SCOPE Magazine - Issue 3

THIRD ISSUE April 2018

PUBLISHED

EAGE

EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF GEOSCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS SUEZUNIVERSITYSTUDENTCHAPTER

Interview with Mr. Yasser Amer Human resources manager - East Africa & Med at Schlumberger.

A case study by Hazem Mahmoud Independent Petrophysics Consultant at the Middle East and Africa & Senior Petrophysicist at Schlumberger

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CREATE OPPORTUNITIES

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pportunities and success are not something you go after necessarily but something you attract by becoming an attractive person.

The key is to continue making yourself a more attractive person by the skills you have, the disciplines you have, the personality you’ve acquired, the character and reputation you have established, the language and speech you use—all of that refinement makes you more attractive.

Always try new things, new way, and even new methods to achieve the same thing. New things will provide you with more opportunities to take their advantages. Picture yourself walking through a maze. You’ll test all sorts of doors, some of which might take you to new and interesting avenues, some of which might dead-end. If you just keep opening doors and moving forward, eventually you will arrive someplace worthwhile.

Once you conquer the maze, you can turn around and guide others. To me, that is the highest form of success

I started my journey in this great entity 3 years ago trying to find my passion and achieve great success which I always look for. Once you join EAGE Suez team, you start feeling that amazing spirit from everyone around you. You start sharing enthusiasm with your mates. Here, obsession is our fuel to creativity. We believe each member has a new idea that must be invested. EAGE Suez is the place to gain and share knowledge, empower people to learn more and better understand the world. EAGE Suez was a great opportunity which provided me with a great way to achieve all what I needed.

I did my best to take pride in leading this great team in his fifth season with our slogan ‘’ Navigate Your future’’. It was an honor for me to be a leader among these sailors who worked hard to raise the name of this place. They believe in it as a source of power for every one of them. Through my journey with them I found my prize as finding more ways to impact others and spreading our vision.

I am so proud to release the third issue of Scope magazine, the official magazine of EAGE Suez University. I appreciate all the hard effort that had been done to come up with this amazing work.

They show up the highest level of professionalism in this great content. As every EAGE member, they put all their passion and effort in achieving the entity vision.

MOHAMMED ELSISI

EAGE SU SC PRISEDENT

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EAGE Suez is always a place where we grant experimentalism to every member. We encourage him to be opportunistic, be fearless, be willing to fail and try again, and seek out ways to challenge himself and others.

The Author Orison Swett Marden once said. Don’t wait for extraordinary opportunities. Seize common occasions and make them great. Weak men wait for opportunities; strong men make them. That was my journey in EAGE Suez the place of endless opportunities. If I was asked for my advice to you, it will be showcase your skills whatever skills you have, express it fully. Let others gain from your wisdom and experience.Don’tkeep your skills to yourself the world is waiting for it. That’s what will make you more attractive to opportunities.

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LIFE’S NOT JUST EXIST

nce I read this quote, I decided to try new things as participating in volunteering work and self-learning. It was like the call to get me out of my comfort zone. Being a volunteer in a student chapter isn’t just about helping others. For me, it’s also about enriching myself with new experience and giving my life a true value.

At the Suez University Student Chapter of the European association of Geologists and Engineers “EAGE SCU SC” we took it upon ourselves to get every member to the advanced level of competition present in the oil & Gas industry through our mission to seal the gap between the practical life and the academic attitude of the learning process. To ensure the success of our mission we provide much more than just technical support throughout sessions and seminars. Here at SCOPE, our team strives to meet your demands whether you are a student or a professional. So once again we introduce to you SCOPE magazine in its Third issue as a window for the chapter’s greatest accomplishments and collected articles.

As a SCOPE CEO, I got much experience to be shared in the future.

I was thrilled working with my team who are young professionals that would make a remark in their future career Every great work comes from great efforts, hardworking and continues improvements .We have established team that can handle with every task professionally and have left every member of the team with enough experience enable them to become leaders

“If you never try, you`ll never know what you are capable of.”

of themselves. “The role of leadership is to make more leaders, not more followers” Ralph Nader.

