Practical Approaches to Biological Inorganic Chemistry
2nd Edition Robert R. Crichton (Editor)
https://ebookmass.com/product/practical-approaches-to-biologicalinorganic-chemistry-2nd-edition-robert-r-crichton-editor/
Instructor’s Solutions Manual to Solid State Electronic Devices, 6th Edition Ben G. Streetman
https://ebookmass.com/product/instructors-solutions-manual-tosolid-state-electronic-devices-6th-edition-ben-g-streetman/
Systems programming: designing and developing distributed applications Anthony https://ebookmass.com/product/systems-programming-designing-anddeveloping-distributed-applications-anthony/
Calculus and Its Applications 11th Edition – Ebook PDF
Version
https://ebookmass.com/product/calculus-and-its-applications-11thedition-ebook-pdf-version/
Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications 7th Edition, (Ebook PDF)
https://ebookmass.com/product/discrete-mathematics-and-itsapplications-7th-edition-ebook-pdf/
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
Companion Website
Biography
Solid State Chemistry, an Overview of the Discipline: Chemistry –Solid State Chemistry – Materials Chemistry – Materials Science and Engineering
1 Crystal Structures, Crystal Chemistry, Symmetry and Space Groups
1.1 Unit Cells and Crystal Systems
1.2 Symmetry
1.3 Symmetry and Choice of Unit Cell
1.4 Lattice, Bravais Lattice
1.5 Lattice Planes and Miller Indices
1.6 Indices of Directions
1.7 d‐Spacing Formulae
1.8 Crystal Densities and Unit Cell Contents
1.9 Description of Crystal Structures
1.10 Close Packed Structures – Cubic and Hexagonal Close Packing
1.11 Relationship Between Cubic Close Packed and Face Centred Cubic
1.12 Hexagonal Unit Cell and Close Packing
1.13 Density of Close Packed Structures
1.14 Unit Cell Projections and Atomic Coordinates
1.15 Materials that can be Described as Close Packed
1.16 Structures Built of Space‐Filling Polyhedra
1.17 Some Important Structure Types
1.18 Point Groups and Space Groups
2 Crystal Defects, Non‐stoichiometry and Solid Solutions
2.1 Perfect and Imperfect Crystals
2.2 Types of Defect: Point Defects
2.3 Solid Solutions of Ionic Materials
2.4 Extended Defects
2.5 Dislocations and Mechanical Properties of Solids
3 Bonding in Solids
3.1 Overview: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic, van der Waals and Hydrogen Bonding in Solids
3.2 Ionic Bonding
3.3 Covalent Bonding
3.4 Metallic Bonding and Band Theory
3.5 Bands or Bonds: A Final Comment
4 Synthesis, Processing and Fabrication Methods
4.1 General Observations
4.2 Solid State Reaction or Shake ‘n Bake Methods
4.3 Low Temperature or Chimie Douce Methods
4.4 Gas‐Phase Methods
4.5 High‐Pressure Methods
4.6 Crystal Growth
5 Crystallography and Diffraction Techniques
5.1 General Comments: Molecular and Non‐Molecular Solids
5.2 Characterisation of Solids
5.3 X‐Ray Diffraction
5.4 Electron Diffraction
5.5 Neutron Diffraction
5.6 The Reciprocal Lattice
5.7 Total scattering and pair distribution function (PDF) analysis
5.8 Line broadening of XRD powder patterns, domain (particle) size measurement and strain effects
6 Other Characterisation Techniques: Microscopy, Spectroscopy, Thermal Analysis
6.1 Diffraction and Microscopic Techniques: What Do They Have in Common?
6.2 Optical and Electron Microscopy Techniques
6.3 Spectroscopic Techniques
6.4 Thermal Analysis (TA)
6.5 Strategy to Identify, Analyse and Characterise ‘Unknown’ Solids
7 Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretation
7.1 The Phase Rule, the Condensed Phase Rule and Some Definitions
7.2 One‐Component Systems
7.3 Two‐Component Condensed Systems
7.4 Some Tips and Guidelines for Constructing Binary Phase Diagrams
7.5 Ternary Systems
7.6 Phase Transitions
8 Electrical Properties
8.1 Survey of Electrical Properties and Electrical Materials
8.2 Metallic Conductivity
8.3 Superconductivity
8.4 Semiconductivity
8.5 Ionic Conductivity
8.6 Dielectric Materials
8.7 Ferroelectrics
8.8 Pyroelectrics
8.9 Piezoelectrics
8.10 Applications of Ferro‐, Pyro‐ and Piezoelectrics
