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Direct Care and Information Management

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 8 Guidance and Coaching

Why Guidance and Coaching?

Context of Guidance and Coaching: Definition and Skills

Theories and Research Supporting APRN Guidance and Coaching

APRN Guidance and Coaching Skills

APRN Proficiencies Specific to Coaching

APRN Coaching Process

The “Four As” of the Coaching Process

The Dilemma of Guiding or Leading From Behind

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 9 Consultation

Consultation and Advanced Practice Nursing

Defining Consultation

Model of APRN Consultation

Other Models of Consultation

Common APRN Consultation Situations

Issues in APRN Consultation

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 10 Evidence-Based Practice

Evidence-Based Practice and the APRN

Evidence and Current Best Evidence: Historical Perspective

Steps of the Evidence-Based Process

From Policy to Practice: Tips for Achieving Meaningful Changes in Practice Based on Current Best Evidence

Future Perspectives

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 11 Leadership

The Importance of Leadership for APRNs

Leadership: Definitions, Models, and Concepts

Types of Leadership for APRNs

Characteristics of APRN Leadership Competency

Attributes of Effective APRN Leaders

Developing Skills as APRN Leaders

Developing Leadership in the Health Policy Arena

Obstacles to Leadership Development and Effective Leadership

Strategies for Implementing the Leadership Competency

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 12 Collaboration

Definition of Collaboration

Domains of Collaboration in Advanced Practice Nursing

Characteristics of Effective Collaboration

Impact of Collaboration on Patients and Clinicians

Imperatives for Collaboration

Context of Collaboration in Contemporary Health Care

Processes Associated With Effective Collaboration

Implementing Collaboration

Strategies for Successful Collaboration

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 13 Ethical Decision Making

Foundations of Ethical Practice

Characteristics of Ethical Challenges in Nursing

Ethical Issues Affecting APRNs

Ethical Decision-Making Competency of APRNs

Evaluation of the Ethical Decision-Making Competency

Barriers to Ethical Practice and Potential Solutions

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Part III Advanced Practice Roles: The

Operational Definitions of Advanced Practice

Nursing

Chapter 14 The Clinical Nurse Specialist

Overview and Definitions of the Clinical Nurse Specialist

Clinical Nurse Specialist Practice: Competencies Within the Spheres of Influence

Current Marketplace Forces and Concerns

Role Implementation

Future Directions

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 15 The Primary Care Nurse Practitioner

Current and Historical Perspectives on Primary Care and the Nurse Practitioner Role

Primary Care and the Federal Government

Practice Redesign in Primary Care

Primary Care Workforce and the Context of PCNP Practice Today

The Primary Care Nurse Practitioner

Future Trends in Primary Care

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 16 The Adult-Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner

Emergence of the Adult-Gerontology ACNP Role

Competencies of the Adult-Gerontology ACNP Role

Shaping the Scope of Practice for the Adult-Gerontology ACNP

Profiles of the Adult-Gerontology ACNP Role and Practice Models

Specialization Opportunities Within the Adult-Gerontology ACNP Role

Preparation of Adult-Gerontology ACNPs

Reimbursement for Adult-Gerontology ACNPs

Challenges Specific to the Adult-Gerontology ACNP Role

Future Directions

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 17 The Certified Nurse-Midwife

Midwife Definitions

Historical Perspective

The Nurse-Midwifery Profession in the United States Today

Implementing Advanced Practice Nursing Competencies

Current Practice of Nurse-Midwifery

Professional Issues

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 18 The Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist

Brief History of CRNA Education and Practice

Profile of the CRNA

Current CRNA Practice

Role Development and Measures of Clinical Competence

Reimbursement

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Part IV Critical

Elements in Managing Advanced Practice Nursing Environments

Chapter 19 Maximizing APRN Power and Influencing Policy

Policy: Historic Core Function in Nursing

Policy: APRNs and Modern Roles

Politics Versus Policy

United States Differs From the International Community

Key Policy Concepts

Policy Models and Frameworks

Current Advanced Practice Nursing Policy Issues

Emerging Advanced Practice Nursing Policy Issues

APRN Political Competence in the Policy Arena

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 20 Marketing and Negotiation

Self-Awareness: Finding a Good Fit

Choosing Between Entrepreneurship/Intrapreneurship

Marketing for the New APRN

Negotiation and Renegotiation

Overcoming Invisibility

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 21 Reimbursement and Payment for APRN Services

Historical Perspective

Reimbursement in the United States

Commonly Used CPT Codes

Medicare Reimbursement

Other Reimbursement Models

Current and Emerging Reimbursement Issues for APRNs

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 22 Understanding Regulatory, Legal, and Credentialing Requirements