Three years back, returning to the start point to the first edition of SCOPE, what is the sensible doctrine to make this dream comes true? The answer lies with Vince Lombardi. Please, every single worker please work hard. Margret Thatcher once said, “I do not know anyone who has gotten to the top without hard work. That is the recipe. It will not always get you to the top, but it will get you pretty near.” Put your personal interests aside for a while and think about what you can give for this country. Hard work is the only way to move forward.

In this distinguished issue of SCOPE magazine, you will read high vulnerable content for some interesting topics and interview by leading pioneers and industry professionals Also we are thankful to the efforts exerted by the editorial team.

MOSTAFA SOBHY SCOPE CEO

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Interview with Mr. Yasser Amer Human resources manager - East Africa & Med at Schlumberger.

AN INTERVIEW WITH MR.Y.AMER

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irst of all we would thank you for accepting our invitation. It is a great honor of us to meet such an expert and to have this interview.

Thank you very much for this opportunity to talk to your respectable community it is a pleasure for me and pleasure for anyone in this position.

We would like to hear your story from scratch could you give us an insight about Yasser Amer?

My full name is Yasser Amer. I was born in Cairo in 1968, graduated from faculty of commerce Cairo university major business administration.

I am professional HR. be working for Schlumberger for almost 16 years I started in the company as HR manger as I moved her as a mid-career hired I worked as HR manger in several countries not only in Egypt I was lucky to get exposed to the job of HR in different counties different laws and cultures this definitely enhanced my experience and my exposure this in brief about myself and I am married and I have 3 children one boy and 2 girls.

How did you face the life after graduation here in Egypt?

I was like any other normal Egyptian who studied in Cairo university and sure you know about the faculty of commerce it is a lot a lot of graduates every year due to over population they graduate thousands of students in the labor market and of course to have a good tart you have to differentiate yourself in order to get an opportunity you have to do something different you have to be different So, I had to equip myself of course with the latest technology at the time as computer science So I got a lot of training at that side plus I decided not to say no any opportunity that pops up in front of me even it is small job or for very limited time cause my objective at this time is to kind of build step by step my profile resume to differentiate myself from others and this how I gained attraction and more opportunities in the market So through internships with some multinational companies if possible and this what happened with me when I started to put it in my Resume i started to be recognized to a certain extent and take my first step in fresh out positions.

This how I met the challenges training, technology and also about you know not to specify in a certain jobs or say yes or no to what pops up to me that would add some to my resume my first job was a moth project and it was very short project it sounded like a small thing but it was really important the thing in my resume and career as it was first time to get exposed to multinational organizations and how did they think and deal with each other and how people got evaluated and to work with policies and procedures.

For this limited duration the outcome yet was very important in this stage of my life .

As you know here in Egypt as a fresh graduate it is not about finding opportunity but creating it Do you consider yourself a lucky person after graduation?

This what I want to say it is very ironic to bring this terminology of luck in this interview

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because I was just discussing this with someone about the definition of luck and actually many people misunderstand or misinterpret the terminology of luck Luck I always perceive it as something that happened random and you have no say in it or you do not interfere in it which is absolutely wrong it is not the case Luck means that you work on a plan or things you really want to achieve it is not a random So I Personally believe life is not about luck life about creating opportunities for yourself trying to read the situation around you look at your options and be realistic about what is available and know where to start cause every stage in your career have its own calculations as for example when you are fresh out you always have to remember what did you study , where did you graduate from and what are the tools you have in your hand accordingly you read the situation around you and select from your options the ongoing challenge you have to face is to increase your opportunities increase your options throughout your career this is gonna increase what is called Luck the more you plan the more you do for yourself the more opportunities and options in your life will pop the less work planning and awareness about the situation the less options and less luck of course So I never thought about to looking for luck to be honest I always believed in hard work in looking for opportunities doing extra mile more than anyone else in my situation cause this would create opportunities but if you mean in your questions luck as are you satisfied?

Yes, I am satisfied and happy by what I have reached but did it come by itself no it doesn’t work like that this message I want you to pass to fresh graduates things doesn’t come by itself also you could have a lot of opportunities around you but if you do not perceive it as an opportunity it is a waste!

In applying for a job we need to know you list some of what we should do and what should we do not?

