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20. Reducing Adverse Drug Events 311

DeAnne Zwicker and Terry Fulmer

Educational Objectives 311

Overview 311

Background and Statement of Problem 311

Evaluation of the Problem 315

Assessment Strategies 317 Interventions and Care Strategies 324

21. Urinary Incontinence 343

Annemarie Dowling-Castronovo and Christine Bradway

Educational Objectives 343

Overview 343

Background and Statement of Problem 343

Assessment of the Problem 344

Assessment Parameters 346

Interventions and Care Strategies 349

22. Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection 363

Heidi L. Wald, Regina M. Fink, Mary Beth Flynn Makic, and Kathleen S. Oman

Educational Objectives 363

Overview 363

Background and Statement of Problem 364

Assessment of the Problem 365 Interventions and Care Strategies 366

23. Physical Restraints and Side Rails in Acute and Critical Care Settings 381

Cheryl M. Bradas, Satinderpal K. Sandhu, and Lorraine C. Mion

Educational Objectives 381

Overview 381

Background and Legal Issues 382

Prevalence and Rationale of Staff 382

Ethical Issues in the Use of Physical Restraint 383

Administrative Responsibilities 383 Interventions and Care Strategies 384

Alternatives to Physical Restraints 385

24. Preventing Pressure Ulcers and Skin Tears 395

Elizabeth A. Ayello and R. Gary Sibbald

Educational Objectives 395

Overview 395

Background and Statement of Problem 395

Assessment of the Problem 399

Does Race Make a Difference? 400 Interventions and Care Strategies 400

Skin Tears 402

25. Mealtime Difficulties in Dementia 417

Melissa Batchelor-Murphy and Sarah Crowgey

Educational Objectives 417

Overview 417

Background and Statement of Problem 418

C3P Model for Assessment and Care Strategies 419

26. Excessive Sleepiness 431

Grace E. Dean, Michelle L. Klimpt, Jonna Lee Morris, and Eileen R. Chasens

Educational Objectives 431

Overview 431

Background and Statement of Problem 431

Consequences of Excessive Sleepiness 432

Physiological Changes in Sleep That Accompany Aging 432

Primary Causes of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness 433

Secondary Causes of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness 434

Assessment of the Problem 435 Interventions and Care Strategies 436

27. The Frail Hospitalized Older Adult 443

Stewart M. Bond, Rebecca Bolton, and Marie Boltz

Educational Objectives 443

Overview 443

Background and Statement of Problem 443 Assessment of the Problem 445

PART Iv. InTERvEnTIons In sPEcIAlTy PRAcTIcE

28. Substance Misuse and Alcohol Use Disorders 457

Madeline A. Naegle and Donna McCabe

Educational Objectives 457

Overview 457

Background and Statement of Problem 457 Assessment of Substance Use Disorders 459 Assessment of Substance Use 461 Interventions and Care Strategies 463

29. Comprehensive Assessment and Management of the Critically Ill 479

Michele C. Balas, Colleen M. Casey, Lauren Crozier, and Mary Beth Happ

Educational Objectives 479

Overview 479

Background and Statement of Problem 480

Assessment of Problem and Nursing Care Strategies 480

30. Fluid Overload: Identifying and Managing Heart Failure Patients at Risk of Hospital Readmission 503

Judith E. Schipper

Educational Objectives 503

Overview 503

Background and Statement of Problem 504

Assessment of the Problem 506 Interventions and Care Strategies 512

31. Cancer Assessment and Intervention Strategies 525 Janine Overcash

Educational Objectives 525

Overview 525

Assessment of the Older Hospitalized Patient 526

Developing a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment for Hospitalized Patients 527

Medical Emergencies Associated With Cancer and Cancer Treatment 528

32. Perioperative Care of the Older Adult 537

Fidelindo Lim and Larry Z. Slater

Educational Objectives 537

Overview 537

Background and Statement of Problem 538

Assessment of Problem and Nursing Care Strategies 539

Postanesthesia Care Unit Considerations 542

General Perioperative Considerations 543

33. General Surgical Care of the Older Adult 559

Larry Z. Slater and Fidelindo Lim Educational Objectives 559

Overview 559

Background and Statement of Problem 560

Assessment of the Problem and Nursing Care Strategies 560

34. Care of the Older Adult With Fragility Hip Fracture 591

Anita J. Meehan, Ami Hommel, Karen Hertz, Valerie MacDonald, and Ann Butler Maher

Educational Objectives 591

Overview 591

Background and Statement of Problem 591

Definition of Fragility Hip Fracture 592

Surgical Repair of Hip Fracture 593

Pathophysiology 594

Common Complications and Evidence-Based Nursing Care Strategies 596

Pain: Significance in Hip-Fracture Patients 596

Delirium: Significance in Hip-Fracture Patients 597

Malnutrition: Significance in Hip-Fracture Patients 598

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance: Significance in Hip-Fracture Patients 599

Pressure Ulcer: Significance in Hip-Fracture Patients 600

VTE: Significance in Hip-Fracture Patients 601

Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection: Significance in Hip-Fracture Patients 602

Functional Decline: Significance in Hip-Fracture Patients 603

Loss, Grief, and Depression: Significance in HipFracture Patients 603

Care Transitions: Significance in Hip-Fracture Patients 604

Secondary Prevention: Significance in Hip-Fracture Patients 604

PART v. modEls of cARE

35. Acute Care Models 621

Elizabeth Capezuti, Ana Julia Parks, Marie Boltz, Michael L. Malone, and Robert M. Palmer

Educational Objectives 621

Overview 621

Objectives of Geriatric Acute Care Models 621

Types of Acute Care Models 623

36. Transitional Care 633

Fidelindo Lim, Janice B. Foust, and Janet H. Van Cleave

Educational Objectives 633

Overview 633

Background and Statement of Problem 634

Assessment of the Problem 635

Interventions and Care Strategies 636

37. Palliative Care Models 651

Constance Dahlin

Educational Objectives 651

Overview 651

Current State of Palliative Care 652

Quality and Palliative Care 653

Outcomes 655

Models Across Health Care Venues 656

Appendix 664

38. Care of the Older Adult in the Emergency Department 669

Marie Boltz and Amala Sooklal

Educational Objectives 669

Overview 669

Background and Statement of Problem 669

Assessment of the Older Adult in the ED 670

Nursing Interventions 676

Transitions From the ED 677

39. Advance Care Planning 691

Linda Farber Post and Marie Boltz

Educational Objectives 691

Overview 691

Background 692

Types of Advance Directives 692

Advance Directives and Decision Making 694

Other Types of ACP 696

Decisional Capacity to Engage in ACP 698

Cultural Perspectives on ACP 699

Nurses’ Roles in ACP 700

ACP Interventions and Strategies 701

Index 711

Elizabeth A. Ayello, PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, CWON, ETN, MAPWCA, FAAN Faculty