The Consensus Model for APRN Regulation: Licensure, Accreditation, Certification, and Education

Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Master's and Doctoral Education

Benchmarks of Advanced Practice Nursing and Education

Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Competencies

Elements of APRN Regulation and Credentialing

Language Associated With the Credentialing of APRNs

Scope of Practice for APRNs

Standards of Practice and Standards of Care for APRNs

Issues Affecting APRN Credentialing and Regulation

Influencing the Regulatory Process

Current Practice Climate for APRNs

Future Regulatory Challenges Facing APRNs

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 23 Integrative Review of APRN Outcomes and Performance Improvement Research

Review of Terms

Conceptual Models of Care Delivery Impact

Evidence to Date

“Process as Outcome” Studies

Performance (Process) Improvement Activities

Disease Management Activities

Outcomes Management Activities

Impact of APRN Practice

Future Directions for Using Outcomes in APRN Practice

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Chapter 24 Using Health Care Information Technology to Evaluate and Improve Performance and Patient Outcomes

Informatics and Information Technology Supporting Improved Performance and Outcomes

Regulatory Reporting Initiatives That Drive Performance Improvement

Relevance of Regulatory Reporting to Advanced Practice Nursing Outcomes

Foundational Competencies in Managing Health Information Technology

Foundational Competencies in Quality Improvement

Strategies for Designing Quality Improvement and Outcome Evaluation Plans for Advanced Practice Nursing

Conclusion

Key Summary Points

References

Index

Copyright

3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043

HAMRIC and HANSON'S ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING:ISBN:

978-0-323-44775-1

AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH, SIXTH EDITION

Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies, and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information,

methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors, or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Previous editions copyrighted 2014, 2009, 2005, 2000, and 1996.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Tracy, Mary Fran, editor. | O'Grady, Eileen T., 1963- editor.

Title: Hamric and Hanson's advanced practice nursing : an integrative approach / [edited by] Mary Fran Tracy, Eileen T. O'Grady.

Other titles: Advanced practice nursing (Hamric) | Advanced practice nursing

Description: Sixth edition. | St. Louis, Missouri : Elsevier, [2019] | Preceded by Advanced practice nursing : an integrative approach / [edited by] Ann B. Hamric, Charlene M. Hanson, Mary Fran Tracy, Eileen T. O'Grady.

5th ed. 2014. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017055231 | ISBN 9780323447751 (pbk. : alk. paper)

Subjects: | MESH: Advanced Practice Nursing

Classification: LCC RT82.8 | NLM WY 128 | DDC 610.73–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017055231

Executive Content Strategist: Lee Henderson

Content Development Manager: Lisa Newton

Senior Content Development Specialist: Danielle M. Frazier

Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy

Book Production Specialist: Clay Broeker

Design Direction: Renee Duenow

Printed in the United States of America

Dedication

I would like to dedicate this book to my advanced practice nurse colleagues who are inspirational as they strive every day to provide optimal care for patients. I'm extremely grateful to my family and friends who were a constant source of support throughout the project.

MFT

I dedicate this book to my beloved profession, to nurses everywhere who care deeply about the human condition, and of course, to my one and only Humayun, who listened patiently to my editing and other woes. Also, to my teenage sons Liam and Conor who keep it real. And funny.

EO

The editors would also like to dedicate this edition to Ann Hamric and Charlene Hanson. We are grateful for their foresight, their vision, and the passion they convey for the advanced practice nurse role. We are thankful for their previous mentoring and for the consultation they specifically provided for this current edition.

Contributors

Anne W. Alexandrov PhD, RN, AGACNP-BC, CNS, ANVP-BC, NVRN-BC, CCRN, FAAN

Professor

College of Nursing

University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Memphis, Tennessee

Professor

College of Nursing

Australian Catholic University

Sydney, Australia

NET SMART

Health Outcomes Institute

Fountain Hills, Arizona

Cynthia Arslanian-Engoren PhD, MSN, BSN, FAAN

Associate Professor

School of Nursing, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Melissa D. Avery PhD, CNM, FACNM

Professor

School of Nursing

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Denise Bryant-Lukosius BScN, MScN, PhD

Associate Professor

School of Nursing and Department of Oncology

Co-Director

Canadian Centre for APN Research

McMaster University

Clinician Scientist and Director

Canadian Centre of Excellence in Oncology APN

Juravinksi Hospital and Cancer Centre

Hamilton, Canada

Karen A. Brykczynski PhD, RN, FNP, FAAN

Home Health Nurse

Largo, Florida

Professor (retired)