You have to prepare your resume very well means the contents fits the job. You have to keep your resume updated and you know some people use an old one even they forget what they written in it. there a lot of tips in a resume but it is obvious when you say am good am super. Instead of this you need to write down things that the manger need to know about things you have done to prove these staffs things you have worked on or projects that demonstrate these qualities instead of saying I am good tell me something that prove this. The second thing which is very important to get well prepared for the interview it is not acceptable is someone to go to interview in a big organization and he dose not know anything about these organization this is big mistake. So you have to read about this organization before the interview to get the basic knowledge about it. a third point is to make sure you listen carefully during the interview listen to the questions carefully .

If they ask a question and they get another answer this means a lot this means you are not listening or you are listening but not comprehending and result in miscommunication my advice is to listen to the question carefully answer the question and double check after answering it is you answered his question or not?.

Last point here is to arrive on time.

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THE USE OF MARKET INCENTIVES FOR EMISSIONS MITIGATION Jason Olsen Founder & President, Vitruvian Innovations

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n 1996, Berkshire Hathaway executive Charlie Munger gave a brilliant talk at Harvard which has been retroactively titled “The Standard Causes of Human Misjudgement”. During his address, Munger presented personal and empirical evidence outlining human behaviour in a variety of business cases that would suggest the exact opposite of the underlying assumption of every economic theory: humans are inherently rational beings. Munger argued that despite the obvious notion that we believe we act in our own best interest, we consistently make decisions that suggest the opposite is true.

Our decision-making process is often that of analyzing the trade-offs of our options – the expected benefit as a function of cost, risk, time, and other factors. We make hundreds of these decisions a day, often subconsciously, and most have little impact on our daily lives. However, these tiny decisions often shape larger outcomes, especially once amalgamated on a mass global scale. Environmental issues are manifested in this way – it is not the behaviour of a single person causing the rising global temperatures.

Or one company. Or a single country. It is the summation of the activities of every individual in the world on a daily basis.

The challenge we as a society now face is this: we are fast approaching point were the actions we take to combat pollutant emissions will be meaningless. So, how do we encourage meaningful change?

Before we get into the basic economics of carbon mitigation, I want to state the fact that I do understand there are various viewpoints as to the cause and impact of modern climate change theory. I respect that those reading this paper may not hold the same views as myself in regards to man’s impact on the environment and global temperatures. The scope of this paper is meant to examine the impacts of carbon pricing on decision-making. So, let’s get to that.

I want to start by examining the most common way of pricing carbon: The Command and Control approach, primarily implemented by some form of central authority. Say the government were to put a price on carbon of $30/metric tonne, for any emissions above the predetermined baseline of ‘allowable’ emissions based on business practices. For arguments sake, let’s say baseline for oil company XYZ is 1,000,000 metric tonnes per year. Currently, company XYZ is emitting 1,200,000 metric tonnes. Under Command and Control, what are their options?

First, they could essentially do nothing and maintain business-as-usual practices. This would mean that for all of their emissions above baseline (1,200,000 - 1,000,000 = 200,000 tonnes above), they would pay a tax of $30 per tonne. This would result in a tax penalty of $6,000,000, payable to the government authority imposing the regime. This increases the cost of doing business for oil company XYZ, and its intent is to push a business into investing in green technology initiatives.

If company XYZ decides that instead of paying a $6,000,000-dollar tax penalty to the government, they would rather invest in technology that reduces their overall emissions, then the carbon tax would ultimately have done its job. In this scenario, the company explores three simplistic options:

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Install a combined heat and power unit (CHP) at a cost of $5,000,000 that will reduce emissions by 200,000 tonnes Basic economic theory would suggest that company XYZ is better off investing in CHP than paying the tax, simply because the cost of $25/tonne of CHP installation is less that the cost of the $30/ tonne carbon tax. There marginal benefit of choosing to invest in CHP technology is ($30/tonne $25/tonne = $5/tonne). This is how a carbon tax can influence company (and human) behaviour.

Notice how for options 2 and 3, there is no positive marginal benefit for company XYZ to pursue those investments. For both the installation of wind turbines and CCS technology, the company is better off simply paying the tax.

What we have just seen is an incredibly simplistic introduction to what economists call an ‘abatement curve’ – at what price of carbon do certain emissions abatement activities becomes a net positive for a company? So long as the carbon tax is higher than the marginal cost of abatement, companies have an economic reason to invest in emissions-reducing technologies that don’t provide a traditional revenue stream.

