FOCUS - Issue 5

ENERGY

OF TOMORROW

After the fluctuating highs and lows of the oil industry, and due to the huge amounts of uncertainty and risk accompanying it, the world has recently went on a journey to discover alternatives to the so-called “Black Gold’. From sustainability, to safety, to pullotion reduction, renewable and clean sources have proven their efficiency as interesting areas of rinvestment, if not complete alternatives to hydrocarbon sources. We take you through the first section of our magazine to discover some interesting sources of energy, and to have a glance at probably the next stop for the train of industrial revolution.

Join us as we dive into the various sources of Renewable Energy (like Wind Energy and Solar Energy), and extend our research to explore another interesting source called “Biomass Energy”... Also, have you ever heard about “Biomethane”?

SECTION 1

CONTENTS Biomass Energy

4

Renewable Energy

8

Biomethane

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Biomass Energy FROM NATURE... INTO NATURE

Introduction First, we will discuss the most important question which will come to our minds, “what is biomass”?

Bio-mass covers all kinds of organic matter from fuel wood to marine vegetable. There is a wide range of options for conversion into more convenient and useful forms of energy, such as heat energy and electrical energy.

Biomass is a term used to describe all organic matter produced by photosynthesis, existing on the earth’s surface.

They include all water- and land-based vegetation and trees, all waste biomass such as: municipal solid waste (MSW), municipal biosolids (sewage) and animal wastes (manures), forestry and agricultural residues and certain types of industrial wastes. The world’s energy markets have relied heavily on the fossil fuels. Biomass is the only other naturally occurring energy-containing carbon resource that is large enough in quantity to be used instead of fossil fuel.

Through the process of photosynthesis, chlorophyll in plants captures the sun’s energy by converting carbon dioxide from the air and water from the ground into carbohydrates (i.e., complex compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen). When these carbohydrates are burned, it turns back into carbon dioxide and water and releases the sun’s energy they contain. In this way, biomass functions as a sort of natural battery for storing solar energy.

Sources of biomass 1. It can be obtained from different sources comprising

Organic wastes which accumulate at a specific location, such as municipal solid waste (MSW).

2. Residues left as plant materials in the field or forest

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during the post harvesting period of agricultural crops or timber.

Methods of extraction Biomass can be converted to thermal energy, liquid, solid or gaseous fuels and other chemical products through a variety of conversion processes. Biopower technologies are proving electricity-generation options in the United States, with 10GW of installed capacity. All of today’s capacity is based on mature and direct-combustion technology. Future efficiency improvements will include co-firing of biomass in existing coal-fired boilers and the introduction of high-efficiency gasification, combined cycle systems, fuel cell systems, and modular systems. Generally, the prominent biopower technologies are comprised of direct combustion, co-firing, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion and fermentation.

Direct Combustion This is perhaps the simplest method of extracting energy from biomass. Industrial biomass combustion facilities can burn many types of biomass fuel, including: wood, agricultural residues, wood pulping liquor, municipal solid waste (MSW) and refusederived fuel. Biomass is burned to produce steam, which turns a turbine and the turbine drives a generator, producing electricity.

Only certain types of biomass materials are used for direct combustion because potential ash can be build-up (which fouls boilers, reducing efficiency).

temperature than the original biomass, making it more useful for manufacturing processes. More sophisticated pyrolysis techniques have been developed recently to collect volatiles that are otherwise lost to the system.

The collected volatiles produce a gas which is rich in hydrogen, a potential fuel, and carbon monoxide. These compounds are synthesized into methane, methanol and other hydrocarbons. Flash pyrolysis is used to produce bio-crude, a combustible fuel. Heat is used to chemically convert biomass into pyrolysis oil. The oil, which is easier to store and transport than solid biomass material, is then burned like petroleum to generate electricity. Pyrolysis can also convert biomass into phenol oil, a chemical used to make wood adhesives, molded plastics and foam insulation.

