Transitioning of Semi-open space in Multilevel Domestic realm

Transitioning of Semi-open space in Multilevel Domestic realm Submitted by: Drasti Patel Guided by Prof. Supriya Kukreja Interior Design Undergraduate Thesis, 2020 Faculty of Design, CEPT University

Illustration source: https://www.dreamstime.com/stay-home-concept-people-characters-balconiescoronavirus-pandemic-isolation-quarantine-neighbors-their-apartments-image179826079

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Student Name & Code Student Name & Code : Thesis Title& Code Student Name Thesis Title Thesis Title

: Drasti Patel (UI 0615) Drasti Patel (UI 0615)

FACULTY OF DESIGN FACULTY OF DESIGN FACULTY OF DESIGN

: Transitioning of Semi-open space in Multilevel : Drasti Patel (UI 0615) : Transitioning Semi-open space in Multilevel Domestic of realm Domestic realm : Transitioning of Semi-open space in Multilevel Domestic realm

APPROVAL APPROVAL The following study is hereby approved as a creditable work on the approved subject carried out andis hereby presented in theasmanner, sufficiently to subject warrant its The following study approved a creditable work onsatisfactory the approved APPROVAL acceptance a pre-requisite the degree of Bachelor of InteriortoDesign for which carried out and as presented in thetomanner, sufficiently satisfactory warrant its it has been submitted. acceptance as study a pre-requisite the degree Bachelorwork of Interior for which it The following is hereby to approved as aof creditable on theDesign approved subject has beenout submitted. carried and presented in the manner, sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its It is to as bea understood by degree this approval, the undersigned does for notwhich endorse acceptance pre-requisitethat to the of Bachelor of Interior Design it or approve the statements opinions expressed or conclusion drawn therein, It is been to besubmitted. understood that bymade, this approval, the undersigned does not endorse or but has approves the study only foropinions the purpose for which it has beendrawn submitted and but satisfies approve the statements made, expressed or conclusion therein, him/her to the requirements laid down in the academic programme. approves study onlythat for the for which has been submitted satisfies It is to bethe understood by purpose this approval, the itundersigned does notand endorse or him/her to the requirements laid down in the academic programme. approve the statements made, opinions expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfies him/her to the requirements laid down in the academic programme.

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Declaration

Declaration This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other Degree or Diploma in any University or other institutions and to the best of my knowledge does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text.

I consent to this copy of thesis, when in the library of CEPT Library, being available on loan and photocopying.

Student Name & Code No: Drasti Patel (UI0615)

Signature of student:

Date: 07.11.20

Acknowledgment

The thesis would not have been possible without the people whom I have been around these years and have supported me throughout this incredible journey. I would like to take this opportunity and thank all of them who have made my journey possible and memorable.

I am grateful for the constant guidance from Supriya Kukreja.

From developing the topic to the final product and her continuous encouragement towards bringing best out of me, for keeping up with me in difficult times.

Research thesis would not have been possible without the moral support of my Parents- Beena and Bipin. Their constant support has made it possible to keep working in this pandemic.

I am grateful for technical inputs and motivational dialogues from my brother- Smit.

I would like to acknowledge Kireet Patel, Seema Khandwalker, Aparajita Basu and kaulav Bhagat for meaningful discussions and the feedback.

I would like to thank Prachi Nagar for last minute editing and Medhavi Shah for constant motivation and making sure to keep me going. Shaily Parikh for expert advice and encouragement.

I would like to acknowledge the support from Nidhi, Urvashi, Chirag, Jinal, Kelly, Astha, Rucha, Prachi P. and Prachi M. I am grateful of Chandraben from FD Admin for not only her technical support but her care and patience.

Lastly, I would like to thank my 2015 batchmates for the best times we all had together in these five years and CEPT campus for life lessons. Most importantly, I would like to thank my faculty members who have taught me the design discipline and discipline in design in the last five years in the studio or outside studio.

Table Of Content Abstract Idea of study Aim and Objectives Scope and Limitations Significance and relevance to the field Methodology

10 12 13 13 13 14

01

Introduction

16

02

Time-line

Introduction of the topic Dwelling Enclosed, Semi-open and open spatial system Aspects of semi-open space Types of open and semi-open spaces in domestic realm Types of balcony- based on Form and Function

24

2.1. Settlements to civilizations Hunter-gatherers to farmers (2500-1700 BC) Indus Valley Civilization (3100-540 BC) Mesopotamia Civilization

26

2.2. In the west

28

2.2.1. 8th century BC to 5th century AD (800-150 BC) Greek Civilization (27BC to 476 AD) Byzantine (Roman) empire

28

2.2.2. 5th to 13th century AD Openings and epidemics in Europe

30

2.2.3. 13th to 17th century AD Window Bay window Long Gallery Loggia Balcony

30

2.2.4. 18th and 19th century Cast iron in late 18th century Haussmann’s urban planning Social trends Gaudi’s sculptural balcony

34

2.3. In India

38

2.3.1. 5th century BC Aangan in Hut

38

2.3.2. 5th century BC to 15th century AD Terraces of Mauryans and Mughals Jharokhas Jaisalmer courtyard houses

38

2.3.3. 16th to 19th century AD Chettinad and Naalukettu house Portuguese influenced verandah Otla in Pol house

40

2.4. 20th and 21st century AD Hygiene movement Dwelling in Industrial Revolution Baby cage Multilevel community living Balcony for better living Availability of Air -Conditioning Modern material and mechanism Open plan layout Balcony as a luxury Decline Observed usage of balcony in Covid-19 Pandemic

42

2.5. Inference

48

03

04

Case study 3.1. Typology in residential built-forms 3.2. Selection of case study 3.3. Methodology 3.4. Framework Nature of semi-open space- Spatial organization People Context Technology

52 52 56 57 58

Case study analysis

60

4.1. Western 1a. Casa Rustici 1b. Unite d’ Habitation 1c. Trelick tower 1d. Mountain dwelling 1e. Transformation of 530 Homes – Grand Parc Bordeaux

64 64 72 78 82 86

4.2. Indian 2a. Multi-Storeyed Flats at Ramakrishnapuram 2b. Asian games village 2c. Kanchanjanga apartment 2d. Sublime Ordinariness housing project 2e. Ishatvam-9

05

50

Conclusion

90 90 96 102 108 114

120

124 Bibliography Image credits Glossary Appendix

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Abstract Semi-open space is an intermediate spatial segment connecting open and enclosed spaces. The evolution of semi-open space in the domestic realm has evolved differently in different parts of the world. The existence of such spaces in the domestic realm is witnessed since the Indus Valley civilization in the form of courtyards and terraces. The semi-open interface is translated in various ways in imperial built forms like Jharokhas, courtyards, Barsati and Chajjas. The same found its presence in commoners' residences as well. However, after globalization and modernization, residential spaces got translated in the multilevel apartments where balconies act as semi-open spaces in residences gained popularity in contemporary times.

The balcony is a part of domestic interiors, and the journey of the space can be understood by translation of balcony usage.

The balcony is a modified version of bay window, verandas and courtyards of ground-level homes witnessed in multilevel residences of Urban spaces. The emergence and evolution of balconies can only be understood by understanding the tangible and intangible aspects associated with the form and use of semi-open spaces. The balcony is a spatial feature and change in its approach over time reflects the same. A modernist way of looking at a semi-open space in residential space is to segregate spaces by its label; thus balcony is a modernist architectural feature. However, the balcony is not an independent identity.

Thus to understand balcony one should understand the relation with adjacent spaces of residences, social, cultural, physiological, climatic and region response which eventually affect the way balcony is designed in current times and understand the social ideology of families in apartments. The usage, form and structure of balconies in Indian and western homes also reflect climatic conditions of the country which confines the scope of the study.

The conclusion of the study raises an essential question in term of the domain in practices. Semi-open spaces have been responding to the lives of the inhabitants where nature of space is derived from lives of people, context and availability of technology. However, sometimes, instead of lifestyle inspiring nature of space, nature of space suggest the way of the use of that space and which is in the domain of architects to create the

10

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

built-form, hence create suitable semi-open space in residence.

Interior designers are provided with enclosed space to make it efficient for use with respect people, context and technology regardless.

Keywords Semi-open space, domestic interiors, multilevel dwelling, space evolution, nature of space

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Idea of study The research study was initiated in March 2020. As we all know, the year 2020 is when COVID-19 pandemic was prevailing. People around the world have witnessed total lockdown for about months according to the country and intensity of disease breakout. In the lockdown situation, people were forced to stay inside their homes.

Hence residential spaces were adapted to function as a workspace, restaurant, movie theatre, recreational activities; people used balconies and terraces for working out and relaxing. According to personal experiences, the need for an escape from a confined space one needs to stay connected to the world outside to feel alive. The psycological significance of a balcony or a window was released during the pandemic.

People usually spent 90% of the time indoors, and 69% of the time in their homes. In contrast, being outside or connected with the outside world is positively linked with faster healing, better moods and better perspective of life (Gray & Timm, 2018). Also, Le Corbusier has mentioned that space is a machine for living which states that spatial setting as a combination of enclosed, open and semi-open spaces with necessary amenities to function as domestic space suitable for living efficiently. Hence residential spaces have a responsibility to provide occupants with sensible space.

Courtyards, verandahs, balconies and terraces are architectural features which can provide a connection from indoors to outdoors. However, these architecturally designed features have a significant impact on people’s lives which can be understood from the sensibility of historic spaces. With the change in time and lifestyle, aspirations, needs, contextual aspects and the notion of social factors evolved. Hence the contemporary aspirations and way to satisfy these aspirations are essential, which demands consideration.

Aim The study intends to establish design understanding of the transitioning of open/semi-open spaces in the domestic realm from ground level to multilevel dwellings looking at the evolution of such spaces with respect to the nature of open or semi-open space.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Objectives To understand open and semi-open spaces concerning enclosed space in the domestic realm.

To study social, cultural, economic, physiological, psychological, climatic and region response affecting the structure and materiality of semi-open space.

To understand the transitioning of semi-open space from groundlevel to multilevel dwellings.

To analyze semi-open space converted in multilevel dwellings by designers and architects as a response to people, context and technology.

Scope and limitation Due to current Covid-19 pandemic, the research is conducted based on the online (secondary) data. The secondary research has provided the scope of studying the various approach towards semi-open space around the world.

The study is limited to semi-open spaces as a part of residential built forms of Indian and western context. The scope of the study is to understand the transitioning of semi-open space over the years through milestones suggesting the significant shift.

The study is exclusive of by-laws and authorized protocols published in different countries and change in by-laws over time. As the study-only focuses on the usage and form of semiopen spaces. The inquiry is limited to aspects affecting the usage, form and materiality of semi-open space. The study of context, technology and people are limited to the impact on purpose, usage and form of semi-open space.

Significance and relevance of study The study might help better understand balcony. The study could be a starting point for researching understanding the change in the use of balcony after COVID-19 pandemic if any significant change in the notion of balcony observed after a pandemic is over.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Methodology of study

Introduction

Understanding transitioning from ground level to multilevel

Understanding semi-open and dwelling space Introduction of the topic

Time-line

Extracti transitionin

Ground level to Multilevel housing Indus Valley Civilization Mesopotamia Civilization

Settlements to civilizations

What is a Dwelling?

Enclosed, Semi-open and open spatial system Types of open and semi-open spaces in domestic realm Types of balcony- based on Form and Function

Greek Civilization Byzantine (Roman) empire

In India

8th BC -5th AD

5th BC

5th -13th AD

5th BC to 15th AD

13th to 17th AD

16th to 18th AD

Openings and epidemics in Europe Window Bay window Long Gallery Loggia Balcony Cast iron in late 18th century Haussmann’s urban planning Social trends Gaudi’s sculptural balcony

Hygiene movement Dwelling in Industrial Revolution Baby cage Multilevel community living Balcony for better living Availability of Air -Conditioning Modern material and mechanism Open plan layout Balcony as a luxury Decline of balcony Observed usage of balcony in Covid-10 Pandemic

14

In the west

18th and 19th AD

20th and 21st century AD

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

ing driving factor in ng of semi-open spaces

Inquiring the factors and semiopen space

Case study

Semi-open space in contemporary times

semi-opens space in multilevel housing

Analysis

Nature of space People Context Technology

Conclusion

Driving factor: Hygiene

Past

Driving factor: Social factors

Present

Driving factor: Mental and physical health with comfort

Future change

Aangan in Hut Terraces of Mauryans and Mughals Jharokhas Jaisalmer courtyard houses

Western

Indian

Chettinad and Naalukettu house Portuguese influenced verandah Otla in Pol house

1. Casa Rustici

By Giuseppe Terragni and Pietro Lingeri 2. Unite de Habitate

by Le Corbusier 3. Trelick tower

By Erno Goldfinger 4. Mountain dwelling

By Bjarke Ingels Group 5. Transformation of Grand Parc

by Lacaton & Vassal architectes

1. Flats at RK puram

By Habib Rehman 2. Asian games village

By Raj Rewal 3. Kanchanjanga apartment

By Charles Correa 4. Sublime Ordinariness housing project

By DCOOP Architects 5. Ishatvam-9

By Sanjay Puri Architects

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

01. Introduction Semi-open plays a critical role in connecting open and enclosed space with domestic built forms. The significance is taken into consideration according to the aspects later in the research. To understand the usage, form, structure and materiality of semiopen space, one needs to understand the volumetric and spatial significance of semi-open space concerning open and enclosed space in a dwelling.