As the carbon tax, or carbon price, increases, the economic decision to invest in higher-cost technologies becomes feasible. However, we now run into the issue of the carbon tax itself: it is politically unpopular to implement and can result in competitive imbalances on national exports, decrease in foreign investment, and increase in costs to consumers in an economy. Implementing a tax of $100/tonne is political suicide for any governing entity. However, too low a tax and you aren’t making any material reduction on emissions and are increasing the cost burden on the economy.

Company XYZ from our first example, now operating under a CaT system, may decide they are better off long term investing renewable power generation to reduce their emissions and avoid the potentially higher costs of carbon emissions allowances. Again, this is an incredibly simplified example, but it does give some insight into how pricing a pollutant can influence company behaviour.

My argument, and what my company is trying to introduce, is that there may even more efficient and impactful market-based solutions than a CaT system. The effectiveness of CaT has been debated economics and environmentalists alike, and while it is nowhere near perfect, it does introduce some immensely powerful market mechanisms that may ultimately be what causes a material impact in global emissions.

We believe emerging technology – a combination of IoT, AI, big data, and distributed data ledgers – will have profound benefits in our battle against rising temperatures. These technologies can be used to compound the benefits of market-based principles by increasing reliability and accuracy in emissions report, reducing costs, increasing liquidity, and integrating and harmonizing global trading markets and reduction standards. It is now a question of how we deploy them.

To conclude, let’s rewind to what I began this paper with – human misjudgement. A healthy environment is in the best interest of every living being on this planet. Regardless of race, religion, gender, social status or wealth, we all rely on fresh air, clean drinking water, and rich soil to maintain our quality of life. However, the small decisions we make every day - ones as small as biking to work rather than driving - can have adverse effects on the environment. We just don’t notice. The benefit of convenience and lack of market information surrounding the impact of our decisions results in insufficient data when evaluating our options.

I would also be inclined to suggest that even if we had perfect market information (our trek to work would cost the environment $X, perfectly calculated and priced), many of us would still choose less eco-friendly actions in the name of convenience and comfort. And as someone who partakes in such activates, I am in no position to blame them.

Our fist step is to price natural capital and allow for international trading of said capital on global markets. Our second step is to convince the world this is in our best interest. Stay turned.

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Development of 3000 m Subsea Blowout Preventer Experimental Prototype Baoping Cai

College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, China University of Petroleum

1. Introduction Complex mechatronic system such as subsea blowout preventer (BOP) system requires high reliability. Cai et al. proposed a GMR-based data acquisition and supervisory control system, Cai et al. also proposed BN-based real-time reliability evaluation system for 3000 m BOP. To avoid accidents, reliable design, manufacture, operation and maintenance are required.

Therefore, it is necessary to train operators effectively to ensure the operational reliability of operators. An extremely reliable BOP control system and an experimental prototype are developed in this paper.

2. Development of Hydraulic control system

Considering the working pressures of ram type preventer and annular preventer are different, pressure reducing valves are designed before Hydraulic control system of the subsea the BOPs to achieve secondary adjustment of oil BOP experimental prototype is a dual-mode pressure. redundant control system, which consists of 3. Development of Electronic control blue control case and yellow control case. The hydraulic circuit is shown in Fig. 1. Take BOP NO.1 system Electronic control system of the subsea BOP as an example to explain the control principle.

When the pilot valve is powered on and begin experimental prototype consists of NI control to reverse, the low-pressure oil flows into the system and relay control system. Hardware control inlet of the electrohydraulic valve, configuration of NI control system is shown in which drives the hydraulic valve to reverse. Fig. 2. This system mainly consists of central Then the high-pressure oil flows into the closing control unit, Ethernet switch and NI suite. The chamber of the BOP through shuttle valve, and suite contains two cDAQ9188 cases, two NI9477 the BOP completes the closing movement with data acquisition cards and two NI9405 data oil pressure. To seal the oil well for a long time acquisition cards. The two sets of equipment without providing persistent high oil pressure, are installed in the blue case and the yellow case a retaining mechanism is designed to lock the respectively to simulate the output module and state of BOP after closing movement, and the input module in practice production.