Gasification

Digestion

Gasification is a process that exposes solid fuel to high temperatures and limited oxygen to produce a gaseous fuel. The gas produced by the process is a mix of gases, such as: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen and methane. The gas is then used to drive a high efficiency and combined-cycle gas turbine. Gasification has several advantages over burning solid fuel. One is convenience as one of the resultant gases, methane, can be treated in a similar way as natural gas and used for the same way. Another advantage of gasification is that it produces fuel with less impurities and could therefore cause fewer pollution problems when burnt. Under suitable circumstances, it can also produce synthetic gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen which can be used to make Hydro-carbon (e.g., methane and methanol) for replacing fossil fuels. Hydrogen itself is a potential fuel without much pollution which can conceivably substitute oil and petroleum in the foreseeable future.

Biomass digestion works by utilizing anaerobic bacteria. These microorganisms usually live at the bottom of swamps or in other places where there is no air, consuming dead organic matter to produce methane and hydrogen. We put these bacteria to work for us. By feeding organic matter, such as: animal dung or human sewage into tanks, called digesters and adding bacteria, we collect the emitted gas to use as an energy source. This process is a very efficient means of extracting usable energy from such biomass. Usually, up to two thirds of the fuel energy of the animal dung could be recovered. Another related technique is to collect methane gas from landfill sites. A large proportion of household biomass waste, such as: kitchen scraps, lawn clipping and pruning, ends up at the local tip. Over a period of several decades, anaerobic bacteria at the bottom of such tips could steadily decompose the organic matter and emit methane. The gas can be extracted and used by capping a landfill site with an impervious layer of clay and then inserting perforated pipes that would collect the gas and bring it to the surface.

Biomass advantages 1.

Biomass is always and widely available as a renewable source of energy. The organic materials used to produce biomass are infinite since our society consistently produces waste, such as: garbage, wood and manure.

Pyrolysis In its simplest form, pyrolysis represents heating the biomass to drive off the volatile matter, leaving the charcoal behind. This process has doubled the energy density of the original material because charcoal, which is half the weight of the original biomass, contains the same amount of energy, making the fuel more transportable. The charcoal also burns at a much higher

2. It is carbon neutral. As a natural part of photosynthesis, biomass fuels only release the same amount of carbon into the atmosphere as was absorbed by plants in the course of their life cycle .

3. It reduces the overreliance of fossil fuels Not only

there is a limited supply of fossil fuels, but also fossil fuels come with environmental baggage, including the release

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of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and the pollutants that result from removal, transportation and production.

4. It is less expensive than fossil fuels. While fossil fuel production requires a heavy outlay of capital, such as: oil

drills, gas pipelines and fuel collection, biomass technology is much cheaper. Manufacturers and producers are able to generate higher profits from a lower output.

5. Biomass production adds a revenue source for manufacturers. Producers of waste can add value by channeling their garbage to create a more profitable usage in forming biomass energy.

5. Less garbage in landfills. By burning solid waste, the amount of garbage dumped in landfills is reduced by 60 to 90 percent and reduces the cost of landfill disposal and amount of land required for landfill.

Disadvantages While the advantages of biomass energy are plenty, there are also some shortcomings, including:

1. Biomass energy is not as efficient as fossil fuels. Some biofuels, like Ethanol, is relatively inefficient as compared to gasoline. In fact, it has to be fortified with fossil fuels to increase its efficiency .

2. It is not entirely clean. While biomass is carbon neutral, the use of animal and human waste escalates the amount

of methane gases, which are also damaging to the environment. Additionally, the pollution created from burning wood and other natural materials can be considered just as bad as that resulting from burning coal and other types of energy resources.

3. Can lead to deforestation. Since wood is one of the most used source of biomass energy, vast amounts of wood and other waste products have to be burned to produce the desired amount of power. While currently there is enough wood waste already, there is a risk of deforestation in the future .

4. Biomass plants require a lot of space. While it’s difficult to find a plant that is in a convenient place in an urban

area, utilizing onsite hardware like the BioMaxÂŽ technology, companies can create biomass energy at a fraction of the space of a large facility.

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Renewable Energy ONCE A DREAM, NOW A REALITY

Introduction According to Hubbert linearization method and other forecasting techniques, it is clear that the world crude oil production is peaked up already and now it is in the decline mode. During the same time, demand is continuously increasing. As oil producing nations consume more and more oil domestically, therefore, they will be able to export less crude oil in future. Due to the increasing demand, once global oil production begins to decline, demand is expected to exceed the supply and consequently world oil prices will increase (The world oil uncertainty and its influences on the world economy are highlighted in Refs).