A built form where humans live or inhibit can be considered as a dwelling. The space in which we dwell is known as domestic spaces as we occupy them as part of our routine. Home is looked at as stability of a person or settlement of people. Dwelling is a built form shaped according to its inhabitants.

Exterior planes come together to create a volume resultant of spatial elements, responding to a program and can accommodate lives can be considered as enclosed space of a built-form (Ching, 2015).

The opposite of the enclosed space is an open space. Open space is an experience where space is not confined. It can be open from above or open from all sides.

Puncture in an enclosed space is known as an opening. Doors and Windows are a form of openings. In contrast, semiopen space is an amalgamation of enclosed and open space. Semiopen spaces can be observed when the planes or spatial elements of enclosed space are perforated, opened or one on the planes shifted to open up the enclosed space and connect it with outside.

When dimension in an axis perpendicular to the opening plane It creates a zone known as semi-open space. Semi-open space connects or differentiates enclosed and open space, and that depends on the program. The role of Semi-open spaces is to protect the interiors from harsh heat, cold and rain. Space does not only respond to climatic conditions of the region but also responds to social, cultural, physiological, traditional and psychological conditions. Moreover, semi-open spaces are a form of an inside-outside connector, an escape from inside without being outside.

16

Introduction

Dwelling

Enclosed space

Open space

Semi-open space

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

The wall connected to semi-open space weakens the vertical boundaries of an enclosed space and creates potential for visual expansion of the space beyond its physical boundaries (Ching, 2015, p.174).

Semiopen spaces draw light into the space, offer outside view from the enclosed space which establish visual relationship between inside and outside (Ching, 2015, p.174).

Aspects of Semi-open space

The world has a wide variety of communities, and diversity lies in the diverse lifestyle of people, which is seen in residences of earlier times. Open and semi-open spaces in the domestic realm are not only an integral part of the spatial organization but also an integral part of its usage. There are various forms of open and semi-open spaces witnessed around the world which are labeled regionally or globally. Each type of open and semiopen space is unique as it is a region, tradition, cultural and climate-specific.

Courtyard houses are prominently witnessed around the world throughout the settlement history. A courtyard is considered to be an open space which can be defined as space open to the sky, within the built-form confined from all four sides (Shiva, 2017).

Similarly open to sky extension of enclosed space on one side accessed from the upper floor with one or three sides free from physical confinement is known as a terrace. Terrace is the ultimate level in multilevel.

Types of open space

Verandahs are considered to a semi-open space. Verandah is connected to enclosed living space on one side and open space on another. The immediate open space is either a courtyard or the street.

Another type of semi-open space on the upper level is Jharokha.

A window projected from the upper storey wall of Indian medieval buildings creating a buffer space act as seating and opening for the view outside. Brackets or corbels support the window projecting out of the façade of the building. (Zulfiqar, 2018).

17

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

A balcony is an architectural and a spatial feature of a built form or space. The balcony is a semi-open spatial extension of interior space found on upper floors of a built form which has additional levels to that of ground level. Sometimes balconies are addons or an integral part of the built structure. Balcony act as peripheral space on the upper level that connects public and private lives.

Types of semi-open space

The open and semi-open spaces are used as social platform that served as a bridge between the indoors and outdoors. However, the form of the space help generate passive cooling and create confortable micro climate (Shiva, 2017). Semi-open spaces have no core function allotted. However, the open and semi-open spaces are flexible enough to open up multiple functions and ways of use.

Types of Balcony FORM 1. Open - Balcony with a reasonable deck floor area for a person to stand and railing around it, with no permanent overhead cover, can be considered as open balcony or deck as shown in fig.1. Cantilevered, French balconies and terraces of pant house or bungalows can be included in same as they have no slab cover, just a floor area jutting out of the wall of the building.

1.1. Open balcony

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

2. Semi-covered - Balcony, which is a part of the building structure with a reasonable floor area for people and their activities and is covered with the slab of the upper floor can be considered as a semi-covered balcony.

1.2. Semi-covered balcony

3. Covered - A semi-open space, extrusion of which is enclosed with wood, stone or metal works can be considered as covered balconies. They appear to be added on in some cases like Jharokhas or Mashrabiyas but are structural parts of the built form itself.

1.3. Covered balcony

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

4. Enclosure from one side

5. Enclosure from two sides

6. Enclosure from three sides

Shows direction of view possible

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Types of Balcony FUNCTION 1. Hourd A cantilevered semi-open wooden structure built at the periphery of the curtain walls or the towers of forts or castles.

Its origin was seen in Roman castles in the 16th century. The hourds used to be added later and used for defense purpose.

The structure is made of wooden logs and clad with a wet animal skin as fire-proof cladding.

2. Balconet/Balconette or Faux/False/Juliet or French balcony – A pseudo balcony which is a large (French) window with railing on the outside reaching the floor is called a false balcony. It gives the appearance of the balcony when the window is open.

These are popularly seen in France, Spain, Portugal and Italy.

Such balconettes can only be used to stand and enjoy the view outside.

1.4. A hourd in Carcassonne

3. True balcony or gallery– A balcony which has a deck-like space and is inside the building structure is known as a true balcony or a gallery. True balcony tends to be wider than a faux balcony to accommodate people and their activity in the space.

1.5. A French balcony extruding from the building facade

4. Mezzanine balcony An immediate floor slab attached from the walls or free-standing inside a built form is called mezzanine, and different floor slab with same ceiling overhead, overlooking in the double volume is considered as a mezzanine balcony. Balconies of theatres and opera houses are some of the examples of the mezzanine balcony.

1.6. A French balcony extruding from the building facade

5. Shared balcony – A connecting passageway next to the walls of the building on the exterior side of the built form or facing courtyards formed by the confined form of the housing. The famous example is seen in Chawls of Mumbai, Casa di Ringhiera of Northwestern Italy and Fujian Tulou of China.

1.7.

Mezzanine overlooking living space

balcony

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

6. Covered balcony – Balcony similar to a bay window or oriel window in appearance as extended floor plate is enclosed with wooden, stone or metal works. Covered balconies are resultant of socio-cultural living conditions of communities. Such balconies provide outside view and privacy at the same time. Jharokhas of Indian forts and palaces were essential to all the ladies of the city. Similarly, Mashrabiya in Cairo and Maltese balcony in Malta serve the same purpose in a different context at different time.

1.8. Corridors around the courtyard in Chawls of Mumbai

1.9. Mashrabiya in Cairo, Egypt

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

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02. Time-line

2. Scene from Act II of Romeo and Juliet by Paul Destez

“The function investigates the form; form facilitates the use” Gail Peter Borden (Borden, 2014, p. 116)

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

2.1. Settlements to civilizations Hunter-gatherers In the prehistoric era, hunter-gatherers used natural shelters as living spaces. Overhanging cliffs would have provided a place to escape from heat, cold and wind. Comfortable living spaces would be created near the opening or entrance of the caves to stay in the range of daylight and with a view of proximity to be ready for any danger (Groeneveld, 2016).

In the Palaeolithic era, humans started creating semi-permanent settlements in open grounds. Humans build huts with wood, mammoth bones as building materials. Fire in the huts became the core of the living space, and common fire became the mark of the settlement, which provided warmth, safety and place for a social gathering (Groeneveld, 2016).

In Stone age, their techniques of building living spaces became more versatile, and they were able to build in all kinds of challenging environments from scorching desert to the dense forest (Groeneveld, 2016). Division of labour by gender became more pronounced with the advancement in hunting techniques, particularly for larger hunts(“Hunter-Gatherers”, 2018).

2.1.1. Living spaces for hunter gathers observed near the opening of large caves allowing natural light and ventilation

2.1.2. Semi-permanent settlement around the fire.

Hunter gatherers to farmers The Neolithic revolution started nearly in 10,000 BC in the Fertile Crescent, which marks the transition from small nomadic groups of hunter-gatherers to larger agricultural settlements and traces of early civilization. The Neolithic era is the early traces in the history of people living together in communities (“Neolithic Revolution”, 2018). So not only individual houses were observed, but places for community gatherings were also traced.

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2.1.3. A painting showing the practice of taming animals and framing

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

(2500-1700 BC) Indus Valley Civilization Indus valley or Harrapan civilization is one of the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent, dating from 2500 to 1700 BC. The commoner's houses range from 1-2 storey high with the rooms are arranged around a central courtyard 2.1.4. Plan showing the spatial (Naveed, 2014). The courtyard becomes the core of the house arrangement of rooms and courtyard used to carry out daily chores, store harvest and raise domestic animals. The house is observed to have allotted spaces or areas to carry out particular activities.

A large public building like markets, squares, courtyards and Great Bath serves religious as well as social function (Naveed, 2014). the Great bath is found in Mohenjo-Daro, one of the prosperous urban setting of Indus valley civilization. It is believed to have been used for the religious bathing ritual for people to gather, tracing a stronger sense of community. The gathering places seems to be required as the individual houses were inwards looking and had no connection with the streets.

(3100-540 BC) Mesopotamia Civilization Historians believe that first civilization arose in about 3300BC in Mesopotamia by Sumerian. The commoners' houses are believed to have one or two rooms with a flat roof which provide an extra living area for the family to cook and sleep in the hot climate of Mesopotamia. Some houses had courtyards with a small garden or a tree. The houses believed to be occupied by women during the day, working in homes, raising children, making baskets, pottery, weaving clothes and cooking (Rank, 2018).

2.1.5. Illustration showing sectional view of a typical 2-storey house in Mohenjo-Daro

2.1.6. A still from the movie ‘Mohenjo-Daro’ showing use of great bath

2.1.7. Inward looking towards courtyard.

houses

Ziggurats are believed to be pyramidal temple tower standing on a high plinth within the Mesopotamian towns as a religious structure. The high Ziggurats are visible from the houses as a symbol of almighty's presence all the time (Augustyn, 2020).

2.1.8. Mesopotamian houses with flat terraces used for cooking and sleeping

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

2.2. In the West 2.2.1. 8th BC to 5th century AD (800-150 BC) Greek Civilization Ancient Greece occupied the Mediterranean region, and the settlement flourished from 1800 BC and declined from 146 to 500 BC, popularly known as Greek or Hellenistic civilization.

Greek civilization was vast thus segregated into colonies and colonies were widespread between the Mediterranean sea and Dead sea.

Considerable achievements of Hellenes was the development of styles, especially for pillars. Pillars and columns became space making elements for colonnades in public spaces but also observed in houses around the courtyards.

The settlements primary occupation remained agriculture but many other sub-professions evolved which includes artisans, potters, blacksmiths, traders, sailors, politicians, musicians and many more. The people with the same occupation live on the same streets. Their houses would be inclusive of the workshop and shop for selling as part of their layout.

Variety of residences is witnessed because of the existence of hierarchy in people and their professions- Aristocrats; craftsmen, sailors, traders; peasants and slaves (“Ancient Greek Civilization”, 2020). Poor lived in crowded urban slums in a narrow, filthy lane.

In Athens, the poor lived in multistory blocks of apartments with shops and workshops on the ground floor.

2.2.1.

Illustration showing apartment blocks In Athens

2.2.2 A typical spatial layout showing arrangement of colonnade and rooms around courtyard

Larger houses were constructed with a courtyard as the core with colonnade and buffer space which divides into rooms around. The number of rooms varied concerning the owner of the house. However, they were two storeys high covered with a sloping roof. Some houses have an external wall painted large colorful scenes or decorated with mosaic, which suggests the conscious effort of owning the external look of the house even there is low visual connection outside.

Male dominance was prominent in the family structure. Even the women were looked at as a property to be owned. This suggests the type of work divided between men and women.

Houses were occupied by women most time of the day carrying out household chores.

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2.2.3. Illustration showing typical house form of rich family with courtyard and workshop

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

(27BC to 476 AD) Byzantine (Roman) empire Byzantine culture was an extension of Greek civilization.

The empire widespread, in regions with a cooler climate which forced the houses to be tightly closed to avoid cold winds from entering and created warmth using hypocaust (a form of central heating).

In the city of Rome, poor people lived in a multi-storey apartment building called insulae, that were filthy firetraps. Public building like baths (thermae), toilets (latrinae), freshwater fountain (nymphae), temple buildings (like Pantheon) and large scale entertainments like chariot race or gladiator combats, were aimed at people living in insulae. As they hardly have space for daily activities in their dwelling units.

