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7Color-BlindPrivilege:TheSocialandPoliticalFunctions ofErasingtheColorLineinPost-RaceAmerica79

CharlesA.Gallagher

8WhatWhiteSupremacistsTaughtaJewishScholarabout Identity84

AbbyL.Ferber

9AreAsianAmericansBecoming “White”?88 MinZhou

10RaceasClass94

HerbertJ.Gans

B.CLASSANDINEQUALITY101

11IsCapitalismGenderedandRacialized?101

JoanAcker

12TheGreatDivergence:GrowingIncomeInequalityCould DestabilizetheU.S.SoWhyIsn’tAnyoneTalking aboutIt?110

TimothyNoah

13ClosingtheWealthGap:AReviewofRacialandEthnic InequalitiesinHomeownership113

MeghanKuebler

14TheIntersectionofPovertyDiscourses:Race,Class, Culture,andGender121

DebraHendersonandAnnTickamyer

15HealthandWealth:OurAppallingHealthInequalityReflects andReinforcesSociety’sOtherGaps129

LawrenceR.JacobsandJamesA.Morone

C.ETHNICITY,IMMIGRATION,ANDNATIONALITY133

16 “IsThisaWhiteCountry,orWhat?” 133

LillianB.Rubin

17Must-SeeTV:SouthAsianCharacterizationsinAmerican PopularMedia141

BhoomiK.Thakore

18OptionalEthnicities:ForWhitesOnly?148 MaryC.Waters

19Living “Illegal”:TheHumanFaceofUnauthorized Immigration157

MarieFriedmannMarquardt,TimothyJ.Steigenga, PhilipJ.Williams,andManuelA.Vásquez

20ADreamDeferred:UndocumentedStudentsatCUNY164 CarolinaBankMuñoz

D.GENDERANDSEXISM170

21SexandGenderthroughthePrismofDifference170

MaxineBacaZinn,PierretteHondagneu-Sotelo, andMichaelMessner

22SeeingPrivilegeWhereItIsn’t:MarginalizedMasculinities andtheIntersectionalityofPrivilege179

BethanyM.CostonandMichaelKimmel

23TheMythoftheLatinWoman:IJustMetaGirl NamedMaría188

JudithOrtizCofer

24KeepYour “N” inCheck:AfricanAmericanWomenandthe InteractiveEffectsofEtiquetteandEmotionalLabor193 MarleseDurrandAdiaM.HarveyWingfield

25TheGenderedRiceBowl:TheSexualPoliticsofServiceWork inUrbanChina201 AmyHanser

E.SEXUALITYANDHETEROSEXISM211

26PrisonsforOurBodies,ClosetsforOurMinds:Racism, Heterosexism,andBlackSexuality211

PatriciaHillCollins

27 “Dude,You’reaFag:” AdolescentMasculinityandtheFag Discourse218

C.J.Pascoe

28TheInventionofHeterosexuality225 JonathanNedKatz

29Straight:TheSurprisinglyShortHistoryofHeterosexuality237 HanneBlank

30SellingSexforVisas:SexTourismasaStepping-Stoneto InternationalMigration243

DeniseBrennan

PART IIITheStructureofSocialInstitutions249

MargaretL.AndersenandPatriciaHillCollins

A.WORKANDECONOMICTRANSFORMATION263

31Seeingin3D:ARace,Class,andGenderLens ontheEconomicDownturn263

MargaretL.Andersen

32InequalityandtheGrowthofBadJobs270 MattVidal

33AreEmilyandGregMoreEmployableThanLakisha andJamal?:AFieldExperimentonLaborMarket Discrimination273

MarianneBertrandandSendhilMullainathan

34RacisminToyland278

ChristineL.Williams

35GenderMatters.SoDoRaceandClass:Experiencesof GenderedRacismontheWal-MartShopFloor285

SandraE.Weissinger

B.FAMILIES294

36OurMothers’ Grief:Racial-EthnicWomenandthe MaintenanceofFamilies294

BonnieThorntonDill

37ExploringtheIntersectionsofRace,Ethnicity,andClasson MaternityLeaveDecisions:ImplicationsforPublicPolicy307

TiffanyManuelandRuthEnidZambrana

38StraightIstoGayasFamilyIstoNoFamily314 KathWeston

39NavigatingInterracialBorders:Black-WhiteCouples andTheirSocialWorlds319

EricaChitoChilds

C.EDUCATION327

40AffirmingIdentityinanEraofSchoolDesegregation327 BeverlyTatum

41FromtheAchievementGaptotheEducationDebt:Understanding AchievementinU.S.Schools333

GloriaLadson-Billings

42HowaScholarshipGirlBecomesaSoldier:TheMilitarization ofLatina/oYouthinChicagoPublicSchools346 GinaM.Pérez

43UnspeakableOffenses:UntanglingRaceandDisabilityin DiscoursesofIntersectionality357 NirmalaErevellesandAndreaMinear

D.MEDIAANDPOPULARCULTURE363

44RepresentationsofLatina/oSexualityinPopularCulture363 DeborahR.Vargas

45Where’stheHonor?Attitudestowardthe “FightingSioux” NicknameandLogo367 DanaM.Williams

46MediaMagic:MakingClassInvisible372 GregoryMantsios

47GenderNormsinthe Twilight Series380 RebeccaHayes-Smith

48RethinkingCyberfeminism(s):Race,Gender,and Embodiment383 JessieDaniels

E.BODIES,BEAUTY,ANDSPORTS390

49BrownBody,WhiteWonderland390 TressieMcMillanCottom

50TheConstructionofBlackMasculinity:WhiteSupremacy NowandThen392 AbbyL.Ferber

51SustainableFoodandPrivilege:WhyGreenIsAlways White(andMaleandUpper-Class)399 JananiBalasubramanian

52There’sNoBusinessLiketheNailBusiness401 MiliannKang

F.THESTATEANDVIOLENCE408

53Gender,Race,andUrbanPolicing:TheExperienceofAfrican AmericanYouths408 RodK.BrunsonandJodyMiller

54TheColorofJustice419

MichelleAlexander

55Rape,Racism,andtheLaw424 JenniferWriggins

56InterpretingandExperiencingAnti-QueerViolence: Race,Class,andGenderDifferencesamongLGBT HateCrimeVictims432

DougMeyer

PART IVAnIntersectionalFrameworkforChange:Fromthe LocaltotheGlobal443

MargaretL.AndersenandPatriciaHillCollins

57MulticulturalTrainingInterventiontoAddressAmericanIndian Stereotypes448

JesseA.SteinfeldtandMatthewClintSteinfeldt

58GrowingFoodandJustice:DismantlingRacismthrough SystainableFoodSystems459

AlfonsoMorales

59TheIntersectionalParadigmandAlternativeVisionstoStopping DomesticViolence:WhatPoorWomen,WomenofColor,and ImmigrantWomenAreTeachingUsAboutViolenceinthe Family464

