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GIS and Housing

GIS and Housing: Principles and Practices discusses one of the challenges that has not been addressed by Geographic Information Science thus far: how can we use GIS to deal with the complex issues underlying the housing crisis? This book provides GIS technicians and analysts with an overview of US housing challenges and examples of how to effectively integrate spatial thinking to address housing policy questions, while simultaneously introducing housing policy analysts to advanced GIS concepts and techniques to create livable neighborhoods that include housing alternatives beyond the single family. Through numerous examples, the authors advocate for a collaborative approach that encourages professionals, policymakers, and analysts, across different ideological and political perspectives, to confront the multifaceted housing crisis.

Features:

• Examines the historical aspects of housing provision, societal attitudes, demographic shifts, and government policies.

• Bridges the gaps between housing professionals and GIS experts, facilitating an interdisciplinary approach to address the housing crisis.

• Explores different challenges that are facing urban, suburban, and rural neighborhoods in different US regions.

• P rovides professionals with the necessary tools for informed decision-making.

• P roposes solutions that leverage the integrative capacity of GIS to address established housing issues.

• Advocates for denser housing alternatives to address issues of affordability, supply shortages, and homelessness.

This book is intended for graduate students and professionals in housing, community development, urban planning, architecture, and GIS, and anyone curious about learning more about the American housing crisis.

GIS in Action

Series Editor

GIS and Housing: Principles and Practices

Laxmi Ramasubramanian, Jochen Albrecht, and Deborah Rojas De Leon

For more information about the series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/ GIS-in-Action/book-series/CRCGISINACTI

GIS and Housing

Principles and Practices

Laxmi Ramasubramanian, Jochen Albrecht, and Deborah Rojas De Leon

Designed cover image: © The Authors

First edition published 2024 by CRC Press

2385 NW Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton FL 33431

and by CRC Press

4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license).

Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Ramasubramanian, Laxmi, author. | Albrecht, Jochen, author. | De Leon, Deborah Rojas, author.

Title: GIS and Housing : principles and practices / Laxmi Ramasubramanian, Jochen Albrecht, and Deborah Rojas De Leon.

Description: 1 Edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2024] | Series: GIS in action | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book discusses how GIS enhances our understanding of complex housing issues in the United States. It provides an overview of US housing issues and examples of how to effectively integrate spatial thinking to address housing policy questions, while simultaneously introducing housing policy analysts to advanced GIS concepts and techniques to create livable neighborhoods that include housing alternatives beyond the single family. Through numerous examples, the authors advocate for a collaborative approach that encourages professionals, policymakers, and analysts, across different ideological and political perspectives, to confront the multifaceted housing crisis”– Provided by publisher.

Identifiers: LCCN 2023036808 (print) | LCCN 2023036809 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367197339 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032676562 (paperback) | ISBN 9780429243066 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Housing. | Community development. | City planning. | Geographic information systems.

Classification: LCC HD7287. R326 2024 (print) | LCC HD7287 (ebook) | DDC 363.5–dc23/eng/20230911

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023036808

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023036809

ISBN: 978-0-367-19733-9 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-67656-2 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-24306-6 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9780429243066

Typeset in Times by codeMantra

Preface

The three authors of this book are professionals in the realms of architecture, geospatial analysis, and urban planning. The publisher invited us to propose a book about GIS applications and left it up to us to choose the application area. In considering our different areas of expertise, we began to hone in on housing. Preliminary investigations revealed a glaring gap in recent GIS applications literature: we could not find a book-length treatment of GIS applications for housing. The reasons for the gap became gradually apparent as we conceptualized and framed this book. First, since housing production is largely left to the market, much of the data and analysis about that sector tend to be proprietary and not readily accessible to the public. Second, housing policy analysis is a highly specialized sub-genre that typically focuses on affordable housing, assessing the impacts of government policies and programs designed to improve housing affordability or the assessment of government policies that attempt to remove structural or institutional barriers to housing affordability. Lastly, the financing of housing production using federal and state-level data that dominate policy conversations, subsuming design and planning considerations that rely on local and sub-regional data.

The study of housing as a GIS application area has many opportunities and challenges. Undoubtedly, the study of housing is central to other fields such as economic development, transportation, and crime/public safety. As the field of GIS grew and matured in the 1980s and 1990s, GIS specialists, particularly those scholars interested in GIS applications, were actively involved in shaping GIS policies to increase access to spatially referenced data. For example, GIS specialists analyzed home lending data made publicly available through the Housing Mortgage Disclosure Act. These analyses and insights made discriminatory lending practices visible to the general public and to lawmakers. However, in the past two decades, GIS applications in housing appear to have not received much attention.

This book speaks to a new generation of GIS users and specialists who have grown up in a world where the early challenges of spatial data access have largely been resolved. In addition to Census data that is publicly available, a range of datasets generated for different purposes can be accessed and linked using a common spatial identifier. The advent and democratization of geospatial technologies provide us for the first time with the tools to deal with housing in the context of larger societal shifts. Current shortcomings in the provision of adequate shelter for everyone cannot be addressed without seeing its embeddedness in questions of demographic changes (immigration, aging societies, and homelessness), climate change, or the impact that information technology has on labor markets, transportation, and individualized services. Yet, data alone is not sufficient to prompt interesting and intelligent queries – a deep understanding of the phenomena being investigated is also necessary. Otherwise, GIS specialists can develop solutions to non-existent problems or worse, arrive at erroneous conclusions because they do not fully understand the social phenomena under scrutiny. GIS applications research requires that GIS specialists understand the world as it is, not the world that is accessible through the

GIS interfaces. The real world is far more complex than the comfortable vector GIS landscape that comprises points, lines, and polygons.

This book engages housing researchers, alerting them to how the GIS technology and data landscape have changed and encouraging them to go beyond simple mapping and overlays of phenomena. Asking, “where are all the public housing properties in the city located?”, is a useful starting point, but GIS in the 2020s can be tasked to do much more. Complex queries and new lines of inquiry require that domain specialists (in this case, housing experts) and GIS specialists work in partnership to resolve pressing social problems such as homelessness.

Our diverse perspectives invite readers from various fields to delve into these pages, exploring the important and often missed interconnections between housing and broader societal shifts that impact people at the neighborhood level. We have written this book using accessible and jargon-free language with a wide range of examples from big- and medium-sized cities as well as small towns and rural areas. It is our fervent hope that elected officials and decision makers interested in pragmatic problem solving will read this book. We encourage readers to understand our perspectives – GIS tools and spatial thinking allow end users to swiftly move between and across spatial scales to identify actionable policy levers appropriate to solve the problem at hand. Private residential housing production and management is largely a local matter in the United States – and therefore conversations about densification should occur at the local level. National or state mandates about densification notwithstanding, the preferred housing type in America is a spacious, single family home. We encourage policymakers to focus on encouraging a diversity of housing alternatives, emphasizing new designs and new ownership models. We also encourage decision makers to use the integrative potential of geospatial technologies to explore the challenges that are coming toward us rapidly – demographic changes worldwide and the global climate change impact the housing situation in the United States and no enclave can be immune to these effects. In other words, housing insecurity and homelessness will continue to increase and it has to be confronted at the local/regional scale in order to have quick and meaningful impacts.

GIS and housing specialists are focused on numbers; this is unsurprising because quantification is essential to make a case for large investments of public dollars. In this book, we encourage architects, landscape architects, and urban designers to engage with housing and GIS specialists in order to co-create innovative design alternatives, for example, by investigating new living options for the 55+ and over residential market becomes critical as our national demographic trends shift.