9 Magnetic Properties
9.1 Physical Properties
9.2 Magnetic Materials, their Structures and Properties
9.3 Applications: Structure–Property Relations
9.4 Recent Developments
10 Optical Properties: Luminescence, Lasers and Transparent Conductors
10.1 Visible Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
10.2 Sources of Light, Thermal Sources, Black Body Radiation and Electronic Transitions
10.3 Scattering Processes: Reflection, Diffraction and Interference
10.4 Luminescence and Phosphors
10.5 Configurational Coordinate Model
10.6 Some Phosphor Materials
10.7 Anti‐Stokes Phosphors
10.8 Stimulated Emission, Amplification of Light and Lasers
10.9 Photodetectors
10.10 Fibre‐Optics
10.11 Solar Cells and Photovoltaics
10.12 Transparent Conducting Oxides, TCOs, Smart Windows and Energy Management of Buildings
10.13 Photonic Crystals, Photonic Bandgaps and Opals
11 Heterogeneous Materials, Electroceramics and Impedance Spectroscopy
11.1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Solids
11.2 Resistivities and Permittivities of Materials; The Parallel RC Element
11.3 Impedance Formalisms, Alternating Currents and Equivalent Circuits
11.4 Applications of Impedance Spectroscopy
12 Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties
12.1 Thermoelectric Effects
12.2 Thermal Properties: Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Expansion
13 Functional Materials: Some Important Examples
13.1 TiO2: Rutile, Anatase and Other Ti–O Phases
13.2 Ca12Al14O33 , Mayenite: An Oxide Ion Conductor, Component of Cement and a Superconducting Electride
13.3 Zinc Oxide, ZnO for Varistor and Optoelectronic Applications
13.4 Two‐dimensional Structures: MXenes
13.5 Low‐dimensional Solids: Graphene, BN, Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Black Phosphorus
14 Glass
14.1 Factors That Influence Glass Formation
14.2 Thermodynamics of Glass Formation; the Behaviour of Liquids on Cooling
14.3 Kinetics of Crystallisation and Glass Formation
14.4 Structure of Glasses
14.5 Liquid Immiscibility and Phase Separation in Glasses
14.6 Viscosity of Glasses and Melts
14.7 Electrical (Ionic) Conductivity of Glass and the Mixed Alkali Effect
14.8 Bonds, Bands and Semiconducting Glasses
14.9 Mechanical Properties and Strengthening of Glass
14.10 Commercial Silicate and Borate Glasses
14.11 Metallic Glasses
14.12 Fluoride Glasses
14.13 Glass‐Ceramics
14.14 Bioglasses
15 Structural Materials: Cement, Refractories and Structural Ceramics
15.1 Cements
15.2 Refractories and Structural Ceramics
16 Oxides of the Elements, Their Properties and Uses
16.1 Oxides of s‐Block Elements
16.2 Acid‐Base Classification of Oxides
16.3 Oxides of p‐Block Elements
16.4 Oxides of d‐block (Transition) Elements
16.5 Oxides of Lanthanides and Actinides
16.6 Oxides of the Elements Overview
Appendix A: Interplanar Spacings and Unit Cell Volumes
Appendix B: Model Building
Equipment Needed
Sphere Packing Arrangements
Appendix C: Geometrical Considerations in Crystal Chemistry
Notes on the Geometry of Tetrahedra and Octahedra
Appendix D: The Elements and Some of Their Properties
Appendix E: The 32 Crystallographic Point Groups
Appendix F: The Arrhenius Equation for Ionic Conductivity
Reference
Appendix G: A Guide to the Use of Electrode Potentials
Further Reading
General
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Questions
Questions
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 The seven crystal systems
Table 1.2 Symmetry elements
Table 1.3 Structures, unit cell dimensions, and metallic radii of some comm...
Table 1.4 Some close packed structures
Table 1.5 Some structures built of space‐filling polyhedra
Table 1.6 The M–M distance between MX4 or MX6 groups sharing X atom(s)...
Table 1.7 Two ways to describe the antifluorite structure
Table 1.8 Some compounds with the NaCl structure, a/Å
Table 1.9 Some compounds with the zinc blende (sphalerite) structure, a/Å...
Table 1.10 Some compounds with fluorite or antifluorite structure, a/Å...
