Oxford Studies in Metaphysics Karen Bennett (Editor)
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
References
Chapter 2: PORIFERA
Natural History and Taxonomy
Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Diseases
References
Chapter 3: JELLYFISHES (CTENOPHORA AND SCYPHOZOA)
Introduction
Natural History and Taxonomy
Comb Jellies
True Jelly ish
Box Jelly ish
Anatomy, Physiology
Environmental Diseases and Preventative Medicine
Temperature
Water Quality
Water Motion
Light and Nutrient Issues
Transport and Handling
Trauma
Toxicities
Age-related/degenerative Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Macroparasites
Complex Syndromes of Unknown Etiologies
Ulcerative Umbrellar Lesions
Clinical Management
References
Chapter 4: ANEMONES (ACTINARIA)
Introduction
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Environmental and Noninfectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
References
Chapter 5: OCTOCORALLIA, HEXACORALLIA, SCLERACTINIA, AND OTHER CORALS
Introduction
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
The Coral Microbiome
Bacterial Microbiome
Fungal Microbiome
Viral Microbiome
Environmental and Noninfectious Diseases
Temperature
Water Quality
Water Motion
Light and Nutrient Issues
Community Balance Shifts
Algal Competition
Trauma
Plastics
Dredging
Toxicities
Transport and Handling
Infectious Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Viral Diseases
Fungal Diseases
Protozoal Diseases
Gemmocystiasis
Dino lagellate Diseases
Metazoan Diseases
Diseases of Complex and/or Unknown Etiology
Rapid Tissue Degeneration
Cold Water Coral Necrosis
Coral Tumors
Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD)
Color named syndromes
Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Surgery
Diagnostic Techniques
Treatment Protocols
Direct
Topical Applications
Medicated Feed
Treatment in the Ocean
References
Chapter 6: CORAL REEF AQUARIUM HUSBANDRY AND HEALTH
History and Introduction
Stability
Salinity
Chemistry
Lighting
Automation
Diversity
Water Motion
Filtration
Temperature
Maintenance
Risks Associated with Reef Aquaria
Summary
References
Chapter 7: TURBELLARIANS
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Environmental Disorders and Preventive Medicine
Miscellaneous Disorders
Planaria as Models
Treatment Protocols and Formulary
References
Chapter 8: GASTROPODS
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Environmental Disorders and Preventive Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Viral Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Parasitic Diseases
Miscellaneous Disorders
Anesthesia, Analgesia, Diagnostics, and Surgery
Treatment Protocols and Formulary
References
Chapter 9: CEPHALOPODS
Introduction
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Environmental Disorders/Preventative Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Neoplasia
Miscellaneous Disorders
Analgesia and Anesthesia
Diagnostics, Medical Procedures, and Surgery
Euthanasia
Welfare Considerations
Treatment Protocols and Formulary
References
Chapter 10: BIVALVES
Introduction
Basic Anatomy and Physiology
Health Requirements
References
Chapter 11: CHITONS
Taxonomy
Body Shape
Valves
Mantle
Foot
Ctenidia
Gastrointestinal Tract
Nervous System
Sensory Organs
Circulatory System
Excretory System
Reproduction
Diet and Feeding Behavior
Bene it to Humans
Diagnostic Imaging
References
Chapter 12: ANNELIDS
Introduction
Polychaetes
Oligochaetes
Hirudineans
References
Chapter 13: HORSESHOE CRABS
Natural History and Taxonomy
Taxonomic Classi ication
Anatomy and Physiology
Environmental Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Diagnostic Techniques
Health Management
Anesthesia and Surgery
References
Chapter 14: SPIDERS
Introduction
Taxonomy and Natural History
Natural History and Captive Care
Reproduction
Speci ic Species Requirements
Choosing Species for Pets and Display
Captive Care of Other Commonly Kept Spiders
Keeping Venomous Spiders
Transporting Spiders
Anatomy and Physiology
Environmental Disorders
Infectious Diseases and Parasites
Miscellaneous Disorders
Anesthesia and Surgery
Examination and Treatment
Hemolymph Biochemistry and Hematology
Diagnostic Imaging
Ultrasonography
MRI
Computed Tomography (CT)
Postmortem Examination
Quarantine
Drugs and Therapeutic Agents
Spider Formulary (also see Chapter 33 of this volume)
Allometric Scaling and Dosage Selection
Legislation
Resources
Terms
Glossary
References