NatalieJ.Sokoloff

60MovementIntersectionality:TheCaseofRace,Gender, Disability,andGeneticTechnologies474 DorothyRobertsandSujathaJesudason

61GlobalizationandIts(Mal)econtents:TheGenderedMoraland PoliticalEconomyofTerrorism485

MichaelS.Kimmel

62IntersectionalityinaTransnationalWorld494 BandanaPurkayastha

Preface

Wewritethisprefaceatatimewhenthesocialdynamicsofrace,class,and genderarechanging.Manybelievethatracenolongermattersasapredictorofone’schancesinlife.Afterall,theUnitedStateselectedaBlackpresident,somethingthatwouldhavebeenunimaginablenotthatmanyyearsago. Somewouldarguethatsocialclassmattersmorethanrace,especiallygiventhe presenceofanAfricanAmericanandLatinomiddleclass.Womenarenow CEOsofmajortechnologycompanies.Yet,thesevisiblesignsofchangemay cloakthesimultaneouspresenceofhighlysegregatedBlackandLatinocommunities,manyofthemstrugglinginthefaceofpoverty.Themiddleclass,longthe hallmarkofourdemocraticsociety,strugglestokeepafirmfootholdinthe Americaneconomy.Althoughwomenatthetoparedoingverywell,themajorityofwomenstillstrugglewithlowwagesandthechallengeofworkingand supportingtheirfamilies,oftenontheirown.

TheU.S.economy,thoughrecoveringsomewhatfromthefinancialcrisis thatbeganin2009,hasalsoleftmanypeopleinfinancialdistress.Peoplewho hadworkedtheirentireliveshaveseentheirlife’ssavingsdisappearastheir housesdroppedinvalueandtheirsavingsaccountsforsendingtheirkidstocollegeorfortheirownretirementshrank.Homelessnesscontinuestomarkour citystreets.Evencollegestudents,whomyoumightthinkofasimmuneto globaleconomictrends,areseeingrisingtuitioncostsasstatesreducetheirsupportforpubliceducation.Debtandeconomicuncertaintyaretheresult.

Noteveryoneexperiencesthesechangesinthesameway.Toexplain people’slifesituationsrequiresunderstandinghowrace,class,andgendershape theAmericanopportunitystructure.Howarerace,class,andgendersystematicallyinterrelated,andwhatistheirrelationshiptoothersocialfactors?

Thatisthethemeofthisbook:howrace,class,andgendersimultaneously shapesocialissuesandexperiencesintheUnitedStates.Centraltothebookis theideathatrace,class,andgenderareinterconnectedandthattheymustbe understoodasoperatingtogetherifyouwanttounderstandtheexperiencesof

diversegroupsandparticularissuesandeventsinsociety.Wewantthisbookto helpstudentsseehowthelivesofdifferentgroupsdevelopinthecontextoftheir race,class,andgenderlocationinsociety.

Sincethepublicationofthefirsteditionofthisbook,thestudyofrace,class, andgenderhasbecomemuchmorepresentinpeople’sthinking.Overtheyears thatthisbookhasbeenpublished,therehasalsobeenanenormousgrowthin theresearchscholarshipthatisanchoredinanintersectionalframework.Still, peoplecontinuetotreatrace,class,andgenderinisolationfromtheothers; somealsotreatrace,class,andgenderasiftheywereequivalentexperiences. Althoughweseethemasinterrelated andsometimessimilarinhowthey work wealsounderstandthateachhasitsowndynamic,butadynamicthat canonlybetrulyunderstoodinrelationshiptotheothers.Withthegrowthof race,class,andgenderstudies,wecanalsonowbetterunderstandhowother socialfactors,suchassexuality,nationality,age,anddisability,areconnectedto thesocialstructuresofrace,class,andgender.Wehopethatthisbookhelpsstudentsunderstandhowthesestructuralphenomena thatis,thesocialforcesof race,class,andgenderandtheirconnectionwithothersocialvariables are deeplyembeddedinthesocialstructureofsociety.

Thisanthologyis,thus,morethanacollectionofreadings.Ourbookis stronglycenteredinananalyticalframeworkabouttheinterconnectionsamong race,class,andgender.Inthiseditionwecontinueoureffortstofurtherdevelop aframeworkofthe intersectionality ofrace,class,andgender,orasPatriciaHill Collinshaslabeledit,the matrixofdomination. Theorganizationofthebookfeaturesthisframework.Ourintroductoryessaydistinguishesanintersectional frameworkfromothermodelsofstudying “difference.” Thefourpartsofthe bookareintendedtohelpstudentsseetheimportanceofthisintersectional framework,toengagecriticallythecoreconceptsonwhichtheframeworkis based,andtoanalyzedifferentsocialinstitutionsandcurrentsocialissuesusing thisframework,includingbeingabletoapplyittounderstandingsocialchange.

ORGANIZATIONOFTHEBOOK

Thefourmajorpartsofthebookreflectthesegoals.Weintroduceeachofthe fourpartswithanessaywewrotetoanalyzetheissuesraisedbythereading selections.Theseessaysareanimportantpartofthisbookbecausetheyestablish theconceptualfoundationthatweusetothinkaboutrace,class,andgender.

Asinpasteditions,weincludeessaysinPartI(“WhyRace,Class,and GenderStillMatter”)thatengagestudentsinpersonalnarratives,asawayof helpingthemstepbeyondtheirownsociallocationandtoseehowrace,class, gender,sexuality,andothersocialfactorsshapepeople’slivesdifferently.Inthis edition,wehavealsoincludedsomeofthenowclassicpiecesinintersectional studies,andweincludetwopiecesthatprovidesomehistoricalfoundationfor howrace,class,andgenderhaveevolvedinAmericansociety.Wewantthis sectiontoshowstudentstheverydifferentexperiencesthatanchorthestudyof

race,class,andgender.Wethereforebeginourbookwithessaysthatshowtheir continuing,evenifchanging,significance.

PartII, “SystemsofPowerandInequality,” providestheconceptualfoundationforunderstandinghowrace,class,andgenderarelinkedtogetherandhow theylinkwithothersystemsofpowerandinequality,especiallyethnicityand sexuality.Herewewantstudentstounderstandthatindividualidentitiesand experiencesarestructuredbyintersectingsystemsofpower.TheessaysinPartII linkethnicity,nationality,andsexualitytothestudyofrace,class,andgender. Wetreateachoftheseseparatelyhere,notbecausewethinktheystandalone, buttoshowstudentshoweachoperatessotheycanbetterseetheirinterlocking nature.Theintroductoryessayprovidesworkingdefinitionsforthesemajorconceptsandpresentssomeofthecontemporarydatathatwillhelpstudentsseehow race,class,andgenderstratifycontemporarysociety.