Table 1.11 Calculation of interatomic distances in some simple structures
Table 1.12 Some compounds with the wurtzite structure
Table 1.13 Some compounds with the NiAs structure
Table 1.14 Some compounds with the CsCl structure
Table 1.15 Some compounds with the rutile structure
Table 1.16 Some compounds with the CdI2 structure
Table 1.17 Some compounds with the CdCl2 structure
Table 1.18 Some compounds with the perovskite structure
Table 1.19 Perovskites: some composition–property correlations
Table 1.20 Some compounds with the ReO3 structure
Table 1.21 Some compounds with the tetragonal tungsten bronze, TTB, structu...
Table 1.22 Some compounds with the spinel structure
Table 1.23 Some compounds with the olivine structure
Table 1.24 Some compounds with corundum‐related structures
Table 1.25 Examples of A, B, X combinations in garnets
Table 1.26 Some compounds with the K2NiF4 structure
Table 1.27 Relation between chemical formula and silicate anion structure
Table 1.28 Point symmetry elements
Table 1.29 The thirty‐two point groups
Table 1.30 Coordinates and labelling of equivalent positions in space group...
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Predominant point defects in various ionic crystals
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Electrostatic bond strengths of some cations
Table 3.2 Allowed and unallowed combinations of corner‐sharing oxide polyhe...
Table 3.3 Minimum radius ratios
Table 3.4 Structures and radius ratios of oxides MO2
Table 3.5 Madelung constants for some simple structures
Table 3.6 Some lattice energies in kJ mol−1; all have rock salt structure...
Table 3.7 Thermochemical radii (Å) of complex anions
Table 3.8 Lattice energies (kJ mol 1) of silver halides
Table 3.9 Enthalpies of formation (kJ mol−1) of some hypothetical (*) and r...
Table 3.10 Non‐polar covalent radii
Table 3.11 Partial charge on oxygen in some solid oxides
Table 3.12 Partial charge and radius of the chlorine atom in some solid chl...
Table 3.13 d‐electron configurations in octahedrally coordinated metal atom...
Table 3.14 Crystal field stabilisation energies (kJ mol−1) estimated for tr...
Table 3.15 Values of the γ parameter of some spinels
Table 3.16 Coordination numbers and geometries
Table 3.17 Orbital hybridisation and resulting shapes
Table 3.18 Band gaps of Group IV elements
Table 3.19 Band gaps (eV) of some inorganic solidsa
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Different forms of inorganic solids, e.g. alumina, Al2O3
Table 4.2 Examples of intercalation compounds
Table 4.3 Synthesis of BiFeO3 by chimie douce methods
Table 4.4 Diamond coatings, their properties and possible areas of applicat...
Table 4.5 High‐pressure polymorphism of some simple solids
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Comparison of a molecular substance, toluene, C6H5CH3, and a non‐...
Table 5.2 X‐ray wavelengths (Å) of commonly used target materials...
Table 5.3 X‐ray powder diffraction patterns for potassium halides
Table 5.4 Calculated d‐spacings for an orthorhombic cell, for a = 3.0, b = ...
Table 5.5 Systematic absences due to lattice type
Table 5.6 Structure–factor calculations for CaF2: powder XRD
Table 5.7 Systematic absences associated with space symmetry elements and l...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Strategy and overview for identification, analysis and structure ...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Densities of SiO2 polymorphs
Table 7.2 Classification of phase transitions
Table 7.3 Characteristics of some first‐order phase transitions
Table 7.4 Some pressure‐induced phase transitions
Table 7.5 Factors that influence kinetics of phase transitions
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Typical values of electrical conductivity
Table 8.2 Conductivities of some metals at 25 °C
Table 8.3 Some superconducting materials
Table 8.4 Typical values of v d and v t for n‐type Si at 25 °C...
Table 8.5 Conductivity in NaCl crystals, other ionic solids and characteris...
Table 8.6 Some oxygen partial pressures at which and
Table 8.7 Electrode potentials of some half‐reactions associated with lithi...
Table 8.8 Terminology and units used with dielectrics
Table 8.9 Some ferroelectric materials
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Magnetic susceptibilities
Table 9.2 Some Curie and Néel temperatures
Table 9.3 Calculated and observed magnetic moments (BM) for some transition...
Table 9.4 Some soft and hard magnetic materials
Table 9.5 Electronic constitution of iron, cobalt and nickel
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Activators and their electronic states
Table 10.2 Some lamp phosphor materials
Table 10.3 Some laser systems
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Homogeneous and heterogeneous materials, their properties and so...