Public baths provided hygiene and served a daily social and cultural function. In the late 4th century, individual tubs began to replace communal bathing. Thus people started spending more time inside their houses.

Under the urban renewal programme by Agustus, the interior of the houses were decorated with painted gardens, fountains along with flora and fauna. This was because Rome’s population was increasing and was accompanied by the nostalgia of rural life.

Whereas, the life of rich people was lavish. Wealthy families of Rome owned two or more houses. A townhouse called Domus and a house outside the city called Villa. These houses have almost 1/3rd portion of the area open to sky courtyards and a continuous porch formed by rows of columns surrounding gardens in courtyards called Peristyle. Peristyle was used by acrobats to welcome personal guests and spend leisure time.

2.2.4. Axonometric view of Roman Domus with stone pavement in Peristyle.

2.2.5. Personal garden with fountains and stone figures in Roman Villa during Byzantine empire

2.2.6. Illustration of villa showing presence of water-body and plantation in courtyard.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

2.2.2. 5th to 13th century AD Openings and epidemics in Europe The streets of Europe during Roman civilization were filthy and spread foul smell in middle age, due to cramped living spaces and lack of sewage system people used to throw material of chamber pots out on the streets (Khan, 2019). which caused Plague at that time called The black death epidemic killing 75 to 200 million people in the mid-13th century. The openings of the houses were used only for throwing out waste (Morrison, Kirshner, & Molho, 1985).

Between the Black Death of mid 13th century and the French plagues of the early 17th century (Morrison, Kirshner, & Molho, 1985), western Europe was struck by a series of epidemics and Plague repeatedly occurred between 15th and 16th century which considered wider and cleaner streets and hygienic sewage system. Also getting fresh air and natural light inside the houses through large windows and small balconies was considered to make domestic interiors comfortable.

2.2.7. Chamber pots being emptied on the streets

2.2.8. The Black Death Canvas Print Pat Nicolle by Pat Nicolle

2.2.3. 13th to 17th century AD Window During the Renaissance, windows having Pointed Arches. Buildings contained very few windows in the massive stone walls.

Gothic windows are long and further divided in arches and circular stone carving. The windows were open or covered with stained glass.

2.2.9. Lancet Window.

(12th Century)

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2.2.10. Two-light (13th Century)

Window.

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Gothic arched windows were repeated in the building to create rhythm in the stone façade.

Later windows were highly signified by the pilasters and carvings around each window.

Hence these windows create variations in rhythm by the change in size, shape and amount of ornamentation. Windows draw beams of light in the space creating pattern.

Lintel stone was also highlighted in some buildings creating a rectangular profile of the window.

2.2.13. Strozzi Palace at Florence (late 15th century)

2.2.11. Perpendicular Window (mid 13th century)

2.2.12. Italian Gothic Window, with Tracery in the Head (late 13th Century.)

2.2.14. Palazzo Giraud (now Torlonia), Rome. By Bramante. (Early 16th century)

2.2.15. Window from a House at Orleans. (Mid 16th Century)

Advancement in construction methods and materials, large framed rectangular windows were widely seen. Some windows are stretched till floor level and confined with a stone balustrade with openable wooden frame glass windows. Expansive French windows drew more amount of light in ornate interiors.

2.2.16. Council-house at Leyden (late 16th century.)

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Bay window

2.2.17. Window Colmar. (1575.)

The Chester rows were an arrangement of two levels of commercial properties with domestic housing above, from the 12th century onwards (Beckley, Campbell, & Collens, 2013).. Houses were small and cramped with less ventilation and less light. Women mostly spend time inside the houses.

The dwellings are not more than a cubicle called salon (seating rooms or living rooms) with an opening at the end of the chamber. The opening from can be a large glass window or bay window drawing light in salons.

2.2.18. Schematic Chester house

section

of

2.2.19. Bay window at the end of salon

Long Gallery Long galleries became popular in Elizabethan, Jacobean and Victorian houses from 14th to 17th century. The corridor or long gallery had various functions. These long spaces cover the frontage or sides of the house, creating courtyards where these galleries become more outward-looking rather than inwardlooking (Coope, 1986). Corridor galleries have large windows and bay windows on one side, and others have a series of paintings and art pieces depicting dynastic pride and social success. The chamber next to the gallery functions as an office or hall. The gallery accommodates private gathering of family and friends becoming the best place with a garden view merely for personal entertainment. The naturally light ‘white gallery’ was also used for exercises like walking and weight lifting (dumbbells).

Light, view, exercise, physical and visual connection were the tangible use. In contrast, interior decorations with paintings and ornated fireplaces with lavish chairs helped to fulfil the social, psychological and political functions (Coope, 1986).

2.2.20. Knole, Kent, the gallery over the Great Hall. Engraving from Joseph Nash, Mansions of England in the Olden Time

2.2.21. Plan created by Robert Smythson, project (second floor)

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Loggia Loggia is an architectural feature of Renaissance and Gothic period in 15th to 17th century. Loggia can be witnessed in community buildings, palaces, lavish residences of politicians, business people. The series of columns and arches passes the load of the building downwards and creates a pierced wall for the facade of the building. Commonly found in Venetian Renaissance Loggia is a long semi-open corridor or gallery along the length of the built form.

Loggia was initially a spatial feature at the beginning of the churches and other public buildings on the ground floor for people for socializing or interact before and after prayers or announcement. However, the same feature started appearing on the first floor as well to add intricacy to the façade.

2.2.22. View of the third floor Loggia at the Vatican, with decoration

by Raphael, from ‘Delle Loggie di Rafael By Italian pictural school (17th century )

2.2.23. Ca' d'Oro, 1422-1440, Venice

Balcony Juliet balcony is one of the examples of the same. A play called ‘Romeo and Juliet’ by William Shakespeare portrays a love story through the balcony of 16th century Italy. Juliet was not allowed to leave the room; hence Romeo used to climb to her balcony to meet his love of life.

As socio-politically significant built forms other than castles started developing vertically, extrusion from the building itself became a place for important people to address masses. These openings with an optimum area to stand draw light in the royal interiors.

In the Baroque period during the 1500s, the balcony were considered a significant feature of building facades. The use of iron balustrades with intricate patterns became increasingly

2.2.24. A painting ‘Romeo and Juliet’ by Ford Madox Brown, 1869/1870

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

widespread (Origoni & Origoni, 2020). Sicilian balconies are one of the most significant examples of Sicilian Baroque. Sicilian balconies belonging to Sicilian Baroques period started after the earthquake in 1693 in Spanish empire resultant of new urban planning with cleaner and broader roads and expansive windows facing streets, are one of the prominent examples of a false balcony or Balconette widely built during 17th and 18th century (Gullo & Battaglia, 2015).

2.2.25. A window and wroughtiron balcony in Sicilian baroque style, Palazzo

2.2.4. 18th to 19th-century AD Cast iron in late 18th century

Cast and wrought Iron started to find its place as an architectural material from the mid to late 17th century, which helped create intricate railing for European windows and balconies (Stefanescu, 2017). In the Regency period, the mass production and lower cost of cast iron led to increased use in balconettes.

Availability of cast iron, French windows were allow being opened inwards to increase light and ventilation instead of the massive balustrade.

2.2.26. Series of balconies in facade of Haussmann’s buildings in Paris.

2.2.27. Superimposition of castiron railing and Paris ‘s cityscape

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Haussmann’s urban planning In France During the late 19th century, balconies gained its popularity in the name of hygienic norms. Haussmann, demolished the old cramped and filthy streets to create broad straight boulevards. Balconies became part of French houses, and grand buildings along the Paris streets (Jones, 2020).

Haussmann’s rebuilding of the city was intended to bring air and light to enclosed spaces and to unite the city with wide boulevards. The balcony became a part of the built form as a response to the hygiene and ventilation problem. However, later balcony became a part of culture and lifestyle.

2.2.28. Man on a Balcony, Boulevard Haussmann, in 1880 by Gustave Caillebotte

2.2.29. Huassmann’s Urban redevelopmnet plan showing wide streets

Social trends The balcony became a platform also used to see and to be seen.

The social trends at that time were to occupy the balcony with fashionable outfits and seek the attention of the passers-by. The painting shows there is a hydrangea in a ceramic pot placed near the wooden stool (Collins, 2008).

2.2.30. The Balcony (French: Le balcon) is an 1868-69 oil painting by the French painter Édouard Manet.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

The architectural feature was also used for prostitute business as escorts (majas) would display themselves on the balcony at night so that men walking on the streets can make better decisions (Cannon, 2018).

Wooden benches or chairs were used to sit on while being outside on porch or deck. Later in late 18th century cast iron patio furniture was used as table and chair as a permanent set of outdoor furniture mostly used for morning breakfast or evening tea.

2.2.31. Majas on a Balcony by Francisco Goya 1808 and 1814

Gaudi’s sculptural balcony In Barcelona, Gaudi’s residential buildings reflected Gothic revival, Naturalism and Art Nouveau. His building was a combination of structure and skin. Hence his building can have continuously curved façade. Balconies of nine-storey Casa Mila built-in 1912 were a sculptural piece of art as the cast iron railing is put against limestone façade. The form changed the quality of space. The style has contributed significantly to the Modernists movement and modernism (Molloy, 2013).

2.2.32. Railings of balconies in facade of Casa Mila by Antoni Gaudi

2.2.33. Railings of balconies in facade of Casa Mila by Antoni Gaudi

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2.2.34. Railings of balconies in facade of Casa Mila by Antoni Gaudi

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

2.3. In the India 2.3.1. 5th century BC Aangan in Hut The Ramayan is one of the ancient epics of Indian literature composed during 5th century BC. The story revolves around the 'Van Vaas' of Shri Raam means exile from the kingdom and to dwell in woods. The huts made during the time were out of wood, earth and thatch. The huts have two segregations one is the raised plinth mad of earth used to welcome outsider, and another is the immediate enclosed room used for cooking, sleeping and storing belongings. The raised platform was used as a transitioning space which is covered with thatch and wood pavilion above.

2.3.1. A still from Ramanand Sagar’s Ramayan where Lakshman is confining the hut with spells.

2.3.1. 5th century BC to 15th century AD Terraces of Mauryans and Mughals The concept of semi-open space has somewhere evolved from small opening and extended windows in history of Indian palaces and forts. Open balconies were witnessed in Mauryan Empire in the 3rd century BC which comprise of western and northern India. Mughal royals also used terraces for strolling, which is evident in miniature paintings of the time.

2.3.2. 15th century Miniature painting depicting leisure time of royals with attendents around

Jharokhas Jharokhas and courtyards was an integral feature of Rajput architecture. After the Mughal invasion, Jharokhas were included in the Mughal architecture of Forts and Palaces.

They were later used in Indo-Islamic and Marvadi residential architecture (Zulfiqar, 2018).

Jharokhas used to protrude forward from the wall plane.

Jharokhas enhance the aesthetics of the building. Jharokha provides privacy to the women following ‘Paradah’ system

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2.3.3. Typical single-storey house, Rajasthan

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

in earlier times which can be considered one of the primary function of a Jharokha. The window would facilitate women to see the events happening outside without being seen by outsiders. In Palaces, these windows could also be used to position archers and spies. Also, the carved screens (jaali) softens the hard sun of the desert and provides daylight at the same time. The form and ornamentation differ according to the local material and method of construction available. Hence the aesthetics of jharokhas are different in different regions. Hence, openings not only provide a place to carry out activities but also portrays stories or information about the style of architecture or culture.

2.3.4. Schematic section of a Jharokha

Jaisalmer courtyard houses The courtyard is volume scooped out from the core of the Indian home. The courtyards houses hold the living culture of Indian families. Thus different types of courtyard houses are not only found in desert cities of Rajasthan but also in Gujarat, Lucknow, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Jaali, verandah, jharokha, balcony, courtyards, chajjas, plants and fountains trap and circulate the wind inside the residential built form providing comfortable temperature and control amount of light that can enter into the building enclosure (Zulfiqar, 2018) (Gupta, 1985).

The transition of open space to enclosed space is gradual through semi-open space like verandah, facing the inner courtyard or facing the street. Enclosed terraces or balconies are attached to the upper floors. The orientation of the houses is such that balcony shade the building façade.

The transition of open space to enclosed space is gradual through semi-open space like verandah facing the inner courtyard or facing street. Enclosed terraces or balconies are attached to the upper floors. In a hot climate, extended surfaces get cooler than the thick flat walls of the house, creating pressure difference for wind flow (Gupta, 1985). The Jaisalmer houses are a blend of blurred spaces as the transition of the enclosure is gradual.

More complexity in this transition is observed in Havelies of Rajasthan.