PartIII, “TheStructureofSocialInstitutions,” examineshowintersecting systemsofrace,class,andgendershapetheorganizationofsocialinstitutions andhow,asaresult,theseinstitutionsaffectgroupexperience.Socialscientists routinelydocumenthowLatinos,AfricanAmericans,women,workers,and otherdistinctivegroupsareaffectedbyinstitutionalstructures.Weknowthisis truebutwanttogobeyondtheseanalysestoscrutinizehowinstitutionsare themselvesconstructedthroughrace,class,andgenderrelations.Ascategories ofsocialexperience,race,class,andgendershapeallsocialinstitutionsandsystemsofmeaning.Inthiseditionwehaveaddedanewsectionon “Bodies, Beauty,andSports” toanalyzetheinstitutionsthatshapethebodilyexperiences ofpeople,especiallyyoungerpeople.

WehaverevisedPartIV, “AnIntersectionalFrameworkforChange:From theLocaltotheGlobal,” toshowstudentstheverydifferentcontextsinwhich anintersectionalperspectivecaninformsocialpractices.Manyanthologiesuse theirfinalsectiontoshowhowstudentscanmakeadifferenceinsociety,once theyunderstandtheimportanceofrace,class,andgender.Wethinkthisisatall orderforstudentswhomayhavehadonlyafewweekstobeginunderstanding howrace,class,andgendermatter andmattertogether.Byshowingthedifferentcontextsforsocialchange rangingfromgroup-basededucationincounselingtoglobaltransformation wehopetoshowstudentshowanintersectional frameworkcanshapeone’sactioninbothlocal,national,andglobalcontexts.

Thisbookisgroundedinasociologicalperspective,althoughthearticles comefromdifferentperspectives,disciplines,andexperiences.Severalarticles provideahistoricalfoundationforunderstandinghowrace,class,andgender haveemerged.Wealsoincludematerialsthatbringaglobaldimensiontothe studyofrace,class,andgender notjustbylookingcomparativelyatotherculturesbutalsobyanalyzinghowglobalizationisshapinglifeintheUnitedStates.

Notallarticlesaccomplishthisasmuchaswewouldlike,butwetrynotto selectarticlesthatfocusexclusivelyononeissuewhileignoringtheothers.Inthis regard,ourbookdifferssignificantlyfromotheranthologiesonrace,class,and genderthatincludemanyarticlesoneachfactor,butdolesstoshowhowthey areconnected.Wealsodistinguishourbookfromthosethatarecenteredina multiculturalperspective.Althoughmulticulturalismisimportant,wethinkthat

race,class,andgendergobeyondtheappreciationofculturaldifferences.Rather, weseerace,class,andgenderasembeddedinthestructureofsocietyandsignificantlyinfluencinggroupculturesandopportunities.Race,class,andgenderare structuresofgroupopportunity,power,andprivilege,notjustculturaldifferences.Wesearchforarticlesthatareconceptuallyandtheoreticallyinformed andatthesametimeaccessibletoundergraduatereaders.Althoughitisimportanttothinkofrace,class,andgenderasanalyticalcategories,wedonotwantto losesightofhowtheyaffecthumanexperiencesandfeelings;thus,weinclude personalnarrativesthatarereflectiveandanalytical.Wethinkthatpersonal accountsgenerateempathyandalsohelpstudentsconnectpersonalexperiences tosocialstructuralconditions.

Weknowthatdevelopingacomplexunderstandingoftheinterrelationships betweenrace,class,andgenderisnoteasyandinvolvesalong-termprocess engagingpersonal,intellectual,andpoliticalchange.Wedonotclaimtobe modelsofperfectioninthisregard.Wehavebeenpleasedbythestrongresponse tothefirsteighteditionsofthisbook,andwearefascinatedbyhowrace,class, andgenderstudieshavedevelopedsincethepublicationofourfirstedition.We knowfurtherworkisneeded.Ourownteachingandthinkinghasbeentransformedbydevelopingthisbook.Weimaginemanychangesstilltocome.

NEWTOTHENINTHEDITION

Intheyearssincerace/class/genderstudiesfirstevolved,alargeandgrowing bodyofscholarshipandactivismhasemergedutilizingthisinclusiveperspective. Suchworkmakesthejobofassemblingthiscollectionbotheasierandharder:It iseasierbecausethereismoreintersectionalworktochoosefrom,butharder becauseofhavingtomakedifficultdecisionsaboutwhattoinclude.Asinearlier editions,wehaveselectedarticlesbasedprimarilyontwocriteria:(1)accessibility toundergraduatereadersandthegeneralpublic,notjusthighlytrainedspecialists;and,(2)articlesthataregroundedinrace and class and gender inother words,intersectionality.

Wehavemadeseveralchangesintheninthedition,includingthefollowing:

■ 31newreadings;

■ anewsectiononbodies,beauty,andsports;

■ acompletelyrevisedfinalsectionfocusingonintersectionalchangeindifferentcontexts;

■ morereadingswithaglobalframework;

■ moreempiricalresearchframedbyanintersectionalanalysis;

■ continuedfocusonthemediaandpopularculture,butnewreadingson youth,socialnetworking,andtheInternet;

■ fourrevisedintroductions,oneofthenotedstrengthsofourbookcompared toothers;and,

■ newmaterialonrace,class,andgenderbasedonimportantcurrentissues, includingimmigration,socialmedia,policeinpoor,urbancommunities, growinginequality,whiteprivilege,sexuality,jobs,familyleave,school segregation,disabilitystudies,andfoodsustainability.

PEDAGOGICALFEATURES

Werealizethatthecontextinwhichyouteachmatters.Ifyouteachinaninstitutionwherestudentsaremorelikelytobeworkingclass,perhapshowtheclass systemworkswillbemoreobvioustothemthanitisforstudentsinamore privilegedcollegeenvironment.Manyofthosewhousethisbookwillbeteachinginsegregatedenvironments,giventhehighdegreeofsegregationineducation.Thus,howoneteachesthisbookshouldreflectthedifferentenvironments wherefacultywork.Ideally,thematerialinthisbookshouldbediscussedina multiracial,multiculturalatmosphere,butwerealizethatisnotalwaysthecase. Wehopethatthecontentofthebookandthepedagogicalfeaturesthatenhance itwillhelpbringamoreinclusiveanalysistoeducationalsettingsthanmightbe theretostartwith.

Weseethisbookasmorethanjustacollectionofreadings.Thebookhasan analyticallogictoitsorganizationandcontent,andwethinkitcanbeusedto formatacourse.Ofcourse,somefacultywillusethearticlesinanorderdifferent fromhowwepresentthem,butwehopethefourpartswillhelppeopledevelop theframeworkfortheircourse.Wealsoprovidepedagogicaltoolstohelp peopleexpandtheirteachingandlearningbeyondthepagesofthebook. Wehaveincludedfeatureswiththiseditionthatprovidefacultywithadditionalteachingtools.Theyincludethefollowing:

■ Instructor’smanual. Thiseditionincludesaninstructor’smanualwithsuggestionsforclassroomexercises,discussionandexaminationquestions,and courseassignments.

