancevariation,batteriesandalternative sourcesofenergy,seriesandparallelcircuits,capacitors andcapacitance,magneticcircuits,electromagnetism, electromagneticinduction,electricalmeasuringinstrumentsandmeasurements,semiconductordiodesand transistorsareallincludedinthissection.
SECTION3,involving chapters15 to 25,contains ‘Electricalprinciplesandtechnology’ suitableasa
lead-intoDegreestudies,andsuitableforNationalCertificate,NationalDiplomaandCity&Guildscourses inelectricalandelectronicengineering.Directcurrentcircuittheory,alternatingvoltagesandcurrents, single-phaseseriesandparallelcircuits,d.c.transients, operationalamplifiers,globalclimatechangeandthe futureofelectricityproduction,three-phasesystems, transformers,d.c.machinesandthree-phaseinduction motorsareallincludedinthissection.
SECTION4,involving chapters26 to 48,contains ‘Advancedcircuittheoryandtechnology’ suitable forDegree,Foundationdegree,HigherNationalCertificate/DiplomaandCity&Guildscoursesinelectricalandelectronic/telecommunicationsengineering. Thethreeearliersectionsofthebookwillprovideavaluablereference/revisionforstudentsatthis level.
Complexnumbersandtheirapplicationtoseriesand parallelnetworks,powerina.c.circuits,a.c.bridges, seriesandparallelresonanceandQ-factor,network analysisinvolvingKirchhoff’slaws,meshandnodal analysis,thesuperpositiontheorem,Thévenin’sand Norton’stheorems,delta-starandstar-deltatransforms, maximumpowertransfertheoremsandimpedance matching,complexwaveforms,Fourierseries,harmonicanalysis,magneticmaterials,dielectricsand dielectricloss,fieldtheory,attenuators,filternetworks, magneticallycoupledcircuits,transmissionlinetheory andtransientsandLaplacetransformsareallincluded inthissection.
SECTION5 providesashort, ‘Generalreference’ forstandardelectricalquantities-theirsymbolsand units,theGreekalphabet,commonprefixesandresistor colourcodingandohmicvalues.
Atthebeginningofeachofthe48chaptersabrief explanationastowhyitisimportanttounderstand thematerialcontainedwithinthatchapterisincluded, togetherwithalistof learningobjectives
Attheendofeachofthefirstfoursectionsofthetextis ahandyreferenceofthe mainformulae used.
Thereareanumberofinternetdownloadsfreely availabletobothstudentsandlecturers/instructorsat www.routledge.com/cw/bird;thesearelistedinthe right-handcolumnonthispage.
Itisnotpossibletoacquireathoroughunderstanding ofelectricalprinciples,circuittheoryandtechnology withoutworkingthroughalargenumberofnumerical problems.Itisforthisreasonthat Bird’sElectricalCircuitTheoryandTechnology7th Edition containsnearly 800detailedworkedproblems,togetherwithsome 1350furtherproblems(withanswersatthebackof thebook),arrangedwithin 205PracticeExercises that appeareveryfewpagesthroughoutthetext.Some 1150 linediagrams furtherenhancetheunderstandingofthe theory.