We end this book with a note to students – future architects, planners, engineers, GIS specialists, and aspiring elected officials. We wrote this book with you in mind. As educators, each of us has worked with hundreds of individual students and we poured our collective knowledge, experience, and expertise into the pages of this book. We filled our pages with dozens of examples from all parts of the United States; so, you can find the context that relates to your circumstance and location. We have provided cross-referencing within the book as well as literally hundreds of references for further reading. We have developed a companion website (gisandhousing.com), where we plan to provide updates, errata, and further examples. In the long run, we plan to write a follow-up volume of GIS exercises that go beyond the limited amount

of how-to’s that we could include in this volume. Please use our website to engage with us as we strive to keep the contents of this book current.

Housing is deceptively simple as it is complex. Consider “poor doors”, “dorms without windows”, restrictive housing covenants, or the power that homeowners’ associations wield and it becomes quickly apparent that our own values shape and influence housing policy as well as our solutions to serve the most vulnerable among us. If we are going to tackle the housing crisis, developers and real estate professionals have to work in partnership with stakeholders in all levels of government, and the nonprofit sector. We encourage a geospatial perspective as a lens to tackle the housing crisis. Our diverse perspectives invite readers from various fields to delve into these pages, exploring the important and often missed interconnections between housing and broader societal shifts that impact people at the neighborhood level. Our aim is to empower readers to apply a geospatial framework to confront the housing crisis. We envision a future where housing becomes a right accessible to all, fostering a more just and inclusive world.

Foreword

As a planner, an advocate, an administrator, and a former political appointee I’ve stepped out in front of scores of boards, hearings, working groups, and meetings of many types to attempt to secure approvals in the service of getting more housing built. Often there is quick agreement amongst everyone that a home is essential to provide stability and safety, and that the barriers to housing, particularly the increasing cost to rent or own, need urgent attention and intervention. Together, we’ll exchange analogous statements that making housing more accessible will strengthen the health, fiscal, and societal bonds of a community. But despite that common ground, it is not long before too many of these discussions can devolve into perplexing contentiousness. In these exchanges about whether housing should be allowed in the proposed location, designed as suggested, and serving the mix of people we’re proposing to serve, it’s critical that we leverage our most reliable and persuasive tools if there is any chance these proposals will be embraced.

The high bar is because the subject of housing – yours or someone else’s – can be incredibly personal, the arguments as subjective and varied as the gamut of those, with their individualized experience and values, that present them. The debates that play out occur in exchanges equally driven by facts as they are by feeling. For many it’s not simply a matter of public policy or rational planning, but a decision that represents the most consequential thing standing between themselves and protecting their prosperity. The potential of new housing can be seen as both an opportunity and a risk – this perspective sometimes shifts from support to opposition and vice versa when talking about different geographies where a proposal may be considered. In those moments, how the information is presented, how responsive it is to address broader concerns, and the credibility of that information can make or break a proposal.

The act of holding the discussion is not the problem, it remains part of the solution. It should occur through direct participation and elected representatives evaluating the complexities of broad regulatory and tax reforms or more discrete discretionary actions that can potentially unlock barriers to growing the housing supply. And depending on the scope of the changes proposed, conversations go beyond a decision about the buildings themselves, but instead drill into questions about local infrastructure, public transit, parks, roads, sustainability, and school seats which either through mandated environmental reviews or voluntarily offered research, bring to the surface some reasonable, and difficult, questions that need to be considered alongside the need for housing.

These forums are at their most effective when participants are supplied with data that is vetted and factual and not primarily driven by anecdotes or assumptions. This is not to say there isn’t a role for qualitative techniques and descriptive input. Nonnumerical information can be invaluable and needs to be integrated to fully grapple with the complex questions being considered. But it’s the mixed methods approach, with dynamic analysis at its foundation, that can allow for a faster, fuller charting of where your stakeholders are now and where they want to be in the future. Especially

as the scope of the questions being considered grow beyond the housing and the additional subject matters at play become more specialized and exact, it’s important to pivot to strategies of gathering, organizing, and presenting information so that participants and decision makers in the process are speaking from the same set of facts and sharing the same reality.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can do just that. It can facilitate a more unbiased platform for information to be studied, issues and trends scrutinized, permutations of various impact assessments to be played out. Alongside the qualitative data, you can then visually articulate and graphically render information in ways that illustrate the findings in the broadest possible terms promoting inclusive engagement and easy digestion of the factors at play.

As a facilitation tool, GIS allows housing discussions to become a collaborative and iterative process where users can draw on 21st- century spatial analysis made more reliable with an ever-growing set of data-rich and accredited inputs. In its simplest form, this is software for locating things on a map, but in the hands of trained professionals, it can set the stage for a proposal to advance more quickly past rudimentary steps and onto the technical and political landscape that needs more attention and nuance.

The possibility that the strategic use of GIS can contribute to affordable housing campaigns and organized movements is more important now than ever. Large cities, and more towns and villages typically untouched by what were considered “urban” problems, now face record numbers of homelessness, increased household overcrowding, and deepening rent burden. The accelerating cost of insurance and materials, rising interest rates, high land costs, and the challenges associated with maintaining quality housing has made conditions for adding new supply more unpredictable for even the most experienced builders. Unsurprisingly, the ramifications go further when you consider that housing shortages can stifle job growth; undermine tax revenue; curb spending on core public services like transit, waste removal, schools, and recreational spaces; exacerbate climate resiliency issues; and dilute fair housing goals and investments to reverse intrenched residential segregation that local, state, and national entities have made. The difficulties not only present issues for diversifying access to housing but it also stiffens obstacles that exist for diversifying the companies working in the sector itself. Emerging and BIPOC builders struggle to break in and overall prevents more firms constructing the housing to reflect some of the communities they are building in.

We are not helpless in this situation. In fact, there are many effective strategies we can deploy to create the housing we need. A suite of tools that include public – private partnerships; social housing strategies; flexible as-of-right and discretionary municipal financial incentives; rental subsidies; permissive and incentivize zoning; and regulatory, code, and administrative reform are among the primary instruments. Federal funding directed at lowering housing costs, expanding supply, improving affordable rental and homeownership options, supporting even deeper levels of affordability, and tackling homelessness creates energy at the highest levels of government that can help break through parochial roadblocks. But to secure these tools requires public support and the key to garnering public support relies on communicating clearly, authentically, and with exactitude – three things that GIS can help us all do.

The authors Ramasubramanian, Albrecht, and Rojas De Leon do a tremendous job working through the complexity of the history, the present, and the future of housing policy decisions at the core of this problem and expertly present the case for how comprehensive spatial analysis can diffuse noise to make room for lucidity in a combative space. My hope is the reader sees this not as a passive learning experience but a call-to-action where every able-bodied and skilled practitioner is compelled into service. The promise of “home” particularly for those with no or limited choice, and the future of our communities depends on it.

Ahmed Tigani First Deputy Commissioner, NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development

Another random document with no related content on Scribd:

The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the Moorish Empire in Europe, Vol. 1 (of 3)

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: History of the Moorish Empire in Europe, Vol. 1 (of 3)

Author: S. P. Scott

Release date: March 19, 2024 [eBook #73203]

Language: English

Original publication: Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1904

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE MOORISH EMPIRE IN EUROPE, VOL. 1 (OF 3) ***

HISTORY OF THE M O O R I S H E

M P I R E

IN EUROPE

BY S. P. SCOTT

AUTHOR

OF “THROUGH SPAIN”

Corduba famosa locuples de nomine dicta, Inclyta deliciis, rebus quoque splendida cunctis

HROSWITHA, PASSIO S. PELAGII

IN THREE VOLUMES

PHILADELPHIA & LONDON

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY

BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY

Published March, 1904

PrintedbyJ.B.LippincottCompany,Philadelphia,U.S.A.