NI9477 data acquisition card is a digital retaining mechanism requires relative much output equipment, which is used to control the lower oil pressure. The unlocking and opening movements of the BOP are completely opposite. movement of the valves. NI9405 is an analog The components and working principle of the input equipment, which is used for pressure yellow case are completely the same with the acquisition. Two cDAQ9188 cases communicate blue case, the yellow case works as a substitution through Ethernet switch and transmit data to when a failure occurs in blue case. And the shuttle the computer. A control program supporting the valve between them makes the two redundant hardware configuration is developed based on systems independent from each other without Labview software.

Take control logic of BOP NO.1 as an example. At mutual interference. first, assume the blue case is the default case, and the program begins to judge if the pressure value The working collected by pressure sensor PS2B is correct. If principles of yes, the pilot valve of SPM2B will reverse, then BOP NO.2 and the program begins to judge if the pressure value NO.3 are similar collected by pressure sensor PS9B is correct. If with BOP NO.1. yes, maintain the pressure for 20 seconds and the BOP will finish closing movement.

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After that, DDV4B will reverse, then the program begins to judge if the pressure value collected by pressure sensor PS5B is correct. If yes, maintain the pressure for 20 seconds and the locking movement will complete.

In the meantime, pilot valve of SPM2B will return to original position. If there are any outliers in acquisition of PS2B, PS9B or PS5B, the program will be interrupted and switch to yellow case to continue the same logic. The control flow is similar if the yellow case is chosen as the default case.

The relay control logic is shown in Fig. 3. Once the motor is started, working states of the pump can be selected by switching the three-selection knob. All BOPs opening or closing movements are controlled by the combination of buttons and contacts of relays, and interlocking is designed between the opening-movement contacts and the closing-movement contacts to avoid conflict.

4. Development of key components The time-delay relays are designed to accomplish locking movement automatically after the BOP is closed and accomplish unlocking movement automatically when the BOP needs to be opened.

If there is any malfunction happens to the equipment, the alternative button can be switched to change the control case.

The mechanical system of subsea BOP experimental prototype mainly consists of ram BOPs, annular BOP and valve blocks. Cai et al. proposed researching and developing methods of ram BOPs. The design of annular BOP and valve blocks is discussed below. The primary components of annular BOP consist of shell, rubber core, piston, supporting tube and fixture block. The structure is shown in Fig. 4. The rubber core is the core of the BOP, which is a subulate rubber with supporting rods inside. When the piston goes upward, the supporting rods are pressed to the center and pull the robber to hold the drill pipe. Piston is the key component that transforms the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy, and it is powered by high-pressure oil to push the rubber core to working position. All valve groups are installed on valve blocks, which reduces connecting lines and improve reliability significantly. Take the valve block shown in Fig. 5 (a) as an example. The whole valve group is shown in Fig. 5 (b), including electro-hydraulic valves SPM1B-SPM4B

The Exploded View Og annular blowout preventer

and reducing valve. The high-pressure oil flows into the reducing valve through P inlet. After pressure stetting, the high-pressure oil flows into the block, and the low-pressure oil flows into the block through X inlet directly. Then if any solenoid valve that controls the low-pressure oil reverses from original position, the low-pressure oil will flow into relevant pilot valve and open relevant high-pressure oil inlet, then the high-pressure oil flows into relevant oil cylinder and execute opening or closing movement. Pressure sensors are installed near every oil inlet and outlet to measure the pressure. And oil drainage inside the block flows back to the tank through Y and T outlets.Fig 4 .

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Estimation of lost circulation amount occurs during under balanced drilling using drilling data and neural network Pouria Behnoud far Drilling Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran

1. Introduction The range of mud-pressure gradients that secures safe drilling of formations is known as the mud-gradient window; the lower and upper limits are usually determined by the porefluid pressure and fracture gradients of the formation. This range may become too narrow in certain operational scenarios, however, such as when drilling deep water or highly deviated wells, or through depleted zones.

Lost circulation is a common problem that occurs in drilling operations. This problem may happen in formations having high permeability or fractures. In addition, lost circulation can occur due to induced fractures. The possibility of lost circulation increases by drilling at high depth or at depleted reservoirs with low pore pressure. Lost circulation can cause many different problems such as: increase in time and cost of operation, pipe sticking, formation damage and uncontrolled flow of oil and gas.

