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ProvidenceandNarrativeintheTheologyofJohnChrysostom
Thisbookisthe firstmajorstudyofprovidenceinthethoughtofJohn Chrysostom,apopularpreacherinSyrianAntiochandlaterarchbishop ofConstantinople(ca. 350 to 407).WhileChrysostomisoften consideredamoralistandexegete,thisstudyexploreshowhistheology ofprovidenceprofoundlyaffectedhislargerethicalandexegetical thought.RobertG.T.EdwardsarguesthatChrysostomconsiders biblicalnarrativesasvehiclesofadoctrineofprovidenceinwhich Godisabovealllovingtowardshumankind.NarrativesofGod’s providencethusfunctionassourcesofconsolationforChrysostom’s sufferingaudiencesandmayevenleadthemnow,amidsuffering,tothe resurrectionlife – thelifeoftheangels.Inthecourseofsurveying Chrysostom’stheologyofprovidenceandhisuseofscripturalnarrativesforconsolation,EdwardsalsopositionsChrysostom’stheology andexegesis,whichoftendefycategorization,withinthepreacher’s immediateAntiocheneandNicenecontexts.
isaHumboldtPostdoctoralFellowatthe UniversityofGöttingen,Germany.HeisatranslatorofJohn Chrysostom’sworksandhaspublishedwidelyonearlyChristian theologyandexegesisinleadingacademicjournals.
ProvidenceandNarrativeinthe TheologyofJohnChrysostom ROBERTG.T.EDWARDS
UniversityofGöttingen
ShaftesburyRoad,Cambridge 28 ,UnitedKingdom
OneLibertyPlaza, 20thFloor,NewYork, 10006,USA
477 WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne, 3207,Australia
314–321, 3rdFloor,Plot 3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi – 110025,India
103 PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore 238467
CambridgeUniversityPressispartofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment, adepartmentoftheUniversityofCambridge.
WesharetheUniversity’smissiontocontributetosocietythroughthepursuit ofeducation,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle: www.cambridge.org/9781009220934
: 10 1017/9781009220941
©CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment 2022
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisions ofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytake placewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment.
Firstpublished 2022
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
:Edwards,RobertG.T.,author.
:ProvidenceandnarrativeinthetheologyofJohnChrysostom/RobertEdwards, UniversityofGoettingen,Germany.
:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY,USA:CambridgeUniversity Press, 2022.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
: 2022030695 (print)| 2022030696 (ebook)|
9781009220934 (hardback)| 9781009220958 (paperback)|
9781009220941 (epub)
: :JohnChrysostom,Saint,-407. : 65. 46 392022 (print)| 65. 46 (ebook)|
270 2092–dc23/eng/20220817
LCrecordavailableat https://lccn.loc.gov/2022030695
LCebookrecordavailableat https://lccn.loc.gov/2022030696
978-1-009-22093-4 Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessmenthasnoresponsibilityforthepersistence oraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhis publicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwill remain,accurateorappropriate.
ProvidenceandNarrativeintheTheologyofJohnChrysostom
Thisbookisthe firstmajorstudyofprovidenceinthethoughtofJohn Chrysostom,apopularpreacherinSyrianAntiochandlaterarchbishop ofConstantinople(ca. 350 to 407).WhileChrysostomisoften consideredamoralistandexegete,thisstudyexploreshowhistheology ofprovidenceprofoundlyaffectedhislargerethicalandexegetical thought.RobertG.T.EdwardsarguesthatChrysostomconsiders biblicalnarrativesasvehiclesofadoctrineofprovidenceinwhich Godisabovealllovingtowardshumankind.NarrativesofGod’s providencethusfunctionassourcesofconsolationforChrysostom’s sufferingaudiencesandmayevenleadthemnow,amidsuffering,tothe resurrectionlife – thelifeoftheangels.Inthecourseofsurveying Chrysostom’stheologyofprovidenceandhisuseofscripturalnarrativesforconsolation,EdwardsalsopositionsChrysostom’stheology andexegesis,whichoftendefycategorization,withinthepreacher’s immediateAntiocheneandNicenecontexts.
isaHumboldtPostdoctoralFellowatthe UniversityofGöttingen,Germany.HeisatranslatorofJohn Chrysostom’sworksandhaspublishedwidelyonearlyChristian theologyandexegesisinleadingacademicjournals.