FourteenRevisionTests havebeenincluded,interspersedwithinthetexteveryfewchapters.Forexample,RevisionTest1testsunderstandingof chapters3 to 6,RevisionTest2testsunderstandingof chapters 7 to 9,RevisionTest3testsunderstandingofchapters10to14andsoon.TheseRevisionTestsdonot haveanswersgivensinceitisenvisagedthatlecturers/instructorscouldsettheRevisionTestsforstudents toattemptaspartoftheircoursestructure.Lecturers/ instructorsmayobtainacomplimentarysetofsolutions oftheRevisionTestsinthe Instructor’sSection at www.routledge.com/cw/bird
‘LearningbyExample’ isattheheartof Bird’sElectricalCircuitTheoryandTechnology7th Edition
JOHNBIRD
FormerlyRoyalNavalDefenceCollegeofMarine Engineering,HMSSultan, UniversityofPortsmouth andHighburyCollege,Portsmouth
FreeWebdownloads
Thefollowingsupportmaterialisavailablefrom http://www.routledge.com/cw/bird
ForStudents:
1.Fullsolutionstoall1350furtherquestions inthePracticeExercises
2.Asetofformulaeforeachofthefour sectionsofthetext
3.68multiplechoicequestionsforthemathematicsrevisionofchapters1and2
4.Informationon38Engineers/Scientists mentionedinthetext
ForLecturers/Instructors:
1–4.Asperstudents1–4above
5.Fullsolutionsandmarkingschemefor eachofthe14RevisionTests;also,eachtest maybedownloaded.
6.All1150illustrationsusedinthetextmay bedownloadedforuseinPowerPointpresentations
Section1 Revisionofsomebasic mathematics Chapter1 Somemathematicsrevision Whyitisimportanttounderstand: Somemathematicsrevision Mathematicsisavitaltoolforprofessionalandcharteredengineers.Itisusedinelectricalandelectronicengineering,inmechanicalandmanufacturingengineering,incivilandstructuralengineering, innavalarchitectureandmarineengineeringandinaeronauticalandrocketengineering.Inthesevariousbranchesofengineering,itisveryoftenmuchcheaperandsafertodesignyourartefactwiththe aidofmathematics–ratherthanthroughguesswork.‘Guesswork’maybereasonablysatisfactoryif youaredesigninganexactlysimilarartefactasonethathasalreadyprovensatisfactory;however, theclassificationsocietieswillusuallyrequireyoutoprovidethecalculationsprovingthattheartefactissafeandsound.Moreover,thesecalculationsmaynotbereadilyavailabletoyouandyoumay havetoprovidefreshcalculations,toprovethatyourartefactis‘roadworthy’.Forexample,ifyou designatallbuildingoralongbridgeby‘guesswork’,andthebuildingorbridgedonotprovetobe structurallyreliable,itcouldcostyouafortunetorectifythedeficiencies.Thiscostmaydwarfthe initialestimateyoumadetoconstructthesestructures,andcauseyoutogobankrupt.Thus,without mathematics,theprospectiveprofessionalorcharteredengineerisveryseverelydisadvantaged.Using acalculator,evaluatingformulae,manipulatingfractions,understandingandperformingcalculations withpercentages,appreciatingratiosanddirectandinverseproportion,understandingandusingthe lawsofindices,expandingequationscontainingbrackets,solvingsimpleequations,transposingformulaeandsolvingsimultaneousequationsareallimportantaspectsofearlymathematicsthatneedtobe revised.
Knowledgeofmathematicsprovidesthebasisforallengineering.
Attheendofthischapteryoushouldbeableto:
• useacalculatorandevaluateformulae
• manipulatefractions
• understandandperformcalculationswithpercentages
• appreciateratiosanddirectandinverseproportion
• understandandusethelawsofindices
• expandequationscontainingbrackets
• solvesimpleequations
• transposeformulae
• solvesimultaneousequationsintwounknowns
1.1Useofcalculatorandevaluating formulae Inengineering,calculationsoftenneedtobeperformed. Forsimplenumbersitisusefultobeabletousementalarithmetic.However,whennumbersarelargeran electroniccalculatorneedstobeused.
Inengineeringcalculationsitisessentialtohavea scientificnotationcalculator whichwillhaveallthe necessaryfunctionsneeded,andmore.Thischapter assumesyouhavea CASIOfx-991ESPLUScalculator,orsimilar.Ifyoucanaccuratelyuseacalculator,yourconfidencewithengineeringcalculationswill improve.
Checkthatyoucanuseacalculatorinthefollowing PracticeExercise.