■ Index. Theindexwillhelpstudentsandfacultylocateparticulartopicsinthe bookquicklyandeasily.

■ CengageLearningTesting,poweredbyCogneroInstantAccess.Thisisaflexible, onlinesystemthatallowsyoutoauthor,edit,andmanagetestbankcontent frommultipleCengageLearningsolutions;createmultipletestversionsinan instant;anddelivertestsfromyourLMS,yourclassroom,orwhereveryou want.

Reconstructingexistingwaysofthinkingtobemoreinclusiverequiresmany transformations.Onetransformationneededinvolvesthelanguageweuse whenreferringtodifferentgroups.Languagereflectsmanyassumptionsabout

race,class,andgender;andforthatreason,languagechangesandevolvesas knowledgechanges.Theterm minority, forexample,marginalizesgroups,makingthemseemsomehowoutsidethemainstreamordominantculture.Even worse,thephrase non-White, routinelyusedbysocialscientists,definesgroups intermsofwhattheyarenotandassumesthatWhiteshavetheuniversalexperiencesagainstwhichtheexperiencesofallothergroupsaremeasured.Wehave consciouslyavoidedusingbothofthesetermsthroughoutthisbook,although thisissometimesunavoidable.

WehavecapitalizedBlackinourwritingbecauseofthespecifichistorical experience,variedasitis,ofAfricanAmericansintheUnitedStates.Wealso capitalizeWhitewhenreferringtoaparticulargroupexperience;however,we recognizethatWhiteAmericanisnomoreauniformexperiencethanisAfrican American.Weuse Hispanic and Latina/o interchangeably,thoughwerecognize thatisnothowgroupsnecessarilydefinethemselves.Whencitingdatafrom othersources(typicallygovernmentdocuments),weuse Hispanic becausethatis usuallyhowsuchdataarereported.

Languagebecomesespeciallyproblematicwhenwewanttotalkaboutfeaturesofexperiencethatdifferentgroupsshare.UsingshortcuttermslikeHispanic,Latina/o,NativeAmerican,andwomenofcolorhomogenizesdistinct historicalexperiences.Eventheterm White falselyunifiesexperiencesacross suchfactorsasethnicity,religion,class,andgender,tonameafew.Attimes, though,wewanttotalkofcommonexperiencesacrossdifferentgroups,sowe haveusedlabelssuchasLatina/o,AsianAmerican,NativeAmerican,and womenofcolortodoso.Unfortunately,describinggroupsinthiswayreinforces basiccategoriesofoppression.Wedonotknowhowtoresolvethisproblembut wantreaderstobeawareofthelimitationsandsignificanceoflanguageasthey trytothinkmoreinclusivelyaboutdiversegroupexperiences.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Ananthologyrestsontheeffortsofmorepeoplethantheeditorsalone.This bookhasbeeninspiredbyourworkwithscholarsandteachersfromaround thecountrywhoareworkingtomaketheirteachingandwritingmoreinclusive andsensitivetotheexperiencesofallgroups.Overtheyearsofourowncollaboration,wehaveeachbeenenrichedbytheworkofthosetryingtomakehigher educationamoreequitableandfairinstitution.Inthattime,ourworkhasgrown frommanynetworksthathavegeneratednewrace,class,andgenderscholars. Theseassociationscontinuetosustainus.Manypeoplecontributedtothedevelopmentofthisbook.WeespeciallythankD.StanleyEitzen,MaxineBacaZinn, ElizabethHigginbotham,ValerieHans,andtheBostonAreaFeministScholars Groupfortheinspiration,ideas,suggestions,andsupport.

Weappreciatethesupportgivenbyourinstitutions,withspecialthanksto PresidentPatrickHarker,VicePresidentPatriciaWilson,andExecutiveVice PresidentScottDouglassoftheUniversityofDelawareforprovidingthe

financialsupportthatsupportedDanaAlvaretoassistwiththisedition.Many thanksgotoDanaforhelpingsomuchwiththisedition.Thankyouaswellto Delaware’sProvostDomenicoGrassoforsupportingthescholarshipofhissenior administration.AveryspecialthanksgotoJudyAllarey,DanaBrittingham, SandyBuchanan,SarahHedrick,RitaScott,JoanStock,andSusanWilliams forthehelpandgoodcheerthattheyprovideeveryday;theireffortsmakethe taskofbalancinganadministrativejobandwritingmuchmorepossibleand enjoyable.

WethanktheteamatCengagefortheirencouragementandsupportforthis project.Mostparticularly,wethankLoriBradshawforexpertlyoverseeingallof theproductiondetails.Wealsothanktheanonymousreviewerswhoprovided valuablecommentaryontheprioreditionandthushelpedenormouslyinthe developmentoftheninthedition.

Thisbookhasevolvedovermanyyearsandthroughitallwehavebeen luckytohavetheloveandsupportofRichard,Roger,Valerie,andLauren. Wethankthemfortheloveandsupportthatanchorsourlives.And,withthis edition,wewelcomeAubreyEmmaHanerfeldandHarrisonCollinsPruittwith hopesthattheworldstheyencounterwillbejust,andinclusive,helpingthem thriveinwhateverpathstheytake.

AbouttheEditors

MargaretL.Andersen (B.A.GeorgiaState University;M.A.,Ph.D.,UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst)istheEdwardF.and ElizabethGoodmanRosenbergProfessorof SociologyattheUniversityofDelaware whereshealsoholdsjointappointmentsin BlackAmericanStudiesandWomen’sStudies; shehasalsoservedastheViceProvostfor FacultyAffairsandDiversity.Shehasreceived twoteachingawardsattheUniversityofDelaware.Shehaspublishednumerousbooksand articles,including ThinkingaboutWomen:SociologicalPerspectivesonSexandGender (10thed., Pearson,2015); RaceandEthnicityinSociety:The ChangingLandscape (editedwithElizabethHigginbotham,3rded.,Cengage, 2012); OnLandandOnSea:ACenturyofWomenintheRosenfeldCollection (Mystic SeaportMuseum,2007); LivingArt:TheLifeofPaulR.Jones,AfricanAmericanArt Collector (UniversityofDelawarePress,2009);and Sociology:TheEssentials (coauthoredwithHowardF.TaylorandKimLogio;Cengage,2014).Shereceived theAmericanSociologicalAssociation’sJessieBernardAwardforexpandingthe horizonsofsociologytoincludethestudyofwomenandtheEasternSociological Society’sMeritAwardandRobinWilliamsLecturerAward.Sheisapastvice presidentoftheAmericanSociologicalAssociationandpastpresidentofthe EasternSociologicalSociety.