PREFACE

This work has engaged the attention of the author for more than twenty years. Its object is an attempt to depict the civilization of that great race whose achievements in science, literature, and the arts have been the inspiration of the marvellous progress of the present age. The review of this wide-spread influence, whose ramifications extend to the limits of both Europe and America, has required the introduction of some matter apparently extraneous, but which, when considered in its general relations to the subject, will be found to be not foreign to the purpose of these volumes.

The list of authorities cited does not, by any means, include all that have been examined. Many, from which comparatively few facts have been gleaned, have been omitted. Among the works that have been made the subject of careful research, and have yielded most valuable information—in addition to the Arabic and Spanish chronicles—are those of Al-Makkari, Romey, Rosseuw St. Hilaire, Le Bon, Sédillot, and Casiri. The utter unreliability of Conde, who compiled the only detailed history of the Moors of Spain, is well known, and his statements have not been adopted except when amply verified. The histories of the late R. Dozy, Professor in the University of Leyden, which for learning, accuracy, impartiality, and critical acumen have few rivals in this branch of literature, have been the principal dependence of the author, who gladly takes this opportunity to acknowledge his obligations to the labors of one whose genius and attainments are recognized by every Oriental scholar in Europe.

It may seem a work of supererogation to traverse once more a portion of the ground covered by Irving and Prescott. The final episode in the fall of a great empire could not, however, with propriety be omitted. Moreover, the accounts of these two famous writers swarm with errors, as any one can readily discover who will

consult the chronicles of Pulgar and Bernaldez, eye-witnesses, and consequently the most reliable authorities concerning what they relate. The quotations of Irving, it may be added, indicate a surprising want of familiarity with the Castilian language.

That writer best fulfils the office of an historian who passes before the mind of the reader, as in a panorama, not merely the more striking events of war and diplomacy, but circumstances often regarded as unimportant, yet which illustrate, as no others can do, the condition of the masses as well as the policy of the prince; which indicate the condition of public and private morals; which exhibit the effects of domestic manners, of ingenious inventions, of literary progress and artistic development; which reveal the unfolding of national taste—which present, in short, the portraiture of every material and intellectual feature necessary to the elucidation of the character, the aspirations, and the foibles of a people. With this end in view, sources of information usually regarded as beneath the dignity of an historical work have been drawn on for material in the following pages.

The author cherishes no feeling of animosity towards the Spanish people. He remembers with pleasure a long sojourn among them. He can never forget the dignified courtesy of their men, the incomparable grace and fascinations of their women. Their faults are those entailed by a pernicious inheritance and a corrupt religion, which have perverted their principles, destroyed their power, and tarnished their glory.

As the greater part of this book was written before 1898, any unfavorable criticism of Spanish politics or manners which it contains must be attributed to a desire to adhere to historic truth, and not to a contemptible prejudice engendered by our unfortunate “War of Humanity.”

PHILADELPHIA, 1903.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.

CHAPTER I

THE ANCIENT ARABIANS

Topography of Arabia—Its History Influence of Other Nations Ancient Civilization—Commerce—Persistence of Customs and Language— Character of the Bedouin—His Independence—His Predatory Instincts— Power of Tribal Connection—War the Normal Condition of Existence in the Desert—The Virtues and Vices of the Arabs—Blood-Revenge and its Destructive Consequences—Absence of Caste—Condition of Woman— Marriage Religion Astral Worship Idolatry Phallicism Human Sacrifices Importance and Power of the Jews Christianity in Arabia— Poetry, its Subjects and Character The Moallakat Popularity of the Arab Poet His License Influence of Arabic Civilization and Culture on Subsequent Ages 1

CHAPTER II

THE RISE, PROGRESS, AND INFLUENCE OF ISLAM

Comparative Religion, its Interest as a Study The Benefits of Islam Arabia at the Birth of Mohammed Condition of Christendom and the Byzantine Empire Popular Idea of the Prophet His Family His Early Life The First Revelation Persecution of the New Sect The Hegira— Growing Prosperity of Islam Character of Mohammed Causes of His Success Polygamy The Koran—Its Arrangement, its Legends, its Sublime Maxims, its Absurdities Its Obligations to other Creeds The Kiblah—The Pilgrimage and its Ceremonies Reforms accomplished by Islam Universal Worship of Force Corruption of the Religion of Mohammed—Its Wonderful Achievements—Mohammed the Apostle of God 57

CHAPTER III

THE CONQUEST OF AL-MAGHREB

General Disorder following the Death of Mohammed Regulations of Islam —Progress of the Moslem Arms—Northern Africa, the Land of the Evening—Its Fertility—Its Population—Expedition of Abdallah—Defeat of 128

the Greeks Invasion of Okbah—Foundation of Kairoan March of Hassan—Ancient Carthage Its Influence on Europe Its Splendid Civilization Its Maritime Power, its Colonies, its Resources Description of the City Its Architectural Grandeur Its Harbors, Temples, and Public Edifices Roman Carthage Its Luxury and Depravity Its Destruction by the Moslems—Wars with the Berbers—Musa appointed General—His Romantic History—His Character—He subdues Al-Maghreb—Africa incapable of Permanent Civilization

CHAPTER IV.

THE VISIGOTHIC MONARCHY

Origin and Character of the Goths—Their Invasion of the Peninsula—Power of the Clergy—Ecclesiastical Councils—The Jews—The Visigothic Code— Profound Wisdom of Its Enactments—Provisions against Fraud and Injustice—Severe Penalties—Its Definition of the Law—Condition of the Mechanical Arts—Architecture—Byzantine Influence—Manufactures— Votive Crowns Agriculture Literature Medicine Slave Labor Imitation of Roman Customs Parallel between the Goths and the Arabs Coincidence of Sentiments and Habits Causes of National Decline Permanent Influence of the Gothic Polity 165

CHAPTER V.

THE INVASION AND CONQUEST OF SPAIN.

General Condition and Physical Features of the Spanish Peninsula—Various Classes of the Population Supremacy of the Church Tyranny of the Visigothic Kings Fatal Policy of Witiza—Accession of Roderick Count Julian—Invasion of Tarik Battle of the Guadalete Its Momentous Results Progress of the Moslems Arrival of Musa—His Success Immense Booty secured by the Victors Quarrel of Tarik and Musa— Interference of the Khalif Submission of the Goths Musa’s Vast Scheme of Conquest The Two Generals ordered to Damascus The Triumphal Procession through Africa Fate of Musa—Causes and Effects of the Moslem Occupation of Spain 204

CHAPTER VI

THE EMIRATE

Abd-al-Aziz His Wise Administration His Execution ordered by the Khalif Ayub-Ibn-Habib His Reforms Al-Horr Al-Samh His Invasion of France His Defeat and Death Abd-al-Rahman Feud of the Maadites and Kahtanites Its Disastrous Effects Anbasah-Ibn-Sohim His Ability —He penetrates to the Rhone and is killed—Yahya-Ibn-Salmah—

266

Othman-Ibn-Abu-Nesa—Hodheyfa-Ibn-al-Awass Al-Haytham-Ibn-Obeyd

Mohammed-Ibn-Abdallah—Abd-al-Rahman His Popularity Proclaims the Holy War Treason of Othman-Ibn-Abu-Nesa—The Emir attempts the Conquest of France Character of Charles Martel Battle of Poitiers Death of Abd-al-Rahman—Abd-al-Melik Okbah-Ibn-al-Hejaj His Wisdom and Capacity—Charles Martel ravages Provence—Berber Revolt in Africa—Victory of the Rebels—Abd-al-Melik-Ibn-Kottam—Balj-IbnBeschr—Thalaba—Abu-al-Khattar—Condition of Western Europe— Unstable and Corrupt Administration of the Emirs—Importance of the Battle of Poitiers

CHAPTER VII

FOUNDATION OF THE SPANISH MONARCHY

The Northern Provinces of Spain—Their Desolate and Forbidding Character —Climate—Population—Religion—Peculiarities of the Asturian Peasantry —Pelayus—His Birth and Antecedents—He collects an Army— Obscure Origin of the Spanish Kingdom—Extraordinary Conditions under which it was founded Battle of Covadonga Rout of the Arabs Increase of the Christian Power Favila—Alfonso I. His Enterprise and Conquests His Policy of Colonization Survival of the Spirit of Liberty Religious Abuses State of Society Beginning of the Struggle for Empire 337

CHAPTER VIII

THE OMMEYADES; REIGN OF ABD-AL-RAHMAN I.