Recommended Reading
Further Reading
Chapter 15: SCORPIONS
Introduction
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Reproduction
Housing
Nutrition
Handling and Restraint
Induced Exoskeletal Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Environmental Diseases
Wound Treatment
Infectious Diseases
Ectoparasitism
Endoparasitism
Venom Collection and Use
References
Chapter 16: CRUSTACEANS
Introduction
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Diseases Affecting Many Crustaceans
Diseases of Shrimp
Diseases of Lobsters
Fungus-like and Fungal Diseases of Lobsters
Diseases of Crabs
Diseases of Hermit Crabs
Diseases of Cray ish
Diseases of Other Crustaceans
Neoplasia
Diseases of Special Concern
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Techniques
Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Surgery
Euthanasia
Treatments and Formulary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 17: MYRIAPODS (CENTIPEDES AND MILLIPEDES)
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Legal Aspects of Keeping
Environmental Disorders and Preventive Medicine
Myriapods as a Human Food Source
Use of Myriapods in Medicine
Husbandry
Nutrition
Disinfection
Handling
Infectious Diseases
Parasites
Miscellaneous Disorders
Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Surgery
Diagnostic Techniques
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 18: INSECTS
Introduction
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Insects in Laboratories
Environmental Disorders and Preventive Medicine
Diagnostic Imaging
Neoplasia
Miscellaneous Disorders
Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Surgery
Treatment Protocols and Formulary
The Future
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19: HONEY BEES
Introduction
Biology of Honey Bee Colonies
Honey Bee Bacterial Diseases
Antibiotics for Honey Bees
Honey Bee Viral Diseases
Parasitic Diseases Due to Arthropods
Fungal and Protozoal Diseases
Pests and Enemies of Honey Bee Colonies
Vespa mandarinia, The Murder Hornet
Intoxication
Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: BUTTERFLY HOUSES
Introduction
Purpose, Value, and Justi ications
Legal Status of Butter ly Houses
Design and Management
Anesthesia and Immobilization
Stress and Welfare
Education, Research, and Conservation Activities
Other Types of Management of Butter lies
Acknowledgments
References and Further Reading
Further Reading
Chapter 21: NEMATODES
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Body Wall
Muscles
Digestive System
Nervous System
Secretory–Excretory System
Reproductive System
A Note Regarding the Following Sections
Environmental Disorders and Preventive Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Miscellaneous Disorders
Predation
Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Surgery
Miscellaneous
Treatment Protocols and Formulary
Antimicrobials
Anesthetics
Neuroactive Drugs
Miscellaneous
References
Chapter
22: CHAETOGNATHS (ARROWWORMS)
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy
Physiology
Environmental Disorders
Infectious Diseases
Helminths
Other Parasites
Miscellaneous Disorders
References
Chapter 23:
ECHINODERMS
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Environmental Disorders and Preventive Medicine
Disease Syndromes
Infectious Diseases
Neoplasia
Miscellaneous Conditions
Clinical Procedures
Treatment Protocols
Human and Animal Health Hazards
References
Chapter 24: UROCHORDATES
Introduction
Natural History and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Infectious Diseases
Cup Cell Disease
Soft Tunic Syndrome
Long Feces Syndrome
References
Chapter 25: DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND SAMPLE HANDLING
Introduction
Sample Collection from Living Specimen
Summary
Resources
Fixatives and Solutions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 26: NEOPLASIA
Introduction
Understanding Invertebrate Neoplasia
Selected Invertebrate Neoplasms
Diagnosis and Treatment
References
Chapter 27: EUTHANASIA
Taxon-Speci ic Recommendations
References
Chapter 28: LAWS AND REGULATIONS
Introduction
Part I: United States
Part II: International
Part III: European and UK Law
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 29: INVERTEBRATE ANIMAL WELFARE
Introduction
Care and Husbandry
Pain and Nociception
Euthanasia and Slaughter
References
Recommended Reading
Chapter 30: INVERTEBRATE HEALTH ISSUES IN CONSERVATION
Introduction
Why Conserve Invertebrates?