Excelsior College School of Nursing

Clinical Editor

Advances in Skin and Wound Care

Senior Advisor

John A. Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, New York University Course Coordinator

International Interprofessional Wound Care Course (IIWCC), New York University

New York, New York

Michele C. Balas, PhD, RN, APRN-NP, CCRN

Associate Professor Center of Excellence in Complex and Critical Care

The Ohio State University, College of Nursing Columbus, Ohio

Melissa Batchelor-Murphy, PhD, RN-BC, FNP-BC

Assistant Professor

Duke University School of Nursing Durham, North Carolina

Cheri Blevins, MSN, RN, CCRN, CCNS

Clinical Nurse Specialist

Medical Intensive Care Unit

Adjunct Faculty

University of Virginia School of Nursing

Charlottesville, Virginia

Rebecca Bolton, BSN, RN

Boston College

Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts

Marie Boltz, PhD, RN, GNP-BC, FGSA, FAAN

Associate Professor

William F. Connell School of Nursing

Boston College

Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts

Stewart M. Bond, PhD, RN, AOCN

Assistant Professor

William F. Connell School of Nursing

Boston College

Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts

Cheryl M. Bradas, PhD(c), RN, GCNS-BC, CNRN

Geriatric Clinical Nurse Specialist

Specialty Care Patient Care Unit: Acute Care Units

MetroHealth Medical Center

Cleveland, Ohio

Christine Bradway, PhD, GNP-BC, FAAN

Associate Professor of Gerontological Nursing

Biobehavioral Health Sciences Department

University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Pamela Z. Cacchione, PhD, RN, CRNP, BC, FGSA, FAAN

Ralston House Term Chair in Gerontological Nursing

Associate Professor of Geropsychiatric Nursing-Clinician Educator

Associate Director of the Center for Integrative Science of Aging

PENN SON Liason, National Hartford Centers of Gerontological Nursing Excellence

Interim Program Director of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Program

University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Billy A. Caceres, MSN, RN-BC, AGPCNP-BC

PhD Candidate

New York University College of Nursing

New York, New York

Elizabeth Capezuti, PhD, RN, FAAN

William Randolph Hearst Foundation Chair in Gerontology

Assistant Dean for Research Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing

Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY)

Professor Nursing PhD Program

CUNY Graduate Center

New York, New York

Colleen M. Casey, PhD, ANP-BC, CNS

Assistant Professor

Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics

Director of Geriatric Outpatient Initiatives

Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine

Assistant Professor

Oregon Health & Science University, School of Nursing Portland, Oregon

Eileen R. Chasens, PhD, RN, FAAN

Associate Professor and Vice-Chair for Administration Department of Health and Community Systems School of Nursing

University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Valerie T. Cotter, DrNP, AGPCNP-BC, FAANP

Advanced Senior Lecturer

University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Sarah Crowgey, BSN, RN

Duke University School of Nursing Durham, North Carolina

Lauren Crozier

Undergraduate Honors

BSN Nursing Student

The Ohio State University, College of Nursing Columbus, Ohio

Constance Dahlin, ANP-BC, ACHPN, FPCN, FAAN

Palliative Care Specialist

Director of Professional Practice

Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Consultant, Center to Advance Palliative Care

New York, New York

Palliative Nurse Practitioner

North Shore Medical Center

Salem, Massachusetts

Grace E. Dean, PhD, RN

Adjunct Assistant Professor

Roswell Park Cancer Institute

Associate Professor

School of Nursing

State University of New York University at Buffalo Buffalo, New York

Rose Ann DiMaria-Ghalili, PhD, RN, CNSC, FASPEN

Associate Professor

Doctoral Nursing

College of Nursing and Health Professions

Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Annemarie Dowling-Castronovo, PhD, RN, GNP-BC

Associate Professor

The Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing

Wagner College

Staten Island, New York

Regina M. Fink, PhD, RN, AOCN, CHPN, FAAN

Research Nurse Scientist

Associate Professor

University of Colorado, College of Nursing and School of Medicine

Anschutz Medical Campus

Aurora, Colorado

Johan Flamaing, MD, PhD

Department of Geriatric Medicine

University Hospitals Leuven

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium

Kathleen Fletcher, DNP, RN, GNP-BC, FAAN Director, Geriatric Nurse Clinical Practice Program Research Associate in Gerontological and Population Health

Riverside Center for Excellence in Aging and Lifelong Health

Riverside Health System

Newport News, Virginia

Clinical Assistant Professor of Nursing University of Virginia School of Nursing Charlottesville, Virginia

Marquis D. Foreman, PhD, RN, FAAN

John L. and Helen Kellogg Dean of Nursing Professor, Adult Health and Gerontological Nursing College of Nursing Rush University Chicago, Illinois

Janice B. Foust, PhD, RN Assistant Professor College of Nursing, Health Science University of Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts

Terry Fulmer, PhD, RN, FAAN President

John A. Hartford Foundation New York, New York

Elizabeth Galik, PhD, CRNP Associate Professor

University of Maryland School of Nursing Baltimore, Maryland

Mindy S. Grall, PhD, APRN-BC Director

Stroke and Cerebrovascular Program Chair

Pain Resource Team Baptist Health Jacksonville, Florida

Deanna Gray-Miceli, PhD, GNP-BC, FGSA, FAANP, FAAN

Assistant Professor

Rutgers, School of Nursing Newark, New Jersey; and Institute of Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research New Brunswick, New Jersey

Mary Beth Happ, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN Distinguished Professor of Critical Care Research Director

Center of Excellence in Critical and Complex Care

The Ohio State University, College of Nursing Columbus, Ohio

Theresa A. Harvath, PhD, RN, FAAN Clinical Professor and Director of Clinical Education Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing University of California—Davis Sacramento, California

Pieter Heeren, MSc, RN Department of Public Health and Primary Care Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery

KU Leuven Department of Geriatrics University Hospitals Leuven Leuven, Belgium

Karen Hertz, RGN, MSc, BSc Advanced Nurse Practitioner University Hospital of North Midlands Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom Chair

International Collaboration of Orthopaedic Nursing (ICON)

Ami Hommel, RN, CNS, PhD Associate Professor Skane University Hospital and Malmo University Malmo, Sweden Ambassador

International Collaboration of Orthopaedic Nursing (ICON)

Ann L. Horgas, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN Associate Professor University of Florida College of Nursing Gainesville, Florida

Michelle L. Klimpt, BSN, RN Nurse II Department of Nursing Roswell Park Cancer Institute Buffalo, New York