PracticeExercise1Useofcalculator (Answersonpage881)
1. Evaluate 378.37 298.651 + 45.64 94.562
2. Evaluate 17.35 × 34.27 41.53 ÷ 3.76 correctto3decimal places
3. Evaluate (4.527 + 3.63) (452.51 ÷ 34.75) + 0.468correct to5significantfigures
4. Evaluate52.34 (912.5 ÷ 41.46) (24.6 13.652) correctto 3decimalplaces
5. Evaluate 52.14 × 0.347 × 11.23 19.73 ÷ 3.54 correctto4 significantfigures
6. Evaluate6.852 correctto3decimalplaces
7. Evaluate (0.036)2 inengineeringform
8. Evaluate1.33
9. Evaluate (0.38)3 correctto4decimalplaces
10. Evaluate (0.018)3 inengineeringform
11. Evaluate 1 0.00725 correctto1decimalplace
12. Evaluate 1 0.065 1 2.341 correctto4significantfigures
13. Evaluate2.14
14. Evaluate (0.22)5 correctto5significant figuresinengineeringform
15. Evaluate (1.012)7 correctto4decimal places
16. Evaluate1.13 + 2.94 4.42 correctto4significantfigures
17. Evaluate √34528correctto2decimalplaces
18. Evaluate 3 √17correctto3decimalplaces
19. Evaluate 6 √2451 4 √46correctto3decimal places
Expresstheanswerstoquestions20to23inengineeringform.
20. Evaluate5 × 10 3 × 7 × 108
21. Evaluate 6 × 103 × 14 × 10 4 2 × 106
22. Evaluate 56.43 × 10 3 × 3 × 104 8.349 × 103 correctto 3decimalplaces
23. Evaluate 99 × 105 × 6.7 × 10 3 36.2 × 10 4 correctto4 significantfigures
24. Evaluate 4 5 1 3 asadecimal,correctto4 decimalplaces
25. Evaluate 2 3 1 6 + 3 7 asafraction
26. Evaluate2 5 6 + 1 5 8 asadecimal,correctto4 significantfigures
27. Evaluate5 6 7 3 1 8 asadecimal,correctto4 significantfigures
28. Evaluate 3 4 × 4 5 2 3 ÷ 4 9 asafraction
29. Evaluate8 8 9 ÷ 2 2 3 asamixednumber
30. Evaluate3 1 5 × 1 1 3 1 7 10 asadecimal, correctto3decimalplaces
31. Evaluate (4 1 5 1 2 3 ) (3 1 4 × 2 3 5 ) 2 9 asadecimal, correctto3significantfigures
Inquestions32to38,evaluatecorrectto4decimal places.
32. Evaluatesin67◦
33. Evaluatetan71◦
34. Evaluatecos63.74◦
35. Evaluatetan39.55◦ sin52.53◦
36. Evaluatesin(0.437rad)
37. Evaluatetan(5.673rad)
38. Evaluate (sin42.6◦)(tan83.2◦) cos13.8◦
Inquestions39to45,evaluatecorrectto4significantfigures.
39. 1.59π
40. 2.7(π 1)
41. π2 (√13 1)
42. 8.5e 2.5
43. 3e(2π 1)
44. √[ 5.52π 2e 2 × √26.73 ]
45. e(2 √3) π × √8.57
Evaluationofformulae
Thestatement y = mx + c iscalleda formula foryin termsofm,xandc. y,m,xandcarecalled symbols Whengivenvaluesofm,xandcwecanevaluatey. Therearealargenumberofformulaeusedinengineeringandinthissectionwewillinsertnumbersinplace ofsymbolstoevaluateengineeringquantities. Herearesomepracticalexamples.Checkwithyour calculatorthatyouagreewiththeworkingandanswers.