Estimation of the amount of lost circulation is useful in dealing with these problems.

Different parameters have an influence on lost circulation and its amount. Some of these parameters are mud weight, pump pressure, depth, etc.

In this article, the effect of mud weight, depth, pump pressure and flow rate of pump on lost circulation amount in UBD of Asmari formation in one of the Southwest Iranian field is studied using artificial neural network. In additional, the amount of lost circulation in Asmari formation of this field is predicted precisely with respect to two of studied parameters using the presented correlations. Genetic algorithm is also used to minimize the amount of lost circulation.

As Asmari formation is the most important oil reservoir of the studied field, UBD is the best choice to prevent fracturing.

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Conventional drilling may cause some problems such as induced fracturing and lost circulation. It is important to have a good estimation on lost circulation due to the high cost of UBD. To attempt this, three wells are selected among all drilled wells in this reservoir. These wells have the most, moderate and no lost circulation. Then, the amount of lost circulation is predicted with respect to different factors using artificial neural network.

Human neural network is the origin idea of artificial neural network which is a parallel system and a mathematical model and can find the complex relations between different parameters. ANN has been used in different fields since 1960 and was announced as a new science in 1965.

2. Neural network and genetic algorithm Neural networks are computational systems which are capable of learning and using their learning to predict outputs of a complex system.

They consist of a large number of processing elements called neuron. These elements are connected to each other work together to solve a problem. ANN is a trustworthy tool which can predict and estimate between the parameters of complex relations very fast and accurately. Fig. 1 shows the schematic of an ANN. Genetic algorithm is a tool to optimize and reach the optimum value of a function. The procedure of this algorithm is to select randomly initial solutions (initial populations) from the possible solution space. The fitness function is determined for each solution, and the solutions are consequently ranked. The population then evolves through several operations, such as reproduction, crossover, and mutation to optimize the fitness function and obtain the final optimal solution.

The amount of lost circulation in UBD of Asmari formation is estimated by a two-layer feed-forward neural network which has 3 neurons in its hidden layer. Inputs of ANN are mud weight, pump pressure, depth and pump flow rate. In this ANN, 70% of data belongs to learning, 15% to validation and 15% is used to test. Amount of lost circulation is the only output of the network. This ANN is shown in Fig. 2. Transform function is sigmoid. Using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and mean square error, the following figures achieved. These figures illustrate the performance of ANN. Fig. 3 shows the trend of error decrease in learning, validation and testing data. According to this figure, the best state of neural network is in the second epoch.

3. Methodology

The amount of lost circulation in UBD of Asmari formation is estimated by a two-layer feed-forward neural network which has 3 neurons in its hidden layer. Inputs of ANN are mud weight, pump pressure, depth and pump flow rate. In this ANN, 70% of data belongs to learning, 15% to validation and 15% is used to test. Amount of lost circulation is the only output of the network. This ANN is shown in Fig. 2. Transform function is sigmoid. Using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and mean square error, the following figures achieved. These figures illustrate the performance of ANN. Fig. 3 shows the trend of error decrease in learning, validation and testing data. According to this figure, the best state of neural network is in the second epoch.

Figure 3 Performance of designed neural network.

This part is clarified using a circle and showing the least amount of error in validation data. Fig. 4 illustrates the different states during the learning of the ANN. For example, validation fail diagram shows the number of times that validation data fail.

In validation states, neural network tries to decrease the error between learning and validation using a trial manner.

In the created ANN, the operation of training is stopped after trend of error decrease is changed for the sixth time.

Fig. 5 examines the regression of data individually.

The horizontal axis is for target and the vertical axis is designed for output of the created neural network.

Designed neural network works accurate

Figure 4 Training state of designed neural network.

Figure 5 Comparison the outputs of neural network and observed data.

according to the discussed figures. Hence, in order to proposed correlations between the effective parameters and the amount of lost circulation, regression can be done on the outputs of created neural network. The depth of drilling in Asmari formation can be ignored according to its low thickness.

In each step, mud weight, pump pressure or flow rate of pump is constant and a correlation is proposed which relates the amount of lost circulation with two other parameters. The quality of regression can be examined using R-Square, sum of squared errors of prediction (SSE) and root mean square error (RMSE). SSE is the sum of squared difference between observed data and model data

and is obtained from Eq. (1).