Denise M. Kresevic, PhD, RN, APN-BC

Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC

Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center (GRECC)

Associate Director of Education/Evaluation

Clinical Nurse Specialist

University Hospitals Case Medical Center

Cleveland, Ohio

Susan Kaplan Jacobs, MLS, MA, RN, AHIP

Health Sciences Librarian/Associate Curator

Elmer Holmes Bobst Library

New York University

New York, New York

Rona F. Levin, PhD, RN

Clinical Professor and Director

Doctor of Nursing Practice Program

New York University College of Nursing

New York, New York

Fidelindo Lim, DNP, CCRN

Clinical Assistant Professor

New York University College of Nursing

New York, New York

Valerie MacDonald, RN, MSN, ONC, CNS

Fraser Health Authority

Burnaby General Hospital, British Columbia

Adjunct Professor

University of British Columbia School of Nursing

Vancouver, British Columbia

Ambassador

International Collaboration of Orthopaedic Nursing (ICON)

Ann Butler Maher, MS, RN, FNP-BC, ONC

Family Nurse Practitioner

Long Branch, New Jersey

Ambassador

International Collaboration of Orthopaedic Nursing

Mary Beth Flynn Makic, RN, PhD, CNS, CCNS, FAAN, FNAP

Associate Professor

University of Colorado

Anschutz Medical Campus College of Nursing

Aurora, Colorado

Michael L. Malone, MD

Medical Director

Aurora Senior Services & Aurora Visiting Nurse Association of Wisconsin

Aurora Health Care

Clinical Adjunct Professor of Medicine

University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Donna McCabe, DNP, APRN-BC, GNP, CWCN

Clinical Assistant Professor

New York University College of Nursing

New York, New York

Glenise L. McKenzie, PhD, RN

Associate Professor

Program Director

Baccalaureate Completion Program for RNs

Oregon Health & Science University, School of Nursing

Portland, Oregon

Anita J. Meehan, MSN, RN-BC, ONC, FNGNA

Clinical Nurse Specialist, Gerontology

Cleveland Clinic Akron General Akron, Ohio

Ambassador

International Collaboration of Orthopaedic Nursing (ICON)

Janet C. Mentes, PhD, APRN, BC, FGSA, FAAN

Associate Professor and Co-Director

Center for the Advancement of Gerontological Nursing Science

University of California Los Angeles, School of Nursing

Los Angeles, California

Deborah C. Messecar, PhD, MPH, AGCNS-BC, RN

Associate Professor

Oregon Health & Science University, School of Nursing Portland, Oregon

Koen Milisen, PhD, RN Professor

Department of Public Health and Primary Care

Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery

KU Leuven

Department of Geriatrics University Hospitals Leuven Leuven, Belgium

Lorraine C. Mion, PhD, RN, FAAN

Independence Foundation Professor of Nursing Director

Vanderbilt Center for Gerontological Nursing Excellence

Vanderbilt School of Nursing Nashville, Tennessee

Jonna Lee Morris, MSN, RN Doctoral Student School of Nursing University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Madeline A. Naegle, PhD, CNS-PMH, BC, FAAN Professor

New York University College of Nursing

New York, New York

Linda J. O’Connor, MSN, RNC, GCNS-BC, LNC

Assistant Administrator for Nursing and Hospital Affairs

Mount Sinai Health System

Mount Sinai Hospital

New York, New York

Kathleen S. Oman, PhD, RN, FAEN, FAAN Children’s Hospital

Colorado Chair in Pediatric Nursing

Associate Professor

University of Colorado, College of Nursing Aurora, Colorado

Janine Overcash, PhD, GNP-BC, FAANP Director of the Adult/Gerontological Nurse Practitioner Program

Clinical Associate Professor

The Ohio State University, College of Nursing Columbus, Ohio

Robert M. Palmer, MD, MPH Director

Glennan Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Professor of Internal Medicine

Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, Virginia

Lenard L. Parisi, RN, MA, CPHQ, FNAHQ

Vice President

Quality Management and Performance Improvement

Metropolitan Jewish Health System

Brooklyn, New York

Ana Julia Parks

Undergraduate Nursing Student

Boston College

Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts

Linda Farber Post, JD, MA, BSN Director, Bioethics

Medical Affairs

Hackensack University Medical Center Hackensack, New Jersey

Patricia A. Quigley, PhD, MPH, APRN, CRRN, FAAN, FAANP

Retired Associate Chief

Nursing Service for Research

Retired Associate Director VISN 8 Patient Safety Center of Inquiry

James A. Haley Veterans Administration Medical Center Health Services Research and Development Center of Innovation on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Veterans Integrated Services Network 8 Tampa, Florida

Barbara Resnick, PhD, CRNP, FAAN, FAANP Professor and Sonya Ziporkin Gershowitz Chair in Gerontology University of Maryland School of Nursing Baltimore, Maryland

Satinderpal K. Sandhu, MD

Primary Care Syracuse, Virginia

Judith E. Schipper, DNP, NPC, CLS, CHFN, FNLA, FPCNA

Clinical Coordinator

Heart Failure Program

New York University Langone Medical Center

New York, New York

R. Gary Sibbald, MD, FRCPC, ABIM, DABD, Med Director

Wound Healing Clinic

The New Women’s College Hospital Professor

Public Health Sciences and Medicine

University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Larry Z. Slater, PhD, RN-BC, CNE

Clinical Assistant Professor

New York University College of Nursing

New York, New York

Constance M. Smith, PhD, RN President C.M. Smith Technical Writing, Inc. Wilmington, Delaware

Amala Sooklal, BSN, RN

Boston College William F. Connell School of Nursing Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts

Elaine E. Steinke, PhD, APRN, CNS-BC, FAHA, FAAN Professor School of Nursing Coordinator, Adult-Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner Program

Wichita State University Wichita, Kansas

Jos Tournoy, MD, PhD

Geriatric Medicine and Memory Clinic University Hospitals Leuven Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine KU Leuven

Leuven, Belgium

Dorothy F. Tullmann, PhD, RN, CNL Associate Professor Director, MSN and DNP Programs University of Virginia School of Nursing Charlottesville, Virginia

Janet H. Van Cleave, PhD, RN Assistant Professor

New York University College of Nursing New York, New York

Heidi L. Wald, MD, MSPH Associate Professor and Vice Chair for Quality Control Department of Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado

Saunjoo L. Yoon, PhD, RN Associate Professor

University of Florida, College of Nursing Gainesville, Florida

DeAnne Zwicker, DrNP, AGNP-BC Inova Medical Group/Geriatrics SNF Department Reston, Virginia