PatriciaHillCollins (B.A.,BrandeisUniversity; M.A.T.,HarvardUniversity;Ph.D.,Brandeis University)isdistinguisheduniversityprofessor ofsociologyattheUniversityofMaryland, CollegePark,andCharlesPhelpsTaftEmeritus ProfessorofAfricanAmericanStudiesandSociologyattheUniversityofCincinnati.Sheisthe authorofnumerousarticlesandbooksincluding OnIntellectualActivism (TempleUniversity, 2013), AnotherKindofPublicEducation:Race, Schools,theMediaandDemocraticPossibilities (Beacon,2009), FromBlackPowertoHipHop: Racism,NationalismandFeminism (TempleUniversity,2006); BlackSexualPolitics:African Americans,GenderandtheNewRacism (Routledge,2004),whichwontheDistinguishedPublicationAwardfromtheAmericanSociologicalAssociation; Fighting Words (UniversityofMinnesota,1998);and BlackFeministThought:Knowledge, Consciousness,andthePoliticsofEmpowerment (Routledge,1990,2000),whichwon theJessieBernardAwardoftheAmericanSociologicalAssociationandthe C.WrightMillsAwardoftheSocietyfortheStudyofSocialProblems.In 2008–2009,sheservedasthe100thpresidentoftheAmericanSociological Association.

AbouttheContributors

JoanAcker isprofessoremeritaofsociologyattheUniversityofOregon.She foundedanddirectedtheUniversityofOregon’sCenterfortheStudyof WomeninSocietyandistherecipientoftheAmericanSociologicalAssociation’ s CareerofDistinguishedScholarshipAwardaswellastheJessieBernardAwardfor feministscholarship.Sheistheauthorof ClassQuestions,FeministAnswers aswellas manyotherworksintheareasofgender,institutions,andclass.

MichelleAlexander isassociateprofessoroflawattheMoritzCollegeofLawat OhioStateUniversity.ShehasservedasdirectoroftheRacialJusticeProjectfor theACLUofNorthernCalifornia,andhasclerkedforJusticeHarryA.Blackmun ontheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.

MaxineBacaZinn isprofessoremeritaofsociology,MichiganStateUniversity. WidelyknownforherworkonLatinafamiliesandfamilydiversity,sheisthecoauthor(withD.StanleyEitzen)of DiversityinFamilies;InConflictandOrder;Globalization:TheTransformationofSocialWorlds; and SocialProblems, andtheco-editor of GenderthroughthePrismofDifference:ASexandGenderReader (withPierrette Hondagneu-SoteloandMichaelA.Messner).SheisarecipientoftheAmerican SociologicalAssociationJessieBernardAwardforopeningthehorizonsofsociologyforwomen.

JananiBalasubramanian isagraduateofStanfordUniversitywhereshedouble majoredinfeministstudies(queerstudies)andengineering(atmosphereand energy).SheisaSouthAsianperformanceandliteraryartist.

MarianneBertrand isChrisP.DialynasProfessorofEconomicsandNeubauer FamilyFacultyFellowatChicagoBoothUniversitySchoolofBusiness.Her workhasbeenpublishedinthe QuarterlyJournalofEconomics, the JournalofPoliticalEconomy, the AmericanEconomicReview, andthe JournalofFinance, among others.

HanneBlank isahistorian,writer,editor,andpublicspeakerabouttheintersectionofbodies,self,andculture.Herbooksinclude TheSurprisinglyShortHistoryofHeterosexuality, and TheUnapologeticFatGirl’sGuidetoExerciseandOther IncendiaryActs, amongothers.

DeniseBrennan isassociateprofessorandchairofanthropologyintheDepartmentofAnthropologyatGeorgetownUniversity.Sheistheauthorofseveral booksandarticlesabouttheglobalsextrade,humantrafficking,andwomen’ s labor,primarilyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.

RodK.Brunson isassociateprofessorintheSchoolofCriminalJusticeat RutgersUniversitywhereheisalsotheViceDeanforAcademicAffairs.His researchfocusesonyouthexperiencesinneighborhoodcontexts,focusingon thedynamicsofrace,class,andgender.

EricaChitoChilds isassociateprofessorofsociologyatHunterCollege,City UniversityofNewYork.Sheisaleadingqualitativeresearcherofmultiracism, families,media,andpopularculture.Herbooksinclude NavigatingInterracial Borders:Black-WhiteCouplesandTheirSocialWorlds and FadetoBlackandWhite: InterracialImagesinPopularCulture

JudithOrtizCofer istheRegents’ andFranklinProfessorofEnglishandCreativeWriting,EmeritaattheUniversityofGeorgia.Sheistheauthorofnumerousbooksofpoetryandessays,andanovel, TheLineoftheSun. Shereceivedthe 2003AméricasAwardforherbook TheMeaningofConsuelo.

BethanyM.Coston isadoctoralcandidateinsociologyatStonyBrookUniversity.Shehasauthorednumerouspublicationsinherareasofresearchinterest includinggender,sexualities,andintimatepartnerviolence.

TressieMcMillanCottom isadoctoralcandidateinsociologyatEmory University.Herresearchfocusesonthesocioeconomicconditionsandsocial mobilityassociatedwithfor-profithighereducation.Shewritesaregularcolumn in Slate titled “CounterNarrative.”

JessieDaniels isaprofessorattheGraduateCenter,CUNYandHunter College.Herareasofstudyareracism,newmedia,andincarcerationandhealth. Sheistheauthorof CyberRacism:WhiteSupremacyOnlineandtheNewAttackon CivilRights and WhiteLies

BonnieThorntonDill isprofessorofwomen’sstudiesanddeanoftheCollege ofArtsandHumanitiesattheUniversityofMaryland,CollegePark.Herbooks include WomenofColorinU.S.Society, co-editedwithMaxineBacaZinn,and AcrosstheBoundariesofRaceandClass:AnExplorationofWorkandFamilyamong BlackFemaleDomesticServants.

MarleseDurr isprofessorofsociologyandanthropologyatWrightState University.Amongotherworks,shehaspublished TheNewPoliticsofRace: FromDuBoistothe21st Century and Race,Work,andFamiliesintheLivesofAfrican Americans

NirmalaErevelles isprofessorofsocialandculturalstudiesineducationatthe UniversityofAlabama.Sheistheauthorof DisabilityandDifferenceinGlobalContexts:EnablingaTransformativeBodyPolitic.

AbbyL.Ferber isprofessorofsociology,directoroftheMatrixCenter,and co-directorofWomen’sandEthnicStudiesattheUniversityofColoradoat ColoradoSprings.Sheistheauthorofnumerousbooks,including WhiteMan Falling:Race,GenderandWhiteSupremacy, and HateCrimeinAmerica:WhatDo WeKnow? Sheisco-authorof Sex,Gender,andSexuality:TheNewBasics, and co-editorof Privilege:AReader withMichaelS.Kimmel.