2.3.5. Typical two-storey house, Rajasthan

2.3.6. Sectional view of a Haveli, Rajasthan

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

2.3.2. 16th to 19th century AD Chettinad and Naalukettu house A courtyards were also observed in Keralian houses. The traditional south Indian courtyard house (Chettinad house of Tamil Nadu and Naalukettu of Kerala) is inward-looking houses (Shah, 2011). The courtyard is the primary space, and other functional spaces are around the courtyard with verandah as a semi-open buffer space.

The courtyard houses are placed around Tulsi plant (Basil) planted in centre the open courtyard. The pot is called ‘Tulsi Kyara’. Plant is auspicious hence the centre of courtyard and the courtyard itself is believed to be auspicious.

2.3.7. Inward looking courtyard house

2.3.8.

Tulsi (Basil) plant in courtyard

Portuguese influenced verandah However, the typical house form around courtyards was influenced by the Portuguese invasion in the early 16th century.

The bungalows were resultant of Portuguese adapting to the traditional construction and style of houses but manipulating according to their lifestyle (Shah, 2011).

At the same time, colonial bungalows have verandah or (porch) portico in the front façade with balconies on the upper floor, which are more outward-looking (Shah, 2011). Cast iron fences and grills made in England were used to complete bungalow architecture (Shah, 2011). A significant example of such verandahs is witnessed in Goan houses. Varendahs were connected to the ground levels but upper floors were connected to small balconies jutting from the floor slab. These balconies were similar to French balconies.

2.3.9. Outward looking verandah house

2.3.10. Portuguese Goan balcony

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influenced

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Otla in Pol house The concept of veranda arrived or instead adapted by the Indian families. The significant example of the same can be found in Pol houses of Ahmedabad walled city. Pol houses exist since the 17th century during British rule (Gangwar & Kaur, 2020). Pols are a system of small neighbourhoods where people belonging to the same religion or occupation live together. The system creates an intimate social culture between neighbours.

Pol house is a combination of the courtyard and front veranda, but the verandah (otla) becomes a significant part of the house.

Space is used for social interactions, especially by women of the house. It is used for religious activities also (Gangwar & Kaur, 2020). There is space for washing clothes and toilets on one side of the otla. These street-facing activities became obsolete with time and were shifted inside the house. The internal courtyard acts as a buffer between the front and the back for privacy. There is verandah around the courtyard, also called parsal, which becomes a semi-open living space for the residents with a swing as a significant piece of furniture. Larger windows became a part of the first floor of the house to act as a vantage point from where residents observe the streets’ events.

(Gangwar & Kaur, 2020).

2.3.11. Otlo or verendah at the beginning of the pol house

2.3.12. view showing living space created between open to skycourtyard and semi-open- parcel with swing as a seating element

2.3.13. Ground floor plan of a typical Pol house

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

2.4. 20th and 21st century AD Hygiene movement During the hygiene movement in the early 20th century, it was believed that fresh air could prevent deadly diseases like tuberculosis which became the reason in development and widespread of sleeping porches. In colonial bungalows of America, sleeping porches were located on the upper level accessed from the bedrooms above the ground floor front porch (Keperling, 2014). Use of insect screening on porches became widespread for protection against mosquitoes and diseases spread by them like yellow fever and malaria.

The houses constructed post World War II eliminated front porches as backyard patios and decks became popular.

Backyard patios provided space for private outdoor activities (Keperling, 2014).

Dwelling in Industrial Revolution

2.4.1. Sleeping porch accessible from bedroom American houses.

Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied.

Due to the increasing population housing demand increased, the demand for land and land prices went high. Hence Poor people lived in tiny flats. Due to lack of sun exposure and poor ventilation, vast numbers of the working class died due to disease spreading through the cramped and unhygienic living conditions.

Baby cage In the mid 20th century, Apartment dwelling was solving housing problem but creating some at the same time. Doctors advised parents living in tight urban apartments to expose their children to fresh air for their health regularly to fresh air for their health, that was impossible to get in crowded apartments of NewYork city and London (Arbuckle, 2015). The cages became popular in the 1930s among apartment dwellers without access to backyards. Babies were kept out in the cage hung over the window. The intension of the cage was to provide sun exposure to the babies but the same faced safety issues (Arbuckle, 2015).

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2.4.2. Baby cages used to ensure that children got enough sunlight and fresh air when living in an apartment building,1937.

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Multilevel community living Hence community housing provided relatively hygienic and affordable living like Casa di Ringhiera in Milano and Chawls of Mumbai (19th to 20th century). A built form with courtyard consisting of several flats at different floors connected with a balcony like a passageway facing the courtyard. In this type of railing houses, privacy and individual identity are lost, and balcony plays a significant role.

In 1930-60, government-commissioned chawls as a solution for mass housing quarters for employees due to the scarcity of open-spaces. Chawls were rapidly adapted hosting form in the city of Mumbai. No new chawls were built after 1970. However, they remain popular living spaces (Shiva, 2017). Chawl has small dwelling units known as kholi, which are connected with semiopen corridors on each floor running around the courtyard towards the centre. Due to the compact housing units, corridors serve as an extension to living space or Kholi. It is often found that people begin to inhibit in the corridors, store furniture, and create a social landscape full of social activities (Shiva, 2017).

2.4.3. Casa de Ringhiera, Milano, 1970

2.4.4. Shared balcony of chawls used for circulation and social bonding among the community.

Balcony for better living It is during Modernism (early 20th century) when semi-open spaces were labelled formally and placed as a balcony- a unit repeating in the residences especially, high-rise apartments.

Likewise, due to the increase in housing demand increased, the demand for land and land prices went high. Hence the trend of owning a cluttered row house changed, and people preferred lavish and spacious apartments in larger cities around the world. The apartment schemes like Unite d’habitation in France and Kanchanjanga in India were coming up during the 20th century as a need for a particular community or cohort. In apartments, view and ventilation became the driving factor for a better living.

2.4.5. Open plan layout in Unite d'Habitation,France

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Availability of Air -Conditioning In the mid-twentieth century, the broad availability of air conditioning and television attracted people to stay indoors.

Low-cost air conditioners become widely available (Steinmetz, 2010). Engineering made it possible to build steel-and-glass structures with controlled temperatures.

2.4.6. Window AC in mid-20th century

Modern material and mechanism Industrialisation led to Modernism and standardisation of manufactured building materials. The revolution provided a new kind of spatial qualities. Slender members and new materials give lightness to space and add more visibility to space.

Maison De Verre or House of Glass by Pierre Chareau with Bernard Bijoet built from 1928 to 1932, in Paris, France. The built form is out of industrial materials like glass-bricks and steel. The street-facing facade is made out of glass bricks which allows natural light and warmth and also the translucency of the material provides privacy at the same time. Where ever views are required clear glass windows are provided which are in-fact remote-controlled steel louvres (Dixit, 2007). The exploration of material has created a unique quality of space, from both inside and outside.

Farnsworth house is designed by Modernist architect Mies Van de Rohe in 1945-1949. The façade of the house is subdivided into small steel window frames wit large clear glass running around façade (Dixit, 2007). Hence, the barrier between inside and outside has been broken, and interior space hardly appears like interior.

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2.4.7. Glass brick wall and remote controlled louvers in House of Glass

2.4.8. Blurred sense of indoors and indoors in Farnsworth house

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Open plan layout In contemporary times, Open plan housing is one of the popular layouts in the 21st century, where spaces are interconnected with minimal vertical partitioning. Open plan layout provides flexibility in changing nature of space residencies were designed in a way giving or providing the residents or occupants with the control over changing nature of space from tightly closed to semi-open to outward-looking open spaces. The same became possible due to the availability of light-weight materials, mechanisms and remote/controlled electronic systems. The advancement in technologies allows the space to be flexible enough to fit according to the demands of the user.

Balcony as a luxury Hence, the concept of dwelling was rethought and transferred to vertical housing schemes. High-rise apartments were also a solution for better living standards in highly populated cities with high land prices. High- rise housing has become a common housing type for middle, upper-middle and highincome groups.

Decline However, in past few years, the way technological equipment are present in every apartment, quality of air has affected, outside temperature has raised, the health of outdoor plants sufferers when AC compressors are placed in the vicinity, which forcibly keeps us locked indoors. The types of multilevel dwellings witnessed in cities around the globe provide similar quality of living spaces. Hence, the balcony is looked at as an extra room for storage.

2.4.9. Luxuriously large terrace balcony with view of city and Arabian sea from Kanchanjanga apartments

2.4.10. Use of Balcony for storage in apartment in Thailand

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Observed usage of balcony in Covid-19 Pandemic The year 2020 is a memorable year for the generations. Covid-19 was declared a global pandemic by WHO in the second week of March. Due to the rapid outbreak of the virus, nations world wide declared 'Lockdown'. Lockdown forced people other than health workers, police and supporting staff to stay in their homes. More than 50% of the urban population lives in highrise apartments. In apartments with no balcony or any other access to terraces, people realised the lack of good quality of natural light and air throughout the day. They faced mental health issues within the lockdown period. The absence of an outdoor escape is one of the reasons. People were confined and were forced to use space within their homes to carry out necessary activities.

However, the situation has forced people to adapt to the existing space and use them to their full potential. The balcony is observed to be used as the most flexible space within the apartment as many have challenged the limits of a balcony. People used balcony space for relaxation, access to sun exposure, play for children, used to set up a workspace, used as an individual community platform for social gatherings and dance-music performances. The rate of happiness seemed high amongst people who had access to the plantation in their vicinity. During the pandemic, Balconies have provided an opportunity to get out and look after each other rather than being self-centred and forcing ourselves indoors (Traverso, 2020). Balconies provide an experience that the virtual world of technologies cannot—a sense of community and an authentic feeling of being there for each other. During the Lockdown, there were stories of balcony culture, bringing people together and balconies regardless of occupants' religion, gender, or occupation, offered a source of connection (Traverso, 2020).

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

2.5.1. Music performance neighbors request

on

2.5.2.Cyclist training on his balcony for the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics (postponed to 2021)

2.5.3. Artist displaying his artworks from his balcony

2.5.4. Screen being projected on the wall to enjoy a movie with neighbors

2.5.5. Balcony turning into a gym class

2.5.6. Balcony turning into a nightclub

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

2.6. Inference Apparently, in human history, the sky has carried a profound and sacred meaning. Hence, man has perceived the sky as the adobe of the supernatural (Correa & Frampton, 1996, p. 18).

The sky has profoundly affected the man's relationship to built forms and to open space.

Especially in India, the amalgamation of spaces from enclosed to semi-open to open spaces create subtle changes in the quality of light, and ambient air generates core feelings to our being within us. The feeling can be understood from a symbol of education in the Indian subcontinent. The image where the guru is teaching, Sages meditating under a tree, village meetings (Panchayat) happening out in the open, women gossiping on a raised plinth near a well (no offence to feminism) or sleeping under the night sky. The feeling of being alive cannot be achieved within the closed box of a room. However, instead, One needs to be connected to the outside world. The outside world includes sight of the sky, greenery, natural objects and people(Correa & Frampton, 1996, p. 18).

Open and semi-open spaces are vital in the dwelling because these spaces make a decisive difference between livable and claustrophobic habitat. Semi-open spaces not only improve living conditions but can also create sustainable interiors (Correa & Frampton, 1996, p. 21). Until the arrival of T.V., people watching from verandas or balconies was a significant evening activity (Traverso, 2020). Carolin Aronis, a scholar and lecturer at the University of Colorado Boulder, who has invested time in researching the balconies of Tel Aviv and the Mediterranean says in a BBC article that technologies such as the telephone, T.V. and air conditioning have slowly dragged people indoors.

However, Today, technology is not driving people away from balconies any more but instead helping them out to rediscover the social aspect of the space (Traverso, 2020).

Different approaches have been witnessed in creating efficient and hygienic interiors. The context of the dwelling was the major driving factor. The context included the climatic conditions of the region, sun, wind and temperature. Along with the same, the degree of openness is required concerning the living conditions. Another driving factor is the socio-cultural

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requirements or possibilities of people of the community within the economic boundary. People follow trends, as well as create trends. Hence, people adapt to the existing spaces or demand for change in its nature to fulfil their aspirations. One of the significant factors becomes technology, where material, structural advancements affects the quality and nature of semi-open spaces—also, the availability of comfort equipment which can be controlled according to the needs. The same has reduced the responsibilities of a semi-open space in residence.

Hence semi-open spaces are left with lesser significance in contemporary times.

The semi-open spaces like balcony and covered terraces do not necessarily have to respond to some of the physiological needs of dwellers. However, social and psychological needs have to be addressed.

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03. Case study

‘The whole object of building high is to free the ground for children and grown-ups to enjoy Mother Earth and not to cover every inch with bricks and mortar’ -Ernö Goldfinger (Mictlan, 2019)

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

3.1. Types of residential built forms The types of residential built forms discussed in this segment are witnessed in both European and Indian context. However, the relation between spaces in the layout differs in both contexts.