ProvidenceandNarrativeinthe TheologyofJohnChrysostom ROBERTG.T.EDWARDS
UniversityofGöttingen
ShaftesburyRoad,Cambridge 28 ,UnitedKingdom
OneLibertyPlaza, 20thFloor,NewYork, 10006,USA
477 WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne, 3207,Australia
314–321, 3rdFloor,Plot 3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi – 110025,India
103 PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore 238467
CambridgeUniversityPressispartofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment, adepartmentoftheUniversityofCambridge.
WesharetheUniversity’smissiontocontributetosocietythroughthepursuit ofeducation,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle: www.cambridge.org/9781009220934
: 10 1017/9781009220941
©CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment 2022
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisions ofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytake placewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment.
Firstpublished 2022
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
:Edwards,RobertG.T.,author.
:ProvidenceandnarrativeinthetheologyofJohnChrysostom/RobertEdwards, UniversityofGoettingen,Germany.
:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY,USA:CambridgeUniversity Press, 2022.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
: 2022030695 (print)| 2022030696 (ebook)|
9781009220934 (hardback)| 9781009220958 (paperback)|
9781009220941 (epub)
: :JohnChrysostom,Saint,-407. : 65. 46 392022 (print)| 65. 46 (ebook)|
270 2092–dc23/eng/20220817
LCrecordavailableat https://lccn.loc.gov/2022030695
LCebookrecordavailableat https://lccn.loc.gov/2022030696
978-1-009-22093-4 Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessmenthasnoresponsibilityforthepersistence oraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhis publicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwill remain,accurateorappropriate.
ProvidenceandNarrativeintheTheologyofJohnChrysostom
Thisbookisthe firstmajorstudyofprovidenceinthethoughtofJohn Chrysostom,apopularpreacherinSyrianAntiochandlaterarchbishop ofConstantinople(ca. 350 to 407).WhileChrysostomisoften consideredamoralistandexegete,thisstudyexploreshowhistheology ofprovidenceprofoundlyaffectedhislargerethicalandexegetical thought.RobertG.T.EdwardsarguesthatChrysostomconsiders biblicalnarrativesasvehiclesofadoctrineofprovidenceinwhich Godisabovealllovingtowardshumankind.NarrativesofGod’s providencethusfunctionassourcesofconsolationforChrysostom’s sufferingaudiencesandmayevenleadthemnow,amidsuffering,tothe resurrectionlife – thelifeoftheangels.Inthecourseofsurveying Chrysostom’stheologyofprovidenceandhisuseofscripturalnarrativesforconsolation,EdwardsalsopositionsChrysostom’stheology andexegesis,whichoftendefycategorization,withinthepreacher’s immediateAntiocheneandNicenecontexts.
isaHumboldtPostdoctoralFellowatthe UniversityofGöttingen,Germany.HeisatranslatorofJohn Chrysostom’sworksandhaspublishedwidelyonearlyChristian theologyandexegesisinleadingacademicjournals.
ProvidenceandNarrativeinthe TheologyofJohnChrysostom ROBERTG.T.EDWARDS
UniversityofGöttingen
ShaftesburyRoad,Cambridge 28 ,UnitedKingdom
OneLibertyPlaza, 20thFloor,NewYork, 10006,USA
477 WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne, 3207,Australia
314–321, 3rdFloor,Plot 3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi – 110025,India
103 PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore 238467
CambridgeUniversityPressispartofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment, adepartmentoftheUniversityofCambridge.