CharlesA.Gallagher isthechairoftheDepartmentofSociologyatLaSalle Universitywithresearchspecialtiesinraceandethnicrelations,urbansociology, andinequality.Hehaspublishedseveralarticlesonsubjectssuchascolor-blind politicalnarratives,racialcategorieswithinthecontextofinterracialmarriages, andperceptionsofprivilegebasedonethnicity.

HerbertJ.Gans hasbeenaprolificandinfluentialsociologistformorethan fiftyyears.Hispublishedworksonurbanrenewalandsuburbanizationareintertwinedwithhispersonaladvocacyandparticipantobservation,includingastint asconsultanttotheNationalAdvisoryCommissiononCivilDisorder.Heisthe authoroftheclassic TheUrbanVillagers aswellasthemorerecent Democracyand theNews.

AmyHanser isassociateprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofBritish Columbia.Sheisauthorof ServiceEncounters:Class,Gender,andtheMarketfor SocialDistinctioninUrbanChina.

RebeccaHayes-Smith isaprofessorintheDepartmentofSociology,AnthropologyandSocialWorkatCentralMichiganUniversity.Herresearchfocuseson genderandracialinequalitiesinthecriminaljusticesystemandthe “CSIeffect.”

DebraHenderson isassociateprofessoranddirectorofgraduatestudiesforthe DepartmentofSociologyandAnthropologyatOhioUniversity.Sheisauthorof numerouspublicationsonintersectionalwelfareandpoverty.

PierretteHondagneu-Sotelo isprofessorofsociology,Americanstudies,and ethnicityattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.Herbooksinclude God’sHeart HasNoBorders:HowReligiousActivistsAreWorkingforImmigrantRights;Gendered Transitions:MexicanExperiencesofImmigration; and Doméstica:ImmigrantWorkers CleaningandCaringintheShadowsofAffluence, whichwontheSocietyforSocial Problems’ C.WrightMillsAward.

LawrenceR.Jacobs istheWalterF.andJoanMondaleChairforPoliticalStudiesanddirectoroftheCenterfortheStudyofPoliticsandGovernanceatthe UniversityofMinnesota.Hisnumerousworksinclude PoliticiansDon’tPander: PoliticalManipulationandtheLossofDemocraticResponsiveness, forwhichhehas wonmajorprices.Heisafrequentcommentatorinthenationalmedia.

SujathaJesudason istheexecutivedirectorandfounderofGenerationsAhead, asocialjusticeorganizationthatbringsdiversecommunitiestogethertopromote policiesongenetictechnologiesthatprotecthumanrights.

MiliannKang isprofessorofWomen,Gender,andSexualityatUniversityof Massachusetts,Amherst.Shehaswonnumerousnationalawardsforherbook, TheManagedHand:Race,GenderandtheBodyinBeautyServiceWork.

JonathanNedKatz wasthefirsttenuredprofessoroflesbianandgaystudiesin theUnitedStates(DepartmentofLesbianandGayStudies,CityCollegeofSan Francisco).HeisthefounderoftheQueerCaucusoftheCollegeArtAssociation.Heisalsotheco-founderoftheactivistgroupQueerNation.

MichaelS.Kimmel isDistinguishedProfessorofSociologyatStonyBrook University.Heisaleadingresearcherandwriteronmenandmasculinity, authoringandeditingovertwentyvolumesinthefield,including Guyland:The PerilousWorldWhereBoysBecomeMen;Men’sLives; and TheGenderedSociety.

MeghanKuebler isaPh.D.candidateinsociologyatCUNYUniversityof Albany.Sheistheauthorofnumerouspublicationsaboutracialandethnicdisparitiesinhomeownership.

GloriaLadson-Billings istheKellnerFamilyProfessorofUrbanEducationin theDepartmentofCurriculumandInstructionandtheAssistantViceChancellor ofAcademicAffairsattheUniversityofWisconsin–Madison.Sheistheauthor of TheDreamkeepers:SuccessfulTeachersofAfrican-AmericanChildren andformer presidentoftheAmericanEducationalResearchAssociation.

AudreLorde wasapoet,essayist,teacher,activist,andwriterdedicatedtoconfrontingandaddressingtheinjusticesofracism,sexism,andhomophobia.Her numerouswritingsinclude,amongothers: SisterOutsider;TheCancerJournals; FromaLandWhereOtherPeopleLive; and TheBlackUnicorn

GregoryMantsios isthedirectorofWorkerEducationatQueensCollege,the CityUniversityofNewYork.

TiffanyManuel isvicepresidentofKnowledge,Impact,andStrategyat EnterpriseCommunityPartners,anonprofitorganizationthatcreatesaffordable housingopportunitiesforlow-andmoderate-incomepeopleintheUnited States.

MarieFriedmannMarquardt isascholar-in-residenceattheCandlerSchool ofTheologyatEmoryUniversity.Sheisco-authorof Living “Illegal”:The HumanFaceofUnauthorizedImmigration.

PeggyMcIntosh isassociatedirectoroftheWellesleyCollegeCentersfor Women.Sheisthefounderandco-directoroftheNationalSEEDProjecton InclusiveCurriculum aprojectthathelpsteachersmakeschoolclimatesfairand equitable.Sheistheco-founderoftheRockyMountainWomen’sInstitute.

MichaelMessner isprofessorofsociologyandgenderstudiesattheUniversity ofSouthernCalifornia.Heistheauthorof It’sAllFortheKids:Gender,Families, andYouthSports;TakingtheField:Women,MenandSports; and PoliticsofMasculinities, amongothers.HeisarecipientoftheAmericanSociologicalAssociation’ s JessieBernardAward.

DougMeyer isvisitingassistantprofessorofsociologyandanthropologyatthe CollegeofWooster.Hisworkfocusesontherace,class,andgenderdynamicsof anti-queerviolence.

JodyMiller isprofessorintheSchoolofCriminalJusticeatRutgersUniversity. Amongotherpublications,sheistheauthorof GettingPlayed:AfricanAmerican Girls,UrbanInequality,andGenderedViolence.

AndreaMinear isassistantprofessorofelementaryeducationattheUniversity ofWestAlabama,Livingston.Heracademicandresearchinterestsincludesocial justiceandequityineducation.

AlfonsoMorales isassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofUrbanand RegionalPlanningattheUniversityofWisconsin–Madison.Hisworkexamines howurbanagriculture,fooddistribution,andcommunityandeconomic development.

JamesA.Morone isprofessorofpoliticalscienceatBrownUniversityandthe pastpresidentofthePoliticsandHistorySectionoftheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation.Hehaspublishednumerousbooksandessays,including Hellfire Nation:ThePoliticsofSininAmericanHistory (2003),whichwasnominatedfora PulitzerPrize.