Table 11.2 Capacitance values* and their possible interpretation
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Thermoelectric coefficients
Table 12.2 The thermoelectric series; emf values against Pt at 100 °C with ...
Table 12.3 Some heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion d...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Some MAX precursors and their MXene products
Table 13.2 Properties of some single layer TMDs
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Glass transition temperatures T g (measured) and T 0 (calculated...
Table 14.2 Classification of glass‐forming materials by the type of bonding...
Table 14.3 Some differences between spinodal and nucleation and growth text...
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Oxide and phase content of a typical Portland cement
Appendix G
Table G.1 Electrode potentials
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 (a) Section through the NaCl structure, showing (b–e) possible re...
Figure 1.2 Cubic unit cell of NaCl, a = b = c.
Figure 1.3 (a) The seven crystal systems and their unit cell shapes; (b) fiv...
Figure 1.4 (a) Threefold and (b) twofold rotation axes; (c) the impossibilit...
Figure 1.5 Two‐dimensional Penrose tiling constructed by packing together tw...
Figure 1.6 Hypothetical twinned structure showing fivefold symmetry.
Figure 1.7 Symmetry elements: (a) mirror plane; (b) centre of symmetry; (c) ...
Figure 1.8 Arrangement of coins with heads (H) and tails (T) illustrating (a...
Figure 1.9 (a) Two‐, three‐ and fourfold axes and (b, c) mirror planes of a ...
Figure 1.10 (a) Tetragonal unit cell of CaC2: note the cigar‐shaped carbide ...
Figure 1.11 Representation of (a) the NaCl structure in two dimensions by (b...
Figure 1.12 The unit cells of the 14 Bravais lattices: axes refer to the ab ...
Figure 1.13 (a) Lattice planes (in projection); (b) derivation of Miller ind...
Figure 1.14 Miller indices for a hexagonal lattice.
Figure 1.15 Examples of Miller indices: (a) (101); (b) (100); (c) (200); (d)...
Figure 1.16 (a) A cp layer of equal‐sized spheres; (b) a non‐cp layer with c...
Figure 1.17 Two cp layers arranged in A and B positions. The B layer occupie...
Figure 1.18 Three close packed layers in ccp sequence.
Figure 1.19 Coordination number 12 of shaded sphere in (a) hcp and (b) ccp s...
Figure 1.20 Face centred cubic, fcc, unit cell of a ccp arrangement of spher...
Figure 1.21 (a, b) Hexagonal unit cell of an hcp arrangement of spheres show...
Figure 1.22 (a) Unit cell dimensions for a face centred cubic unit cell with...
Figure 1.23 Tetrahedral and octahedral sites between two cp anion layers, se...
Figure 1.24 Available cation sites, 1–12, in an fcc anion array.
Figure 1.25 (a, b) Tetrahedral sites T+, T– and their relation to a cube. (c...
Figure 1.26 (a) hcp arrangement of Br atoms in crystalline Al2Br6; (b) Al at...
Figure 1.27 (a) The C60 molecule; one pentagon surrounded by five hexagons i...
Figure 1.28 Cation–cation separation in octahedra which share (a) corners an...
Figure 1.29 Unit cell of (a, d) NaCl, (b, e) ZnS, sphalerite, and (c, f) Na2...
Figure 1.30 Alternative view of the antifluorite structure.
Figure 1.31 Unit cell of the rock salt structure showing edge‐sharing octahe...
Figure 1.32 The rock salt structure as an array of edge‐sharing octahedra....
Figure 1.33 The sphalerite (zinc blende) structure showing (a) the unit cell...
Figure 1.34 The antifluorite structure of Na2O showing the unit cell in term...
Figure 1.35 The wurtzite and nickel arsenide structures: (a–c) the hexagonal...
Figure 1.36 The primitive cubic unit cell of CsCl.
Figure 1.37 The rutile structure, TiO2: (a) the unit cell; (b) TiO6 octahedr...
Figure 1.38 (a) Octahedral sites in an ideal hcp array; (b) edge‐sharing oct...
Figure 1.39 The CdI2 structure: (a) the basal plane of the hexagonal unit ce...
Figure 1.40 The CdCl2 structure.
Figure 1.41 (a–d) The perovskite structure of SrTiO3. (e) A close packed Sr,...
Figure 1.42 (a) Crystal structure of CaCu3Ti4O12. (b) The brownmillerite ...