Therefore, now it is the time to think seriously about oil conservation and utilization of the alternative energy sources like renewable energy to avoid energy supply gap created by the oil deficiency. Saudi Arabia, which is a leading oil producer, has a high potential for renewable energy sources and is keenly interested in taking an active part in the development of new technologies for exploiting and utilizing these renewable sources of energy.

The most natural renewable energy sources, which are freely available, are: wind, solar, and geothermal energy.

Therefore, it is important to explore ways by which this power can be utilized not only for domestic use but also for possible export. Smart grid technologies can play an important role in this regard.

Energy is an essential commodity in today’s world of rapid industrialization as it is the main entity which powers our home, offices and industries. The deficit between supply and demand is huge and is continually increasing. World is majorly dependent on fossil fuels for energy generation.

These fossil fuels will deplete one day and their usage causes severe climate effects like global warming and acid rain (Acidic rain is a result of the greenhouse gases).

The country is rich in sources of renewable energy, but these sources have not been harnessed to their full extent due to lack of finances, improper planning and technological infrastructure. In view of this backdrop, it is essential

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to inculcate renewable energy education to students at universities so that they can use their gained knowledge and skill set to solve the hazardous problem of energy crisis.

What is Renewable Energy?

Renewable energy uses energy sources that are continually replenished by nature including: the sun, the wind, water, the Earth’s heat and plants. Renewable energy technologies turn these fuels into usable forms of energy: most often electricity, but also heat, chemicals, or mechanical power.

Why Use Renewable Energy?

Today we primarily use fossil fuels to heat and power our homes and fuel our cars. It’s convenient to use coal, oil, and natural gas for meeting our energy needs, but we have a limited supply of these fuels on the Earth as we are using them much more rapidly than they are being created and eventually, they will run out. As a result of safety concerns and waste disposal problem, the United States will retire much of its nuclear capacity by 2020.

In the meantime, the nation’s energy needs are expected to grow by 33 percent during the next 20 years. Renewable energy can help fill the gap. Even if we had an unlimited supply of fossil fuels, using renewable energy is better for the environment. We often call renewable energy technologies “clean” or “green” because it produce few if any pollutants. Burning fossil fuels, however, sends greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, trapping the

sun’s heat and release it back into the home at night. In the summer, when the sun is higher in the sky, window overhangs block direct sunlight, which keeps the house cool. Tile and brick floors also remain cool during the summer. Passive solar design combined with energy efficiency will go even further. Energy-efficient features such as energy saving windows and appliances, along with good insulation and weatherstripping, can make a huge difference in energy and cost savings.

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Applications

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Solar Water Heating Solar distillation Solar pumping Solar furnaces Solar electric power generation Solar thermal power production

Advantages sun’s heat and contributing to global warming. Climate scientists generally agree that the Earth’s average temperature has risen in the past century. If this trend continues, sea levels will rise, and scientists predict that floods, heat waves, droughts, and other extreme weather conditions can occur more often. When fossil fuels are burned, other pollutants are released into the air, soil and water.

These pollutants take a dramatic toll on the environment and on humans Air pollution, contributing to diseases like asthma. Acid rain, formed from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides harm plants and fish. Nitrogen oxides also contribute to smog. Renewable energy will also help us develop energy independence and security. The United States imports more than 50 percent of its oil, up from 34 percent in 1973. Replacing some of our petroleum with fuels made from plant matter, for example, could save money and strengthen our energy security. Renewable energy is plentiful and technologies are improving all the time. There are many ways to use renewable energy and most of us already use renewable energy in daily lives.

1 It can replace scarce fossil fuels like oil and gas.

Forms of Renewable Energy

1 Lower temperature operation gives lower efficiency.

2 Industrial environment affects the life of the system due

Solar Energy Solar energy is the energy provided by the sun. This energy is in the form of solar radiation, which makes the production of solar electricity, light, hot water and many more things possible.

The Sun is the most prominent source of energy in our system. The source of solar energy is the process of thermonuclear fusion in the sun’s core. This energy is radiated from sun in all directions and a fraction of this energy reaches to the earth.

