An essential reference written for the marine industry and seafarers around the world, Cargo Work has been fully revised and expanded to cover the key classes of cargo, regarding the handling, stowage and carriage of all major commodities by marine transports.
The book provides a general guide to the movement of a wide range of cargoes safely, under the latest international regulations affecting all cargo work, equipment and operational systems. The work includes marine movements in both the passenger and offshore environments as well as the unit load systems of containerisation, Roll on, Roll off practice, hazardous goods and project cargoes.
• Covers the latest International Maritime Organization (IMO) Codes, plus key elements of the International Port and Ship Security Code (ISPS)
• Includes a new chapter on Heavy Lift Practice and Project Cargo
• Updated throughout with colour diagrams and photographs
Cargo Work 9th edition is a crucial reference for both maritime students and serving crew.
D.J. House has now written and published 19 marine titles, many of which are in multiple editions. After commencing his seagoing career in 1962, he was initially engaged on general cargo vessels. He later experienced worldwide trade with cargo passenger, container, Ro-Ro, reefer ships and bulk cargoes. He left the sea in 1978 with a Master Mariner’s qualification and commenced teaching at the Fleetwood Nautical College. He retired in 2012 after 33 years of teaching in nautical education. He continues to write and research maritime aspects for future works.
The right of D.J. House to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Stanford Maritime Ltd 1960
Eighth edition published by Routledge 2015
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: House, D. J., author.
Title: Cargo work : for maritime operations / David J House.
Description: Ninth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2024. | “Based on the original series by Kemp & Young.”—Title page. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023033413 (print) | LCCN 2023033414 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032526522 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032331843 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003407706 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Cargo handling. | Ships—Cargo. | Stowage.
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023033413
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023033414
ISBN: 978-1-032-52652-2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-33184-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-40770-6 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003407706
Typeset in Berling and Futura by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Disclaimer: The author’s views and expressions do not necessarily reflect the views and insight of Statutory Authorities. Data used has been sourced from worldwide information and has not been authenticated by any other authority. The author does not claim 100% accuracy nor accepts responsibility for opinion and does not constitute guidelines or recommendations for any course of action taken by the reader.
Preface to 9th Edition
Cargo Operations of the maritime sector continue to evolve with containerisation playing a greater and leading role across all aspects of commodity movement.
The Container ships have become much larger, carrying increased tonnage in excess of 23,000 teu. The subsequently increased draughts of these vessels have forced many of the major ports to increase their own water depths, to be able to continue alongside working by the Container Gantries.
Door-to-door deliveries have become the accepted norm, involving container units via Ro-Ro activity and trans-shipments to all regions of the globe. With such changes, freight rates have increased, generating economic problems for shippers and manufacturers alike. All have experienced changes with the Global Pandemic and the legislation changes with the BREXIT event of 2020. Cargo movement suffered from extensive administration and customs changes. With Harbour blockages alongside berths, increasing fuel and labour costs, shipping overheads have been pushed to increasing limits.
The saving grace of shipping, is the fact that we all rely on the food chain being sustained. Extensive trade in foodstuffs, especially to Island communities, is an essential element in sustaining the populace. Alongside the working of bulk products like sugar, wine and cereals, etc., operators are engaged in oil, gas and ore movements to fuel modern day living.
Changes are taking place to increase efficiency, right across the shipping fraternity to meet the growing needs to combat climate change. Cargo movement will be under the spotlight, as fossil fuels find their appeal waning with an increase in cleaner energies. Hydrogen gas imports can expect to increase within the tanker sector as offshore oil and gas platforms experience decommissioning, as and when they become no longer operationally economic.
The heavy lift sector has expanded with the project cargoes overlapping into the offshore geographic regions. The environmental changes continue to occur, like the expansion of the Panama Canal which will only enhance trade. All the continents are developing energy resources alongside their transport infrastructures and will rely ultimately on a world of efficient shipping.
Preface to 1st Edition
This book has been written to serve as an introduction to cargo work both for those newly at sea and those whose experience of cargo has been confined to one or two trades.
We are mindful that practical experience is one of the most important factors contributing to the successful carriage of cargo and we would emphasise that this book will supplement, not supplant, the knowledge gained through experience.
Particular emphasis has been placed throughout on the safety of the ship and we are indebted to the controller of her Majesty’s Stationary Office for permission to reproduce the extracts from the Ministry of Transport ‘M’ Notices, the Statutory Instruments concerning grain and timber and the extracts from the Dangerous Goods Rules. These latter extracts have also been approved by the Marine Safety Division of the Ministry of Transport.
We acknowledge with thanks the assistance given by those who have helped to prepare the text and who have contributed drawings.