Figure 1.43 The structure of (a) ReO3, (b) tungsten bronze NaxWO3, (c, d) br...
Figure 1.44 Representative parts of the spinel structure. (a) One octant of ...
Figure 1.45 Olivine structure of LiFePO4.
Figure 1.46 Crystal structures of (a) corundum, (b) ilmenite and (c, d) LiNb...
Figure 1.47 Some cation‐ordered fluorites showing cation positions relative ...
Figure 1.48 The pyrochlore structure, which may be regarded as a distorted, ...
Figure 1.49 The garnet crystal structure.
Figure 1.50 (a) The K2NiF4 structure. (b) The Bi2O2 layers that form part of...
Figure 1.51 The crystal structure of MgB2 as (a) an oblique projection showi...
Figure 1.52 Silicate anions with (a) bridging and (b) non‐bridging oxygens. ...
Figure 1.53 The point groups (a, b) 2, (c, d) 3, and (e–h) m.
Figure 1.54 The point groups (a) and (b, c) .
Figure 1.55 The three orthorhombic point groups 222, mm2, and mmm.
Figure 1.56 Equivalent positions in the point group 222. In step 1, a 2‐fold...
Figure 1.57 Trigonal point group 32.
Figure 1.58 The symmetry of the methylene dichloride molecule, CH2Cl2, point...
Figure 1.59 The symmetry of the methyl chloride molecule, CH3Cl, point group...
Figure 1.60 (a) The convention used to label axes and origin of space groups...
Figure 1.61 Two tetrahedra in a centrosymmetric arrangement.
Figure 1.62 Monoclinic space group C2 (No 5); coordinates of equivalent posi...
Figure 1.63 Monoclinic space group C2/m (No 12). Coordinates of general equi...
Figure 1.64 Orthorhombic space group P2221 (No 17); Coordinates of equivalen...
Figure 1.65 Orthorhombic space group F222 (No 22); coordinates of equivalent...
Figure 1.66 Tetragonal space group I41 (No 80); coordinates of equivalent po...
Figure 1.67 The symmetry elements in space group P42/mnm.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Energy changes on introducing defects into a perfect crystal.
Figure 2.2 2D representation of a Schottky defect with cation and anion vaca...
Figure 2.3 (a) 2D representation of a Frenkel defect in AgCl; (b) interstiti...
Figure 2.4 Fraction of Frenkel defects in AgCl as a function of temperature.
Figure 2.5 The F‐centre, an electron trapped on an anion vacancy.
Figure 2.6 (a) H‐centre and (b) V‐centre in NaCl.
Figure 2.7 Split interstitial defect in an fcc metal.
Figure 2.8 Split interstitial in a bcc metal, e.g. α‐Fe. Symbols as in Fig. ...
Figure 2.9 Koch cluster postulated to exist in wüstite, Fe 1–x O.
Figure 2.10 Interstitial defect cluster in UO2+x. Uranium positions (not sho...
Figure 2.11 Ordered, primitive cubic unit cell of β′‐brass, CuZn....
Figure 2.12 Interstitial sites for carbon in (a) α‐Fe and (b) γ‐Fe....
Figure 2.13 Solid solution mechanisms involving substitution of aliovalent c...
Figure 2.14 Density data for cubic CaO‐stabilised zirconia solid solutions f...
Figure 2.15 Density data for solid solutions of YF3 in CaF2.
Figure 2.16 Effect of dopants on the ferroelectric Curie temperature of BaTi...
Figure 2.17 Formation of CS planes in WO3 and related structures. Each cross...
Figure 2.18 Domain texture in a single crystal.
Figure 2.19 Antiphase domains and boundaries in an ordered crystal AB: A, op...
Figure 2.20 Edge dislocation in projection.
Figure 2.21 Migration of an edge dislocation under the action of a shearing ...
Figure 2.22 Screw dislocation.
Figure 2.23 A quarter dislocation loop.
Figure 2.24 Generation and motion of a dislocation loop.
Figure 2.25 Locking of an edge dislocation at an impurity atom.
Figure 2.26 Burgers vector in (a), (b) cp and (c), (d) non‐cp directions....
Figure 2.27 Slip occurs more easily if the slip plane is a cp plane, as in (...
Figure 2.28 (a) Tensile stress–strain curve for single‐crystal Mg; (b, c) te...
Figure 2.29 Climb of an edge dislocation by vacancy migration.
Figure 2.30 (a) An edge dislocation and (b) a partial dislocation in an fcc ...