The modern version of this sun-welcoming design is called passive solar because no pumps, fans, or other mechanical devices are used. Its most basic features include large, south- facing windows that fill the home with natural sunlight and dark tile or brick floors that store the

2 Many processes are in temperature range well suited for solar technologies.

3 This is 3-times as effective as heating applications.

4 Experts field maintenance staff are available in industry.

5 Industry is accustomed to life cycle costing and longterm financing.

6 No heat engine is required and therefore higher efficiencies are obtained.

Disadvantages

to surface contamination.

3 Size of system may be limited by land availability and maintenance.

4 Process requirements, such as temperature control, may make integration with solar system difficult.

Wind Energy For hundreds of years, people have used windmills to harness the wind’s energy.Today’s wind turbines, which operate differently from windmills, are a much more efficient technology.

Wind turbine technology can be explained simply as follows: the wind spins turbine blades around a central hub;

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the hub is connected to a shaft, which powers a generator to make electricity. However, turbines are highly sophisticated power systems that capture the wind’s energy by means of new blade designs or airfoils. Modern, mechanical drive systems, combined with advanced generators, convert that energy into electricity. Wind turbines that provide electricity to the utility grid range in size from 50 kW to 1 or 2 MW.

Applications

1.

Run pumps to draw water from the grounds through wind mills

2. Used to generate electricity 3. Telecommunications

2 The influence of wind turbine noise to the nearby residents becomes a problem not to be neglected.

3 Not a profitable use of land; alternative uses for the land might be more highly valued than electricity generation.

4 Fluctuation of Wind and Good wind sites; Wind energy

has a drawback that it is not a constant energy source.

Although wind energy is sustainable and will never run out, the wind is not always blowing. This can cause serious problems for wind turbine developers who will often spend significant time and money investigating whether or not a particular site is suitable for the generation of wind power. For a wind turbine to be efficient, the location where it is built needs to have an adequate supply of wind energy.

Advantages Compared with traditional energy sources, wind energy has a number of benefits and advantages:

1 Unlike fossil fuels that emit harmful gases and nuclear

power that generates radioactive wastes, wind power is a clean and environmentally friendly energy source.

2 As an inexhaustible and free energy source, it is available and plentiful in most regions of the earth.

3 In addition, more extensive use of wind power would

help reduce the demands for fossil fuels, which may run out sometime in this century, according to their present consumptions.

4 Furthermore, the cost per kWh of wind power is much lower than that of solar power.

5 Thus, as the most promising energy source, wind energy is believed to play a critical role in global power supply in the 21st century

Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is a term for the heat of the earth; usually from produced natural steam, heat recovered from circulated water or direct heat-to-energy conversion.

Geothermal technologies use renewable energy resources to generate electricity and direct use of heat.

Geothermal energy is the thermal energy stored in the underground, including any contained fluid, which is available for extraction and conversion into energy products.

Geothermal technologies use the heat contained in the ground. In its broad term, geothermal energy is the thermal energy contained in our planet, the Earth.

Applications Disadvantages While wind power generation offers numerous benefits and advantages over conventional power generation, there are also some challenges and problems need to be seriously addressed. The wide range of challenges and problems, from long term environmental influences to thermal management of wind turbines, must be carefully considered in response to the rapid growth of wind power generation.

1 Wind energy facilities may block bird migration routes

and hurt or kill birds. (It has been reported by the US National Academy of Science that wind turbines may kill up to 40,000 birds per year in US).

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Geothermal energy produced in hot springs has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times. •

Today, it is best known for electricity generation Worldwide, 11,700 megawatts (MW) of geothermal power is online in 2013.

•

An additional 28 gigawatts of direct geothermal heating capacity are installed for:

1. District heating 2. Space heating 3. Spas 4. Industrial processes 5. Desalination

6. Agricultural applications in 2010

Advantages

1 Geothermal power plants have low emissions.

2 Geothermal resources are environmentally advantageous and the net energy supplied more than offsets the environmental impacts of human, energy, and material inputs.

3 Modern geothermal power plants exhibit capacity factors greater than 90%. This makes geothermal energy well suited for baseload dispatchable energy use.