European cities include the low rise and high-rise housing forms in a large proportion in since the 1900s. In contrast, Indian cities still accommodate ground level and multilevel residences in the form of courtyard houses, rowhouses, bungalows along with the high rise and low rise residential apartments. However, low rise community housing was prevalent till the late 20th century and high-rise apartments since the early 2000s.

Courtyard house – the courtyard house type include semi-open space in the form of verandah around the open to sky courtyard.

Semi-open space here is used as an expansion of living space, kitchen, dining area and bedroom activities.

Rowhouse- Row houses are stacked series of single or doublestorey houses sharing sides walls which are inclusive of front and back porch as the semi-open space. Front porches are usually connected to garage and living space, and back porches connect the kitchen and dining area or bedroom for utility activities. The open terrace on top is accessed from bedrooms on the upper level. The bedrooms are also connected to private balconies in row houses.

Bungalow- Bungalows tend to have large verandahs running on the periphery of the residence and act as an extension of every possible interior space. The upper level is connected to open terraces as secondary living space or private balcony accessed from bedrooms.

Low-rise housing apartments- Low rise apartments have multiple residences stacked on top of each other. They usually vary from 2 to 4 floors. Flats are connected to a shared semiopen corridor, or individual flat has connected private balconies from one or two sides.

High-rise housing apartments- High-rise apartments are multiple residences stacked, creating more than five floors up to 30 floors. Every floor has one or more apartment sharing common facilities. Each apartment has access to utility balcony

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

from the kitchen or dining, common balcony from living or dining and a private balcony from bedrooms.

Open and semi-open spaces were an integral part of groundlevel dwellings, but over time, multilevel dwellings started coming up in the form of apartments during and post Modernism. Thus open and semi-open spaces transformed into a more confined space attached to the domestic interiors providing flexible spaces for usage. In multilevel dwellings or apartments, semi-opens spaces like terraces and balconies have limited physical access, but visual accessibility is not defined as it depends on the neighbourhood. The transition of the semi-open spaces from ground level to the multilevel dwelling is evident through the timeline from past to present.

The translation of such spaces in different built forms shows the way of living in contemporary times. Functions of balcony and terraces change concerning time and people.

3.2. Selection of Case study The semi-open spaces of multilevel housing projects by renowned architects around the world are considered for thorough study. Multilevel projects built after the 1900s are taken for study. The nature of semi-open space in these projects depends on individual understanding of the designing architects. The nature of balcony differs from private, semipublic to public usage according to the function and placement of the semiopen space.

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1. Casa Rustici

By Giuseppe Terragni and Pietro Lingeri Location - Milan, Italy Built between 1933 and 1935

2. Unite de Habitate

By Le Corbusier Location- France Year- 1952

In West

Case study

In India

1. Multilevel flats at RK puram

By Habib Rehman Location Delhi Built- 1965

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2. Asian games village

By Raj Rewal Location- Delhi, India Built in 1982

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

3. Trelick tower

By Erno Goldfinger Location- London, UK Built in 1972

3. Kanchanjanga apartment

By Charles Correa Mumbai, India Built in 1983

4. Mountain dwelling

By Bjarke Ingels Group Location- Copenhagen, Denmark Built-in 2008

6. Transformation of 530 Homes – Grand Parc

By Lacaton & Vassal architectes, Location - Bordeaux, France Built in 2019

4. Sublime Ordinariness housing project (by JSW steel group)

By DCOOP Architects Location- Vasind, Maharashtra Built – 2012-16

5. Ishatvam-9

By Sanjay Puri Architects Location- Ranchi, Jharkhand Built-in 2017

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3.3. Methodology The study is based on data, images and drawings available online and analysis through diagrams. The aspects of the study will include the inquiry about the nature of balcony or semi-open space, response of balconies on the way of living considering the time and people the project was built for and the climatic of the region. The segment will also inquire how balconies as an intermediate space between the inside and outside provided a sense of community among the people occupying the same housing or apartment.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

3.4. Framework The nature of semi-open space in a dwelling responds to people(user), context (climate, region) and technology (technique, material, equipment). The nature of existing spaces can be understood by inquiring the layout, spatial zoning, adjacencies, the flexibility of functions and activities, material and colour (Ching, 2015).

Semi-open space From inside as a user 1. Layout- location in residence - Furniture, objects, equipments, plantation 2. Zoning adjacencies - expansion flexibility (integrated?) Accessibility - physical and visual - Function alloted 3. Other observation- Activities- usage pattern- balcony sizematerial- furniture- objects- fenestrations- flooring.

As an interface from outside 1. Edge of the built form 2. Material, color, pattern People 1. Socio-cultural factor 2. User aspirations 3. Designer/architect’s interpretation 4. Historic tradition and precedent 5. Economic factor Context 1. Climate - sun, wind, temperature 2. Geography - topography - view 3. Sensory and cultural characteristic of place Technology 1. Structure / material 2. Environment protection / comfort 3. Equipments

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Nature of space

As an interface from outside

From inside as a user

Skin of the built-form Material, color, pattern

Layout Location in residence Ergonomics consideration Furniture, plantation, equipments

Zoning Adjacent spaces Physical/visual accessibility Flexibility of space, function, activity

Other observations Activities- usage pattern- balcony size- material- furniture- objectsfenestrations- flooring.

Reference source: Ching, F. D. K. (2015). Architecture: Form, space, & order. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons

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Technique/ technology

Structure, Material, Comfort Equipments

Context

People

Climate- sun, wind, temp Topography- view Sensory and cultural Characteristic of place (if any)

User aspirations Socio-cultural factor Designer’s interpretation Historic tradition (if any) Economic factor

Social interaction Privacy Sense of community

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04. Case study analysis

"Balconies were the first social media"

by Italian cartoonist Makkox (Origoni & Origoni, 2020)

4.1. Western Projects A. Casa Rustici Location - Milan, Italy Built between 1933 and 1935

By Giuseppe Terragni and Pietro Lingeri

B. Unite de Habitate Location- France Year- 1952

by Le Corbusier

C. Trelick tower Location- London, UK Built in 1972

By Erno Goldfinger

D. Mountain dwelling Location- Copenhagen, Denmark Built-in 2008

By Bjarke Ingels Group

E. Transformation of 530 Homes – Grand Parc Bordeaux Location - Bordeaux, France Built in 2019

by Lacaton & Vassal architectes, Frédéric Druot Architecture and Christophe Hutin Architecture

4.2. Indian Projects A.Multi-Storeyed Flats Location- Ramakrishnapuram, New delhi Built in 1965

By Habib Rehman

B. Asian games village Location- Delhi, India Built in 1982

By Raj Rewal

C. Kanchanjanga apartment Mumbai, India Built in 1983

By Charles Correa

D. Sublime Ordinariness housing project (by JSW steel group) Location- Vasind, Maharashtra Built – 2012-16

By DCOOP Architects

E. Ishatvam-9 Location- Ranchi, Jharkhand Built-in 2017

By Sanjay Puri Architects

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

4.1. Western Projects

1A. Casa Rustici Location - Milan, Italy Built between 1933 and 1935

By Giuseppe Terragni and Pietro Lingeri

1a.1. Casa Rustici, Milan in 1935 is an example of Rationalism design style

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Context Casa Rustici was built during the times of Rationalist and Bauhaus in trend. The architects believed in Rationalist built forms to built meaningful spaces and less ornate after World War II. Hence the residences were designed such to provide flexibility in optimum form and structure.

Private and common spaces Casa Rustici has two 7-storey towers connected with a series of balconies to create a covered courtyard between the two. These long and narrow bridge-like balconies accessed from living rooms face the main street Corso Sempione. The single tower accommodates two different sizes of flats, hence four flats per floor. The balconies jutting out from sideways of the building are attached to shared spaces like living rooms and personal spaces like bedrooms. The courtyard acts as an entrance foyer to the building accommodating commercial spaces on the ground floor and first floor.

1a.2. View showing plantation on bridge-balconies in the street facing facade from the covered courtyard.

Spatial layout and zoning The street-facing living rooms of two different flats are connected with a long bridge-balcony. It is separated with a perforated screen. The balcony is located or placed in a way

1a.3. Residential floor plan, Casa Rustici

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

with respect to the residences; it justifies the architectural need for connection. However, the balconies are not observed to be used frequently by the residents as the balcony lack the sense of privacy while occupying such semi-open spaces for personal relaxation or activities. However, the balcony provides a setback to the living rooms from the busy street. Also provides a suitable environment for plantation with an ample amount of sunlight Private Balcony

Bedroom

Common Balcony

Living room Common Balcony

1a.4. View from living room showing connection with the adjacent balcony

Study

South-East corner apartment

Stairwell

Kitchen

Balcony

Living room

Drawing room

Store room

Street-facing balcony

North-East corner apartment Physical and immediate access

Visual access only

and a continuous flow of air.

Every apartment facing the main street Corso Sempione have added sliding curtains in front of the living room door. The building is very close to the street; hence, one can break visual privacy from the street by glancing inside the living room.

The living rooms and bedrooms facing sideways are attached

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1a.5. Street facing long balconies connect two residential blocks

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

1a.7. The long bridge balconies used for gardening and walks

1a.6. Casa Rustici includes Bauhaus inspired cantilevered balconies for quick escape to the open space

to cantilevered balconies inspired from balconies of student accommodate at Bauhaus Dessau by Walter Gropius in 1920s.

The kitchens are connected to a long utility balcony sticked along the building facing inwards, towards the open courtyard.

However, in European countries, washing happens indoors; hence the utility balcony is not used for household chores.

1a.8. Section through the stairwell

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

The apartment in the south-east corner an apartment includes living room followed by drawing-room. The living room is connected to two sets of balconies. One is a cantilevered independent balcony jutting out of the building façade. The standing balcony is used for a quick escape from indoors with an optimum area left to keep potted plants of choice. Another balcony is attached to the study room but with a window.

The window allows visual escape and provides no physical movement in and out to cut down the disturbance. The balcony is flushed in the building structure itself, which provide a space for occupants to submerge themselves inside and enjoy outdoors at same the time, only accessed from the living room.

1a.9. Street facing living rooms are covered with blinders to demarcate privacy in a residence

The balcony attached to one of the bedrooms is along the width of the room. The semi-open space is connected with a French window (a large window with minimum sill height) to add personal flexibility used to step out in the balcony or slid them open for fresh air.

Approx.

1.5 m

Elevation

Approx. 7 m

Schematic of bridge confine from two sides Plan

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balcony

direction of View

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

The long and narrow balcony measures approx 1.5m x 7m which is divided into two parts. One portion is open from two sides, and another is open from three sides. The balcony is floored with grey terrazzo tiles popular of the time. The green curtains cover the wall connecting inside of the living room. Hence the curtained area is used for seating outdoors putting chairs facing the street. The white railing with a perpendicular grid become a part of façade and is used to hang potted plants. The balcony also contains AC compressors in some apartments facing towards the courtyard. The balcony and indoors are connected and separated by hinged glass doors. The balcony becomes the L-shaped movement as an attachment to the interiors.

Interface as the outer skin The long bridge balconies connecting two towers create the translucent façade with a glimpse of the open courtyard inside.

Moreover, the cantilevered Bauhaus balconies on the side façade face the side streets. Plantation in bridge balconies adds an organic touch to the symmetric building built in Rationalist architecture style.

People The client Mr Ristici wished to have a villa on a prime location.

However, the two architects suggested investing in high-rise residential building which accommodates housing ranging from three to seven-bedroom apartments with a personal villa attached to a garden terrace on top. Hence, Casa Rustici was an early example of a privately commissioned high-rise residential building.

Technology The balcony connected to from the kitchen has the walls along the length belong to the stairwell. Hence wall made out of glass bricks draws light inside the enclosed stairwell. Also, the balcony floor plate provides a glimpse of floors while climbing the stairs. Hence glass bricks in the 1930s used as an alternative to enclosing the space with daylight drawing in and provide privacy from the adjacent space at the same time.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Inference Casa Rustici is one of the examples of privately owned highrise residential building. The building accommodates lavish apartments where internals spaces are connected to common and private balconies. The long narrow façade balconies architecturally connect two residential towers but used least by the residents for personal purposes. However, it provides setback to the living rooms of the apartment from the busy streets of Milan. Other balconies jutting out from the sides of the building, inspired by Bauhaus student accommodations, provide standing space for a quick escape from the indoors.

1a.10. The play of setbacks and balconies create the facade of Casa Rustici

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

1B. Unite d’Habitation

Location- Marseille, France Year- 1952

by Le Corbusier

1b.1. Facade of Unite d’Habitation with colorful setbacks acting as balconies.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Context The building is oriented North-South along the length. Hence long facades of the Unite d’Habitation catches morning as well as evening sun to lit every individual apartment during the day (MILLAIS, 2015). The balcony of west facade and terrace on the top catches the fantastic view of Calanques de Marseille (mountain range near Marseille).

The whole building is made out of roughcast concrete as one of the least costly material in post-war Europe. Also, It characterizes the conditional state of life after the war - rough, worn, unforgiving.