R-Squared shows the quality of similarity between observed and model data. As this number approaches 1, the model can predict more precisely.

R-Square is calculated from Eq. (2). RMSE is a factor which is obtained from Eq. (3). In each case, the residual plot is plotted.

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Eni Reconstructs Well Interval with Techlog Software

K.mod module calculates previously unmeasured offshore section Hazem Mahmoud Senior Petrophysicist

CHALLENGE

Evaluate cased offshore well interval to deliver a complete data set to calculate shale volumes, porosities, and saturations.

SOLUTION

Implement K.mod module within the Techlog* wellbore software platform to reconstruct missing interval data, using information from a previous exploration well.

RESULTS

The reconstructed data allowed Eni to -outline the gas interval crossover to optimize perforation depth -define related shale volumes, porosity estimates, and water saturation levels -progress with key field investment decision making.

“The Techlog K.mod module allowed us to reconstruct and characterize a cased interval, which was impossible to log.

The subsequent reservoir characterization lead to key investment decisions for the development of Seth field. The Techlog platform helped us see something from nothing!”

Hanan Abdel Fattah Technical Leader, ENI

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Missing log interval, plus error percentages after validation As part of Eni’s development reconstruct the missing shallow of the Seth gas field, offshore interval data, using information Egypt, the Italian multinational from oil and gas company needed a previous exploration well. The to evaluate a shallow well module allows users to model interval—having already drilled quantitative variables from and cased beyond it. Eni was training datasets. It is powered targeting deep gas reservoirs by multilayer perceptron and needed a complete data technology, a non-linear set to start petrophysical regression statistical method. evaluation and reservoir To begin the reconstruction, characterization. the team used gamma ray, The company had recorded a sonic, neutron, and density complete suite of logging while measurements from the drilling (LWD) measurements, exploratory well in combination in addition to wireline logs, in with gamma ray and resistivity the deeper reservoir interval. log information from the However, in the shallow shallow interval. After a number reservoir of trials, the team fine-tuned it had only gathered gamma ray parameters to best illustrate the and resistivity log information. crossover of the gas interval, and help optimize perforation K.mod reconstruction After some consideration, depth intervals. The findings Eni selected using the K.mod were then used to update the module within the Techlog field development plan. wellbore software platform to Wellbore

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CASE STUDY: K.mod module calculates previously unmeasured offshore section

Neural network using triple combo logs

Decision-making clarity

The Techlog K.mod module allowed Eni to accurately reconstruct measurements from a partially recorded well interval, enabling the team to progress with key decision making. It meant that a density log could be created for an already cased interval. The subsequent reservoir characterization, undertaken using the new information, defined shale volumes, porosity estimates, and water saturation levels. It led directly to Eni making key investment decisions for the future development of the Seth field.

All reconstructed logs. Learning phases were only performed on selected areas.

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PETORLEUM AND POTENTIAL HYDROCARBON PLAYS OF HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS N. A. Nabih Magawish Petroleum Company (Magapetco) ABSTRACT Unconventional crude oil production will expand as the production of conventional oil will decline after 2020 (Odell, 1994). Production from the richest portion of the largest unconventional oil resources is forecasted to increase as escalating prices will allow profitable operations. This paper stresses the need to understand & re-evaluate the heavy oil reservoirs in Egypt as a clue for ascertaining the potentialities of heavy oil reserves at the edges of the Gulf of Suez in Egypt. Heavy oil occurs in shallow and deep structure geologic settings, which are unconventional by accepted standards, yet they are economically interesting prospects in the light of modern method of production. The present author believes in the need to increase oil production from all sources to meet the needs of the petrochemical industries and products that could not be compensated from other sources, such as renewable energy sources.

The encouraging oil potentiality (proven oil of API gravity ranging from 11.4º to 20.5 º API) in sand deposits of Miocene and pre-Miocene will add more oil reserves for future exploration phases. A second look at old unprofitable wells, using new technology to eke every last drop out of reservoirs.