Which Invertebrates to Conserve and How
Regulation and Legislative Input
Wider Perspective
Management Planning: Threats to Invertebrates
Loss or Alienation of Critical Habitat
Climate Change
Alien Species
Pollution
Overexploitation
Ex situ Conservation
Discussion
References
Chapter 31: SOURCES OF INVERTEBRATES AND SUPPLIES
Introduction
Anesthetic/Chemical Suppliers
Diagnostic Laboratories
Dietary Supplies
Environmental Monitoring
General Supplies
Husbandry/Exhibit Supplies
Sources of Invertebrates
Veterinary/Diagnostic Supplies
Chapter 32: REPORTABLE DISEASES OF INVERTEBRATES
Introduction
Diseases of Invertebrates Noti iable to the OIE1
Diseases of Invertebrates Reportable to the USDA2
Chapter 33: DRUG FORMULARY
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1. Invertebrate phyla and major classes not reviewed in this book.
Table 1.2. Habitats and approximate metazoan species numbers.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1. Survival and growth rates of cultured sponges.
Table 2.2. This table represents an overview of offshore gas and oil activit...
Table 2.3. Global occurrence of suspected pathogenic sponge diseases
Chapter 5
Table 5.1. Aggressiveness of corals, listed from most to least aggressive.
Table 5.2. Clinical signs of disease or normal.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1. Naturally occurring versus synthetic chemical parameters.
Table 6.2. Approximate maintenance schedule for the major attributes of a ma...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1. Taxonomic outline of the gastropoda.
Table 8.2. This clade-based taxonomic summary was published in 2005 (Bouchet...
Table 8.3. Haliotis iris clinical pathology reference ranges: sample size, total ...
Table 8.4. Anesthetic agents for gastropods.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1. Classi ication of the cephalopods.
Table 9.2. These bacteria have been cultured in anOctopus vulgaris hatchery....
Table 9.3. Cephalopod viruses and virus-like particles.
Table 9.4. Aggregata sp. from cephalopods.
Table 9.5. Some ciliated protozoal parasites (Opalinopsis sp. and Chromidina
Table 9.6. Cephalopod formulary.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1. Basic questions and their utility about a bivalve's origin, orig...
Table 10.2. Primary clinical history and physical examination of bivalve hea...
Table 10.3. Reference range hemolymph values for the freshwater mussel,Ellip...
Table 10.4. Fixatives.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1. Classi ication of the Polyplacophora.Source: Based on Sirenko (2...
Table 11.2. Blood values found in some species of chiton.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Immune reactions among major phyla.
Table 12.2 The 20 most abundant taxa collected during the spring 2011 follow...
Table 12.3 Endocrine disruptors of invertebrates.
Table 12.4 The major coelomocyte types (Wright's stain) ofLumbricus terrestr...
Table 12.5 Some gastrointestinal pathogens and potential pathogens of leeche...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1. Biochemical pro iles (mean) of selected hemolymph parameters of ...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1. Table summarizing reference intervals with at least 10 animals o...
Chapter 16
Table 16.1. Anesthetics used in crustaceans.
Chapter 18
Table 18.1. Important anatomical features.
Table 18.2. Important physiological features.
Table 18.3. Some important insect pathogens (not unique to honey bees).
Table 18.4. Anesthetic agents.
Table 18.5. Brief formulary. For more information see Chapter 33 of this vol...
Chapter 19
Table 19.1. Brood development characteristics of the three castes ofApis mel...
Table 19.2. Honey bee viruses.
Table 19.3. Main miticides and active substances used to control Varroa infest...
Table 19.4. Example of integrated control methods: monitoring methods, biote...
Table 19.5. Main insecticides: Target, classi ication, molecules and mode of...
Table 19.6. Sampling for chemicals. The veterinarian is advised to contact t...
Chapter 20
Table 20.1. Infectious and noninfectious diseases in the butter ly house.
Chapter 22
Table 22.1. Taxonomic classi ication of the 28 taxa of parasites of chaetogn...
Chapter 24
Table 24.1. Wild and cultured tunicates for human consumption.