Figure 2.31 Collapse of the structure around a cluster of vacancies, thereby...
Figure 2.32 Array of edge dislocations at a low angle grain boundary.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Electron density contour map of LiF (rock salt structure): a sect...
Figure 3.2 Variation of electron density along the line connecting adjacent ...
Figure 3.3 Ionic radii as a function of coordination number for cations M+ t...
Figure 3.4 Radius ratio calculation for octahedral coordination.
Figure 3.5 Lattice energy (dashed line) of ionic crystals as a function of i...
Figure 3.6 Variation of Pauling electronegativities with position in the Per...
Figure 3.7 Mooser–Pearson plot for AB compounds containing A group cations. ...
Figure 3.8 Bond valence–bond length universal correlation curve for bonds be...
Figure 3.9 Splitting of d energy levels in (a) an octahedral and (b) a tetra...
Figure 3.10 Radii in octahedral coordination of (a) divalent and (b) trivale...
Figure 3.11 Lattice energies of transition metal difluorides determined from...
Figure 3.12 Energy level diagram for the d levels in a d 9 ion experiencing ...
Figure 3.13 Orientation of d orbitals in a tetrahedral field.
Figure 3.14 The structure of red PbO, showing the presence of the inert pair...
Figure 3.15 Plot of ψ and 4πr2ψ2 for 1s, 2s and 3s orbitals of a hydrogen at...
Figure 3.16 The three p and five d orbitals. Note the axes for labelling eac...
Figure 3.17 Bonding σ s and antibonding MOs on H2, and their relative ...
Figure 3.18 Overlap of 2p orbitals to give (a) σ p bonding orbital, (b)
Figure 3.19 Energy level diagram for MOs on (a) the F2 molecule formed from ...
Figure 3.20 The mixing of (a) σ p and σ s MOs and (b) and MO...
Figure 3.21 Energy level diagram for N2 showing the four hybrid σ MOs, σ1, σ...
Figure 3.22 Energy level diagram for the HF molecule.
Figure 3.23 Shapes of the (a) NH3 and (b) H2O molecules.
Figure 3.24 Valence bond descriptions of some inorganic compounds and struct...
Figure 3.25 Band structure of (a) and (b) metals, (c) semimetals, (d) semico...
Figure 3.26 Effect of interatomic spacing on atomic energy levels and bands ...
Figure 3.27 (a) Free electron theory of a metal; electrons in a potential we...
Figure 3.28 Density of states versus energy.
Figure 3.29 Potential energy of electrons as a function of distance through ...
Figure 3.30 Density of states showing a band gap in semiconductors and insul...
Figure 3.31 Positive and negative charge carriers.
Figure 3.32 (a) Section through the TiO structure, parallel to a unit cell f...
Figure 3.33 (a) Resonating bond model proposed initially to explain the stru...
Figure 3.34 (a) Electronic structure of C60 and (b) band filling in K3C60.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Idealised reaction mixture composed of grains of MgO and Al2O3. I...
Figure 4.2 Nucleation of MgAl2O4 spinel on (a) MgO and (b) Al2O3. Letters A,...
Figure 4.3 Fishes to birds: Escher drawing.
Figure 4.4 Spinel product layer separating MgO and Al2O3 reactant grains.
Figure 4.5 (a) Solution chemistry of Al showing amphoteric behaviour and eff...
Figure 4.6 Reagents and esterification mechanism in the Pechini process.
Figure 4.7 (a) Pressure–temperature relations for water at constant volume. ...
Figure 4.8 The Bayer process for the extraction of α‐Al2O3 from bauxite, whi...
Figure 4.9 SEM images of various metal oxide nanostructures.
Figure 4.10 Structures of (a) graphite, in oblique projection showing the tw...
Figure 4.11 Stacking of octahedral layers in LDHs showing (a) two‐layer repe...
Figure 4.12 Synthesis of polymer‐intercalated LDH showing (a) in situ polyme...
Figure 4.13 (a, b) Simple vapour‐phase transport experiment for the transpor...
Figure 4.14 Single‐source precursor molecules for MOCVD.
Figure 4.15 (a) A three‐coordinate Si atom in a‐Si; (b) the band structure s...
Figure 4.16 (a) Phase diagram for carbon; (b) schematic surface of diamond f...
Figure 4.17 (a) Cathode sputtering equipment and (b) vacuum evaporation equi...
Figure 4.18 Deposition of TiO2 films by ALD.