The Ommeyade Family Its Origin Its Hostility to Mohammed The Syrian Princes Their Profligacy Splendors of Damascus Luxury of the Syrian Capital Rise of the Abbasides Proscription of the Defeated Faction Escape of Abd-al-Rahman—His Romantic Career He enters Spain His Success Defeat and Dethronement of Yusuf Constant Insurrections Enterprise of the Khalif of Bagdad Its Disastrous Termination Invasion of Charlemagne Slaughter of Roncesvalles Death of Abd-al-Rahman His Character His Services to Civilization Foundation of the Great Mosque The Franks reconquer Septimania 367

CHAPTER IX

REIGN OF HISCHEM I.; REIGN OF AL-HAKEM I. Custom of Royal Succession violated by the Will of Abd-al-Rahman Accession of Hischem Revolt of Suleyman and Abdallah They are routed and their Armies dispersed Clemency of the Emir Invasion of Septimania—Defeat of the Franks Indecisive Results of the Campaign Public Works of Hischem—His Noble Character—His Partiality for

421

Theologians The Southern Suburb of Cordova—Death of Hischem General Distrust of Al-Hakem Suleyman and Abdallah again in Rebellion Civil War The Gothic March Siege and Capture of Barcelona—Apathy of the Emir Importance of the Conquest The Edrisite Dynasty Disturbances at Toledo “The Day of the Ditch” The Royal Body-Guard—Revolt of the Faquis—Its Results—League of the Asturian and Frankish Princes—Legend of St. James the Apostle—Death of Al-Hakem—His Character

CHAPTER X

REIGN OF ABD-AL-RAHMAN II ; REIGN OF MOHAMMED

Accession of Abd-al-Rahman II.—Defection of Abdallah—Invasion of the Gothic March—Embassy from the Greek Emperor—Revolt of Merida— Sedition at Toledo—Incursion of the Normans—Persecution of the Christians—Death of Abd-al-Rahman—His Love of Pomp—His Virtues— His Patronage of Art and Letters—Ziryab—His Versatility—Conspiracy of Tarub Stratagem of Mohammed His Bigotry Toledo again Revolts Rise of the Beni-Kasi War with the Asturias Rebellion of Ibn-Merwan The Serrania de Ronda—Ibn-Hafsun, his Origin and Exploits Death and Character of Mohammed Incipient Decadence of the Moslem Power

CHAPTER XI

REIGN OF AL-MONDHIR; REIGN OF ABDALLAH

475

Parallel between the Policy of the Moorish and Asturian Courts Alfonso III. His Conquests Energy of Al-Mondhir Siege of Bobastro Stratagem of Ibn-Hafsun The Emir is Poisoned Abdallah ascends the Throne Conditions of Parties and Sects Prevalence of Disorder Insurrection at Elvira—Success of the Arab Faction Disturbances at Seville General Disaffection of the Provinces Ibn-Hafsun defeated at Aguilar Disastrous and Permanent Effects of the Continuance of Anarchy Sudden Death of Abdallah Important Political Changes wrought by a Generation of Civil Warfare 529

CHAPTER XII

REIGN OF ABD-AL-RAHMAN III.

Eminent Qualities of the New Ruler His Firmness Rapid Subjection of the Rebel Territory Dissensions of the Christians Defeat of Ibn-AbiAbda—Death of Ibn-Hafsun Impaired Power of the Arab Nobles War with the Fatimites of Africa—Rout of Junquera—Abd-al-Rahman assumes the Title of Khalif Its Significance Invasion of Castile Reverse of Alhandega—Civil Wars of the Christians—The Princes of Leon and

563

Navarre visit the Moslem Court Abd-al-Rahman dies at the Age of Seventy Years -His Remarkable Achievements The Greek and German Embassies The Saracens in France and Italy The Slaves and their Influence Plot of Abdallah—Condition of the Country under Abd-alRahman III. Cordova—Its Wealth and Magnificence The Royal Villas The City and Palace of Medina-al-Zahrâ—Melancholy Reflections of the Greatest of the Khalifs

CHAPTER XIII

REIGN OF AL-HAKEM II

Splendid Ceremonial at the Accession of Al-Hakem II. His Wise and Prudent Measures—Ordoño seeks an Audience—His Baseness— Successful Expedition against the Christians—Disturbances in Africa— Army of the Khalif Defeated—The Berber Chieftains are corrupted, and their Forces disband—Importance of Cordova as a Religious Centre— Description of the Great Mosque—Death of Al-Hakem—His Literary Attainments His Patronage of Letters The Library Institutions of Learning General Prevalence of Education Public Improvements The Khalif the Exemplar of the Highest Culture of his Age Prosperity of the Empire 634

CHAPTER XIV

REIGN OF HISCHEM II.

Origin of Ibn-abi-Amir-Al-Mansur The Scene in the Garden Genius and Attainments of the Youthful Statesman His Sudden Rise to Power Influence of the Eunuchs Their Conspiracy Detected Ibn-abi-Amir aspires to Supreme Authority He is appointed Hajib Ruin of his Rivals Reorganization of the Civil and Military Service Systematic Degradation of Hischem The Palace of Zahira—The Hajib becomes Master of the Empire Successful Wars with the Christians Disturbances in Africa—Destruction of Leon Sack of Santiago Death of Al-Mansur His Great Services to the State His Unbroken Series of Military Triumphs Al-Modhaffer Abd-al-Rahman Mohammed Suleyman—Disappearance of Hischem Rapid Disintegration of the Empire 683

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS WORK

(To promote facility of reference, the following list has been classified not only alphabetically by authors, but also by languages.)

ENGLISH.

AL-HARIRI—Makamat. 8vo. London, 1850.

ALI BEY Travels. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1816.

AL-MAKKARI—History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1840.

ANDERSON History of Commerce. 4 vols. 4to. London, 1789.

ARNOLD—Ishmael: The Natural History of Islamism. 8vo. London, 1859.

BEATTIE Castles and Abbeys of England. 2 vols. 8vo. London.

BERINGTON—Literary History of the Middle Ages. 4to. London, 1814.

BLUNT A Pilgrimage to Nejd. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1881.

BOSWORTH-SMITH—Mohammed and Mohammedanism. 8vo. London, 1876.

BOWER History of the Popes. 3 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1844.

BRAND—Popular Antiquities. 8vo. London, 1810.

BURCKHARDT Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1831.

BURCKHARDT Travels in Arabia. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1829.

BURCKHARDT Travels in Nubia. 4to. London, 1822.

BURTON A Pilgrimage to Medina and Mecca. 12mo. New York, 1856. Chronicle of London 1089–1483. 4to. London, 1827.

COSMO III. Travels in England. Folio. London, 1821.