WesharetheUniversity’smissiontocontributetosocietythroughthepursuit ofeducation,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle: www.cambridge.org/9781009220934
: 10 1017/9781009220941
©CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment 2022
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisions ofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytake placewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment.
Firstpublished 2022
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
:Edwards,RobertG.T.,author.
:ProvidenceandnarrativeinthetheologyofJohnChrysostom/RobertEdwards, UniversityofGoettingen,Germany.
:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY,USA:CambridgeUniversity Press, 2022.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
: 2022030695 (print)| 2022030696 (ebook)|
9781009220934 (hardback)| 9781009220958 (paperback)|
9781009220941 (epub)
: :JohnChrysostom,Saint,-407. : 65. 46 392022 (print)| 65. 46 (ebook)|
270 2092–dc23/eng/20220817
LCrecordavailableat https://lccn.loc.gov/2022030695
LCebookrecordavailableat https://lccn.loc.gov/2022030696
978-1-009-22093-4 Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessmenthasnoresponsibilityforthepersistence oraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhis publicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwill remain,accurateorappropriate.
ForKerensa Helovesusexceedingly,withanextraordinarylove:alovethatis passionless,butalsomostardent,vigorous,genuine,indissoluble –alovethatcannotbequenched.
JohnChrysostom, OntheProvidenceofGod
Preface Tomanyinourage,providencesurelyseemsanold-fashionednotion. Theworditselfevokesvariousimpressions:perhapsitcallstomindthe deeplymisledideathatmilitaryandeconomicsupremacycomesasa resultofGod’sprovisionforanationorempire – resultingsometimes intherelentlesspursuitofcolonialism.Alternatively,itmightcalltomind apre-scienti ficexplanationforphysicalprocesses,bothlargeandsmall –fromanimalandhumanphysiologytothemovementofthestars.Inthis sense,providencemayseemtobemerelyawordfor ‘simple’ folkwho don’thavemoresophisticatedexplanationsforthechangesandchances ofthisworld.Providencemightalsobedeployedtosetasidetheseriousnessofhumansufferingandevil:whenalldisastrouseventsareascribed toGod’sprovidence,divineprovidenceendsuplookingalotlikedivine capriciousness.Theseare,ofcourse,caricaturesofwhatmightariseinthe mindofsomeonelivinginthemodern ‘West’,andyetIthinktheyarenot toofaroffthemark.
Today,inthepost-Enlightenmentandnowpost-ChristianNorth AmericanandEuropeancontextsinwhichIhavelived,otherideasof historicalandcosmicorderare,ofcourse,predominant.Amongthose whospendanytimeatallthinkingaboutthearrangementofthewhole,it isnotuncommonto fi ndtheideathatchaosandsufferingareeverywhere (anideathatIwillnottrytodeny!),andtherefore,onemustliveone’s ‘bestlife’– whateverthatmaybe.Thisisaworldviewthatiswithout providence.Anothercommonlyheldworldview – alsowithoutprovidence – isahighlyindividualisticone,whichdisregardsthequestionof theorderofthingsaltogether:whethertheworldischaoticororderlyis irrelevant,sinceIamincontrolofmyowndestiny!Undoubtedly,sucha
viewiseasiertoholdamongmoreprosperouspopulations,whichhave readyaccesstomodernmedicineandinwhichsufferingissooftensimply ignored.Certainly,fromtheseperspectives,theideathatGod(however conceived)overseesthewholephysicalworld,rangingfromthemovementsofthestarstophysiologicalprocesses,isunfathomable,whilethe ideathatGodguideshumanhistory – oftheindividualandallhumanity –isaltogetherlaughable.Particularlyinlightofthedepthsofhuman suffering,suchperspectivesarewhollyunderstandable,andvery tempting,evenforthoseofuswhoprefertobelieveinagoodprovidence thatgovernstheworld.