For more than 60 years, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has supported research to improve the health of and prolong the lives of people in the United States and around the world. Over that time, mean life expectancy worldwide has doubled to more than 70 years, due in large part to medical and public health interventions developed with NIH funding (Fauci & Collins, 2015). More than 60 years of biomedical and social sciences research have yielded much of the scientific foundation on which the knowledge base of nursing has been and is being built. The editors and contributing authors of Evidence-Based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice have been well supported by the NIH and other federal and nonfederal funding agencies; many are graduates of the National Hartford Center of Gerontological Nursing Excellence (NHCGNE) and the Patricia G. Archbold Predoctoral and/or Claire M. Fagin Postdoctoral Awards programs. The NHCGNE is a collaboration among the coordinating center housed at the Gerontological Society of America and schools of nursing and international institutions, that have demonstrated the highest level of commitment to the field of gerontological nursing. NHCGNE is unique in that its sole focus is gerontological nursing and because it builds on the legacy of the John A. Hartford Foundation. Their mission is to enhance and sustain the capacity and competency of nurses to provide quality care to older adults through faculty development, advancing gerontological nursing science, facilitating adoption of best practices, fostering leadership, and designing and shaping policy. Their vision is optimal health for all older adults.

The editors and contributing authors of EvidenceBased Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice are experts in gerontological nursing; they are scientists, educators, leaders, and clinicians dedicated to an interdisciplinary approach to clinical practice that can be defined in terms of a “three-legged stool” integrating three basic principles: (a) the best available research evidence bearing on whether and why a treatment works, (b) clinical expertise

(clinical judgment and experience) to rapidly identify each patient’s unique health state and diagnosis and the individual risks and benefits of potential clinical interventions, and (c) client preferences and values (Lilienfeld, Ritschel, Lynn, Cautin, & Latzman, 2013; Spring, 2007). This book is uniquely positioned to assist nurses across health care sectors, as well as students and members of an interdisciplinary health team, to improve geriatric patient care and outcomes. For me, since my day job is more research administration than practice, this book keeps me connected and grounded in research evidence, practice, and patient outcomes.

The benefits of having a competent gerontological nurse at the bedside, when needed, cannot be overstated. Nursing is critical for older adults desiring to maintain health, improve health behaviors, avoid unnecessary hospitalizations, and live full and physically functional lives. Gerontological nursing is an evidence-based nursing specialty practice committed to improving the health, outcomes, and lives of older adult patients, their families, communities, and support systems. Evidence-Based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice should be a part of every gerontological clinician’s toolkit. It helps to make sense of an often confusing system and educates patients, families, and friends about evidence-based best practices for older adults and how to access the valuable resources available to them.

I am most impressed by the behavioral objectives, which immediately provide information about what can be achieved by reading the chapters, the refined and complex case studies that challenge one’s depth of knowledge and skill in diagnosis, and chapter summaries listing nursing standards of practice. In addition, resources are included; many link to organizations that provide relevant tools and current information. For example, in Chapter 26, “Excessive Sleepiness,” the link to the basics-of-sleep guide at www.sleepresearchsociety .org/Products.aspx may prove highly valuable given the

prevalence of apnea in older adults. References in each chapter are keyed to the level of quantitative evidence available for each clinical topic. If you do not understand or are unable to use the pyramid in Figure F.1, do not miss reading Chapter 1, “Developing and Evaluating Clinical Practice Guidelines: A Systematic Approach.” As the authors state, “Clinical decision making that is grounded in the best available evidence is essential to promote patient safety and quality health care outcomes.” They provide expert guidance on how to best evaluate the evidence.

This book does much to advance clinical decision making based on research evidence. However, there remains critical work to generate research at the highest levels of the pyramid to facilitate evidence-based practice, enhance education, and improve health care systems and patient outcomes. The nursing profession is engaging in more interventions research; however, much of this

Level of evidence hierarchy.

Level I

Level II

research suffers from small sample sizes and a lack of seasoned clinical trialists. This is slowly changing.

This text, now in its fifth edition, serves us well as a foundation for clinical decision making in 39 clinical topics. Evidence-Based Geriatric Nursing Protocols for Best Practice saves time for clinicians and educators because the evidence presented, which was exhaustively chronicled, is outstanding and addresses issues, such as the of lack of time, knowledge, experience, and skill with evidencebased practice, and is a model for establishing nursing’s best practices. In this fifth edition, there are six new chapters, including “The Frail Hospitalized Older Adult,” “Perioperative Care of the Older Adult,” “General Surgical Care of the Older Adult,” “Care of the Older Adult With Fragility Hip Fracture,” “Care of the Older Adult in the Emergency Department” and “Palliative Care Models.”

As evidence-based practice continues to evolve and adapt, it is time to refine our approaches and enhance the

Systematic reviews (integrative/meta-analyses) CPGs based on systematic reviews/ large multicenter clinical trials

Single experimental study (RCTs)

Level III

Quasi-experimental studies

Level IV

Nonexperimental studies

Level V

Case report/program evaluation/ narrative literature reviews

Level VI

Opinions of respected authorities

CPG, clinical practice guidelines; RCT, randomized controlled trials. Originally published in Levin (2011). Reprinted with permission.

FIGURE F.1

levels of evidence supporting gerontological nursing practice. History shows that the tools of modern science and research offer the opportunity to significantly alter major diseases that sap human health and exacerbate instability in the lives of older adults. It is imperative that gerontological nursing sustains momentum and works to deliver care founded on evidence-based protocols for best practices to older adults who need them most.

J. Taylor Harden, PhD, RN, FGSA, FAAN

Executive Director

National Hartford Center of Gerontological Nursing Excellence

Former Assistant to the Director for Special Populations, Retired National Institute on Aging

REfEREncEs

Fauci, A. S., & Collins, F. S. (2015). NIH research: Think globally. Science, 348 (6231), 159. doi:10.1126/science .aab2733

Levin, R. F. (2011). Edifices of evidence: The proliferation of pyramids. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 25(1), 8–10.

Lilienfeld, S. O., Ritschel, L. A., Lynn, S. J., Cautin, R. L., & Latzman, R. D. (2013). Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice: Root causes and constructive remedies. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(7), 883–900.

Spring, B. (2007). Evidence-based practice in clinical psychology: What it is; why it matters; what you need to know. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(7), 611–631.