Chapter 26
Table 26.1. Invertebrate neoplasms in the Registry of Tumors in Lower Animal...
Chapter 27
Table 27.1. Acceptable methods for invertebrate euthanasia.
Chapter 28
Table 28.1. Invertebrate species speci ically named in the Magnuson–Stevens ...
Table 28.2. Invertebrate species listed on Appendices I and II of the Conven...
Table 28.3. Diseases of invertebrates noti iable to the OIE/WOAH (2021).
Chapter 30
Table 30.1. Categories of species that may be especially vulnerable to the e...
Chapter 33
Table 33.1. Annelidaa-e .
Table 33.2. Arthropoda – Arachnidaa-e .
Table 33.3. Arthropoda – Decapodaa-e .
Table 33.4. Arthropoda – Insectaa-e .
Table 33.5. Arthropoda – Limulidaea-e .
Table 33.6. Cnidariaa-e .
Table 33.7. Echinodermataa-e .
Table 33.8. Mollusca–e .
Table 33.9. General invertebrates.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1. This is a complex four-part igure showing genetic consensus sum...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1. Basic sponge body plan illustrating water low patterns.
Figure 2.2. Microscopic diagrammatic view of the sponge.
Figure 2.3. Three different types of body plans.
Figure 2.4. Four different sponges from the Turks and Caicos Islands. Symbio...
Figure 2.5. This working model shows how sponge symbiosis has evolved toward...
Figure 2.6. Gross and histological comparison of summer and winter Microcion...
Figure 2.7. Serial section reconstruction of Terpios zeteki body wall with i...
Figure 2.8. Total number of compounds isolated from marine sources from 2001...
Figure 2.9. New chemical class compounds isolated from marine sponges betwee...
Figure 2.10. Compounds isolated from marine organisms between 1970 and 2010,...
Figure 2.11. Normal development of the freshwater sponge Heteromyenia sp. (a...
Figure 2.12. Abnormal development of the freshwater sponge Heteromyenia sp. ...
Figure 2.13. This conceptual igure illustrates the biological effects on ma...
Figure 2.14. These igures show healthy and diseased specimens of Ianthella ...
Figure 2.15. These images represent healthy (a) and diseased freshwater spon...
Figure 2.16. These images show a wide range of sponge disease clinical signs...
Figure 2.17. Transmission electron micrographs of the Great Barrier Reef spo...
Figure 2.18. Aplysina red band syndrome (ARBS) affecting the Caribbean rope ...
Figure 2.19. Sponge white patch disease in Amphimedon compressa. (a) Underwa...
Figure 2.20. A healthy Callyspongia biru specimen (a) and a sponge affected ...
Figure 2.21. Photographic panel of healthy and diseased Geodia barretti. Hea...
Figure 2.22. Oscarella lobularis habitus and simpli ied diagrams of its hist...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1. This cylindrical life support system, known as a kreisel, is use...
Figure 3.2. The comb jelly Pleurobrachia pileus.
Figure 3.3. The moon jelly ish, Aurelia aurita.
Figure 3.4. The various life stages of the upside-down jelly ish, Cassiopeia
Figure 3.5. Cnidarian life cycles. The life cycles of (a) the solitary fresh...
Figure 3.6. This creative illustration depicts the moon jelly ish, Aurelia a...
Figure 3.7. (a) Lion’s mane jelly ish (Cyanea sp.) with parasitic Peachia sp...
Figure 3.8. An everted moon jelly ish (Aurelia aurita) on display in a publi...
Figure 3.9. Jelly ish eversion syndrome. (a) Photograph of a Chrysaora quinq...
Figure 3.10. Pictured are two moon jellies (Aurelia aurita) with ulcerative ...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1. Aiptasia pallida, a common Atlantic sea anemone of the southeast...
Figure 4.2. A simple hydrozoan representative of Hydra sp.
Figure 4.3. This image of the solitary anemone Actinia tenebrosa, one of the...
Figure 4.4. The model anemone Exaiptasia H2 possesses a rich and diverse mic...
Figure 4.5. This information abstract summarizes the irst study to identify...
Figure 4.6. The three graphs include details of 29 different viral families ...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1. The basic scleractinian coral anatomy of three polyps. The major...