School of Nursing

University of Texas Medical Branch

Galveston, Texas

Maureen Cahill BSN, MSN, APN-CNS

Senior Policy Adviser

Regulation

National Council of State Boards of Nursing Chicago, Illinois

Margaret Faut Callahan CRNA, PhD, FNAP, FAAN

Provost

Health Sciences Division

Loyola University Chicago, Illinois

Michael Carter DNSc, DNP

University Distinguished Professor

College of Nursing

University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Memphis, Tennessee

Adjunct Clinical Professor of Geriatrics

College of Medicine

University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Little Rock, Arkansas

Adjunct Professor

School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Paramedicine

Curtin University

Perth, Australia

Anne Z. Cockerham PhD, CNW, WHNP-BC, CNE

Associate Dean for Academic Affairs

Frontier Nursing University

Hyden, Kentucky

Cindi Dabney BSN, MSNA, DNP

Assistant Director of Didactic Education

Anesthesia Option

University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Memphis, Tennessee

Lynne M. Dunphy PhD, APRN, FNP-BC, FAAN, FAANP

Associate Dean for Practice and Community Engagement

Professor

Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing

Florida Atlantic University

Boca Raton, Florida

Margaret M. Flinter MSN, PhD

Senior Vice President and Clinical Director

Community Health Center, Inc.

Middletown, Connecticut

Mikel Gray PhD, FNP, PNP, CUNP, CCCN, FAANP, FAAN

Professor

Department of Urology and Department of Acute and Specialty

Nursing Care

School of Nursing

University of Virginia

Charlottesville, Virginia

Jane Guttendorf DNP, CRNP, ACNP-BC, CCRN

Assistant Professor

School of Nursing, Department of Acute/Tertiary Care

University of Pittsburgh

Acute Care Nurse Practitioner

Department of Critical Care Medicine

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC Presbyterian Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Ann B. Hamric PhD, MS, BSN

Professor Emeritus

School of Nursing

Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia

Charlene M. Hanson EdD, RN, FNP-BC, FAAN

Professor Emerita and Family Nurse Practitioner

Nursing

Georgia Southern University Statesboro, Georgia

Gene E. Harkless BSN, MSN, DNSc

Associate Professor

Nursing

University of New Hampshire

Durham, New Hampshire

Marilyn Hravnak RN, PhD, CRNP, BC, FCCM, FAAC

Professor

School of Nursing

University of Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Jean E. Johnson PhD, RN, FAAN

Dean Emerita

School of Nursing

George Washington University

Washington, District of Columbia

Arlene W. Keeling PhD, RN, FAAN

Centennial Distinguished Professor and Associate Director

Eleanor Crowder Bjoring Center for Nursing

Historical Inquiry

School of Nursing

University of Virginia

Charlottesville, Virginia

Ruth M. Kleinpell PhD, RN, APRN-BC, FAAN, FAANP, FCCM

Assistant Dean for Clinical Scholarship

Professor

Vanderbilt University School of Nursing

Nashville, Tennessee

Professor

Rush University College of Nursing

Chicago, Illinois

Michael J. Kremer PhD, CRNA, CHSE, FNAP, FAAN

Professor and Director

Nurse Anesthesia Program

Rush University College of Nursing

Co-Director

Rush Center for Clinical Skills and Simulation

Rush University Medical Center

Chicago, Illinois

Brigid Lusk PhD, RN, FAAN

Adjunct Clinical Professor

College of Nursing

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, Illinois

Carole L. Mackavey DNP, MSN, RN, FNP-C

Assistant Professor and Co-Director, FNP Track

Family Health/SON

University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, Texas

Kathy S. Magdic DNP, ACNP-BC

Assistant Professor

Acute-Tertiary Care

University of Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Nancy Munro MN, CCRN, ACNP-BC, FAANP

Senior Acute Care Nurse Practitioner

Critical Care Medicine Department

National Institutes of Health

Bethesda, Maryland

Eileen T. O'Grady PhD, RN, ANP

Certified Nurse Practitioner and Wellness Coach

Owner, The School of Wellness

McLean, Virginia

Geraldine S. Pearson PhD, PMH-CNS, FAAN

Associate Professor

Psychiatry, Child/Adolescent Division

University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Farmington, Connecticut

Susanne J. Phillips DNP, APRN, FNP-BC

Clinical Professor

Nursing Science

University of California, Irvine

Irvine, California

Laura Reed MSN, DNP

Assistant Professor

Advanced Practice and Doctoral Studies

University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Memphis, Tennessee

Melissa A. Saftner PhD, CNM, RN

Clinical Associate Professor

School of Nursing

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Jeanne Salyer PhD, RN

Associate Professor

Adult Health and Nursing Systems

Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing

Richmond, Virginia

Sue Sendelbach PhD, RN, FAAN, FAHA

Director of Nursing Research (retired)