4 Properly managed geothermal reservoir systems are

sustainable for very long-term operation, comparable to or exceeding the foreseeable design life of associated surface plant and equipment.

5 Displacement of more emission fossil energy suppliers

with geothermal energy can also be expected to play a key role in climate change mitigation strategies.

Disadvantages

1 High CO2 emissions 2 Found in limited areas 3 Supply may be exhausted before natural gas and coal resources

4 Possible environmental impact from drilling and transporting

5 Geothermal fields found in few areas around the world 6 Expensive start-up costs 7 Wells could eventually be depleted

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Biomethane “FRIENDLY FIRE”?

Introduction The continuing use of fossil fuels and the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) on the environment have initiated research efforts into the production of alternative fuels from bio resources. The amount of GHG emissions in the atmosphere is rising, with carbon dioxide (CO2) being the main contributor. In addition, the global energy demand is increasing rapidly, with approximately 88% of the energy produced at the present time being based on fossil fuels.

Moreover, the security of the energy supply is a crucial challenge because most natural energy resources (i.e., oil and gas reserves) are found in politically unstable regions. In this context, biomethane from waste and residues can play a critical role in the energy future. Biomethane is a multilateral renewable energy source that can replace conventional fuels to produce heat and power; it can also be used as gaseous fuel in automotive applications. Biomethane (upgraded biomethane) can also substitute for natural gas in chemicals production. Recent evaluations indicate that biomethane produced via anaerobic digestion (AD) provides significant advantages over other forms of bioenergy because AD is an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technology. In comparison with fossil fuels, AD technology can reduce GHG emissions by utilizing locally available sources. In addition, the by-product of this technology, called digestate, is a high-value fertilizer for crop cultivation and can replace common mineral fertilizers. In Europe, the production of biomethane reached 1.35 × 107 t in 2014.

Germany is the pioneer country in global biomethane production, with approximately 25% installed capacity due to the strong development of agricultural biomethane plants on farms. At the end of 2014, more than 8000 agricultural biomethane production units were in operation in Germany. Several countries have already become involved in the development of new pathways for biomethane production from biomass and biowaste. Many European countries have established favorable conditions for

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electricity production from biomethane. It is remarkable to note that the agrobiomass available for AD is as high as 1.5 × 109 t in Europe. The United States, China, and India are also investing in alternative technologies for biomethane production from cellulosic resources, and are likely future producers. Although biomethane (and/or bio me-thane) based on waste is a promising substitution for, or contribution to, the natural gas network, the amount produced is limited in comparison with the annual global consumption. There is no clear answer regarding which feedstock is most appropriate for the biomethane economy. In general, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be used in many applications. The necessity for global sustainable waste management has led to research interest in alternative fuels based on agrowaste and biowaste.

This study discusses recent trends in biomethane production and provides a summary of the current problems and barriers affecting different biomethane production pathways. It also analyzes potential issues and trends in biotechnological conversion performance.

In order to fully explore the use of biomass in the generation of energy, several government organizations and researchers have instituted programmes and studies to promote the use of biofuels. For instance, the European Union has a target to make biofuel 10% of its energy share in the transport sector by 2020 (Molino et al., 2018). Furthermore, by 2022, the US is expected to produce about 36 billion gallons of biofuels annually (Molino et al., 2018).

Presently, industrial plants are embracing the production

bottling of the gas depending on its final application. In Europe especially Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and Denmark, use of biomethane and natural gas in both public and private transport sectors is a fast-growing phenomenon. Germany has 622 biomethane/natural gas refueling stations while Italy has 521 stations. There are available passenger cars, buses and trucks that run on enriched biomethane/natural gas from such manufacturers like Volvo, Mercedes, FIAT, MAN and Ford among many others.

3 Biomethane lower emission levels compared to those

of natural gas and diesel makes it more desirable and climate friendly.