J. F. Kemp
Peter Young
About the Author
David House commenced his seagoing career in the ‘General Cargo’ ships of the early 1960s. During his seagoing career he experienced container movements, reefer cargoes, heavy lifts, hazardous goods, livestock, bulk commodities, Roll on, Roll off cargoes as well as periods with passengers. His seagoing activities took him into the Atlantic, the Pacific and the Indian oceans, as well as the Mediterranean and Baltic Sea ports.
His experiences included the carriage of many specific cargoes such as bulk sugar, coal, tallow and grain. Other cargo parcels including heavy lifts, palletised commodities, cased glass, hides, chilled fruit, frozen meats, together with all kinds of steelwork and forestry products. Additionally, special cargoes of mails, bank notes, spirits, munitions and stamps were all transported in one form or another.
His later time was involved with containers from Europe to North America, short sea ferry routes and coastal movements to and from the United Kingdom and European ports. He gained extensive Roll on, Roll off experience on the Irish Sea routes prior to taking up a lecturing post at the Fleetwood Nautical College.
He has recently retired from 34 years of teaching seamanship, navigation and most other marine disciplines. His research and continued writing activities have included nineteen published marine textbooks which are read widely around the world’s maritime nations.
Acknowledgements
Allseas Group S.A. Switzerland
B&V Industrietechnik GmbH
BigLift Shipping B.V. Amsterdam, Netherlands
Boskills-Dockwise Netherlands
British Nuclear Fuels (Shipping)
British Standards Institution
Brown, Son and Ferguson, Ltd. (marine publishers)
Bruntons (Musselburgh) Ltd.
Dubai Dry Docks UAE
International Maritime Organization (publications)
James Fisher Shipping Company
Lisnave Estaleiros Navais, S.A. Setúbal, Portugal
Loveridge Ltd.
MacGregor International Organisation
Maritime and Coastguard Agency
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., Shimonoseki Shipyard & Machinery Works
Motor Ship (published by IPC Industrial Press Ltd.)
Overseas Containers Ltd.
P&O European (Irish Sea) Ferries
Scheuerle Fahrzeugfabrik GmbH
Seaform Design (Isle of Man)
Smit International
TTS – Mongstad AS Marine Cargo Gear
Witherby Publishing Group Ltd.
ADDITIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Capt. K. B. Millar, Master Mariner, Lecturer, Senior Nautical Studies, Millar Marine Services (Deceased)
Capt. J. G. Swindlehurst (MN) Master Mariner
Capt. A. Malpass (MN) Master Mariner
Capt. D. MacNamee (MN) Master Mariner, FNI
Mr M. Gooderman, Master Mariner, B.A. Lecturer Nautical Studies
Mr G. Edwards, Chief Engineer (MN) (rtd.)
Mr P. Brooks, Chief Officer (MN)
Mr J. Leyland, Nautical Lecturer
Mr M. Ashcroft, Nautical Lecturer
Mr S. Trivedi, Chief Officer (MN)
Miss Martel Fursden, Deck Officer (MN)
IT Consultant: Mr C. D. House
Additional research: Mr A. P. G. House
The author would like to thank all the companies and the many individuals who have contributed and helped in the formulation of this illustrated text, the assistance has been greatly appreciated
List of Abbreviations used in the context of cargo work and this text
ºA Degrees Absolute
AAA Association of Average Adjusters
ABS
AC
AHV American Bureau of Shipping
Alternating Current
Anchor Handling Vessel
AIS
AMD Automatic Identification System
Advanced Multi-Hull Design
B Representative of the ship’s Centre of Buoyancy
B/A Breathing Apparatus
BACAT Barge Catamaran
BCH Bulk Chemical Code (now IBC Code)
BLU (code)
BNFL
Code of Practice for Loading and Unloading of Bulk Cargoes
British Nuclear Fuels Ltd.
BOG Boil Off Gas
BOHS British Occupational Hygiene Society
BP British Petroleum
BS (i) Breaking Strength
BS (ii) British Standard
BS (iii)
BSI
BST Broken Stowage
British Standards Institute British Summer Time
BT Ballast Tank
BV
BWM Bureau Veritas
Ballast Water Management (systems)
°C Centigrade
CAS Condition Assessment Scheme
CBM Conventional Buoy Mooring
CBT Clean Ballast Tank
CCTV Close Circuit Television
CEU
CG CGLC
cms
Car Equivalent Unit
Coast Guard
Compressed Gas Liquid Carriers centimetres
Ch/Off (C/O)
CL Chief Officer Centre Line
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
CoF (i)
CoF (ii) Certificate of Fitness Centre of Flotation
COSHH Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
C of G Centre of Gravity
CoT Change of Trim
COW Crude Oil Washing
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
C/P
CSC Charter party Certificate for Safety of Container
CSM Cargo Securing Manual
CSO Company Security Officer
CSS Cargo Stowage and Securing (IMO Code of Safe Practice of)
CSWP Code of Safe Working Practice
CTU Cargo Transport Unit
cu Cubic
D
D (dia) Density Diameter
DC Direct Current
DGN Dangerous Goods Notice
DNV Det Norske Veritas
DOC Document of Compliance
DP
DSV Dynamic Positioning Diving Support Vessel
DWA Dock Water Allowance
Dwt Deadweight tonnage.