1b.2. Section of Unite d’Habitation

Private and common spaces Unite d’habitation has eighteen individual apartments and each has two balconies for private use attached from the living area and bedroom respectively. Whereas common facilities for playing, shopping, eating is accommodated on the terrace with a shallow pool and view of mountains.

1b.3. Terrace accommodating common facilities with a view

Spatial Layout and zoning Unite d’Habitation is considered a ‘vertical garden city’ where inhabitants can live, shop, play. A module of two L-shaped units creates the individual apartments (Kroll, 2010). The first unit is inverted on the other to create corridors connecting apartments every alternate floor. The double-height space emphasizes an open volume rather than space being an open plan.

1b.4. Section of a module with two L-shaped apartment units creating double height space

1b.5. View from balcony and living area towards dining area and bedroom

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Single L-shaped unit provides double height for balcony and living room. The living area is connected to the dining area on the lower level and a bedroom overlooking in the living area and balcony. Another bedroom is attached to a single height balcony on the other side. Brise-soleil in the façade breaks the

1b.7. View showing balcony used as an extension of living sarea

1b.6. Plan of lower and upper floor of an apartment

bedroom-2

Balcony

1b.8. View from bedroom with single height balcony

Living area

bedroom-1 Dinning area and kitchen

Physical and immediate access

Visual access only

double volume of the balcony into a comfortable human scale at the mezzanine level. . There is a casted horizontal surface at the termination of the balcony functioning as fixed outdoor seating. The doors or windows open up to merge balcony and living area into one flexible space providing possibilities of use as per the family requirements.

The Linear apartments open up with a double-height semiopen space used as the living room and closely connected to the dining on the lower floor. At the same time bedroom on the upper floor have an over-looking view of the living room and the uninterrupted view of the mountains. Children’s bedroom on the opposite side has loosely open to a balcony set up for kids to extend their activities during the day.

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1b.9. Building facades facing eastwest

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Approx. 4 m

Section

Plan

T h e balcony acts as an extension of living area where threshold acts as a low height seating. The seating with pillows becomes a comfort space for leisure. There is a casted horizontal surface at the termination of the balcony functioning as fixed outdoor seating. The doors or windows open up to merge balcony and living area into one flexible space providing possibilities of use as per the family requirements. The balcony and living room is separated and connected with glazed glass sliding folding doors. The surface above is fixed with glass and wood.

People have used curtains on the outer side and at the threshold to control sunlight and privacy, respectively.

The balcony is level up to create an apparent difference between space with glazed tile flooring outside and

Approx. 1.75 m Balcony confined from three sides direction of View

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

wooden flooring inside. The balcony becomes the linear attachment to the interiors.

Interface as outer skin The elevation of Unite d’Habitation comprises a series of balconies and deep-set windows that reveal the spacing of the internal floor plates. Le Corbusier developed this grid using a proportional measurement system based on his Modulor Man. internal wall of balcony are painted with vibrant colours to smooth down the roughness of the material and add colours along with the grid to the façade.

1b.10. View terrace

mountains

from

People After WW2, Europe was still feeling the effects of the war. The project was commissioned to design a multifamily residential housing project for people of Marseille that were dislocated after the bombarding on France (Kroll, 2010).

1b.11. Diagram showing Brisesoleil and direction of sun light

Technology Brise-soleil is a sun baffle or an extended surface acting as blinders in the building façade. Brise-soleil was one of the popularly used technique to cut the hard sun during the day and add elevational lines to the façade of Unite d’Habitation (MILLAIS, 2015).

Inference Unite d’Habitation has become an integral part of the residents’ lifestyle. The double-height balcony anchor the domestic activities by being the virtual junction where the living area becomes the physical connector. The open plan of the apartment reflects the sequencing of activity clusters from more functional activities to leisure and recreational activities. Moreover, the sequence ends at the double-height balcony confining the physical movement but limitless visual treat. The balcony is connected along the width of the apartment, which provided the possibility to extend living space or dinning space activities out in the open, according to the inhabitants’ aspirations. The

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1b.12. Colorful balconies create Facade of Unite d’Habiation

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

apartments are small but the constant visual connection to the outside view restricts the sense of being claustrophobic.

Hence quality lifestyle is provided in small apartments.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

1C. Trelick tower Location- London, UK Built in 1972

By Erno Goldfinger

1c.1. Trelick tower, London built in Brutalist architecture style post WW II

by Erno Goldfinger

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Context Great London Council commissioned 31-storey Trelick tower, and it was the iconic multilevel in Brutalist style at the time in Europe (Winstanley, 2019). The city council commissioned social housing to accommodate people living in the slum of the area. However, post-construction the building was known as 'Tower of Terror' as being a hub of crime and vandalism.

1c.3. Reception area used as dining space with a view and access to balcony

Private and common spaces The slender residential building accommodates apartments stacked side by side connected through a corridor which is connected with the service and circulation tower separated from living spaces. The service tower accommodates boilers, heaters and ventilation for the whole building. The tower accommodates nine different types of apartment modules whose main entrance lies on every third floor connecting service tower and tower with apartments. Internal staircases connect apartments up and down which free the apartments from the corridors stuck on one side of the apartment. Hence apartments are extended on the rear side as well with large windows and view of the neighbourhood. Each apartment is connected to a combination of a double-height covered balcony.

Spatial layout and zoning The longer side of the Trelick tower faces North-east. Hence all the balconies draw smooth daylight in the small rectangular

1c.4. View from reception area towards balcony

1c.5. The photograph has captured the use of balcony for drying clothes and baby is exposed to morning sun in the living room

Approx. 6.7 m

Approx. 2 m

Approx.

1.25 m

1c.2. Single apartment plan

Balcony confined from three sides direction of View

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

apartments. The central transitional space opens up into two sets of spaces on two opposite ends, and central space faces the toilet block of the apartment. The living space (reception area) and kitchen combine to create free space creating clusters of activities happening horizontally. The horizontally combined space disintegrates into a balcony along the length of the space. The single balcony is accessed from the living room with sliding doors. The double-height side of the balcony is accessed from the kitchen with a hinged door. On the other side of the central space, the presence of bedrooms provides privacy from everyday activities, and the windows facing south-west provides excellent view and light. The apartments are small and tight enough for a living but not for storage. Hence residents use the luxury of a balcony for storing extra stuff like cycles, extra furniture and used to hang clothes. Another dwelling unit above can overlook the double-height balcony extended from kitchen space. The privacy of the residents of the apartment beneath is challenged. However, the people accommodating the apartments have no complains as the existing living spaces are better than their earlier slums.

Kitchen Lobby space Bedrooms

Balcony Living area

Physical and immediate access

Visual access only

Interface as the outer skin The setback in living spaces with a combination of long rectangular balconies out of exposed bush-hammered concrete grid structure defines the façade of the Trelick tower. The series of stacked balconies of different module reflects the day-to-day lives of the inhabitants to the outside world.

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1c.6.

Sectional perspective showing the large-window side from the bedrooms

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

People The building is designed considering aspirations of the inhabitants declared by the city council. The single apartment has accommodated amenities essential for living and considered technical details to make lives more comfortable and affordable, keeping the economic factor in consideration.

Technology

1c.7. View of city from the balcony

The brutalist building is made of bush-hammered concrete. The doors and windows opening out are dual pane double glazed to avoid noise pollution in a dense multilevel social housing, and the windows have pivoting system have doors to the balcony are framed glass sliders which are easy to clean (Winstanley, 2019).

Inferences

1c.8. Facade of Trelick tower is a composition of balconies

The Trick tower provides a better living for people of the neighbourhood, and the inhabitants occupy the dwellings efficiently. However, the requirement of enough storage is not fulfilled; hence the partly double volumed balcony is used for storage instead of leisure. However, the proportion of balcony space versus living space itself suggests the apparent use of the space in a small residential apartment.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

1D. Mountain dwelling Location- Copenhagen, Denmark Built-in 2008

By Bjarke Ingels Group

1d.1. Garden terraces of every apartment in Mountain dwelling

1d.2. The slide profile of the sloping Mountain dwelling

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Context The ten-storey Mountain dwelling is located in the busy urbanscape of Copenhagen, but the staggered arrangement of apartments providing the opportunity of garden terraces which gives characteristic of suburban dwelling. The Mountain is oriented towards the south-east providing ample amount of daylight, the view of the city and canal providing a cool breeze into the interior space from the terraced gardens. The program demanded space, 2/3rd for parking and 1/3rd for living (Saieh, 2009). Hence the parking space becomes the base upon which terraced housing is placed, creating a concrete hillside. The residents can park their cars directly outside their homes similar to ground level houses.

1d.4. View from kitchen and dinning towards open terraces

Private and common spaces All these apartments are connected through staircases on the sides of the building. Staircases provide vertical circulation and view of the vicinity. The Mountain is made of L-shaped apartments creating a terrace garden between two apartment forms. Each apartment is disintegrated into a private terrace garden via sliding glass partition.

1d.5. Artificial turf in the terrace with planter railing

Approx. 8 m

3m

Approx. 5 m

Approx. 5 m

The proportion of living space(apartment) and the terrace garden is 3/4th and 1/4th respectively. The space at the very entrance acts as the core activities of the house, which include laundry and toilets. The adjacent spaces accommodate set subspaces like kitchen, dining and living area which eventually open up into private open terrace of a wooden deck. There is

Approx. 7 m

Spatial layout and zoning

Approx. 4 m Balcony confined from three sides 1d.3. Plan of L-shaped apartment

direction of View

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

another area at the end of the L-shaped apartment, which is connected outside from two sides drawing ample light. The residents are given the freedom to fit a function according to their requirements. Possibilities include play area for kids which can be extended outside, an extra bedroom and a study room or a library with much light. The bedroom is separated from the trio of living dining and kitchen area with an opaque partition. The bedroom also has personal access to the terrace garden. The deck is a free floor flexible enough for multiple seating arrangements using movable furniture. The deck is disintegrated into an artificial turf floored T-shaped extension.

The turf floored terrace is confined with parapet like setting which contains potted plants inside the perforated wooden enclosure. The parapet provides a horizontal surface for a cup of coffee during autumn and green edge line during spring.

Multi purpose room

Living area

Kitchen Dining area

Terrace garden

Physical and immediate access

1d.7. View of terrace in spring

1d.8. View of the city from terrace

Bedroom

Visual access only 1d.9. Glazed glass seperate interior spaces from garden terrace

1d.6. Section of an apartment

Interface as the outer skin The plater railings of T shaped terrace gardens become the sloping façade of the Mountain dwelling. The play of volumes creates interesting setbacks in the sloped façade catching a controlled amount of light for private space like a bedroom.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

The sides of the concrete slope are made of stairs which are concealed with perforated aluminium sheet creating an image of Himalayan mountains.

People The Mountain dwelling responds to the suburban quality of life aspired by the people hectic urban life of Copenhagen (Saieh, 2009). The terrace gardens provide freedom in multilevel dwelling in the city itself where the open backyard of the house becomes the façade of the building.

Technology The boundary of each terrace garden is made out of potted plants covered with wooden planks. The building has a watering system which maintains all the terrace gardens (Saieh, 2009).

Inference The residential built form of Mountain dwelling responds to the climatic conditions and topography of the city by orienting it towards the south-east. The terraces become the connection of outside world and home, which bring an ample amount of light, view of the city and natural flow of air. The planter railing serves the purpose of confining the terrace with an opportunity of gardening. The open space is connected from three sides of the apartment which include a living, dining, bedroom with direct connection and kitchen with the visual connection. However, the open plan of the apartment provides an opportunity to connect towards outside.

1d.10. Section of the Mountain dwelling

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

1E. Transformation of 530 Homes – Grand Parc Bordeaux Location - Bordeaux, France Built in 2019

by Lacaton & Vassal architectes, Frédéric Druot Architecture and Christophe Hutin Architecture

1e.1. Grand Parc built in 1970s for mass living

1e.2. Grand Parc after transformation in 2019

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Context The Grand Parc transformation project was a remodelling scheme of three apartment blocks of Grand Parc which include the addition of summer rooms modules as an external layer to the existing residential building blocks built in the 1950s to 70s, post-second world war era (Slessor, 2019). The Grand Parc was built as a rapid solution for accommodation to the rapid growth in population. The mass-produced residences lacked to provide quality of life. They were tightly enclosed box dwellings. The modules were externally added to increase floor area and upgrade light and ventilation of the property instead of demolishing the massive housing estate.

1e.4. facade and interior space before

1e.5. Prefabricated modules placed with cranes

1e.3. Site plan showing transformation of three residential blocks

Private and common spaces

1e.6. Summer room and living space after

Each apartment is connected to a semi-open space which can be called as a winter garden, a summer room or a balcony. Two of three apartment blocks have an extension from one side, but a block is connected to summer rooms from two extreme sides. The semi-open space is further connected with a narrow balcony running along all the winter gardens, confined by a railing.