Evenifthe ‘offi cialstory’ isthattheideaofalovingprovidence prevailedinpre-moderntimes,othermorepessimisticperspectivesseem tohavebeennolesstemptingorcommonpriortotheScienti fic RevolutionandEnlightenment.JohnChrysostom’ssermonsrevealthis much.Preachinginthefourthand fifthcenturiesinSyrianAntiochand Constantinople(bothofwhicharesituatedinoppositeextremesof modern-dayTurkey:AntakyaandIstanbul,respectively),Johnfrequently speaksaboutprovidence,apparentlybecausesomanyofthosetowhom hewaspreachinghaddifferentideas.Certainly,hisaudienceswerenot fullofatheistsinthemodernsenseoftheterm,butdivinepowerswere oftenunderstoodtobeunconcernedwithhumanityandthereforecapricious;or,evenifpeopleheldtotheideathatthereisacosmicorder,itdid notcareforhumanaffairs.Then,asnow,humansufferingcausedmany toquestion – eventolaughat – theideathatalovingprovidencecould everbeinchargeoftheuniverse.
JohnChrysostomthinksthatthosewhoholdtosuchperspectives, however,aregrievouslymistaken.Ifsomeoneinterpretseventsinthis manner,itisbecausetheyarenotreadingalltheevidence;andthe evidencethattheydoread,theyaremisreading.ForJohn,ifonereads theevidenceproperly,God’sphilanthropicprovidence – providencethat islovingtowardshumankind – canbeappreciatedasthecauseofall things.Indeed,evenexperiencesofsufferingcomefromGod’sloving providence.However,thepreacheralsorecognizesthatitishardtosee thingsthisway.Hethereforespendsmuchofhistimenotonlyattacking theseincorrectviewsbutespeciallyspeakingaboutGod’sgoodprovidenceforallhumankindandparticularlyforthesaints.Iwillnotclaim thatJohnChrysostom’s ‘solution’ tothequestionsofhumansuffering andhisperspectiveonprovidenceareperfect.Thatisnotthepointofthis book.Nevertheless,itwasapparentlyacompellingvisionofprovidence,
withwhichmanyofhisaudiencesinAntiochandConstantinoplecould identify.
ForthosewhohavehadleisuretoreadthesermonsofJohn Chrysostom,itisoftendif ficulttosquaretheirrepetitiousandmoralizing naturewiththefactthathewassoimmenselypopularapreacherinhis ownage:why,ifhispreachingwassorepetitiveandaccusatory,wasitso beloved?Severalscholarshaverecentlyprovidedhelpfulanswerstothis question:Johnwastappingintoanalready-existing ‘medical’ discourse –atherapyoftheemotions – whichpeoplecouldunderstandculturally;he hadaprofoundunderstandingofhumanemotionandthepowerof narrative,andheusedthisknowledgetoshapehisaudience;moral upbraidingwasexpectedandappreciatedfromteachersinantiquity –andChrysostomfulfi lsthisrolewithease.Theseareall,Ithink,good answerstothequestion.However,IalsobelievethatJohn’sideaofGod’s lovingprovidencewasoneoftheaspectsofhispreachingthatsocaptivatedhisaudience.Inthisbook,Iseektoshowwhythatvisionwasso forceful – evenwhile,undoubtedly,manycontinuedtorejecttheidea.