Figure 4.19 Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis: (a) photograph of an aerosol fountai...
Figure 4.20 Fluorescence of CdSe quantum dots controlled by particle size wh...
Figure 4.21 Process diagram for preparation of SnO2 gas sensors comparing we...
Figure 4.22 Czochralski method for crystal growth.
Figure 4.23 (a) Stockbarger method. T m = crystal melting point. (b) Bridg...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Structural features of inorganic solids across the length scales ...
Figure 5.2 The electromagnetic spectrum.
Figure 5.3 (a) Generation of Cu Kα X‐rays. A 1s electron is ionised; a 2p el...
Figure 5.4 (a) Schematic design of a filament X‐ray tube. (b) Use of Ni to f...
Figure 5.5 Schematic diagram of a synchrotron storage ring.
Figure 5.6 (a) Lines on an optical grating act as secondary sources of light...
Figure 5.7 Diffraction of light by an optical grating.
Figure 5.8 Derivation of Bragg’s law.
Figure 5.9 The X‐ray diffraction experiment.
Figure 5.10 The different X‐ray diffraction techniques.
Figure 5.11 The powder method.
Figure 5.12 Formation of a cone of diffracted radiation.
Figure 5.13 Schematic Debye–Scherrer photograph.
Figure 5.14 (a) Theorem of a circle used to focus X‐rays. (b) Arrangement of...
Figure 5.15 X‐ray powder diffraction patterns of (a) cristobalite and (b) gl...
Figure 5.16 (a) Crystal monochromator M, source S and sample X, in a focusin...
Figure 5.17 Section of the powder XRD patterns of BaTiO3 showing the cubic p...
Figure 5.18 XRD patterns of some rock salt‐related phases (a) CoO, (b) LiCoO...
Figure 5.19 (a) Scattering of X‐rays by electrons in an atom. (b) Form facto...
Figure 5.20 (a) bcc α‐Fe; (b) (100) planes; (c) (200) planes.
Figure 5.21 (a) (110) and (b) (111) planes in NaCl.
Figure 5.22 (a, b) (100) planes for an orthogonal unit cell (α = β = γ = 90°...
Figure 5.23 Calculated (red crosses), observed (green curves) and difference...
Figure 5.24 Electron density map for NaCl.
Figure 5.25 Antiferromagnetic superstructure in MnO, FeO and NiO, showing ps...
Figure 5.26 Schematic neutron and powder XRD patterns for MnO for λ = 1.542 ...
Figure 5.27 (a) Monoclinic unit cell in projection down b with (001) and (10...
Figure 5.28 Construction of the reciprocal lattice; point Z represents the r...
Figure 5.29 (a) Schematic section through the reciprocal lattice of a single...
Figure 5.30 Reciprocal lattice of a body‐centred orthorhombic unit cell show...
Figure 5.31 Reciprocal lattice of a face‐centred orthorhombic unit cell; lat...
Figure 5.32 (a) zero layer, hk0, of a primitive hexagonal reciprocal lattice...
Figure 5.33 Construction of the Ewald sphere of reflection showing (a) deriv...
Figure 5.34 Formation of a schematic SAD pattern by a monochromatic electron...
Figure 5.35 X‐ray powder diffraction patterns of (a) cristobalite and (b) Si...
Figure 5.36 PDF results for SiO2 glass.
Figure 5.37 The low‐r PDF region of the oxygen‐deficient perovskite, La0.5Ba...
Figure 5.38 Broadening of X‐ray reflections due to small particle size....
Figure 5.39 Part of a diffractometer trace for a mixture of MgO (small parti...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 (a) Simplified ray diagram for an optical microscope. (b) Basic c...
Figure 6.2 (a) The transmission of light along an optical fibre and (b) esca...
Figure 6.3 Simplified ray diagram for an electron microscope showing diffrac...
Figure 6.4 Working ranges of various techniques used for viewing solids. TEM...
Figure 6.5 Some of the processes that occur on bombarding a sample with elec...
Figure 6.6 Basic components of an electron microscope.
Figure 6.7 Reflection and transmission signals in SEM and TEM modes
Figure 6.8 Principle of the scanning electron microscope.
Figure 6.9 Penetration and escape depths in SEM.
Figure 6.10 Processes responsible for Auger electron emission.
Figure 6.11 Auger spectra of (Pb0.4Sr0.6)TiO3/SiO2/Si layered structure afte...
Figure 6.12 Cathodoluminescence: (a) excitation across the band gap; (b) rad...