CUTTS Scenes and Characters of the Middle Ages. 8vo. London, 1886.

DAVENPORT-ADAMS Witch, Warlock, and Magician. 8vo. London, 1889.

DAVENPORT An Apology for Mohammed and the Koran. 8vo. London, 1869.

DAVIS Carthage and her Remains. 8vo. London, 1861.

DEUTZ—Islam. 8vo. London.

D’ISRAELI Curiosities of Literature. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1807.

DRAPER—History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. 8vo. New York, 1875.

EMILLIANNE History of the Monastic Orders. 12mo. London, 1677.

FERGUSSON—History of Architecture. 2 vols. 8vo. New York, 1885.

FINLAY History of the Byzantine Empire. 8vo. London, 1856.

FINN History of the Jews in Spain and Portugal. 8vo. London, 1841.

FORT Medical Economy during the Middle Ages. 8vo. New York, 1883.

FOSBROOKE British Monarchism. 8vo. London, 1843.

FRITH Life of Giordano Bruno. 8vo. London, 1887.

GIBBON History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 8 vols. 8vo. London, 1855.

HALL Chronicle of England. 4to. London, 1809.

HALL Society in the Elizabethan Age. 8vo. London, 1886.

HARDY Eastern Monarchism. 8vo. London, 1850.

HAZLITT Popular Antiquities of Great Britain. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1870.

HECKER—The Epidemics of the Middle Ages. 8vo. London, 1844.

HIGGINS An Apology for the Life and Character of Mohammed. 8vo. London, 1829.

HODGETTS—The English in the Middle Ages. 8vo. London, 1885.

HONE Ancient Mysteries Described. 8vo. London, 1823.

HONE—Popular Works. 4 vols. 8vo. London.

HOWITT History of the Supernatural. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1863.

HUEFFER—The Troubadours. 8vo. London, 1878.

IBN-AL-HAKEM History of the Mohammedan Conquest of Spain. 8vo. Göttingen, 1858.

IBN-HAUKAL—Oriental Geography. 4to. London, 1800.

IBN-KHALLIKAN Biographical Dictionary. 4 vols. 4to. London, 1842.

ISAACS—Ceremonies, Customs, etc. of the Jews. 8vo. London.

JACKSON An Account of the Empire of Morocco. 4to. London, 1809.

JENNINGS—Phallicism. 8vo. London, 1884.

JENNINGS The Rosicrucians. 8vo. London, 1879.

JESSUP—The Women of the Arabs. 8vo. New York.

JONES History of the Waldenses. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1816.

JONES—Moallakat. 4to. London, 1783.

JONES The Alhambra. 2 vols. Folio. London, 1830.

JONES—Works. 7 vols. 4to. London, 1804.

KENRICK History of Phœnicia. 8vo. London, 1845.

KINGSLEY—Alexandria and Her Schools. 8vo. Cambridge, 1854.

KINGTON History of Frederick II. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1862.

KNIGHT—Symbolical Language of Ancient Art and Mythology. 8vo. Boston, 1836.

KNIGHT The Normans in Sicily. 8vo. London. 1838.

KNIGHT The Worship of Priapus. 4to. London, 1865.

KOELLER Mohammed and Mohammedanism. 8vo. London, 1889.

KROEGER The Minnesingers of Germany. 8vo. New York, 1873.

LACROIX The Arts of the Middle Ages. Folio. London.

LANE Arabian Society in the Middle Ages. 8vo. London, 1883.

LANE Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1842.

LANE-POOLE The Art of the Saracens in Egypt. 8vo. London, 1886.

LANE-POOLE—The Speeches of Mohammed. 12mo. London, 1882.

LEA History of Sacerdotal Celibacy. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1867.

LEA—Superstition and Force. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1866.

LEWIS An Essay on the Origin and Formation of the Romance Languages. 8vo. London, 1839.

LEWIS—Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients. 8vo. London, 1862.

LIMBORCH History of the Inquisition. 4to. London, 1731.

LINDO—History of the Jews in Spain and Portugal. 8vo. London, 1848.

MACAULAY History of England. 5 vols. 8vo. New York.

MAITLAND—The Albigenses and Waldenses. 8vo. London, 1832.

MAITLAND The Dark Ages. 8vo. London, 1844.

MALCOLM—Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London. 6 vols. 8vo. London, 1810.

MARKHAM Irrigation in Eastern Spain. 8vo. London.

MCLENNAN—Studies in Ancient History. 8vo. London, 1876.

MCMURDO History of Portugal. 8vo. London, 1888.

MEER HASSAN ALI Observations on the Mussulmans of India. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1832.

MERRICK Life and Religion of Mohammed. 8vo. Boston, 1850.

MILMAN History of Latin Christianity. 8 vols. 8vo. New York, 1859.

MUIR Annals of the Early Caliphate. 8vo. London, 1883.

MUIR Life of Mohammed. 8vo. London, 1878.

MURPHY History of the Mahometan Empire in Spain. 4to. London, 1816.

NEWTON Principia. 8vo. New York.

OCKLEY—History of the Saracens. 8vo. London. 1848.

OMARAH Yaman. 8vo. London, 1892.

OSBORN—Islam under the Khalifs of Bagdad. 8vo. London, 1878.

PALGRAVE A Year’s Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia. 12mo. New York, 1871.

PALGRAVE—Essays on Eastern Subjects. 8vo. London, 1872.

PETTIGREW Superstitions connected with the Practice of Medicine. 8vo. London, 1844.

PLUMPTRE—History of Pantheism. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1879.

PRICE Essay toward the History of Arabia. 4to. London, 1824.

RHOÏDIS—Pope Joan. 8vo. London, 1886.

RUSSELL The Natural History of Aleppo. 4to. London, 1856.

RUTHERFORD—The Troubadours. 8vo. London, 1873.

SHURRIEF Customs of the Mussulmans of India. 8vo. London, 1832.

SMITH—Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia. 8vo. Cambridge, 1885.

STIRLING-MAXWELL Don John of Austria. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1883.

SYED-AHMED—Essays on the Life of Mohammed. 8vo. London, 1870.

THOMSON History of Chemistry. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1830.

URQUHART—The Pillars of Hercules. 2 vols. 8vo. New York, 1850.

WELLSTED Travels in Arabia. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1837.

WILLIAMS—On Hinduism. 12mo. London, 1882.

WRIGHT Early Christianity in Arabia. 8vo. London, 1855.

WRIGHT—Manners and Sentiments of England during the Middle Ages. 4to. London, 1862.

WRIGHT Narratives of Sorcery and Magic. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1851.

WRIGHT Womankind in Western Europe. 4to. London, 1869.

FRENCH.

ABD-AL-RAHMAN-AL-SUFI Description des Étoiles Fixes. 4to. St. Petersbourg, 1874.

ABD-AL-REZZAQ Traité de Matière Médicale Arabe. 8vo. Paris, 1874.

ABD-EL-HALIM Roudh-el-Kartas. 8vo. Paris, 1859.

ABUL HASSAN ALI Lettres. 8vo. Paris.

AL-KALIOUBY Quelques Chapitres de Médecine Arabe. 8vo. Paris, 1856.

Anecdotes Arabes et Musulmanes. 12mo. Paris, 1772.

ARCOLEO Palerme et la Civilisation en Sicile. 8vo. Paris, 1898.

ARNOULT Mémoires de la Langue Romane. 3 vols. 8vo. Toulouse, 1842.

ASTRUC Mémoires pour servir à l’Histoire de la Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier. 4to. Paris, 1777.

AUBERTIN Histoire de la Langue et la Littérature Françaises au Moyen Age. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1876.