Electricity

1 While the installed capacity of renewable electricity

of biomethane for the generation of energy and on biomethane upgrading for grid injection. The production of biomethane is noncomplex and centralized technology with a low level of organic conversion into biomethane, (nearly 5–10 wt. %), based on the type of feedstock and the operative conditions.

plants increased in the European Union from 170 GW in 2005 to 397 GW in 2015, the installed bioenergy power capacity in the EU almost doubled from 16 GW in 2005 to 30 GW in 2015. Biomethane electricity capacity has experienced the highest growth in the bioenergy sector in the EU, with an increase from 3 GW in 2005 to 10 GW in 2015, close to the expected 11.2 GW installed capacity for 2020.

2 The biomethane capacity represents today a share of

Process Description

34% in total biomass power capacity in the EU. However, the uncertainties related to sustainability of bioenergy and the reductions in support for biomethane in European countries have led to a decrease of the growth rate between 2012 and 2015.

1.

3 the electricity generation from biomass has increased

Raw material for this process can be fruit wastes, animal wastes, or wastewater

2. First step, we crush & mix the raw materials 3. Then, the mixture is transferred to the digesters, it’s a

from 69 TWh in 2005 to 178 TWh in 2015 on the target to reach 233 TWh in 2020. The contribution of biomass to electricity generation will remain at around 19% of total renewable electricity generation until 2020.

biological process in which naturally occurring microorganisms break down organic waste and produce gas

Heating

Applications & Uses Fuel & Transportation

1 Biomethane share in biomass heating was limited to only 1% in 2005, which increased to about 3.7% in 2015, as most of the biomethane plants used the heat to a low extent.

1 Biomethane may be a promising alternative fuel mainly

2 With a slower progress in biomethane heat than in

1 To achieve this, the raw gas from the digester has to

3 The current levels for heat generation from biomethane

for heavy-duty transportation that is CO2 neutral and further helps to reduce methane emissions due to the handling of digested slurry. be enriched first through purification, compression and

electricity generation, the use of heat from biomethane increased from 26 PJ in 2005 to 127 PJ in 2015, which is however about 10% above the level forecasted for 2015. offer good prospects for reaching the forecasted level for 2020.

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UPGRADE YOUR PERSONALITY Personal development is a lifelong process. It is a way for people to assess their skills and qualities, consider their aims in life and set goals in order to realise and maximise their potential. In today’s world, it seems that technical proficiency alone is not enough anymore to carry you to the place you always dreamt to be. That is why we are presenting you this section, to ensure that your arsenal carries all the weapons you may need in this batlle of life.

Welcome to the second section of our magazine. We will guide you through three of the most essential skills that you will surely need in your journey to success.

We started with important steps for your “Personal Growth”, then you will learn with us some “Presentation Skills” (yes, you need these now), and to top it off, you will finish your trip with us with a quick article about “Time Management”. Have a good reading!

SECTION 2

CONTENTS Personal Growth

16

Presentation Skills

18

Time Management

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Personal Growth Understanding people around you is something difficult, However before understanding the others you should first discover and understand yourself. It is also not easy to find out yourself including your abilities, talents, strengths and weaknesses. In order to discover your real character, you must go through a lot of situations and life’s experiences which help you to find out your real self. You should put in your mind that life’s experiences are not for remorse but for learning.

PERSONAL GROWTH While growing up we face a lot of changes which considered to be our personal growth. Personal growth is so important as it is the process of our development which leads us to understand our self in order to achieve our goals. This process helps us to find out our imperfections and try to improve them.

During our personal growth of course we will face ups and downs and we have to deal with them ,We should also learn from our mistakes.

STAGES OF PERSONAL GROWTH: 1 Unknowing The first stage of personal growth is considered to be the stage of unconscious; We start to explore the world around us, It is the phase of curiosity and discovering. At this stage, we cannot differentiate between right and wrong; We do and say whatever we want also we do not have specific goal. At this stage, we may make a lot of mistakes as it is the first time to face different things but, mistakes always teach us lessons. Our self-confidence is great at this stage as we behave by nature but, our self-confidence may change due to what we will face later.

2 Awareness This stage is considered to be the real beginning of

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our growth. We have already realized and discovered everything around us, We start to learn new things and understand everything deeply. At this phase, we may face problems and we try our best to solve these them . We also may face a kind of self-conflict which may hold us back to reach the next stage.