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German literature

Gooch, G: P. Germany and the French revolution. (F ’21)

German spies at bay. Felstead, S. T. (D ’20)

Germany

Berger, M. Germany after the armistice. (Jl ’20)

German days. (O ’20)

Ludendorff, E. von. General staff and its problems. (F ’21)

Young, G: New Germany. (Je ’20)

Biography

Dombrowski, E. German leaders of yesterday and today. (S ’20)

Colonies

Fletcher, C: B. Stevenson’s Germany. (S ’20)

Description and travel

Franck, H. A. Vagabonding through changing Germany. (Ag ’20)

Howells, W: D. Hither and thither in Germany. (Mr ’20)

Foreign relations

Gori[)c]ar, J., and Stowe, L. B. Inside story of Austro-German intrigue. (Ap ’20)

Haldane, R: B. H. Before the war. (Ap ’20)

Russia

Levine, I: D. Letters from the Kaiser to the Czar. (O ’20)

Germany and the French revolution. Gooch, G: P. (F ’21)

Geste of Duke Jocelyn. Farnol, J. (N ’20)

Ghost in the White House. Lee, G. S. (S ’20)

Ghosts I have seen. Tweedale, V. (Ap ’20)

Guild socialism

Hobson, S. G. National guilds and the state. (S ’20)

Girl, a horse and a dog. Lynde, F. (S ’20)

Girl from Four Corners. Porter, R. N. (My ’20)

Girl heroines in fiction. McFee, I. N. (N ’20)

Girl on the hilltop. Gambier, K. (Ag ’20)

Girls

Blanchard, P. M. Adolescent girl. (Ag ’20)

Gladstone, Catherine (Glynne) (Mrs

William Ewart Gladstone), 1812–1900

Drew, M. Mrs Gladstone. (Je ’20)

Glamour. Maxwell, W: B. (Ap ’20)

Glamour of prospecting. Cornell, F. C. (F ’21)

Glass collector. Percival, M. (My ’20)

Glassware

Percival, M. Glass collector. (My ’20)

Glen of the high north. Cody, H. A. (O ’20)

Glimpses of South America. Sherwood, F. A. (D ’20)

Glory rides the range. Dorrance, E. A. and J. F. (Jl ’20)

Gloss of youth. Furness, H. H. (N ’20)

God

Baldwin, C: S. God unknown. (O ’20)

Streeter, B. H., ed. Spirit. (Jl ’20)

Webb, C. C: J. Divine personality and human life. (N ’20)

Webb, C. C: J. God and personality. (My ’20)

God in the thicket. Lawrence, C. E. (Ja ’21)

God unknown. Baldwin, C: S. (O ’20)

God’s smile. Magnussen, J. (N ’20)

Goin’ fishin’. Cook, C. B. (Ja ’21)

Going afoot. Christy, B. H. (Je ’20)

Gold White, B: Gold. (F ’21)

Gold, frankincense and myrrh. Cram, R. A. (D ’20)

Gold girl. Hendryx, J. B. (Ag ’20)

Gold out of Celebes. Dingle, A. E. (Jl ’20)

Golden barque; and The weaver ’ s grave. O’Kelly, S. (D ’20)

Golden bird. Easton, D. (S ’20)

Golden scorpion. Rohmer, S., pseud. (Jl ’20)

Golden whales of California. Lindsay, N, V. (Jl ’20)

Goldoni, Carlo, 1707–1793

Kennard, J. S. Goldoni and the Venice of his time. (Jl ’20)

Goldoni and the Venice of his time. Kennard, J. S. (Jl ’20)

Golf

Dunn, J: D., and Jessup, E. H. Intimate golf talks. (Ja ’21)

Hammond, D. Golf swing. (Ja ’21)

Whitlatch, M. Golf, for beginners—and others. (Jl ’20)

Golf swing. Hammond, D. (Ja ’21)

Gorgeous girl. Bartley, N. I. (My ’20)

Goshen street. Williams, W. W. (N ’20)

Gospel of out of doors. Clark, F. E: (Ag ’20)

Government

Burton, T. E. Modern political tendencies. (Mr ’20)

Government of India. Macdonald, J. R. (D ’20)

Gracchus, Caius Sempronius, 159–121 B.C.

Drama

Gregory, O. Caius Gracchus. (Ja ’21)

Graham, Robert Bontini Cunninghame. See Cunninghame Graham, R. B.

Grain trade

Barker, A. British corn trade. (F ’21)

Grand Canyon

Van Dyke, J: C: Grand canyon of the Colorado. (Je ’20)

Grand canyon of the Colorado. Van Dyke, J: C: (Je ’20)

Grant, Douglas, pseud. See Ostrander, I. E.

Granville. Guttersen, G. (Je ’20)

Gravitation

Freundlich, E. Foundations of Einstein’s theory of gravitation. (F ’21)

Gray angels. Bartley, N. I. (N ’20)

Gray dusk. Cohen, O. R. (Jl ’20)

Gray mask. Camp, C: W. (Jl ’20)

Graydon of the Windermere. McKowan, E. (F ’21)

Great accident. Williams, B. A. (My ’20)

Great adventure of Panama. Bunau-Varilla, P. (My ’20)

Great awakening in the middle colonies. Maxson, C: H. (D ’20)

Great Britain Army

Adam, W: A: Whither? (D ’20)

Biography

Fletcher, C: R. L. Historical portraits, 1700–1850. (D ’20)

Colonies

Fletcher, C: B. Stevenson’s Germany. (S ’20)

Gillespie, J. E: Influence of oversea expansion on England to 1700. (F ’21)

Leyds, W. J. Transvaal surrounded. (N ’20)

Commerce

Barker, A. British corn trade. (F ’21)

Economic conditions

Barker, J. E. Economic statesmanship. (F ’21)

Cole, G: D. H. Chaos and order in industry. (N ’20)

Cox, H. Economic liberty. (D ’20)

Page, W:, ed. Commerce and industry. (D ’20)

Usher, A. P. Introduction to the industrial history of England. (Mr ’20)

Foreign relations

Haldane, R: B. H. Before the war. (Ap ’20)

Wister, O. Straight deal. (Je ’20)

United States

Mills. J. T. Great Britain and the United States. (F ’21)

History

Mowat, R. B. Henry V. (D ’20)

19th century

Hughes, E: A. Britain and greater Britain in the nineteenth century. (Jl ’20)

Lucy, H: W: Diary of a journalist. (F ’21)

Intellectual life

Warren, A. London days. (N ’20)

Navy

Bacon, R. H. S. Dover patrol. (Ap ’20)

Brownrigg, D. E. R. Indiscretions of the naval censor. (Je ’20)

Evans, E: R. G. R. Keeping the seas. (Ag ’20)

Fisher, J: A. F. Memories and records. (Ap ’20)

Scott, P. M. Fifty years in the royal navy. (Ap ’20)

Politics and government

Buckle, G: E. Life of Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield. (O ’20)

Harrison, A. Before and now. (Je ’20)

Haynes, E. S. P. Case for liberty. (D ’20)

Laski, H. J. Political thought in England from Locke to Bentham. (S ’20)

Macdonald, J. R. Parliament and revolution. (Ag ’20)