EC
ECPD European Community Export Container Packing Document
EDI Electronic Data Interchange
EEBD Emergency Escape Breathing Device
EFSWR
EMS
EMSA Extra Flexible Steel Wire Rope Emergency Response Guide European Maritime Safety Agency
ETA (i) Estimated Time of Arrival
ETA (ii) Emergency Towing Arrangement
ETV Emergency Towing Vessel
EU European Union
°F Fahrenheit
F (i) Fresh
FloFlo Float On, Float Off
FMEA Failure Mode & Effect Analysis
F.O.
F.Pk Fuel Oil
Fore Peak (tank)
FPSO Floating Production Storage Offloading System
xvi
List of Abbreviations used
FSE Free Surface Effect
FSM Free Surface Moment
FSRU Floating Storage and Re-gasification Unit
FSU Floating Storage Unit
FSWR Flexible Steel Wire Rope
ft Feet
FW Fresh Water
FWA Fresh Water Allowance
G Representative of Ship’s Centre of Gravity
G/A General Average
gals Gallons
GG1 Representation of the movement of the ship’s C of G when moving a weight aboard the vessel
GHz Gigahertz
GL Germanischer Lloyd (Classification Society)
GM Metacentric Height
GMT Greenwich Mean Time
GP Greenhouse Potential
GPS Global Positioning System
grt Gross Registered Tonnage
GZ
H2 Representative of Ship’s Righting Lever Hydrogen (gas)
HCFC Hydro chlorofluorocarbons
HDFD Heavy Duty, Floating Derrick
HFC Hydrofluorocarbon
HMPE High Molecular Weight Polyethylene
HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office
HNS Hazardous and Noxious Substance
HP (i) High Pressure
HP (ii) Horse Power
HSC High Speed Craft
HSE Health and Safety Executive
HSMS Hull Stress Monitoring System
HSSC Harmonised System of Survey and Certification
IACS International Association of Classification Societies
IALA International Association of Lighthouse Authorities
IAPPC International Air Pollution Prevention Certificate
IBC International Bulk Chemical (code)
ICS International Chamber of Shipping
IG Inert Gas
IGC International Code of the Construction and Equipment of Ships
Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (2016 Edition)
IGS Inert Gas System
ILO International Labour Organization
IMDG
IMFO
International Maritime Dangerous Goods (code)
International Maritime Fumigation Organisation
IMO International Maritime Organization
IMSBC International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (code)
IOPP International Oil Pollution Prevention (certificate)
ISGOTT International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers & Terminals
ISM International Safety Management
ISPS International Ship and Port facility Security (code)
ISSC International Ship Security Certificate
ITU
ISU Inter-modal Transport Unit International Salvage Union
K Representative of the ship’s Keel
kgs Kilograms
KM Representative of the distance from the ship’s keel to the Metacentre
1 Shackle (Anchor Cable) = 27.5 m = 90 ft. or 15 fathoms.
1 tonne of Sea Water = 1m³ (approx).
1 Cubic Metre = 35.314 ft³.
1 Horse Power = 746 Watts (W).
1000 Watts = 1 kilowatt.
1 atmosphere = 14.7 lbs/inch².
1 Barrel (imperial) = 36,000 imp/gallons.
1 Barrel (US) = 42,000 US/gallons.
General Principles of the Handling, Lifting, Stowage and Carriage of Cargoes
INTRODUCTION
The transport of cargo dates back through the centuries to the Egyptians, the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks and early Chinese, long before the Europeans ventured beyond the shores of the Atlantic. Strong evidence exists that the Chinese treasure ships traded for spices, and charted the Americas, Antarctica, Australia, the Pacific and Indian Oceans, before Columbus supposedly discovered America.*
The stones for the Pyramids of Egypt had to be brought up the River Nile or across the Mediterranean and this would reflect means of lifting heavy weights, and transporting the same was a known science before the birth of Christ. Marco Polo reported 200,000 vessel movements a year were plying the Yangtze River of China in 1271 and it must be assumed that commerce was very much alive, with a variety of merchandise being transported over water.
Produce from the world’s markets has grown considerably alongside technology. Bigger and better ships feed the world populations and the methods of faster and safer methods of transport have evolved.
The various cargoes or merchandise which are carried may be broadly divided into the following six types:
5 General, which includes virtually everything not in (1), (2), (3) or (4) above (including Heavy Lifts and Hazardous Goods)
6 Roll-On, Roll-Off cargoes (may include livestock). (Passenger transports are not considered as cargo, but require trade requisites.) CHAPTER 1