Figure 6.13 (a) Normalised CL spectra for undoped AlN and AlN doped with 0.2...
Figure 6.14 High‐resolution electron micrograph of an intergrowth tungsten b...
Figure 6.15 (a) TEM bright field micrograph of an ilmenite (Ilm) sample cont...
Figure 6.16 Atomic resolution HAADF‐STEM image of Al72Ni20Co8 along the 10‐f...
Figure 6.17 Schematic illustration of atomic resolution imaging and analysis...
Figure 6.18 Principal regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and the associ...
Figure 6.19 (a) Energy level transitions involved in IR and Raman spectrosco...
Figure 6.20 IR spectra of (a) calcite, CaCO3, (b) NaNO3 and (c) gypsum, CaSO...
Figure 6.21 Laser Raman spectra of (a) quartz and (b) cristobalite.
Figure 6.22 Possible electronic transitions in a solid. These involve electr...
Figure 6.23 Schematic of a typical UV/visible absorption spectrum.
Figure 6.24 (a) The four mI states for a nucleus with spin I = 3/2 (i) in th...
Figure 6.25 29Si NMR spectrum of xonotlite. Also shown schematically is t...
Figure 6.26 Schematic 29Si NMR spectra of silicates containing different Q4 ...
Figure 6.27 (a) Schematic ESR absorption peak, (b) the first derivative of t...
Figure 6.28 (a) Flowsheet showing relations between various diffraction, mic...
Figure 6.29 Al Kβ emission spectra of three Al‐containing materials....
Figure 6.30 Variation of X‐ray absorption coefficient with wavelength for Cu...
Figure 6.31 AEFS spectra of CuCl and CuCl2·2H2O.
Figure 6.32 EXAFS spectrum of Cu.
Figure 6.33 EXAFS‐derived partial RDFs for an amorphous Cu46Zr54 alloy: (a) ...
Figure 6.34 Origins of ESCA and Auger spectra.
Figure 6.35 Schematic XPS and AES spectra of Na+ in a sodium‐containing soli...
Figure 6.36 Schematic XPS 2p spectra of Na2S2O3 and Na2SO4. Each peak is a d...
Figure 6.37 XPS spectrum of Cr 3s, 3p electrons in KCr3O8.
Figure 6.38 XPS spectra for tungsten bronzes.
Figure 6.39 (a) The Mössbauer effect. The energy of the γ‐rays is modified w...
Figure 6.40 Chemical shifts in Fe‐containing compounds and minerals. ...
Figure 6.41 Mössbauer spectrum of KFeS2 (a) quadrupole splitting above and (...
Figure 6.42 Schematic TG curve for a single‐step decomposition reaction....
Figure 6.43 Decomposition of CaCO3 in different atmospheres.
Figure 6.44 The DTA method. Graph (b) results from the set‐up shown in (a) a...
Figure 6.45 Schematic TG and DTA curves for kaolin minerals. Curves vary dep...
Figure 6.46 Some schematic reversible and irreversible changes: (a) dehydrat...
Figure 6.47 Schematic DTA curves showing melting of crystals on heating and ...
Figure 6.48 Use of DTA for phase diagram determination: (a) a simple binary ...
Figure 6.49 Schematic, stepwise decomposition of calcium oxalate hydrate by ...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Binary join CaO–SiO2 in the ternary system Ca–Si–O. Note the meth...
Figure 7.2 Schematic diagram showing stable, unstable and metastable conditi...
Figure 7.3 Schematic P versus T phase diagram of a one‐component system....
Figure 7.4 The system H2O.
Figure 7.5 The system SiO2.
Figure 7.6 Simple eutectic binary system.
Figure 7.7 Principle of moments.
Figure 7.8 Binary systems showing a compound AB melting congruently (a) and ...
Figure 7.9 Binary system showing compound AB with (a) an upper limit of stab...
Figure 7.10 Binary system with a complete range of solid solutions.
Figure 7.11 The plagioclase feldspar system, anorthite–albite.
Figure 7.12 Binary solid solution systems with (a) thermal minima and (b) th...
Figure 7.13 Simple eutectic system showing partial solid solubility of the e...
Figure 7.14 The system Mg2SiO4‐Zn2SiO4.
Figure 7.15 Binary system with partial solid solution formation.
Figure 7.16 Binary system with incongruently melting compound and partial so...
Figure 7.17 Simple eutectic system with solid–solid phase transitions.