HereIbriefl yanticipatesomeoftheaspectsofChrysostom ’steaching onprovidencethatmakeitsocompelling.First,ittakesseriouslythe depthsofhumansufferingandevilwhilealsomaintainingthegoodnessof God’screatedorder,whichstemsfromdivineloveforhumanity (philanthrōpia).WhileJohndoesmaintainthatsufferingistothespiritual benefitofthosewhoreceiveitrightly,atnopointdoeshedownplaythe grievousnessofthesufferingofhis flock.Second,Chrysostom’sviewof providenceacknowledgessimultaneouslythelimitsofhumanknowledge ofGod’splansandtheindividual’sultimatecontroloverhisorherown choices.Thatis,whileIcannotalwaysknowpreciselywhyGodhasso orderedtheeventsofmylife,nocapriciousforcehasanypoweroverme. Rather,IamempoweredtochoosewhetherIlivethegoodlifeofvirtue –whatChrysostomcallsthe ‘lifeoftheangels’– ortheopposite.Finally, andperhapsmostcompellingisnotChrysostom’sdoctrineofprovidence, buthisuseofstoriesofprovidenceinhisconsolationofthosewhoare sufferingandwhoareatriskofrejectingtheideaofGod’slovingcare. ChrysostomusesthestoriesofScripturetohelphis flocktelltheirown stories – sooften filledwithsuffering – inaccordwiththeviewthatGod doeseverythingoutofhisloveforhumankind.
Thisstudy,whichbeganasadoctoralthesisattheUniversityofNotre Dame,hasbenefittedfromthehelpofsomany – mostdirectlyfromthe expertiseofmydoctoralcommittee.DavidLincicumtaughtmetoreflect muchmoredeeplyonbiblicalreception;JohnCavadini,havingtaughthis
doctoralseminarto ‘think(andspeak)inAugustinian’,helpedmeinthis dissertationto ‘speakinChrysostomian’;JohnFitzgeraldgenerouslyjoined thecommitteeatalatehourandofferedhisexpertiseinthelongphilosophicaltraditiontowhichJohnChrysostombelongs.Manythanksare duetothemallbutespeciallytomyadviser,BlakeLeyerle,whosegenerosity,thoughtfulness,rigour,andgoodhumourhavenotonlybeendeeply appreciatedbuthavealsogivenmesomethingtoaspiretoasateacherand scholar.SheintroducedmetoChrysostomandhisoeuvre,and – aswillbe seeninthefollowingpages – Iowemuchofmyowninterpretationtoher.
IamalsogratefultoKacieKlamm,KirstenAnderson,GrantGasse, andJeremiahCoogan,eachofwhomreadchaptersofthisbookatan earlystageandofferedvaluablefeedback.KathleenShain-RossundertooktheHerculeantaskofreadingthroughthewholemanuscript,and herfeedbackhelpedmetoseetheforestforthetrees.Naturally,all mistakesthatremainaremyown.
WhenIcouldlocatenosuitablecoverimageorthisbook,theiconographer JamesBlackstone(of dunstanicons.com)cametotherescue.Theimageis modelledonanimageintheMenologionofBasilIIanddepictsJohn Chrysostomonhiswayintoexile – thesaint’sownexperienceofsuffering andprovidence.Itisalso fittingtothankthosewho(itseemsmanyyearsago now)taughtmetoreadGreek,especiallyBruceClausenandShelleyReid.Iwas oneofmanystudentstowhomtheygaveanimmeasurablegiftofreadingthis beautifullanguage.Ithasbroughtmegreatjoy.Finally,ataninstitutionallevel, thanksarealsoduetotheSocialSciencesandHumanitiesResearchCouncilof Canada,whichhelpedfundthelastfew yearsofmyPhDandthustheinitial researchforthisbook,aswellasthe AlexandervonHumboldtFoundation, whichfundedmyresearchwhileIcompletedthebookmanuscript.
Finally,thanksareduetomyfamilyandfriends – who(thanksbeto God)aretoomanytomention!Iespeciallyextendmygratitudetothose whoknowmebestandwhoarethereforethemostlong-sufferingof individuals.Tomyparents:thankyouforyourunfailingsupportinevery season;Ihavehadthegoodfortuneofneverdoubtingthatyouareproud ofme.ToElizaandMargot,whosatuponeachkneeasIwrotethisbook: thankyouforkeepingmefromworkingtoohard.ToKerensa:youare my fiercestsupporterandwisestcounsellor;thankyouforthelovingcare youshowtome,ourdaughters,andsomanyothers,andforthevisionof providenceandlove(nottomentionyourcharmandwit!)thatyoubring tousall.ToyouIdedicatethisbook.