BABELON—Du Commerce des Arabes dans le Nord de l’Europe. 8vo. Paris, 1882.

BAILLY Histoire de l’Astronomie Ancienne et Moderne. 5 vols. 4to. Paris, 1781.

BAISSAC—Les Grands Jours de la Sorcellerie. 8vo. Paris, 1890.

BARBIER DE MEYNARD Ibrahim. 8vo. Paris, 1869.

BARET Espagne et Provence. 8vo. Paris, 1857.

BARET—Les Troubadours. 8vo. Paris, 1857.

BARGÈS Histoire des Beni-Zeiyan, Rois de Tlemcen. 8vo. Paris, 1887.

BARGÈS—Recherches sur les Colonies Phéniciennes. 8vo. Paris, 1878.

BARGÈS Tlemcen. 8vo. Paris, 1859.

BARRAU—Monfort et les Albigeois. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1840.

BARTHÉLEMY SAINT-HILAIRE Du Bouddhisme. 8vo. Paris, 1855.

BARTHÉLEMY SAINT-HILAIRE—Mahomet et le Coran. 8vo. Paris, 1865.

BASSET La Poësie Arabe Anté-Islamique. 12mo. Paris, 1880.

BATISSIER—Histoire de l’Art Monumental. 8vo. Paris, 1860.

BAUDRILLART Histoire du Luxe. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1880.

BAYET—L’Art Byzantin. 8vo. Paris.

BAZANCOURT Histoire de la Sicile sous la Domination des Normands. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1846.

BEAUDRIMONT Histoire des Basques. 8vo. Paris, 1867.

BÉDARRIDE Les Juifs en France, Italie, et Espagne. 8vo. Paris, 1861.

BELIN Du Régime des Fiefs Militaires dans l’Islamisme. 8vo. Paris, 1870.

BÉNÉTRIX—Les Femmes Troubadours. 8vo. Paris, 1890.

BERGER L’Arabie avant Mahomet. 8vo. Paris, 1883.

BERTHELOT—Les Origines de l’Alchimie. 8vo. Paris, 1885.

BERTHÉRAND Médecine et Hygiène des Arabes. 8vo. Paris.

BIOT—L’Astronomie Indienne et Chinoise. 8vo. Paris, 1862.

BOELL Histoire de la Corse. 8vo. Marseille, 1878.

BOISGELIN—Malte Ancienne et Moderne. 3 vols. 8vo. 1809.

BORDIER L’Art Byzantin. 4to. Paris, 1885.

BOUCHER—Deux Poëtes Anté-Islamiques. 8vo. Paris, 1867.

BOURGOIN Les Arts Arabes. 4to. Paris.

BOUTHARIC—Traité des Droits Seigneureaux. 4to. Toulouse, 1751.

BRUCE-WHYTE Histoire des Langues Romanes. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1841.

BURNOUF—Essai sur Le Veda. 8vo. Paris, 1863.

CADOZ Civilité Musulmane. 12mo. Alger, 1889.

CAPEFIGUE—Histoire de France au Moyen Age. 4 vols. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1843.

CAPEFIGUE Histoire Philosophique des Juifs. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1839.

CARDONNE—Histoire de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne. 3 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1765.

CARDONNE Mélange de la Littérature Orientale. 12mo. Paris, 1786.

CATEL Histoire de Languedoc. Folio. Tolose, 1633.

CATEL Histoire des Comtes de Tolose. Folio. Tolose, 1623.

CAUSSIN DE PERCEVAL Essai sur l’Histoire des Arabes avant l’Islamisme. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1847.

CHAPO ET BELZUNCE Histoire des Basques. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1847.

CHAUMEIL DE STELLA Essai sur l’Histoire de Portugal. 8vo. Bruxelles.

CHÉNIER Recherches Historiques sur les Maures. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1787.

CHERRIER Histoire de la Lutte des Papes. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1841.

CHIARINI—Le Talmud de Babylone. 8vo. Leipzig. 1831.

CHOISEUL-DALLECOURT De l’Influence des Croisades. 8vo. Paris, 1809.

CHRISTIANOWITSCH—Esquisse Historique de la Musique Arabe. 4to.

CIRCOURT Histoire des Mores Mudejares et des Morisques. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1846.

CLOT-BEY—Aperçu Général sur l’Égypte. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1840.

COUPRY Traité de la Versification Arabe. 8vo. Leipzig, 1875.

COYPEL—Le Judaïsme. 8vo. Paris, 1877.

DAREMBERG Histoire des Sciences Médicales. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1870.

DAUMAS—La Vie Arabe. 8vo. Paris.

DAVILLIER Histoire des Faïences Hispano-Moresques. 8vo. Paris, 1861.

DAVILLIER—Les Arts Décoratifs en Espagne. 8vo. Paris, 1879.

DAVILLIER Notice sur les Cuirs de Cordoue. 8vo. Paris, 1878.

DAVILLIER—Origines de la Porcelaine en Europe. 4to. Paris, 1882.

DELAMBRE Histoire de l’Astronomie Ancienne. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1817.

DELAPORTE—Vie de Mahomet. 8vo. Paris, 1874.

DE L’ISLE Des Talismans. 12mo. Paris, 1636.

DENIS—Chroniques et Traditions Provençales. 8vo. Toulon, 1831.

DE PARCTELAINE Histoire de la Guerre contre les Albigeois. 8vo. Paris, 1833.

DEPPING—Histoire du Commerce entre le Levant et l’Europe. 2 vols. 8vo. 1830.

DEPPING Les Juifs dans le Moyen Age. 8vo. Paris, 1834.

DE ROCHAT Les Parias de France et d’Espagne. 8vo. Paris, 1876.

DE SACY Chrestomatie Arabe. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1826.

DE SACY Mémoires sur l’Histoire des Arabes avant Mahomet. 4to. Paris.

DE SAULCY Histoire de l’Art Judaïque. 8vo. Paris, 1858.

DESVERGERS Arabie. 8vo. Paris, 1847.

D’HERBELOT Bibliothèque Orientale. 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1773.

DINAUX Les Trouvères Artésiens. 8vo. Paris, 1843.

DOUAIS—Les Albigeois. 8vo. Paris, 1879.

DOZY Essai sur l’Histoire de l’Islamisme. 8vo. Leyde, 1879.

DOZY—Glossaire des Mots Espagnols et Portugais dérivés de l’Arabe. 8vo. Leyde, 1869.

DOZY Histoire des Musulmans d’Espagne. 4 vols. 8vo. Leyde, 1861.

DOZY—Le Cid. 8vo. Leyde, 1860.

DOZY Notices sur Quelques Manuscrits. 8vo. Leyde, 1847.

DOZY—Recherches sur l’Histoire et la Littérature de l’Espagne pendant le Moyen Age. 2 vols. 8vo. Leyde, 1860.

DUBOIS Histoire de l’Horlogerie. 4to. Paris, 1849.

DUGAT—Histoire des Philosophes Musulmans. 8vo. Paris, 1878.

DUGAT Traité de Médecine d’Abou Djafar. 8vo. Paris, 1853.

DUPOUY—Le Moyen Age Médical. 12mo. Paris, 1880.

EGGER L’Hellenisme en France. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1869.

EL-BEKRI—Description de l’Afrique Septentrionale. 8vo. Paris, 1859.

FABRE Le Troubadour. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1843.

FAURIEL—Histoire de la Gaule Méridionale. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1836.

FAURIEL Histoire de la Poësie Provençale. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1846.

FERRERAS—Histoire Générale d’Espagne. 10 vols. 4to. Paris, 1744.

FÉTIS Histoire de la Musique. 5 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1869.