SendhilMullainathan isprofessorofeconomicsatHarvardUniversity.Heis theco-founderofTheAbdulLatifJameelPovertyActionLabatMITthatuses randomizedevaluationstostudypovertyalleviation.Heistheco-authorof Scarcity:WhyHavingTooLittleMeansSoMuch.

CarolinaBankMuñoz isassociateprofessorofsociologyatBrooklynCollege. Sheistheauthorof TransnationalTortillas:Race,GenderandShop-FloorPoliticsin MexicoandtheUnitedStates, aswellasmanyotherpublications.

TimothyNoah isajournalistwhowritestwiceweeklyforMSNBC.com.Heis theauthorof TheGreatDivergence:America’sGrowingInequalityCrisisandWhat WeCanDoaboutIt.

C.J.Pascoe isassistantprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofOregon.She istheauthorof Dude,You’reaFag:MasculinityandSexualityinHighSchool, which wontheAmericanEducationalResearchAssociation’s2007BookoftheYear Award.

GinaM.Pérez isanassociateprofessorofcomparativeAmericanstudiesat OberlinCollege.ShestudiesLatinas/os,migration,andtransnationalismandis

theauthorof TheNearNorthwestSideStory:Migration,Displacement,andPuerto RicanFamilies.

BandanaPurkayastha isprofessorofsociologyandAsianAmericanstudiesat theUniversityofConnecticut.Sheistheauthorof NegotiatingEthnicity:SecondGenerationSouthAsianAmericansTraverseaTransnationalWorld.

DorothyRoberts istheGeorgeA.WeissUniversityProfessorofLawand SociologyandtheRaymondPaceandSadieTannerMossellAlexanderProfessor ofCivilRightsatUniversityofPennsylvaniaLawSchool.Sheisanacclaimed scholarofrace,gender,andthelaw,andauthorof KillingtheBlackBody:Race, ReproductionandtheMeaningofLiberty; and FatalIntervention:HowScience,Politics andBigBusinessRe-CreateRaceinthe21st Century, amongothers.

LillianB.Rubin livesandworksinSanFrancisco.Sheisaninternationally knownlecturerandwriter.Someofherbooksinclude TheManwiththeBeautiful Voice;TangledLives;TheTranscendentChild; and IntimateStrangers.

C.MatthewSnipp istheBurnetC.andMildredFinleyWohlfordProfessorof HumanitiesandSciencesintheDepartmentofSociologyatStanfordUniversity wherehefoundedtheCenterforNativeAmericanExcellence.Heistheauthor of AmericanIndians:TheFirstofThisLand; and PublicPolicyImpactsonAmerican IndianEconomicDevelopment. HistribalheritageisOklahomaCherokeeand Choctaw.

NatalieJ.Sokoloff isprofessoremeritaofsociologyattheJohnJayCollegeof CriminalJustice,SUNY.Sheisauthorofnumerousbooksandpublicationsabout intimatepartnerviolence,andwomenandmen’sincarceration.Sheistheeditorof DomesticViolenceattheMargins:ReadingsonRace,Class,Gender,andCulture.

TimothyJ.Steigenga isprofessorofpoliticalscienceandchairofthesocial sciencesandhumanitiesattheWilkesHonorsCollegeofFloridaAtlanticUniversity.Heistheauthorofnumerousbooksandpublications,including APlace toBe:Brazilian,Guatemalan,andMexicanImmigrantsinFlorida’sNewDestinations.

JesseA.Steinfeldt isassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofCounselingand EducationalPsychologyatIndianaUniversity,Bloomington.

MatthewClintSteinfeldt isalecturerinexercisescienceatFortLewisCollege inDurango,Colorado.

RonaldT.Takaki wasprofessorofethnicstudiesattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,anddistinguishedhistorianwhosescholarshipprovidedmuchof thefoundationforinclusivehistoricalstudies.Heauthoredseveralbooks,including IronCages:RaceandCulturein19thCenturyAmerica;StrangersfromaDifferent Shore:AHistoryofAsianAmericans; and ADifferentMirror:AHistoryofMulticulturalAmerica.

BeverlyTatum ispresidentofSpelmanCollege.Sheisaclinicalpsychologist, author,andteacherwhoseareasofresearchinterestincludeBlackfamiliesin

Whitecommunities,racialidentityinteens,andtheroleofraceintheclassroom.Sheistheauthorof CanWeTalkaboutRace?AndOtherConversationsin anEraofSchoolResegregation, and WhyAreAlltheBlackKidsSittingTogetherinthe Cafeteria?AndOtherConversationsaboutRace.

BhoomiK.Thakore isaresearchassociateatNorthwesternUniversity.Sheis theauthorofnumerouspapersonracialrepresentationsinthepopularmedia.

AnnTickamyer isprofessorandheadoftheDepartmentofAgriculturalEconomics,Sociology,andEducationatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.Herwork focusesonpoverty,livelihoodpractices,andwelfareprovisioninruralAppalachiaandIndonesia.

JeremiahTorres isagraduateofStanfordUniversity,wherehestudiedsymbolic systems.Hisarticle “LabelUsAngry” appearedinthebook AsianAmericanX, acollectionofessaysabouttheexperiencesofcontemporaryAsianAmericans.

Haunani-KayTrask isaHawaiianscholarandpoetandhasbeenanindigenous rightsactivistfortheNativeHawaiiancommunityforover25years.Sheisa formerprofessorofHawaiianStudiesattheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaand istheauthorofseveralbooksofpoetryandnonfiction.

DeborahR.Vargas isassociateprofessorofethnicstudiesanddirectorofgraduatestudiesintheDepartmentofEthnicStudiesatUniversityofCalifornia, Riverside.Sheisauthorof DissonantDivasinChicanaMusic:TheLimitsofLa Onda.

ManuelA.Vásquez isprofessorandchairofUniversityofFlorida’sReligion Department.Hehasauthorednumerousbooks,including MorethanBelief:A MaterialistTheoryofReligion. Heisaco-authorof Living “Illegal”:TheHuman FaceofUnauthorizedImmigration (2nd edition,2013).

MattVidal isseniorlecturerinworkandorganizationsatKing’sCollege, London.Hisareasofexpertiseincludethesociologyofwork,organizations, labormarkets,andcomparativepoliticaleconomy.

MaryC.Waters isM.E.ZukermanProfessorofSociologyandHarvardCollegeProfessoratHarvardUniversity.Sheistheauthorof BlackIdentities:West IndianImmigrantDreamsandAmericanRealities;EthnicOptions:ChoosingIdentities inAmerica; andnumerousarticlesonrace,ethnicity,andimmigration.

SandraE.Weissinger isassistantprofessorofsociologyattheSouthernIllinois UniversityEdwardsville.Herworkfocusesonintragroupmarginalization,inequalities,communityactivism,andAfricanAmericancommunitiesandinstitutions.