Abbreviations Wherepossible,abbreviationsfrom TheSBLHandbookofStyle (2nd edition;Atlanta:SBL, 2014)havebeenusedforbothprimaryandsecondaryliterature.Ihavenotincludedinthislistmyabbreviationsfor JohnChrysostom’scommentariesandlongerseriesofbiblicalhomilies, forwhichIusetheconventionalabbreviationsincludedinthe SBL Handbook (e.g., Comm.Gal. forthe CommentaryonGalatians ; Hom. Gen. forthe HomiliesonGenesis).WhereabbreviationsforJohn Chrysostom ’sworksareinsuffi cientlyclearinthe SBLHandbook, Ihaveincludedinsquarebracketstheabbreviationssuggestedby WendyMayer(http://alc.academia.edu/WendyMayerFAHA).Forconvenience,abbreviationsusedinthisbookarelistedbelow.
PrimarySources JohnChrysostom
Adfu.Adversuseosquinonadfuerant Adv.Iud.AdversusJudaeos
Anom. [Deincompr.hom.] ContraAnomoeos 1–5 =De incomprehensibilideinatura Anom. 8 [Pet.Mat. fil.Zeb.] ContraAnomoeos 8 =Depetitione matris filiorumZebedaei
Anom. 12 [Dechrist.div.] ContraAnomoeos 12 =DeChristi divinitate
Ant.exsil. Sermoantequamiretinexsilium
Cat.ill. Catechesesadilluminandos
Cumexsil.Sermocumiretinexsilium
Dav.DeDavideetSaule
Diab.Dediabolotentatore
Ep.Olymp.EpistulaeadOlympiadem
Exp.Ps.ExpositionesinPsalmos
Fem.reg.Quodregularesfeminaeviriscohabitare nondebeant
Freq.conv.Quodfrequenterconveniendumsit
Grat.Nonesseadgratiamconcionandum
Hom. 1 Cor. 10:1 [Nolovos ign.] IndictumPauli:Nolovosignorare
Hom. 2 Cor. 4:13 [Hab.eund. spir.hom.]
Hom. 2 Tim. 3:1 [Hocscit. quodinnov.dieb.]
Inillud:Habenteseundemspiritum
Inillud:Hocscitotequodinnovissimis diebus
Hom.Act. 9:1 [Mut.nom. hom.] Demutationenominum
Hom.Isa. 45:7 [Egodom.] InilludIsaiae:EgoDominusDeusfeci lumen
Hom.Jo. 5:17 [Paterm.usq. mod.op.]
Hom.Jo. 5:19 [Fil.exsenihil fac.]
Hom.Matt. 26:9 [Pater,si poss.]
Hom.Rom. 16:3 [Prisc.et Aquil.serm.]
Inillud:Patermeususquemodo operatur
Inillud:Filiusexsenihilfacit
Inillud:Pater,sipossibileest,transeat
Inillud:SalutatePriscillametAquilam
Inan.glor.Deinanigloriaetdeeducandisliberis
Laed.Quodnemolaediturnisiaseipso
Laud.Paul.DelaudibussanctiPauliapostoli
Laz.DeLazaro
Oppugn. Adversusoppugnatoresvitaemonasticae
Paenit.Depaenitentia
Paralyt.Inparalyticumdemissumpertectum
Pasch. Insanctumpascha
Pecc.Peccatafratrumnonevulganda
Pent.Desanctapentecoste
Proph.obscurit. Deprophetarumobscuritate
Res.Chr.Adversusebriososetderesurrectione domininostriJesuChristi
Rom.mart.InsanctumRomanummartyrem Saturn.CumSaturninusetAurelianusactiessent inexsilium
Serm. Gen.SermonesinGenesim
Scand.Adeosquiscandalizatisunt(De providentiaDei)
Stag.AdStagiriumadaemonevexatum
Stat.AdpopulumAntiochenumdestatuis
Virginit.Devirginitate
OtherAncientSources Aristotle, Eth. nic.Ethicanicomachea
Aristotle, Poet.Poetica
BasilofCaesarea, Eun. ContraEunomium
BasilofCaesarea, Hex. HomiliaeinHexaemeron Cicero, Nat.d.Denaturadeorum
Epictetus, Diatr.Diatribai(Dissertationes)
EusebiusofCaesarea, Praep.Ev.Praeparatioevangelica
EusebiusofCaesarea, Dem.Ev. Demonstratioevangelica GregoryofNazianzus, Or. Orationes
GregoryofNyssa, Eun. ContraEunomium
GregoryofNyssa, Trid.spat.