Spatial layout and zoning The original façade is stripped off too exposing the apartments to light, air and view. The protective layer of semi-open space

1e.7. Daily activities and personal adaptation of summer rooms make facade dynamic

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

1e.9. Diagram shwing old versus module added

1e.8. Axonometric showing prefabricated module added to Grand Parc

provides countless possibilities of functions or activities for the winter garden. The semi-open space allows the resident to use it as a living area, dining, leisure seating or an extension of the living room, kitchen, dining area or bedroom. The semi-open space is connected to every possible space providing flexibility and giving residents the in charge of usage of space. The partitions separating two apartments are permanent, but the internal separation is dependent on the inhabitants. A partition can be used to give separate access and privacy to the bedroom, from the living and dining area. The glazed glass sliding doors cum windows allow natural light throughout the day. The silver solar curtains allow the controlling amount of light and view according to the needs of the residents. Space is also used to store bicycles, hang bird cages and nature a private garden with

1e.10. Balcony running along the length of the building as an extension of summer rooms

Kitchen Lobby space Bedrooms

Balcony Living area

Physical and immediate access

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Visual access only

1e.11. Summer rooms provide personal space and a close connection with the view

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

potted plants.

Interface as the outer skin The addition of semi-open space itself remodels the face of the Grand Parc residential estate. The addition disintegrates the apartment towards outside gradually.

1e.12. View towards enclosed interior space from summer room

People Grand Parc was accommodation for working-class families, the immigrants in search of employment and families displace during slum clearance (Slessor, 2019).

Technology The prefabricated modules were fastened to the existing Grand Parc 16-storey residential blocks with the use of cranes.

Precast concrete slabs and columns were transported to the site and positioned to form a freestanding structure, extending the apartments by a depth of 3.8 metres (Slessor, 2019).. The prefabricated summer rooms were concealed with double glazed glass and silver solar curtains.

1e.13. View from enclosed interior space towards summer room

1e.14. Summer room provide ample amount of light

Inference Transformation of Grand Parc is an example of adaptive use of existing monotonous mass constructed social housing of the time. The addition of winter gardens or summer rooms has responded to the limit of financial investment in the redevelopment, aspirations of a better living space like sun exposure, ample amount of light, natural ventilation and view of the surrounding. The addition itself provides the flexibility of spatial planning suitable to the residents.

1e.15. Summer room is used as living room

1e.16. Summer room provides sense of openness within the interior space

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

3.4.2. Indian Projects

2A. Multi - Storeyed Flats Location - Ramakrishnapuram, New delhi Built - in 1965

By Habib Rehman

2a.1. Multi storey flats, sector-13 at Ramakrishnapuram, Delhi

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Context Introduction of the nation with high-rise residential housing apartments was possible in Delhi where many government departments operate. Hence to include high-rise in the new master plan of the city, a new typology of residences to government officials and employees were provided. The cantilevered balconies were a symbol to Bauhaus style of architecture, as Habib Rehman used to practice Bauhaus style because of his educational background.

2a.3. Type-VI apartment block

2a.4. Type-V apartment block 2a.2. Seven-storey apartments, clicked in 1965

The linear layout of a single wing brings an ample amount of sunlight, and the combination of windows and balconies allows cross ventilation (Jadeja, 2013). The apartments at the time were located in the city centre, but they were the only highrise in the vicinity. The setting provided a view of the city from every windows and balcony.

Private and common semi-open spaces The multistorey flats at Ramkrishnapuram accommodate single balcony in type V and type VI, which is similar to a large sleeping porch high up and community amenities like school, market and parks in the premise itself. These balconies are alternatively cantilevered and extended from the building façade (Singh, 2020). There exists a long and narrow balcony more for utility purpose connecting kitchen, dining area and toilet block.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Spatial layout and zoning The seven-storey residential apartments of Type VI is taken into consideration for spatial analysis. With the availability of ample open space in the premise, the Type VI blocks are 'Y' shaped in the plan. Each flat is attached to the service core only hence each wing enjoy natural air circulation and unhindered view.

2a.6.

Alternately balconies

extended

2a.5. Plan of Type-VI apartment block

The kitchen and dining area are connected through a service Sleeping balcony

Bedroom

Bedroom

Approx. 4 m

The interior spaces are arranged along the central axis: the passage connects the study and living room on one side and kitchen and dining area on another side. The passage ends with three bedrooms. Two of which are connected to a cantilevered balcony (Singh, 2020).

Approx. 6m

Balcony confined from two sides direction of View

Dining area Narrow balcony

Living area

Kitchen Lavatory

Physical and immediate access

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Visual access only

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2a.7. Section of Type-VI apartment block

window and has physical access through a narrow balcony. This clearly defines the kitchen as a servants' domain, and family members do not prefer to be using a kitchen facility. Hence the connection from one interior space to another through a balcony gives a sense of possible physical access but indirect.

A small portion of cantilevered balcony accessed from two of the bedrooms is an extended out on a cantilevered slab allowing inhabitants the joy of sunlight and fresh air in cold winters of Delhi. Whereas in summers it can use as a sleeping porch as an extension of bedroom space. The cantilevered balcony is not connected directly to any of the common spaces like a study room, living or dining area which limits the use of semi-open space for family members. However, the project was built in the 1960s. Hence the notion of privacy could be different from today's time, and that is witnessed in the layout where one bedroom is internally connected to another, which eventually opens up in a large balcony.

Interface as the outer skin The façade of the building has a prominent presence of alternately extended balconies.

People In the late 20th century, during the 60s, Delhi was overcrowding

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rapidly due to urbanisation. Which eventually increased land prices as well. Till then, Delhi has witnessed two-storey housing in the city centre. However, the same could not last long. Hence government replanned the city, including high-rise housing apartments for govt officers and employees of different departments (Jadeja, 2013). The project includes six blocks of Type V quarters and ten blocks of Type VI quarters have in the layout plan.

Technology Multistorey flats at Ramkrishnapuram are a Reinforced Concrete post and beam structures with brick wall infills (Jadeja, 2013).

Hence a small dimension of slabs is alternatively cantilevered in two different directions. Balconies are confined with MS jaalis and high railings for safety purpose.

The project of high-rise housing was not encouraged by the users because water supply, electricity, drainage transport, etc., were not well developed as yet in Delhi suitable for a highrise to function (Jadeja, 2013). Moreover, freedom of physical movement in and out of the residence was limited.

Inference

2a.8. Elevation of the building showing composition of balconies

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Multilevel flats at Ramakrishnapuram became the initiator of multilevel residences in India. However, the built form was not allowing people of that time to enjoy the freedom they used to enjoy in ground-level dwellings. The flats were provided to the government officials and employees, which eventually starts the trend of multilevel apartments; otherwise, people of that time would not prefer the confined and structured spatial setting. Moreover, the apartments are arranged in long wings providing breathing space on three sides which allows natural light, wind and view for the residents.

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2B. Asian games village Location- Delhi, India Built in 1980-82

By Raj Rewal

2b.1. Interlinked terraces of Asian Games Village, Delhi

2b.2. Aerial view of Asian Games Village, Delhi

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Context The Asian games village is developed on the ruins of 15th century Siri fort from Khilji dynasty which does not directly concern the way balcony and terraces are designed or used in today’s date (Rewal, 1985).

However, Asian games village contains a large amount of green patch inside and outside the premise (Singh, 2019), which provides a clean and pleasant environment in contrast to the polluted air of Delhi. Hence terraces become a luxury space in the context .

2b.3. Small clusters of apartments with central courtyard creating micro climate within the premise.

Private and common spaces The Asian village is a combination of small clusters of houses with a courtyard as the central open space used for ceremonies, events and weddings. The small clusters are formed by repeating, mirroring and staggering of 2 to 4 storey apartments. As the level rises, the recess in built-form creates a play of balconies or terraces (Singh, 2019). Two rows of building blocks facing each other are connected with a narrow bridge considering the social background of the dwellers.

2b.4. Site plan of Asiad Village, a combination of terraced building blocks

Each building block with four floors accommodates two residences. Only C-type of the block is taken into consideration for the study. On the ground floor, living area, dining area and kitchen are connected to a closed garage (used as servants room now) and open courts from the front and rear side of the apartment. Bedrooms are connected to private but open balconies with parapet shared by the neighbouring apartment.

On the second and third floor, some balconies are privately accessed from bedrooms without any sharing parapets, and some relatively large terraces connected from common areas like living or dining area are stuck to the terrace next door.

Spatial Layout and zoning The Layout and zoning of C-type apartment are taken into consideration. The two apartments in 4-storey building

2b.5. Axonometric view of a cluster shows play of balcony and terraces connecting interior and exterior at every level

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2b.7. Bridge connecting two rows of apartments facing each other 2b.6. Section showing staggering of floor levels and expansion of every level into covered balcony or open or partly covered terrace

block are a resultant of two entrance level and mezzanine level, occupying the ground-first floor and second-third floor respectively (Giulianelli, 2009).

The covered balcony and open terraces are resultant of shape grammar used by the architect, which creates a nonconventional form of balcony and terraces. However, the semiopen spaces are connected and accessed from a set of common areas and bedrooms. Hence semi-open spaces are segregated into shared and private space (Giulianelli, 2009). All of them are connected with shared parapet or bridge. Hence the sense of privacy seems to be compromised.

2b.8. View of Asian games village from one of the terraces similar to a view of old Delhi

However, the area of terraces is equal to or more than living rooms and bedrooms. Moreover, all the interior spaces are directly or indirectly connected to the terraces to provide the flexibility of expansion of interior activities to stay connected with the neighbourhood. Hence people tend to occupy terraces unless the activity cannot be performed outdoors.

The spatial segregation on ground-first floor apartment is clear. The ground floor accommodates living room attached to open court, dining and kitchen are connected to another open court on the rear side (Giulianelli, 2009). Hence the all the three bedrooms lie on the first-floor mezzanine connected to a narrow slit-like balcony. These balconies do not provide possibilities for any activities performed in tight space, but rather The balcony is sunk from the building wall which provides inertness while one can enjoy outdoors.

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2b.9. A module of two apartments mirrored. The terraces are accessed from common area or private bedrooms

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The second and third-floor apartment has a partly covered shared terrace accessed from dinning and passage connected to the kitchen and bedroom. In contrast, bedrooms on the third floor have access to individual terraces as large as the shared Open court

Balcony

Dinning area

Kitchen

Living area

Open court

Ground floor

2b.10. C-type, Ground floor

First floor

Physical and immediate access

Balcony

Bedroom

Living area

Visual access only

Dinning area 2b.11. C-type, First floor

Kitchen Passage

Terrace

Bedroom

Balcony Second floor

2b.12. C-type, Second floor

Bedroom

Terrace

Terrace

Balcony

Bedroom

Third floor 2b.13. C-type, Third floor Physical and immediate access

Visual access only

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terrace (Giulianelli, 2009). These terraces provide an opportunity to sleep outdoors and carry out activities suitable for such large open spaces but connected to the bedrooms.

Interface as the outer skin The intricate interlocking of terraces, balconies and bridges is a result of consistent formal geometry but avoiding repetition of the same module (Agarwal, 2017). Hence the complex composition of open and closed volumes becomes the identity of the housing project.

People Asian games village was developed as athletes’ accommodation during 1982 Asian games held in Delhi and later used as public housing. The project was developed with accommodation of mostly north-Indian families after the games. Terraces and open balconies play an essential role in lifestyle witnessed in Old Delhi, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur (Rewal, 1985).

Technology The project has translated the Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Old Delhi terrace systems into then-contemporary style. Concrete is used as a structural material and Delhi quartzite plaster as the outer finish to provide a sense of traditional housing system (Singh, 2019).

The dwelling units are simple in design with the small basement as apart of the ground floor. The open court connected to basement acts as a light and air shaft for the two-floored dwellings (Agarwal, 2017).

Inference Asian games village is an example of residences developed from shape grammar. The staggering, stacking and recessing of the modules create unconventional shaped balcony and terraces. There are three types of such spaces formed- open terraces, covered terraces with vertical barriers on one or two

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2b.14. View from living area showing the rush of daylight from the open court

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sides and balconies which are surrounded by three sides and seems sunken in the building façade. The freedom of rushing out in the open allows North Indian residents to spend most of their time outdoors. Every space living, dining area, kitchen and bedrooms are connected to one of any three types of spaces which makes the inhabitants free from spatial confinement.

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2C. Kanchanjanga Apartment Location- Mumbai, India Year- 1983

by Charles Correa

2c.1. Kanchanjanga Apartments, Mumbai

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Context The Kanchanjunga Apartments are a direct response to the present culture, the escalating urbanization, and the climatic conditions for the region. They pay homage to the vernacular architecture that once stood on the site before the development in many ways. (Pagnotta, 2011).