METHODOLOGY All previous oil company internal reports (unpublished materials), core descriptions, logging data, maps, cross sections and published papers have been reviewed in detail. A detailed correlation has been done for more than 20 wells and core holes. All cut faulted with their cut sections were determined. All test data and cores have been investigated. A qualitative log interpretation has been calculated to get water saturation percentage, net pay thickness, oil water contact and porosity and have been used in calculating the original heavy oil in places for the first time.

STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURAL EVENTS The stratigraphic section of the study areas ranges in age from pre-Cambrian to Recent. Different formation names are used according to the codes of stratigraphy in both Egypt. We have adopted here the stratigraphic nomenclature of the Gulf of Suez according to National Stratigraphy Sub – Committee (1974). Different formation names used by the operating oil companies in their log charts throughout the basin have been correlated referring to the lithologic description of above mentioned references.

STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURAL EVENTS The stratigraphic section of the study areas ranges in age from pre-Cambrian to Recent. Different formation names are used according to the codes of stratigraphy in both Egypt. We have adopted here the stratigraphic nomenclature of the Gulf of Suez according to National Stratigraphy Sub – Committee (1974).

Different formation names used by the operating oil companies in their log charts throughout the basin have been correlated referring to the lithologic description of above mentioned references.

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The thickness and type of deposits are mainly controlled by the structural events. This section in the Gulf of Suez is generally characterized by three main rock sequences relative to the Miocene rifting. These are pre-rift (Early Paleozoic to Eocene), syn-rift (Miocene), and post-rift (PlioceneRecent) sequences. The three sequences are separated by two regional unconformities. The first and second sequences include important hydrocarbon source, reservoir and seal rocks. The Paleozoic-Lower Cretaceous sandstones of Nubia facies lie over Precambrian granitic rocks. The Upper Cretaceous marls and shales of the Raha, Wata and Matulla Formations are overlain by the Campanian- Maastrichtian Sudr Chalk which, in turn, is capped by both Paleocene Esna Shale and Lower-Middle Eocene limestones. The syn-rift (Miocene) succession is commonly subdivided into sandstones, marls and shales of the Rudeis and Kareem Formations evaporites with thin clastic interbeds of the Belayim, South Gharib and Zeit Formations. A blanket of coarse and fine clastics and, in some areas, oolitic limestone lies unconformably over the Miocene formations.

This Pliocene-Recent blanket has widespread distribution and its thickness varies from a few meters (surface) to about 1500 m (Nabih and Abd-Allah, 1999).

Faults are the main structural elements affecting the study area. Faults exist in four sets, which are north-northwest (Clysmic trend), west-northwest, northeast to north-northeast (Aqaba trend), and north-south. A listric fault model is proposed for the rift coastal faults which splay into branches that enclose spindle and/or triangular shaped blocks (Nabih, 1999). The existence of basaltic dykes with different width and having a north-northeast orientation on both sides of the Araba - Durba fault indicates the rejuvenation of this fault during the Oligo - Miocene and the midClysmic rifting stages. Recently, the Araba - Durba fault was rejuvenated by a pure left - lateral strike - slip displacement. The anticlines and syncline mapped in the study area are interpreted to be fault-drag folds, whereas the monoclines are drape folds (Abd-Allah and Nabih, 1999).

The Gulf of Suez has attracted attention of a large number of investigators for its hydrocarbon potentialities among them Moustafa, 1976 and 1993; El Heiny and Enani, 1990; Awni et al.,1990; Nabih, 1992; Nabih and Talaat, 1995; Nabih and Abd-Allah, 1999; Abd-Allah and Nabih, 1999.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study of heavy oil reservoir in El Nezzazat, Feiran and Abu Durba fields reveal the following: 1 - The estimation of the original oil in place concluded about 113 million stock tank barrel proven oil of API gravity ranges from 11.4° to 19° in pre-Miocene and post-Miocene sandstones.

2 - Similar potential could be repeated at the edges of the present Gulf of Suez.

3 - Due to poor seismic data near the shoreline Clysmic faults, the interpretation is mainly based on surface and subsurface data to construct the geological model.

4 - Heavy oil occurs in geologic settings which are unconventional by accepted standards, yet they are economically interesting project in the light of modern methods of potential production.

5 - The two main crude oils in Abu Durba Recent sediments and Kareem Formation sand of well GS 277-1 have different nickel / vanadium ratio, indicating derivation from two probable sources.

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