3 Acceptance Acceptance is a deep kind of self love ; It means to accept yourself as it is with all your imperfection, It also means to try to improve yourself not for others but for you. For example, if someone wants to lose weight and he or she doing this only because of people around him or her. This is not self- love it called self-acceptance when you lose weight because you want to be healthy or more beautiful for example.

You should change yourself for yourself.

4 Responsibility At this stage, you become responsible for your whole life your happiness, problems and goals. If you take responsibility you will be able to control your life, When we gain responsibility life happen to us not for us.

5 Application It is the most exciting phase ;The real problems and obstacles appear at this phases so, we should keep being motivated. Keeping our self motivated helps us to overcome the obstacles we may face during achieving our goals.

6 Purpose This phase shows that everything we do should be for a specific purpose. Every aim we put must have a purpose. This stage also points out that after achieving a goal we should start work on another one.

FIND OUT YOUR TRUE SELF HOW TO BE THE BEST VERSION OF YOURSELF? To be the best version of yourself you should work on two main things; they are emotional intelligence and rational intelligence.

1- Emotional Intelligence It is the ability to control our emotions and our relationships with others. Researches show that emotion intelligence constitutes 80% of success while rational intelligence constitutes only 20% so, it is important to develop our emotional intelligence.

How to improve emotional intelligence?

1. Self-Awareness

2.

3. Self-Motivation

4. Understanding People’s Emotions

You should be able to know your emotions when you become happy, angry, envious or sad.

Controling Your Emotions

If you succeeded in knowing emotions you will be able to control them.

5. Controlling Your Relations 2- Rational Intelligence It is the ability to think critically, to produce “good quality of thoughts” in certain situations to arrive at a rational decision.

How to improve rational intelligence?

1. Passion

2.

Positivity

3. Flexibility

4.

Self-Confidence

5. Objectivity

6.

Critical Thinking

You should have a goal you are seeking for.

A flexible person is the one who accept criticism, the one who can deal with problems and can find different solutions for them.

Do not let your emotions control your thinking. Everything you say or do should be based on deep thinking.

You have to get rid of your negative thoughts ;Think positively and believe in yourself.

Be sure that you can do anything.

It is the ability to think differently and out the box.

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Presentation Skills Today,

presentation skills are required in almost every field and most of us are required to give presentation on occasion. While some people take this in their stride, others find it much challenging. Many people feel terrified when asked to talk in public, especially to bigger groups. However, these fears can be reduced by good preparation, which will also lay the groundwork for making an effective presentation. Whether or not your presentation achieves its desired outcome; it can be affected by your skills as a speaker, so it’s important to step in front of your audience with your best foot forward.

The prospect of giving a presentation fills some people with dread, while others relish the experience.

However you feel, presenting your work to an audience is a vital part of professional life for researchers and academics. Presentation is a great way to speak directly to people who are interested in your field of study for gathering ideas to push your projects forward and to make valuable personal connections. Your presentation skills are just as important as the information you are presenting. This article will help you prepare for a presentation and polish your speaking skills for a successful pitch.

Preparing For Your Presentation

1. Structuring Your Presentation: Tell them what you are going to say; it is better to start with the benefits of what you are going to say.

To start, it can be helpful to provide a brief overview of your presentation, which will help your audience follow the structure of your presentation.

OPENING Your opening should be something that makes an emotional connection with the audience. It can be a story, a shocking static or asking a question to keep the audience engaged.

BODY try to stick to your most important points. It is more important to engage the audience than to tell them everything you know. You don’t have to read out your presentation word for word.

CLOSING The closing of your presentation is the last opportunity you have to give your audience something that will stick in their minds.

2. Practicing Your Presentation: Practice your presentation and practice again, but do not memorize. We recommend starting to rehearse your presentation. You can talk into a mirror, talk to a wall, or ask a family member to listen. Public speaking is the part of presentation that most people dread.

Although it might not be possible to get over nervousness completely, good preparation and practicing will give you confidence. Most confident speakers do lots of preparation and use notes well .Rehearsing does not mean memorization. Memorizing your speech can make you sound mechanical and over rehearsed. Videotape yourself; you cannot know

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MAKE YOUR POINT! how you come off to people until you see it. Recording yourself is the best way to target the areas where you can improve.