FIGUIER—L’Alchimie et les Alchimistes. 12mo. Paris, 1856.

FLEURY Histoire Ecclésiastique. 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1844.

FLÜCKIGER et HANBURY—Histoire des Drogues Végétales. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1878.

FOURIEL Conquête de l’Afrique par les Arabes. 2 vols. 4to. 1875.

FOURNEL Les Berbères. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1875.

FRANCK La Kabbale. 8vo. Paris, 1843.

FRÉGUIER Les Juifs Algériens. 8vo. Paris, 1865.

FRESNEL Lettre sur l’Histoire des Arabes avant l’Islamisme. 8vo. Paris, 1836.

GAGNIER La Vie de Mahomet. 12mo. Amsterdam, 1732.

GARCIN DE TASSY Mémoire sur les Noms Propres et les Titres Musulmans. 8vo. Paris, 1878.

GARNIER Célibat et les Célibataires. 12mo. Paris, 1889.

GARNIER—Histoire de la Verrerie. 8vo. Tours, 1886.

GASTINEAU Les Femmes et les Mœurs d’Algérie. 12mo. Paris.

GAUFRIDI—Histoire de Provence. 2 vols. Folio. Aix, 1694.

GAUTTIER D’ARC Histoire des Conquêtes des Normands en Italie, en Sicile, et en Grèce. 8vo. Paris, 1830.

GHAZZALI—Le Préservatif de l’Erreur. 8vo. Paris, 1878.

GIRAULT DE PRANGEY Essai sur l’Architecture des Arabes et des Maures. 4to. Paris, 1842.

GOLDZIEHER—Le Culte des Ancêtres chez les Arabes. 8vo. Paris, 1885.

GRAETZ Les Juifs d’Espagne. 8vo. Paris, 1872.

GRANGERET DE LAGRANGE—Les Arabes en Espagne. 8vo. Paris, 1824.

GUARDIA La Médecine à travers les Siècles. 8vo. Paris, 1865.

GUIZOT—Collection des Mémoires relatifs à l’Histoire de la France. 31 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1824.

GUIZOT Histoire de la Civilisation en France. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1846.

GUYARD La Civilisation Musulmane. 12mo. Paris, 1884.

GUYARD—Théorie de la Métrique Arabe. 8vo. Paris. Histoire des Papes. 10 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1844.

HOEFER—Histoire de la Chimie. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris.

HOEFER Histoire des Mathématiques. 12mo. Paris, 1874.

HOVELACQUE—L’Avesta. 8vo. Paris, 1880.

HUILLARD-BRÉHOLLES Histoire Diplomatique de Frédéric II. 4to. Paris, 1859.

HUILLARD-BRÉHOLLES La Vie de Pierre de la Vigne. 8vo. Paris, 1865.

IBN-AL-AWAM Le Livre de l’Agriculture. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1866.

IBN-EL-BEITHAR Traité des Simples. 3 vols. 4to. Paris, 1877.

IBN-HAUKAL Description de Palerme au X Siècle. 8vo. Paris, 1845.

IBN-KHALDUN Histoire des Berbères. 4 vols. 8vo. Alger, 1856.

JACOB Curiosités de l’Histoire du Moyen Age. 12mo. Paris, 1859.

JACOBI Histoire de la Corse. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1833.

JAGNAUX Histoire de la Chimie. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1891.

JAUBERT DE PASSA Voyage en Espagne. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1891.

JOMARD Études sur l’Arabie. 8vo. Paris, 1839.

LA BEAUME Le Coran Analysé. 8vo. Paris, 1878.

LABESSADE Le Droit du Seigneur. 8vo. Paris, 1878.

LACROIX Mœurs et Usages au Moyen Age. 8vo. Paris, 1878.

LACROIX Sciences et Lettres au Moyen Age. Folio. Paris, 1877.

LANGLÉ Historial du Jongleur. 8vo. Paris, 1829.

LA PRIMAUDAIE—Les Arabes en Sicile et en Italie. 8vo. Paris, 1867.

LA ROQUE Voyage dans l’Arabie Heureuse. 12mo. Paris, 1725.

LEBEAU—Histoire du Bas Empire. 13 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1820.

LE BON La Civilisation des Arabes. 8vo. Paris, 1884.

LEBRUN—Histoire Secrète des Couvents. 12mo. Bruxelles.

LECLERC Abul Casis. 8vo. Paris, 1874.

LECLERC—Histoire de la Médecine Arabe. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1876.

LENIENT La Satire en France au Moyen Age. 8vo. Paris, 1877.

LENORMANT—La Grande Grèce. 12mo. Paris, 1881.

LENORMANT La Divination. 8vo. Paris, 1875.

LENORMANT—Les Premières Civilisations. 8vo. Paris, 1874.

LENTHÉRIC La Grèce et l’Orient en Provence. 12mo. Paris, 1878.

LETOURNEAUX—La Kabylie et les Coutumes Kabyles. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1872.

LINGUET Essai Philosophique sur le Monachisme. 12mo. Paris, 1777.

LLORENTE Histoire de l’Inquisition d’Espagne. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1817.

LOUIS-LANDE Basques et Navarrais. 8vo. Paris, 1878.

LUCAS Documents sur le Cid. 8vo. Paris, 1860.

MAGEN Les Prêtres et les Moines à travers les Ages. 8vo. Paris, 1857.

MAKRIZI Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1837.

MAKRIZI Traité des Monnaies Musulmanes. 8vo. Paris.

MANDEL Histoire de la Langue Romane. 8vo. Paris, 1840.

MARCHAND Moines et Nonnes. 12mo. Paris, 1881.

MARMOL L’Afrique. 3 vols. 4to. Paris, 1667.

MARTIN Les Signes Numéraux chez les Peuples de l’Antiquité et du Moyen Age. 4to. Rome, 1864.

MARTONNE La Piété du Moyen Age. 8vo. Paris, 1855.

MAS LATRIE—Histoire de l’Isle de Chypre. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1855.

MAS LATRIE Traités de Paix des Arabes du Moyen Age. Folio. Paris, 1866.

MAURY—Croyances et Légendes de l’Antiquité. 8vo. Paris, 1863.

MAURY Essai sur les Légendes Pieuses du Moyen Age. 8vo. Paris, 1843.

MAURY—Histoire des Religions de la Grèce Antique. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1857.

MAURY La Magie et l’Astrologie. 12mo. Paris, 1860.

MÉNANT—Zoroastre. 8vo. Paris, 1857.

MÉRAY La Vie au Temps des Cours d’Amour. 8vo. Paris, 1876.

MÉRAY—La Vie au Temps des Trouvères. 8vo. Paris.

MÉRIMÉE Histoire de Don Pedro I. 12mo. Paris, 1865.

MICHAUD—Histoire des Croisades. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1867.

MICHELET Histoire de France. 19 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1870.

MICHEL—Histoire des Races Maudites de la France et de l’Espagne. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1847.

MICHEL Le Pays Basque. 8vo. Paris, 1859.

MIÈGE—Histoire de Malte. 2 vols. 8vo. Bruxelles, 1841.

MILLOT -Histoire Littéraire des Troubadours. 3 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1774.

MIMAUT Histoire de Sardaigne. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1825.

MOHAMMED-IBN-DJOBAIR Voyage en Sicile. 8vo. Paris, 1846.

MOLINE DE SAINT-YON Histoire des Comtes de Toulouse. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris.

MONTUCLA Histoire des Mathématiques. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1758.

MORLILLARO Légendes Historiques Siciliennes. 8vo. Palermo, 1890.

NIEBUHR—Description de l’Arabie. 4to. Paris, 1779.