Figure 5.2. Spatial structure and physicochemical environment experienced by...
Figure 5.3. Favia maxima with many sweeper tentacles extruded.
Figure 5.4. Normal shedding of waxy skin by the leather coral Sarcophyton sp...
Figure 5.5. The 4862 plastic items in this photograph were collected from a ...
Figure 5.6. (a) Pocillopora damicornis showing severe damage caused by Helic...
Figure 5.7. Photomicrograph of a group of Helicostoma sp. protozoans with in...
Figure 5.8. A latworm (magni ied) found on a soft coral.
Figure 5.9. A schematic of the life cycle of Prosthiostomum acroporae showin...
Figure 5.10. The life cycle of Prosthiostomum acroporae measured at 3 °C inc...
Figure 5.11. Climate change affects endolithic microbiomes and their interac...
Figure 5.12. Four possible cellular mechanisms of cnidarian bleaching due to...
Figure 5.13. (a) Rapid tissue necrosis (shutdown reaction) af licting Acropo...
Figure 5.14. Representative pictures showing Montastraea cavernosa with a su...
Figure 5.15. Antibiotic treatment of SCTLD-diseased Meandrina meandrites and...
Figure 5.16. Black Band Disease on a Favia sp. specimen.
Figure 5.17. Community shifts in Black Band Disease (BBD) consortia and heal...
Figure 5.18. Taxonomic classi ication on the level of order of OTUs that are...
Figure 5.19. White plague disease af licting Colopophyllia natans.
Figure 5.20. Montastrea faveolata.
Figure 5.21. Dichocoenia stokesi clinically infected by Sphingomonas sp. (no...
Figure 5.22. Time series of white pox affected Acropora palmata at Looe Key ...
Figure 5.23. Dark spots disease affecting Siderastrea sideria.
Figure 5.24. Yellow band disease affecting (a) Montastraeafranksi and (b) Mo...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1. Berlin method schematic. This schematic shows the typical Berlin...
Figure 6.2. a) Coral reef exhibit at the Long Island Aquarium in Riverhead, ...
Figure 6.3. This schematic illustrates the details of the closed mesocosm us...
Figure 6.4. These images show ex situ gamete release by the stony coral Acro...
Figure 6.5. Nitrogen cycle in aquaria. (a) Inputs and exports for nitrogen a...
Figure 6.6. The Full Apex Trident DOS Package is a selfcontained automatic ...
Figure 6.7. The NOAA Coral Reef Watch (CRW) offers the world's only coral re...
Figure 6.8. A water change scenario, utilizing a percentage of water-replace...
Figure 6.9. Red bug (Tegastes acroporanus) infestation. Although termed “red...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1. In this phylogenetic analysis of 23 animal species using partial...
Figure 7.2. Some representatives of the major freshwater taxa, as seen alive...
Figure 7.3. An unidenti ied terrestrial planarian from Ecuador, likely a Bip...
Figure 7.4. (a) Stained whole mount of the aquatic planarian Dugesia tigrina
Figure 7.5. (a) Cross section of the aquatic planarian Dugesia tigrina. Note...
Figure 7.6. This is a free-living predatory planarian of the genus Bipalium ...
Figure 7.7. Pathological effects of Thraustochytrium caudivorum on Macrostom...
Figure 7.8. A 3% ethanol treatment inhibits gross movements in Schmidtea med...
Figure 7.9. A 3% ethanol treatment does not affect regeneration in Schmidtea...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1. Spiral shell forms: seven species of Western Atlantic marine gas...
Figure 8.2. (a) Healthy example of a cultured red abalone, Haliotis discus h...
Figure 8.3. Normal tropical nudibranch. Note the paired anterior rhinophores...
Figure 8.4. (a) Healthy Aplysia californica (1, rhinophores; 2, parapodia; 3
Figure 8.5. Major anatomical features of a gastropod shell.
Figure 8.6. Aplysia californica dissection. 1, Opened gizzard showing chitin...
Figure 8.7. Detailed drawing of Aplysia internal anatomy.
Figure 8.8. Aplysia californica dissection. 1, Buccal mass; 2, salivary glan...