Tout, T: F: Chapters in the administrative history of mediaeval England. (Ja ’21)

Great Britain and the United States. Mills, J. T. (F ’21)

Great church awakes. Palmer, E. J. (Ja ’21)

Great demonstration. Roof, K. M. (F ’21)

Great fire of London in 1666. Bell, W. G: (D ’20)

Great game of business. Frederick, J. G: (F ’21)

Great impersonation. Oppenheim, E: P. (Mr ’20)

Great leviathan. Barker, D. A. (F ’21)

Great menace. Mead, G: W. (Ag ’20)

Great modern American stories. Howells, W: D., ed. (S ’20)

Great south land. Koebel, W: H: (Ap ’20)

Great steel strike and its lessons. Foster, W: Z. (O ’20)

Great war and the R. A. M. C. Brereton, F: S. (N ’20)

Greater punishment. Chalmers, S. (Ag ’20)

“Greatest failure in all history.” Spargo, J: (S ’20)

Greece

Hibben, P. Constantine I and the Greek people. (Ag ’20)

Marshall, F. H: Discovery in Greek lands. (F ’21)

History

Caldwell, W. E. Hellenic conceptions of peace. (Mr ’20)

Greece, Modern History

Gibbons, H. A. Venizelos. (D ’20)

Greek drama

Norwood, G. Greek tragedy. (F ’21)

Greek poetry

Translations into English

Palamas, K. Life immovable. (My ’20)

Greek tragedy. Norwood, G. (F ’21)

Green eyes of Bast. Rohmer, S., pseud. (F ’21)

Green forest fairy book. Grady, L. E. (Ja ’21)

Green god’s pavilion. Martin, M. W. (O ’20)

Green rust. Wallace, E. (Je ’20)

Gresham, Walter Quintin, 1832–1895

Gresham, M. Life of Walter Quintin Gresham. (Je ’20)

Grey, Charles, 2d earl, 1764–1845

Trevelyan, G: M. Lord Grey of the reform bill. (Je ’20)

Grey fish. Cook, W. V: (S ’20)

Ground and goal of human life. Shaw, C: G. (Ap ’20)

Group mind. McDougall, W: (N ’20)

Growing up. Vorse, M. M. (S ’20)

Guards come through, and other poems. Doyle, A. C. (My ’20)

Guid auld Jock. Mackinnon, A. G. (O ’20)

Guide to Russian literature. Olgin, M. J. (Je ’20)

Guide to the military history of the world war, 1914–1918. Frothingham, T: G. (N ’20)

Guide to Zionism. Sampter, J. E., ed. (S ’20)

Guidebook to the Biblical literature. Genung, J: F. (My ’20)

Guiding principles for American voters. Mason, A. L. (D ’20)

Gulf of misunderstanding. Pinochet, T. (Ja ’21)

Gus Harvey. Smith, C. L. (Ja ’21)

Habits that handicap. Towns, C: B. (Mr ’20)

Hagar’s hoard. Turner, G: K. (N ’20)

Hail, man! Morgan, A. (My ’20)

Half portions. Ferber, E. (Jl ’20)

Hall with doors. Hasbrouck, L. S. (N ’20)

Hamilton, Alexander, 1757–1804

Ford, H: J. Alexander Hamilton. (Ag ’20)

Hamlet. Stoll, E. E. (Je ’20)

Hand in the dark. Rees, A. J: (S ’20)

Hand-made fables. Ade, G: (Ap ’20)

Handbook for practical farmers. Findlay, H., ed. (Ja ’21)

Handbook for rural school officers. Showalter, N. D: (Jl ’20)

Handbook of American government. Bartlett, W: H. (S ’20)

Handbook of ore dressing, equipment and practice. Allen, A. W. (F ’21)

Handbook on health and how to keep it. Camp, W. C. (My ’20)

Handbook to the league of nations. Butler, G. G. (My ’20)

Hands off Mexico. Turner, J: K. (Jl ’20)

Hannah Bye. Morris, H. S. (Ja ’21)

Happily married. Harris, C. M. (Ap ’20)

Happy bride. Jesse, F. T. (D ’20)

Happy house. Abbott, J. L. (Jl ’20)

Happy house. Hutten zum Stolzenberg, B. (Ap ’20)

Happy hunting grounds. Roosevelt. K. (D ’20)

Happy woman. Weyl, M. (Ap ’20)

Harbors

Rush, T. E. Port of New York. (Jl ’20)

Harriet and the piper. Norris, K. (S ’20)

Hartley, Catherine Gasquoine. See Gallichan, C. G.

Harvest. Ward, M. A. (My ’20)

Haunted hour. Widdemer, M. (Ap ’20)

Havana

Hergesheimer, J. San cristóbal de la Habana. (Ja ’21)

Have we a Far Eastern policy? Sherrill, C: H. (Ag ’20)

Hay, Elijah, pseud. See Seiffert, M. A.

Head of the house. Eng title of Lister’s great adventure. Bindloss, H. (F ’21)

Health

Roget, F. R. Altitude and health. (D ’20)

Heart Diseases

Bishop, L: F. Heart troubles. (S ’20)

Heart of Cherry McBain. Durkin, D. (N ’20)

Heart of New England. Brown, A. F. (N ’20)

Heart of the world. Jones, J. H:, jr. (Ag ’20)

Heart of Unaga. Cullum, R. (N ’20)

Hearts of three. London, J. (F ’21)

Heavens and earth. Benét, S. V. (F ’21)

Hellenic conceptions of peace. Caldwell, W. E. (Mr ’20)

Helmets and body armor in modern warfare. Dean, B. (O ’20)

Helping Hersey. Hutten zum Stolzenberg, B. (Ag ’20)

Helping men own farms. Mead, E. (Ag ’20)

Henry Elizabeth. McCarthy, J. H. (S ’20)

Henry V, king of England, 1387–1422 Mowat, R. B. Henry V. (D ’20)

Hero of the longhouse. Laing, M. E. (F ’21)

Hero stories of France. Tappan, E. M. (Je ’20)

Heroes

Dimmock, F. H., ed. Scouts’ book of heroes. (F ’21)

Lanier, H: W. Book of bravery. (Ja ’21)

Heroes of early Israel. Wood, I. F. (F ’21)

Hesitant heart. Welles, W. (My ’20)

Hey-rub-a-dub-dub. Dreiser, T. (Je ’20)

Hidden Creek. Burt, K. N. (O ’20)

Hidden eyes. Levison, E. (F ’21)

Hidden people. Miller, L. E: (Ja ’21)

Hidden trails. White, W: P. (O ’20)

Hidden treasure of Rasmola. Rihbany, A. M. (F ’21)

Hide and seek. Morley, C. D. (D ’20)