[Res. 1]
Detriduispatio=InChristi resurrectionemI
Josephus, Ant.Antiquitatesjudaicae
MarcusAurelius, Med. Meditationes
PalladiusofHierapolis, Dial.DialogusdevitaJoannis Chrysostomi
Plutarch, Stoic.rep.DeStoicorumrepugnantiis
NemesiusofEmesa, Hom.nat.Dehominisnatura
Seneca, Prov.Deprovidentia
SocratesofConstantinople, Hist. eccl. Historiaecclesiastica
Sozomen, Hist.eccl.Historiaecclesiastica
TheodoretofCyrrhus, Graec. affect.cur. Graecarumaffectionumcuratio
T.Job TestamentofJob
SecondarySources
ACWAncientChristianWriters
ANRWAufstiegundNiedergangderrömischenWelt:Geschichteund KulturRomsimSpiegelderneuerenForschung.Part 2, Principat.EditedbyHildegardTemporiniandWolfgang Haase.Berlin:DeGruyter, 1972–
AThRAnglicanTheologicalReview
ByzZByzantinischeZeitschrift
CHChurchHistory
CPClassicalPhilology
CPG ClavisPatrumGraecorum.EditedbyMauriceGeerard. 5 volumes.Turnhout:Brepols, 1974–1987.
CSCOCorpusScriptorumChristianorumOrientalium
DTCDictionnairedethéologiecatholique.EditedbyAlfredVacant etal. 15 volumes.Paris:LetouzeyetAné, 1908–1950.
ETLEphemeridesTheologicaeLovanienses
FOTCFathersoftheChurch
GCSDiegriechischenchristlichenSchriftstellerderersten[drei] Jahrhunderte
GNO GregoriiNysseniOpera.EditedbyWernerJaeger,etal. Leiden:Brill, 1952–2014.
GOTRGreekOrthodoxTheologicalReview
GRBSGreek,Roman,andByzantineStudies
HTRHarvardTheologicalReview
ITQIrishTheologicalQuarterly
JECSJournalofEarlyChristianStudies
JEHJournalofEcclesiasticalHistory
JLAJournalofLateAntiquity
JRJournalofReligion
JTSJournalofTheologicalStudies
LCLLoebClassicalLibrary
LS TheHellenisticPhilosophers.EditedbyA.A.LongandD.N. Sedley. 2 volumes.Cambridge:CambridgeUP, 1987–1989.
MScRelMélangesdesciencereligieuse
NTSNewTestamentStudies
OCPOrientaliaChristianaPeriodica
PGPatrologiaGraeca
PTSPatristischeTexteundStudien
RevScRelRevuedessciencesreligieuses
RSRRecherchesdesciencereligieuse
SacErSacrisErudiri
SCSourcesChrétiennes
SJTScottishJournalofTheology
StPatrStudiaPatristica
SVF StoicorumVeterumFragmenta.EditedbyHansFriedrich AugustvonArnim. 4 volumes.Leipzig:Teubner, 1903–1924.
TSTheologicalStudies
VCVigiliaeChristianae
ZACZeitschriftfürAntikesChristentum/JournalofAncient Christianity