KathWeston isasociologicalanthropologistwhohaswrittenseveralbooks, including FamiliesWeChoose:Lesbians,Gays,andKinship;RenderMe,Gender Me;LongSlowBurn; and GenderinRealTimes.

ChristineL.Williams isaprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofTexasat Austin.Herresearchinterestsincludegenderandsexuality;work,occupations,

andorganizations;qualitativemethodology;andsociologicaltheory.Sheisthe authorof InsideToyland:Working,Shopping,andSocialInequality;StillaMan’s World:MenWhoDoWomen’sWork; and GenderDifferencesatWork:Womenand MeninNontraditionalOccupations.

DanaM.Williams isassistantprofessorofsociologyatValdostaStateUniversity.Hisworkfocusesonsocialinequalities,socialmovements,politicalsociology,andcomplexorganizations.

PhilipJ.Williams isprofessorofpoliticalscienceandLatinAmericanstudiesat UniversityofFloridawhereheisdirectoroftheCenterforLatinAmerican Studies.Heistheauthorof TheCatholicChurchandPoliticsinNicaraguaand CostaRica and MilitarizationandDemilitarizationinElSalvador’sTransitionto Democracy.

AdiaM.HarveyWingfield isanassociateprofessorofsociologyatGeorgia StateUniversity,specializinginrace,class,andgender,workandoccupations, andsocialtheory.Sheistheauthorof YesWeCan?WhiteRacialFramingand the2008PresidentialCampaign (withJoeFeagin)and DoingBusinesswithBeauty: BlackWomen,HairSalons,andtheRacialEnclaveEconomy.

JenniferWriggins isSumnerT.BernsteinProfessorofLawatUniversityof MaineSchoolofLaw.Shespecializesintorts,insurance,andfamilylawwitha focusonraceandgender.Sheisco-authorof TheMeasureofInjury:Race,Gender, andTortLaw.

RuthEnidZambrana isprofessorofwomen’sstudiesanddirectoroftheConsortiumonRace,Gender,andEthnicityattheUniversityofMaryland,College Park.Sheistheauthorof LatinosinAmericanSociety:FamiliesandCommunitiesin Transition andtheco-editorof EmergingIntersections:Race,Class,andGenderin Theory,Policy,andPractice.

MinZhou isprofessorofsociologyandAsianAmericanstudies,Walterand ShirleyWangEndowedChairinU.S.–ChinaRelationsandCommunications, andthefoundingchairoftheAsianAmericanStudiesDepartmentatUCLA. Sheistheauthorof Chinatown:TheSocioeconomicPotentialofanUrbanEnclave; TheTransformationofChineseAmerica; and ContemporaryChineseAmerica:Immigration,Ethnicity,andCommunityTransformation

WhyRace,Class,andGender

StillMatter

MARGARETL.ANDERSEN ANDPATRICIAHILLCOLLINS

TheUnitedStatesisanationwherepeoplearesupposedtobeabletorise abovetheirorigins.Thosewhowanttosucceed,itisbelieved,candoso throughhardworkandsolideffort.Althoughequalityhashistoricallybeendenied tomany,thereisnowalegalframeworkinplacethatguaranteesprotectionfrom discriminationandequaltreatmentforallcitizens.

Historicsocialmovements,suchasthecivilrightsmovementandthe feministmovement,raisedpeople’sconsciousnessabouttherightsofAfrican Americansandwomen.Moreover,thesemovementshavegeneratednew opportunitiesformultiplegroups AfricanAmericans,Latinos,whitewomen, disabledpeople,lesbian,gay,bisexual,transgendered(LGBT)people,andolder people,tonamesomeofthegroupsthathavebeenbeneficiariesofcivilrights actionandlegislation.

WehavealsonowhadanAfricanAmericanpresident;gaysandlesbians increasinglyhavetherightstosame-sexmarriage;womensitinveryhigh places asSupremeCourtjusticesandCEOsofmajorcompanies;disabledpeoplehaverightsofaccesstoworkandschoolsandareprotectedunderfederal laws.ThevastmajorityofAmericans,whenasked,saythatsupportequalrights andnondiscriminationpolicies;indeed,over90percentsaytheywouldvotefor awomanaspresidentoftheUnitedStates(Strebetal.2008).Why,then,do race,class,andgenderstillmatter?

Race,class,andgenderstillmatterbecausetheycontinuetostructuresociety inwaysthatvaluesomelivesmorethanothers.Currently,somegroupshave moreopportunitiesandresources,whileothergroupsstruggle.Race,class,and gendermatterbecausetheyremainthefoundationsforsystemsofpowerand inequalitythat,despiteournation’sdiversity,continuetobeamongthemost significantsocialfactsofpeople’slives.Despitehavingremovedtheformalbarrierstoopportunity,theUnitedStatesisstillhighlyunequalalonglinesofrace, class,andgender.

Inthisbook,weaskstudentstothinkaboutrace,class,andgenderas systems ofpower. Wewanttoencouragereaderstoimaginewaystotransform,rather thanreproduce,existingsocialarrangements.Thisstartswithshiftingone’ s thinkingsothatgroupswhoaresooftensilencedorignoredbecomeheard.All socialgroupsarelocatedinasystemofpowerrelationshipswhereinyoursocial locationcanshapewhatyouknow andwhatothersknowaboutyou.Asa result,dominantformsofknowledgehavebeenconstructedlargelyfromthe experiencesofthemostpowerful thatis,thosewhohavethemostaccessto systemsofeducationandcommunication.Toacquireamoreinclusiveview onethatpaysattentiontogroupexperiencesthatmaydifferfromyourown requiresthatyouformanewframeofvision.

Youcanthinkofthisasifyouweretakingaphotograph.Foryears,poor people,women,andpeopleofcolor andespeciallypoorwomenofcolor weretotallyoutsidetheframeofvisionofmorepowerfulgroupsordistorted bytheviewsofthepowerful.Ifyoumoveyourangleofsighttoincludethose whohavebeenoverlooked,however,youmaybesurprisedbyhowincomplete orjustplainwrongyourearlierviewwas.Completelynewsubjectscanalso appear.Thisismorethanamatterofsharpeningone’sfocus,althoughthatis requiredforclarity.Instead,thisnewangleofvisionmeansactuallyseeingthings differently,perhapsevenchangingthelensyoulookthrough therebyremovingthefilters(orstereotypesandmisconceptions)thatyoubringtowhatyousee andthink.

DEVELOPINGARACE,CLASS, ANDGENDERPERSPECTIVE

Inthisbook,weaskyoutothinkabouthowrace,class,andgendermatterin shapingeveryone’slivedexperiences.WefocusontheUnitedStates,butincreasinglytheinclusivevisionwepresentheremattersonaglobalscaleaswell.Thinkingfromaperspectivethatengagesrace,class,andgenderisnotjustabout

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