High company. Lee, H. S. (O ’20)

High life. Rhodes, H. G. (F ’21)

High school boy and his problems. Clark, T: A. (N ’20)

High school farces. Hill, F: T. (Ja ’21)

High schools

Parker, S: C. Methods of teaching in high schools. (Jl ’20)

Highacres. Abbott, J. L. (D ’20)

Higher psychical development. Carrington, H. (N ’20)

Highway to leadership. Slattery, M. (F ’21)

Hiker Joy. Connolly, J. B. (Je ’20)

Hills of Han. Merwin, S: (D ’20)

His friend and his wife. Hamilton, C. (Je ’20)

His Majesty’s well-beloved. Orczy, E. (Ap ’20)

Hispanic anthology. Walsh, T:, ed. (D ’20)

Historical child. Chrisman, O. (F ’21)

Historical portraits, 1700–1850. Fletcher, C: R. L. (D ’20)

Historical sources of Defoe’s Journal of the plague year. Nicholson, W. (S ’20)

History

Reade, W. Martyrdom of man. (Ag ’20)

Outlines, syllabi, etc.

Putnam, G: P., comp. Tabular views of universal history. (Ap ’20)

Philosophy

Adams, H: Degradation of the democratic dogma. (Ap ’20)

Partridge, G: E. Psychology of nations. (My ’20)

Study and teaching

Hasluck, E. L: Teaching of history. (F ’21)

Tuell, H. E. Study of nations. (Mr ’20)

History, Ancient

Murray, G. Our great war and the great war of the ancient Greeks. (Ag ’20)

History, Modern West, W. M. Story of modern progress. (Jl ’20)

History, Universal

Bryce, J. B. World history. (F ’21)

Wells, H. G: Outline of history. (D ’20)

History and power of mind. Ingalese, R: (Ag ’20)

History of a literary radical. Bourne, R. S. (F ’21)

History of American literature. Boynton, P. H. (Mr ’20)

History of Cuba. Johnson, W. F. (S ’20)

History of education. Cubberley, E. P. (Ja ’21)

History of Europe, ancient and medieval. Breasted, J. H:, and Robinson, J. H. (O ’20)

History of everyday things in England. Quennell, M. and C: H: B. (Jl ’20)

History of France. Davis, W: S. (Ag ’20)

History of France. Duruy, V: (D ’20)

History of imperialism. Tucker, I. St J: (Ja ’21)

History of journalism in the United States. Payne. G: H: (Ag ’20)

History of modern colloquial English. Wyld, H: C. K. (D ’20)

History of Persian literature under Tartar dominion. Browne, E: G. (F ’21)

History of sea power. Stevens, W: O., and Westcott, A. F. (Ja ’21)

History of the A. E. F. Thomas, S. (D ’20)

History of the American field service in France. (N ’20)

History of the Atlantic coast line railroad. Dozier, H. D. (Je ’20)

History of the great war. Doyle, A. C. (Ap ’20)

History of the Japanese people. Brinkley, F., and Kikuchi, D. (O ’20)

History of the thrift movement in America. Straus, S. W: (Ap ’20)

History of the United States from Hayes to McKinley. Rhodes, J. F. (Ag ’20)

History of the world war. Simonds, F. H. (O ’20)

History of trade unionism. Webb, S. and B. (Je ’20)

Hither and thither in Germany. Howells, W: D. (Mr ’20)

Holland, Henry Fox, 1st baron, 1705–1774

Ilchester, G. S. H. F. Henry Fox. (N ’20)

Holy fire. Wylie, I. A. R. (Ag ’20)

Home—then what? (Ap ’20)

Home economics

Cooley, A. M., and Spohr, W. Household arts for home and school. (My ’20)

Cooley, A. M., and others. Teaching home economics. (My ’20)

Willard, F., and Gillett, L. H. Dietetics for high schools. (F ’21)

Home-education of children. Forbush, W: B. (Ap ’20)

Homespun and gold. Brown, A. (Ja ’21)

Honest thief. Dostoevskii, F. M. (Ap ’20)

Honor Bright. Richards, L. E. (O ’20)

Hoover, Herbert Clark, 1874–

Kellogg, V. L. Herbert Hoover. (Je ’20)

Lane, R. Making of Herbert Hoover. (N ’20)

Hope of the world. Wilson, W. (Jl ’20)

Horses

Poetry

Frothingham, R., comp. Songs of horses. (N ’20)

Horsley, Sir Victor Alexander Haden, 1857–1916

Paget, S. Sir Victor Horsley. (D ’20)

Hosiery manufacture. Davis, W: (O ’20)

Hot bulb oil engines and suitable vessels. Pollock, W. (Ja ’21)

Hours of labor

Leverhulme, W: H. L. Six-hour shift and industrial efficiency. (Jl ’20)

House of Baltazar. Locke, W: J: (Mr ’20)

House of dreams-come-true. Pedler, M. (S ’20)

House of dust. Aiken, C. P. (N ’20)

House

organs

O’Shea, P: F. Employees’ magazines. (O ’20)

Ramsay, R. E. Effective house organs. (Ap ’20)

House with a bad name. Sheehan, P. P. (D ’20)

Household arts for home and school. Cooley, A. M., and Spohr, W. (My ’20)

Housing and the housing problem. Aronovici, C. (S ’20)

Housing problem

Aronovici, C. Housing and the housing problem. (S ’20)

Knowles, M. Industrial housing. (Ja ’21)

Whitaker, C: H. Joke about housing. (Ag ’20)

How I filmed the war. Malins, G. H. (Ap ’20)

How it feels to be fifty. Butler, E. P. (Ag ’20)

How many cards? Ostrander, I. E. (Ja ’21)

How presidents are made. Dunn, A. W. (Je ’20)

How the war came. Loreburn, R. T. R. (My ’20)

How to become an office stenographer. Mason, W. L. (Ap ’20)

How to develop your will power. Major, C. T. (N ’20)

How to reduce. Donnelly, A. (Ja ’21)

How to study music. Farnsworth, C: H. (D ’20)

How to teach in Sunday-school. Schmauk, T. E. (Ag ’20)

How to use cement for concrete construction for town and farm. Campbell, H: C. (Je ’20)

How to write special feature articles. Bleyer, W. G. (Mr ’20)

How we advertised America. Creel, G: (Ag ’20)

Human and industrial efficiency. Chellew, H: (N ’20)

Human costs of the war. Folks, H. (Jl ’20)

Human efficiency and levels of intelligence. Goddard, H: H. (D ’20)

Human factor in education. Munroe, J. P. (D ’20)

Human factor in industry. Frankel, L. K., and Fleisher, A. (S ’20)

Human nature in business. Kelly, F. C. (Jl ’20)

Human personality and its survival of bodily death. Myers, F: W: H: (Ag ’20)

Human psychology. Warren, H. C. (Jl ’20)

Human traits and their social significance.