Abbott Northwestern Hospital Minneapolis, Minnesota

Katherine E. Simmonds MS, MPH, WHNP-BC

Assistant Professor

School of Nursing

Track Coordinator of Women's Health and Adult Gerontology/Women's Health NP Specialties

MGH Institute of Health Professions

Charlestown, Massachusetts

Mary Fran Tracy PhD, RN, APRN, CNS, FAAN

Associate Professor

School of Nursing

University of Minnesota

Nurse Scientist

University of Minnesota Medical Center

Minneapolis, Minnesota

S. Brian Widmar PhD, RN, ACNP-BC, CCRN, FAANP

Director, Adult-Gero Acute Care NP Specialty

School of Nursing

Vanderbilt University

Nashville, Tennessee

Marisa L. Wilson DNSc, MHSc, RN-BC, CPHIMS, FAAN

Associate Professor and Specialty Track Coordinator Nursing

Informatics

Family, Community, and Health Systems

University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Nursing

Birmingham, Alabama

Lucia Wocial BA, BS, MS, PhD

Nurse Ethicist

Fairbanks Center for Medical Ethics

Indiana University Health

Adjunct Assistant Professor

School of Nursing

Indiana University

Indianapolis, Indiana

Frances Kam Yuet Wong BSN, MEd, PhD Professor

School of Nursing

Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Hong Kong, China

Reviewers

Deborah Becker PhD, ACNP, BC, CHSE, FAAN

Practice Associate Professor of Nursing

Director, Adult Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner Program

Biobehavioral and Health Science Department

University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Angela P. Clark PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, FAAN, FAHA

Associate Professor Emerita

School of Nursing

University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas

Michelle L. Edwards DNP, APRN, FNP, ACNP, FAANP

System Vice President, Advanced Practice

National Clinical Enterprise

Catholic Health Initiatives

Englewood, Colorado

Loretta C. Ford EdD, PNP, FAAN, FAANP

Professor and Dean Emerita

School of Nursing

University of Rochester Rochester, New York

Lynn Gallagher-Ford PhD, RN, DPFNAP, NE-BC

Director

Center for Transdisciplinary Evidence-Based Practice

College of Nursing

Ohio State University

Columbus, Ohio

Deborah B Gardner PhD, RN, FAAN, FNAP

Health Policy and Leadership Consultant

Gardner and Associates, LLC

Honolulu, Hawaii

Laurie K. Glass RN, PhD, FAAN

Professor Emerita and Director Center for Nursing History

College of Nursing University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Ann B. Hamric PhD, RN, FAAN

Professor Emeritus School of Nursing

Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia

Charlene M. Hanson EdD, RN, FNP-BC, FAAN

Professor Emerita

Georgia Southern University

Family Nurse Practitioner School of Nursing

Georgia Southern University Statesboro, Georgia

Catherine Horvath DNP, CRNA

Assistant Professor

School of Nursing and Health Studies

Georgetown University

Washington, District of Columbia

Lynda A. Mackin PhD, AGPCNP-BC, CCNS

Health Science Clinical Professor

Physiological Nursing

University of California San Francisco School of Nursing

San Francisco, California

Tim Porter-O'Grady DM, EdD, APRN, FAAN, FACCWS

Senior Partner, Health Systems

TPOG Associates, Inc.

Adjunct Professor, SON

Emory University

Registered Mediator and Arbitrator

Clinical Wound Specialist, Mercy Care

Atlanta, Georgia

Professor of Practice, CONHI

Arizona State University Phoenix, Arizona

Professor of Practice and Leadership Scholar, CON Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio

Joanne K. Singleton PhD, RN, FNP-BC, CNL, FNAP, FNYAM Professor

Graduate Studies

College of Health Professions, Lienhard School of Nursing

Pace University New York, New York

Margaret C. Slota DNP, RN, FAAN

Associate Professor; Director, DNP Program

School of Nursing and Health Studies

Georgetown University Washington, District of Columbia

Sheila Cox Sullivan PhD, RN, VHA-CM

Director/Research, EBP and Analytics

Office of Nursing Services

Department of Veterans Affairs

Washington, District of Columbia

Lisa Summers MSN, DrPH, FACNM

Deputy Director

DNP Program

School of Nursing

Yale University

New Haven, Connecticut

Carol Taylor PhD, RN

Professor of Medicine and Nursing

Senior Clinical Scholar, Kennedy Institute of Ethics

Department of Advanced Nursing Practice

Georgetown University School of Nursing and Health Studies

Washington, District of Columbia

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