Delivering Your Presentation To The Audience

1. Verbal Delivery: Work on your tone. Avoid speaking softly or other speech patterns that make you seem unconfident.

Avoid also ending sentences in an escalating tone that suggests every sentence you speak is a question.

This will help you guide the audience attention to the correct part of the slides and keep them engaged with what you are explaining. Make sure your visual materials easy to read. Choose a standard clear font and make sure that size is large enough to be seen from the back of the room .

Finally, at the end of this article, we should gain this essential skill to be good communicators and know how to express our explanation to the audience in a simple and effective way.

2. Body Language: DISTANCE Stand at a comfortable distance. We suggest remaining within 2.5-7 feet of your audience .

EYE CONTACT Do not surf the audience with your eyes. Rather, make eye contact with one person at a time .

CONFIDENCE Your shoulders are stretched back. Your arms at your sides or held in front of your body when making gestures. Your hands are open or only slightly closed. It is better to smile slightly or keep your face neutral. Take long strides. Make every movement purposeful and decided. Do not let a paper in your hand flap back and forth carelessly .

3. PowerPoint: Visual materials, probably in the form of power point slides, are likely to be a vital part of your presentation. It is crucial you treat the slides as visual support for your audience, rather than as a set of notes for you. A good power point relies heavily on images .Have only 2 sentences but does not summarize it.

Make sure that you point to the slides as you talk.

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Time Management STREAMLINE YOUR TIME “Time is what we want most, but what we use worst” - William Penn

Have you asked yourself before how some people find thetime to do all the things they want to accomplish on their day? and you even wonder how they have all these space to do all the things that they plan to accomplish ?

Time Management Is The Answer!

Time management is a process that gives each task its priority, that by planning and organizing the activities of the day and start to divided the efforts on each activity individually starting from the most important one to the least important. Time management is a skill that anyone can gain and learn, By gaining this skill we will have time to do a lot of things as working and practicing our favourite hobbies and all of that by managing our day. We do that to avoid feeling stressed or getting tired from our work.

2. Put a time limit on tasks and that by checking

your time audit, see the tasks that will take long time to be achieved more than you expect, then start to manage them.

3. Create an everyday plan which it’s a list of tasks that you will achieve on a daily basis.

4. Add a “done list” to your daily to-do list and that

by checking your list of plans then mark the plans which are finished and the one which have not been done yet add them to the end of the day to see what will be done with them in the next day or on the same day.

Benefits of time management:

1. Makes us more organized as we manage and organize our tasks during the day.

2. Teaches us how to prioritize our tasks and make use of our time better.

3. Teaches us how to plan well.

4. By organizing our day, we will have the opportunity to practice things which we love and can lower the stress of our day. Also it makes us aware more with ourselves energy and how to use it well.

Four Steps To Manage Your Time:

1. Create a time audit and that by starting to see

how your day will go. As sometimes we decided to do or achieve tasks or things on the day but due to some circumstance happened suddenly we cannot do them so you must have another plan to manage it as there is a big difference between your subjective and reality.

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ABOUT US

OUR TEAM - Chairman Omar Khaled Hasan - Chief Executive Officer Kirolos Ayad Mousa

EAGE Suez University Student Chapter is a professional association for geoscientists and engineers. Founded in 2013, it has provided the students involved in Oil & Gas industry (Both Engineers and Geoscientists) with several workshops, courses and internships for their futuristic careers. EAGE Suez has won the 1st Rank among all EAGE International Student Chapters in 2014/2015.

FOCUS is a student magazine prepared by the EAGE team members. For three issues, FOCUS has featured technical articles that covered many topics in the fields of geology and engineering. In this special issue, we introduce you to a whole new approach towards energy, and also equip you with new skills to tackle you professional and personal life. Thank you for tuning in to the Fourth Issue of FOCUS.

- Content Supervision Hadeer Sayed Farag Omar Ayman Ansary - Writers Mohamed Hisham Alaa Ibrahim Manal Gamal Abo-Elfotoh Eman Zaki Maher - Editors Sohaila Ahmed Abdelhady Asala Boshra Mohamed - Marketing & Media Shimaa Saad-Eldin Omar Mohamed Mokhtar

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