Edman, I. (N ’20)

Humanism in New England theology. Gordon, G: A. (My ’20)

Humanizing industry. Feld, R. C. (O ’20)

Humor

Ade, G: Hand-made fables. (Ap ’20)

Cobb, I. S. Abandoned farmers. (D ’20)

Cobb, I. S., and Rinehart, M. R. Oh, well, you know how women are! and Isn’t that just like a man! (My ’20)

Robey, G: My rest cure. (Ap ’20)

Humours of a parish, and other quaintnesses.

Money, W. B. (O ’20)

Hunger. Hamsun, K. (D ’20)

Hungry hearts. Yezierska, A. (D ’20)

Hunting

Caswell, J: Sporting rifles and rifle shooting. (S ’20)

Clapham, R: Foxhunting on the Lakeland fells. (Ja ’21)

Newbolt, H: J: Book of good hunting. (F ’21)

Roosevelt, K. Happy hunting grounds. (D ’20)

Stebbing, E: P. Diary of a sportsman naturalist in India. (Ja ’21)

Husband. Anstruther, E. H. A. (Jl ’20)

Hygiene

Camp, W. C. Handbook on health and how to keep it. (My ’20)

Miles, E. H. Self-health as a habit. (D ’20)

Proceedings of the international conference of women physicians. (Ja ’21)

Hygiene, Public

Henry, A. Forests, woods and trees in relation to hygiene. (Ja ’21)

Hyphen. Schem, L. C. (Ja ’21)

I wonder why. Goldsmith, M. (O ’20)

Ibos (Nigeria)

Basden, G: T: Among the Ibos of Nigeria. (Ja ’21)

Idea of atonement in Christian theology. Rashdall, H. (Je ’20)

Idea of progress. Bury, J: B. (N ’20)

Ideals of America. City club of Chicago. (Je ’20)

Idling in Italy. Collins, J. (D ’20)

Idolatry of science. Coleridge, S. (F ’21)

Idyl of the split bamboo. Holden, G: P. (Ja ’21)

If you don’t write fiction. Cushing, C: P. (Ag ’20)

Ignition devices

Pagé, V: W. Automobile starting, lighting, and ignition. (D ’20)

Illinois

Social life and customs

Reed, E. H. Tales of a vanishing river. (F ’21)

Illustrating of books

Whiting, J: D. Practical illustration. (Ja ’21)

Imagination and its place in education. Kirkpatrick, E. A. (D ’20)

Immigration

Davis, P., and Schwartz, B., eds. Immigration and Americanization. (Mr ’20)

Drachsler, J. Democracy and assimilation. (F ’21)

Orth, S: P. Our foreigners. (D ’20)

Immigration and Americanization. Davis, P., and Schwartz, B., eds. (Mr ’20)

Immortality

Heagle, D: Do the dead still live? (Jl ’20)

Tweedale, C: L. Man’s survival after death. (D ’20)

Imperfect mother. Beresford, J: D. (Jl ’20)

Imperial trans-Antarctic expedition, 1914–1917

Shackleton, E. H: South. (Ap ’20)

Imperialism

Tucker, I. St J: History of imperialism. (Ja ’21)

Impressions that remained. Smyth, E. (My ’20)

In April once. Percy, W: A. (D ’20)

In Berkshire fields. Eaton, W. P. (N ’20)

In chancery. Galsworthy, J: (N ’20)

In Kut and captivity with the Sixth Indian division. Sandes, E: W. C. (F ’21)

In Lincoln’s chair. Tarbell, I. M. (My ’20)

In lower Florida wilds. Simpson, C: T. (O ’20)

In Morocco. Wharton, E. N. (D ’20)

In old Pennsylvania towns. Wharton, A. H. (F ’21)

In the days of the Pilgrim fathers. Crawford, M. C. (Jl ’20)

In the garret. Van Vechten, C. (Mr ’20)

In the house of another. Mantle, B. (D ’20)

In the mountains. (N ’20)

In the prison camps of Germany. Hoffman, C. (Ja ’21)

In the shadow of Lantern street. Woodworth, H. G. (Jl ’20)

In the tracks of the trades. Freeman, L: R. (N ’20)

In the world war. Czernin von und zu Chudenitz, O. T. O: M. (My ’20)

Inbreeding and outbreeding. East, E: M., and Jones, D. F. (Ag ’20)

Income

Pickard, B. Reasonable revolution. (My ’20)

Index number for state school systems. Ayres, L. P. (F ’21)

Index to St Nicholas. Guthrie, A. L., comp. (Ap ’20)

India

Bannerjea, D. N. India’s nation builders. (N ’20)

Ladd, G: T. Intimate glimpses of life in India. (Mr ’20)

History

Moreland, W: H. India at the death of Akbar. (F ’21)

Politics and government

Macdonald, J. R. Government of India. (D ’20)

Mookerji, R. Local government in ancient India. (D ’20)

Young, P. N. F., and Ferrers, A. India in conflict. (F ’21)

India at the death of Akbar. Moreland, W: H. (F ’21)

India in conflict. Young, P. N. F., and Ferrers, A. (F ’21)

Indiana

Description and travel

Parsons, J: Tour through Indiana in 1840. (O ’20)

Indians of North America

Laing, M. E. Hero of the longhouse. (F ’21)

Social life and customs

Autobiography of a Winnebago Indian. (S ’20)

India’s nation builders. Bannerjea, D. N. (N ’20)

Indiscretions of the naval censor. Brownrigg, D. E. R. (Je ’20)

Industrial administration. Berriman, A. E., and others. (Ja ’21)

Industrial arts

Griffith, I. S: Teaching manual and industrial arts. (Ag ’20)

Industrial gases. Greenwood, H. C. (Ag ’20)

Industrial housing. Knowles, M. (Ja ’21)

Industrial management

Muscio, B. Lectures on industrial psychology. (N ’20)

Tead, O., and Metcalf, H: C. Personnel administration. (D ’20)

Industrial relations

Baker, R. S. New industrial unrest. (Je ’20)

Bloomfield, D., comp. Selected articles on modern industrial movements. (Ag ’20)

Goodrich, C. L. Frontier of control. (Ja ’21)

Holmes, J: H. Is violence the way out of our industrial disputes? (Je ’20)

Leverhulme, W: H. L. Six-hour shift and industrial efficiency. (Jl ’20)

Litchfield, P. W. Industrial republic. (Jl ’20)

Thomas, E: Industry, emotion and unrest. (O ’20)

Industrial republic. Litchfield, P. W. (Jl ’20)

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