Problem1. InanelectricalcircuitthevoltageV isgivenbyOhm’slaw,i.e.V = IR.Find,correctto 4significantfigures,thevoltagewhen I = 5.36A andR = 14.76 Ω
V = IR = I × R = 5.36 × 14.76
Hence, voltageV = 79.11V,correctto4significant figures
Problem2. Velocityvisgivenbyv = u + at.If u = 9.54m/s,a = 3.67m/s2 and t = 7.82s,findv, correctto3significantfigures.
v = u + at = 9.54 + 3.67 × 7.82 = 9.54 + 28.6994 = 38.2394
Hence, velocityv = 38.2m/s,correctto3significant figures
Problem3. Thearea,A,ofacircleisgivenby A = πr2.Determinetheareacorrectto2decimal places,givenradius r = 5.23m.
A = πr2 = π(5.23)2 = π(27.3529)
Hence, area,A = 85.93m2,correctto2decimal places
Problem4. Density = mass volume .Findthedensity whenthemassis6.45kgandthevolumeis 300 × 10 6 m3
Density = mass volume = 6.45kg 300 × 10 6 m3 =21500kg/m 3
Problem5. Thepower,Pwatts,dissipatedinan electricalcircuitisgivenbytheformula P = V2 R Evaluatethepower,correctto4significantfigures, giventhat V = 230VandR = 35.63Ω
P = V2 R = (230)2 35.63 = 52900 35.63 = 1484.70390 ...
PressENGand1.48470390.. × 103 appearsonthe screen
Hence, power,P = 1485Wor1.485kWcorrectto4 significantfigures.
Problem6. Resistance,R Ω,varieswith temperatureaccordingtotheformula
R = R0(1 + αt).EvaluateR,correctto3significant figures,given R0 = 14.59, α = 0.0043andt = 80
R = R0(1 + αt) = 14.59[1 + (0.0043)(80)] = 14.59(1 + 0.344) = 14.59(1.344)
Hence, resistance,R = 19.6 Ω,correctto3significant figures
Problem7. Thecurrent,Iamperes,inana.c. circuitisgivenby:I = V √(R2 + X2) Evaluatethe current,correctto2decimalplaces,when V = 250V,R = 25.0 Ω andX = 18.0 Ω I= V √(R2+X2) = 250 √(25.02+18.02) =8.11534341
Hence, current, I = 8.12A,correctto2decimal places
NowtrythefollowingPracticeExercise
PracticeExercise2Evaluationofformulae (Answersonpage881)
1. TheareaAofarectangleisgivenbythe formulaA = l × b.Evaluatethearea,correct to2decimalplaces,when l = 12.4cmand b = 5.37cm
2. ThecircumferenceCofacircleisgivenby theformulaC = 2πr.Determinethecircumference,correctto2decimalplaces,given r = 8.40mm
3. Aformulausedinconnectionwithgasesis R = PV T .EvaluateRwhen P = 1500, V = 5 andT = 200
4. Thevelocityofabodyisgivenbyv = u + at. Theinitialvelocityuismeasuredwhentime tis15secondsandfoundtobe12m/s.Ifthe accelerationais9.81m/s2 calculatethefinal velocityv
5. CalculatethecurrentIinanelectricalcircuit,correctto3significantfigures,when
I = V/RampereswhenthevoltageVismeasuredandfoundtobe7.2VandtheresistanceRis17.7 Ω
6. Findthedistances,giventhats = 1 2 gt2.Time t = 0.032secondsandaccelerationdueto gravity g = 9.81m/s2.Givetheanswerin millimetrescorrectto3significantfigures.