OELSNER Des Effets de la Religion de Mohammed. 8vo. Paris, 1810.

PARISET—Histoire de la Soie. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1862.

PERRON Femmes Arabes. 8vo. Paris, 1858.

PERROT—Histoire des Antiquités de la Ville de Nismes. 8vo. Nismes, 1842.

PEYRAT Histoire des Albigeois. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1870.

PLEYTE—La Religion des pré-Israélites. 8vo. Utrecht, 1862.

POIRET Voyage en Barbarie. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1789.

PRISSE D’AVESNES—La Décoration Arabe. Folio. Paris, 1885.

QUERRY Le Droit Musulman. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1871.

RAMÉE—Histoire Générale de l’Architecture. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1859.

REINAUD Extraits des Historiens Arabes relatifs aux Croisades. 8vo. Paris, 1829.

REINAUD—L’Art Militaire chez les Arabes au Moyen Age. 8vo. Paris, 1848.

REINAUD Les Invasions des Sarrasins en France. 8vo. Paris.

REINAUD Monumens Arabes, Persans, et Turcs. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1828.

REINAUD—Notice sur Mahomet. 8vo. Paris, 1860.

REINAUD Relation des Voyages dans l’Inde. 2 vols. 18mo. Paris, 1845.

RENAN—Averroes et l’Averroïsme. 8vo. Paris, 1852.

RENAULDON Dictionnaire des Fiefs et des Droits Seigneureaux. 4to. Paris, 1765.

RENOUARD Histoire de la Médecine. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1846.

ROMEY Histoire d’Espagne. 9 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1839.

RONNA Les Irrigations. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1888.

ROQUAIRE La Papauté au Moyen Age. 8vo. Paris, 1881.

ROSSEUW SAINT-HILAIRE Histoire d’Espagne. 14 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1859.

SABATIER Notice sur Gerbert. 8vo. Paris, 1850.

SAINTE-PELAIE Histoire Littéraire des Troubadours. 3 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1774.

SCHMOLDERS—Essai sur les Écoles Philosophiques chez les Arabes. 8vo. Paris, 1842.

SCHOEBEL Le Bouddhisme et ses Origines. 8vo. Paris, 1874.

SCHOLL—L’Islam et son Fondateur. 8vo. Neuchatel, 1844.

SÉDILLOT Histoire Générale des Arabes. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1877.

SÉDILLOT—Matériaux pour servir à l’Histoire Complète des Sciences Mathématiques chez les Orientaux. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1845.

SÉDILLOT Mémoire sur les Systèmes Géographiques des Arabes. 8vo. Paris, 1842.

SÉDILLOT—Prolégomènes des Tables Astronomiques d’Oloug Beg. 8vo. Paris, 1853.

SÉDILLOT Traité des Instruments Astronomiques des Arabes. 4to. Paris, 1833.

SISMONDI Histoire de la Littérature du Midi de Europe. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1829.

SISMONDI Républiques Italiennes du Moyen Age. 10 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1840.

SOLVET Description du Pays de Magreb. 8vo. Alger, 1839.

TORRES Histoire des Chérifs. 4to. Paris, 1667.

VACHEROT—Histoire Critique de l’École d’Alexandrie. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1846.

VERTOT Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers. 5 vols. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1732.

VIARDOT Histoire des Arabes et des Mores d’Espagne. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1857.

VIARDOT Scènes des Mœurs Arabes. 8vo. Paris, 1834.

VILLEMAIN Histoire de Gregoire VII. 8vo. Paris, 1874.

VILLEMAIN Tableau de la Littérature au Moyen Age. 8vo. Paris, 1878.

VINCENT Études sur la Loi Musulmane Législation Criminelle. 8vo. Paris, 1842.

WOEPCKE—L’Algèbre d’Omar Al-Khayymi. 8vo. Paris, 1857.

WOEPCKE Mémoire sur la Propagation des Chiffres Indiens. 8vo. Paris, 1863.

WOEPCKE—Recherches sur l’Histoire des Sciences Mathématiques chez les Orientaux. 8vo. Paris, 1860.

WOEPCKE Sur l’Introduction de l’Arithmétique en Occident. 4to. Paris, 1859.

ZAMAKHSCHARI—Les Colliers d’Or. 8vo. Paris, 1876.

ZELLER Entretiens sur l’Histoire du Moyen Age. 12mo. Paris, 1865.

ZELLER—Histoire d’Allemagne. 7 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1872.

SPANISH.

ABARCA Anales de Aragon. 2 vols. Folio. Salamanca, 1684.

ALDRETE—Varias Antigüedades de España. 4to. Amberes, 1614.

ALMAGRO Inscripciones Arabes de Granada. 4to. Granada, 1877.

ALONSO EL SABIO—Las Siete Partidas. 3 vols. 4to. Madrid, 1807.

ARAQUISTAN Tradiciones Vasco-Cántabras. 8vo. Tolosa, 1866.

ARGOTE DE MOLINA—Nobleza de Andalucia. Folio. Sevilla, 1581.

ARGOTE Nuevos Paseos por Granada. 2 vols. 12mo. Granada, 1820.

BAEZA—Ultimos Sucesos del Reino de Granada. 8vo. Madrid, 1868.

BALAGUER Historia de los Trovadores. 6 vols. 8vo. Madrid, 1878.

BALAGUER Los Reyes Catolicos. 2 vols. 8vo. Madrid, 1894.

BERNALDEZ—Historia de los Reyes Catolicos. 2 vols. 4to. Sevilla, 1870.

BLEDA Coronica de los Moros de España. Folio. Valencia, 1618.

BOIX—Xativa. 8vo. 1857.

CANAS De la Agricultura Española. 16mo. Valladolid, 1868.

CARO—Antigüedades de Sevilla. Folio. Sevilla, 1634.

CASCALES Discursos Historicos sobre Murcia. Folio. Murcia, 1775.

CAVEDA—Ensayo Historico sobre los diversos generos de Architectura en España. 8vo. Madrid, 1848.

CAVEDA Cronica de Don Alvaro de Luna. Folio. Madrid, 1784.

CEBRIAN Historia de los Arabes en Murcia. 8vo. Palma, 1845.

CODERA Y ZAIDIN Tratado de Numismatica Arabigo-Española. 4to. Madrid, 1879.

COLMENARES Historia de Segovia. Folio. Madrid, 1640.

CONDE Historia de la Dominacion de los Arabes en España. 2 vols. 4to. Madrid, 1820.

CONTRERAS Monumentos Arabes. 4to. Madrid, 1878.

—— Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla. 3 vols. 8vo. Madrid, 1875.

DAMETO Historia del Reyno Balearico. 3 vols. 4to. Palma, 1840.

DANVILA Y COLLADO—La Expulsion de los Moriscos. 8vo. Madrid, 1889.

DE LA PENA Anales de Cataluña. 3 vols. Folio. Barcelona, 1709.

DE LOS RIOS—El Arte Latino-Byzantino. 4to. Madrid, 1861.

DE LOS RIOS Historia de los Judios de España. 3 vols. 8vo. Madrid, 1876.

DE LOS RIOS—Inscripciones Arabes de Cordoba y Sevilla. 8vo. Madrid, 1879.

DE LOS RIOS Sevilla Pintoresca. 4to. Sevilla, 1844.

DE LOS RIOS—Toledo Pintoresca. 4to. Madrid, 1845.

DEL VALLE Anales de la Inquisicion. 8vo. Madrid, 1868.

DE SCHACK—Poesía y Arte de los Arabes en España y Sicilia. 3 vols. 12mo. Madrid, 1872.

DIAGO Historia de los Condes de Barcelona. Folio. Barcelona, 1603.