7. Theenergystoredinacapacitorisgiven byE = 1 2 CV2 joules.Determinetheenergy whencapacitance C = 5 × 10 6 faradsand voltage V = 240V
8. FindtheareaAofatriangle,correctto1decimalplace,given A = 1 2 bh,whenthebase lengthbis23.42mandtheheighthis53.7m
9. ResistanceR2 isgivenbyR2 = R1(1 + αt). FindR2,correctto4significantfigures,when R1 = 220, α = 0.00027andt = 75.6
10. Density = mass volume .Findthedensity,correct to4significantfigures,whenthemass is2.462kgandthevolumeis173cm3.Give theanswerinunitsofkg/m3.Notethat 1cm3 = 10 6m3
11. EvaluateresistanceRT,correctto4significantfigures,given 1 RT = 1 R1 + 1 R2 + 1 R3 when R1 = 5.5 Ω, R2 = 7.42 Ω and R3 = 12.6 Ω
12. Thepotentialdifference,Vvolts,available atbatteryterminalsisgivenby V = E Ir.EvaluateVwhen E = 5.62,I = 0.70and R = 4.30
13. ThecurrentIamperesflowinginanumber ofcellsisgivenby I = nE R + nr .Evaluatethe current,correctto3significantfigures,when n = 36.E = 2.20,R = 2.80and r = 0.50
14. Energy,Ejoules,isgivenbytheformula E = 1 2 LI2.Evaluatetheenergywhen L = 5.5HandI = 1.2A
15. ThecurrentIamperesinana.c.circuit isgivenbyI = V √(R2 + X2) .Evaluatethe
current,correctto4significantfigures,when V = 250V,R = 11.0 Ω and X = 16.2 Ω
1.2Fractions Anexampleofafractionis 2 3 wherethetopline,i.e.the 2,isreferredtoasthe numerator andthebottomline, i.e.the3,isreferredtoasthe denominator
A properfraction isonewherethenumeratoris smallerthanthedenominator,examplesbeing 2 3 , 1 2 , 3 8 , 5 16 ,andsoon.
An improperfraction isonewherethedenominatoris smallerthanthenumerator,examplesbeing 3 2 , 2 1 , 8 3 , 16 5 ,andsoon.
Additionoffractionsisdemonstratedinthefollowing workedproblems.
Problem8. EvaluateA,givenA = 1 2 + 1 3
Thelowestcommondenominatorofthetwodenominators2and3is6,i.e.6isthelowestnumberthatboth2 and3willdivideinto.
Then 1 2 = 3 6 and 1 3 = 2 6 i.e.both 1 2 and 1 3 havethe commondenominator,namely6.
Thetwofractionscanthereforebeaddedas:
Problem9. EvaluateA,givenA = 2
Acommondenominatorcanbeobtainedbymultiplyingthetwodenominatorstogether,i.e.thecommon denominatoris 3 × 4 = 12
Thetwofractionscannowbemadeequivalent, i.e. 2 3 = 8 12 and 3 4 = 9 12 sothattheycanbeeasilyaddedtogether,asfollows: A =
Problem10. EvaluateA,givenA = 1 6 + 2 7 + 3 2
Asuitablecommondenominatorcanbeobtainedby multiplying 6 × 7 = 42,andallthreedenominators divideexactlyinto42.
Thus, 1 6 = 7 42 , 2 7 = 12 42 and 3 2 = 63 42
Hence,A = 1 6 + 2 7 + 3 2 = 7 42 + 12 42 + 63
Problem11. DetermineAasasinglefraction, givenA = 1 x + 2 y
Acommondenominatorcanbeobtainedbymultiplying thetwodenominatorstogether,i.e.xy
Thus, 1 x = y xy and 2 y = 2x xy
Hence,A = 1 x + 2 y = y xy + 2x xy i.e. A = y + 2x xy
Notethataddition,subtraction,multiplicationanddivisionoffractionsmaybedeterminedusinga calculator
Locatethe □ □ and □ □ □ functionsonyourcalculator(thelatterfunctionisashiftfunctionfoundabove the □ □ function)andthencheckthefollowingworked problems.
Problem12. Evaluate 1 4 + 2 3 usingacalculator
(i) Press □ □ function
(ii) Typein1
(iii) Press ↓ onthecursorkeyandtypein4
(iv) 1 4 appearsonthescreen
(v) Press → onthecursorkeyandtypein+
(vi) Press □ □ function