The building is oriented with openings in the east-west axis to catch sea-breeze from the south west along with a fantastic view of Arabian sea on one side and harbour on another side within the city. However, these, unfortunately, are the directions of the hot sun and also the heavy monsoon rains. The old bungalows solved these issues by wrapping a protective layer of verandas around the main living spaces, thus providing the occupants with two lines of defence against the weather (Pagnotta, 2011) (Correa & Frampton, 1996).

2c.2. View from balcony

Private and common spaces An apartment in Kanchanjanga is a combination of three types of semi-open spaces. A huge squarish covered garden terrace acts a common semi-open space for socializing among the family members. At the same time, bedrooms are connected to isolated balconies providing privacy to the occupant within the house. The kitchen area is directly connected to semi-open wash yard acting as a balcony for servants accommodating servants’ room connected to the same.

2c.4. Six-Bedroom Unit- Plan at Entrance level

2c.3. Concept diagram: veranda to terrace garden

2c.5. Six-Bedroom Unit-Plan at Upper level

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Spatial Layout and zoning Kanchanjanga apartment building is a 32 storey reinforced concrete structure with terraces covered with cantilevered above floor slab (Correa & Frampton, 1996). The architect has opened the levels at east-west ends vertically to welcome outside in the semi-open space, hence creating a gradual transition of enclosed common and private spaces to outwardlooking garden terraces and balconies. However, the garden terraces of the Kanchanjunga Apartments are a modern Utility Balcony

2c.6. View towards living, dinning and bedrooms

Kitchen

Servants’ room Bedrooms at upper level

Terrace Garden

Living area

Private Balcony

Bedrooms at entrance level

Dinning area Physical and immediate access

2c.7.

Photograph showing furniture layout by the residents.

PC: Ayesha Taleyarkhan

Approx. 5 m

Private Balcony

Visual access only

Approx. 7.5 m

interpretation of a feature of the traditional Indian bungalow: the veranda. Its minimalist unbroken surfaces are cut away to open up the double-height terrace gardens at the corners, thus revealing (through the interlocking form and colour) some hint of the complex spatial organization of the living spaces that lie within the tower.

An apartment with six bedrooms is taken into consideration.

The level of entrance accommodates living space, dining area,

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Balcony confined from two sides direction of View

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kitchen and servants room on one side of the penthouse and a bedroom and study with stairs taking the occupant upstairs.

The above level accommodates four lavishly large bedrooms in four corners. All the spaces are attached to balcony used

2c.8. Section showing covered terrace as a resultant of complex volumetric intersection

for private use, social use or used as utility space. The covered terrace provides the flexibility of spatial extension of dining and living area. The bedrooms on above level open up from a balcony overlooking the double-height garden terrace. On the other side, bedrooms and study open with a personal single height balcony with a view of Arabian sea and cool breeze.

The double-height covered terrace has an immediate physical connection with dining and living space. At the same time, the terrace has a strong visual connection with two bedrooms above, providing optimum privacy required for bedrooms and visual connectivity with the level below.

The sunk slab in the corner of the terrace gives provision for the private garden at the entrance level. The terrace is given the flexibility to use movable furniture. Hence the outdoor furniture can be arranged according to the occupants' need. The terrace can be used for socializing and relaxing where vibrant colours on the vertical surfaces add playfulness to space.

Interface as outer skin Kanchanjanga apartments were modern living spaces which were reflected from the interior spaces as well as the façade of the building. Contemporary colour palette including vibrant colours like red, orange, yellow is added in the semi-open

2c.9. Diagram showing orientation of building wrt view, rain, sun and wind

Direction of sun View Direction of wind

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spaces of the apartments which gives a sense of modern lifestyle from inside the apartment and outside the building as well. The covered terraces give a glimpse of the spatial character of interior spaces from outside.

People In the late 20th century, Mumbai was rapidly growing into a megacity with an increase in population, pollution and land price. So, building a lavish bungalow on expensive land seems to be impossible. Moreover, one could not escape the hustlebustle and pollution of the city. Hence, Kanchanjanga responds to such people looking for a lavish lifestyle in the city itself at the prime location by the sea (Correa & Frampton, 1996).

Technology The building seems to be built by stacking four different types of apartment modules on top of each other. Each module has 6.3 meters of a corner slab cantilevered to create a view free from any vertical obstacle, which seems possible using reinforced concrete construction. Also, the same construction technique helps to create sunken slab in terrace other than bathrooms opens up the possibility of personal garden up in the sky.

Inference Kanchanjanga apartments are a literal interpretation of verandahs in ground level dwellings. Covered terrace, including a garden, becomes the connecting semi-open space of the penthouse connecting common as well as private space directly and indirectly. The play of visual and physical access into the terrace garden and to the outdoors provides myriad possibilities according to the user aspirations. Also, the covered terrace responds to the concept of modern living in Mumbai.

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2c.10. Colorful covered terraces reflect modern living of that time inspired from Unite d’habitation

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2D. Sublime Ordinariness housing project (by JSW group)

Location- Vasind, Maharashtra Built – 2012-16

By DCOOP Architects

2d.1. Sublime Ordinariness housing project, Vasind, Maharashtra

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Context The housing project is next to the JSW industry. Hence the area is devoid of residences and people to socialize. Thus the project has created a community in itself. The building blocks are arranged radially with open space as the centre, which means some balconies are washed with the hard sun of the day, some have morning and evening sun, and some enjoy soft north lights. However, long building blocks are naturally ventilated, which all doors and windows open. Indian families are used to carrying out their routine with all the doors and windows open in the Indian weather.

2d.3. Central open space with residential blocks on 3 sides

Private and common spaces The Sublime Ordinariness housing project is inspired from Chawls of Mumbai where all the dwelling units are connected to a common corridor like a balcony (Tapia, 2017). Similarly, in this project, upper floor dwellings are connected to a long and narrow balcony on the front side of the building, which is mutually used for circulation. Every apartment or flat is attached to a personal balcony on the rear side of the building.

The ground floor dwellings are accessed from separate raised plinth similar to Otla or verandah in traditional Indian houses (Pol houses or Wada of Maharashtra) for the ground floor itself.

For more open space, youngsters use the open terrace (DCOOP, 2018).

2d.4. Site plan showing 4 housing blocks and a community building

Spatial Layout and zoning A three-storey building block out of four has a front side and a rear side. Both are margined with semi-open space of short

Shared balcony

2d.2. Plan at ground level, a block contains 4 apartments

2d.5. Plan of an apartment unit

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width. On the front side, all flats are connected to a long and narrow passage directly connected to a staircase on the side (DCOOP, 2016). A single apartment has two rooms, a kitchen, utility area and a multipurpose hall which serves as common space at the entrance (DCOOP, 2018). The entrance door opens up in the shared balcony. On the end of the long corridor, the balcony has an extended portion with is used as a personal balcony space in the domain of public use.

Neighboring flat

Shared balcony

Multipurpose hall

Kitchen Physical and immediate access

Private Balcony

Room Visual access only

The multipurpose hall is used as a dining area or a drawing room or any other providing flexibility to the occupants. The hall becomes the central space with connections to the kitchen, utility area and two rooms on four corners of the cuboidal apartment space. Shared balcony and multipurpose hall are directly connected with the main entry door and window.

Kitchen has a window too, opening up into the shared balcony for women to keep updated with the outside movement as they

2d.6. Section showing semi-open space a connector of outside and inside

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2d.7. The long and narrow semiopen corridor used for leisure seating on upper floors

2d.8. On the ground floor stairs of Otla used for socializing

2d.9. Private balconies on rear side of the building

The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

spent most of the morning and evening hours in the kitchen (DCOOP, 2016).

A ventilation duct connected with utility area shares a common wall with the corridor balcony with louvred openings. Only two such openings are there, but the smell could be a problem while passing by.

The shared balcony is loaded with a list of responsibilities. It includes the entrance door of the apartment and Indian people remove their footwear before entering the house, and at the same time, family members put out chairs to socialize with their neighbours. The balcony is also used to put potted plants along the railing to add the green factor to the livelihood. All of these objects and activities seems too much to be accommodated in such a narrow space. However, the occupants are happy with the hustle-bustle created around them as they are used to such a lifestyle. The balcony attached to the rooms accessed from individual apartments provides privacy while enjoying the outside, unlike the shared balcony.

The idea of the community living has been a critical intent in such projects. Corridors, staircases, balconies and "otlas" opening up into an open centre space creating a rejuvenated community spirit and reinforcing a sense of belonging and togetherness by orienting semi-open spaces towards an anchoring open community space. The shared balcony space becomes a buffer zone between outside hustle-bustle and in house chores while staying connected to both at the same time.

2d.10. Extended portion of balcony of the end.

2d.11.

Multi-directional communication possible from punctures in long shared balcony

Interface as the outer skin The plane and perforation in the façade create seethrough the interior wall with the contrasting colour scheme. Even the titled lines of openings create the playfulness in the façade. The building block facades are ever-changing with the movement of people in the corridor-balcony.

People

2d.12. Plantation being a part of balconies

JSW housing project is located 60 km northwest of Mumbai.

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The project houses about 54 families of working staff of JSW (Jindal South West) industrial facility. The inhabitants are mostly Mumbaikars and from other parts of the country with lower economic background. Hence the occupants of this housing require community housing to socially connected with the people around. All the Indian festivals, ceremonies and events are celebrated in the neighbourhood considering it as a large family of their own (Tapia, 2017) (DCOOP, 2018).

Technology The structural system of the facade carefully responds to create a scale of the building suitable to a humane level. The front façade of the building is a combination of concrete plane and perforations with railings, creating strips of light and shadow (DCOOP, 2018), making the long and narrow corridors less monotonous.

Inference The sublime Ordinariness housing project has carefully created living setup similar to Chawls of Mumbai because the project accommodates employees of JSW industries from Mumbai and nearby regions of Maharashtra. The shared balcony acts as a circulation corridor and leisure balcony for neighbours to socialise connected to the very entrance of each dwelling unit.

At the same time, a personal balcony connected to one of the rooms facing the rear end provided privacy in the hustle-bustle of a community housing. The semi-open corridors accommodate varied types of social and physiological functions, but the width of the corridor is too narrow to accommodate such functions efficiently. The dimension has been discounted due to economic confinement.

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2d.13. Axonometric view showing the sequence of facade, balcony and apartments

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2E. Ishatvam-9 Location- Ranchi, Jharkhand Built-in 2017

By Sanjay Puri Architects

2e.1. Ishatvam-9, Ranchi, 2017

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Context The land of Ranchi is locked by permanent settlements which do not allow Ranchi to expand. Hence land prices are increasing for the last two decades with the increase in Ranchi’s population.

Most of the city has low rise-housing not more than three floors.

Hence Ishatvam-9 has an advantage of a great view of the city with no hindrance in natural air ventilation and ample amount of light. The balconies allow maximum natural light and air circulation in all interior space within the apartment, creating high rise apartment allowing its inhabitants the openness of the low rise houses (Villa, 2017).

Private and common semi-open spaces Ishatvam-9 is 18 storeys high with each floor having one residential apartment. Each apartment has a 20% open area as extensions to the internal spaces of the residence. Each room opens up into private partly balconies. The living room opens outward into a 20ft high angular balcony providing a sense of open terrace while being partly covered. Similarly single height balconies are shaded with framed skeleton which partly covers the semi-open space. Thus these balconies are a combination of covered and open balconies as a resultant of its shape.

2e.2. Double height balcony with overhead surface tapering outward giving sense of open terrace

Spatial layout and zoning The apartment building comprises of two types of apartment layouts. However, the interior layout remains the same; only the balcony are arranged alternately. The living area acts as a

2e.3. Even level plan

2e.4. Odd level plan

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core of the residence further connected to other common and private space and dining area, kitchen and bedrooms on four corners of the layout. All these spaces are extended outwards into angular cuboidal balconies which are partly covered and partly open due to the twisted form.

The large living area is connected to a double-height balcony drawing maximum daylight. This rectangular balcony provides an opportunity to develop a personal garden or use as an outdoor extension of living space. At the same time, the dining area has narrow attached balcony space which has provision for plantation but can not be used for seating as it is not wide Private Balconies

2e.6. Corner balcony of a bedroom providing privacy

Bedrooms

Common balcony

Dining area

Living area

Utility balcony

Kitchen

Common balcony

Physical and immediate access

2e.7. Single height balcony creating play of light and shadow

Visual access only

2e.8. Facade is a interlocked twisted cuboid acting as balconies 2e.5. Section showing relation of interior s[aces and balcony

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enough. Kitchen is connected to a naturally ventilated semiopen utility space, similar to the form of other balconies in the apartment. Presence of large window on the kitchen platform make the Indian cooking activities less filthy. Private spaces like the bedrooms are also individually connected to balconies of the width, same as that of the rooms.

Private balconies provide privacy amongst the modern-day family. The apartment opens up from all directions and provides maximum light, air and view of the city.

Interface as the outer skin White coloured twisted balconies looking outwards give an exotic appearance to the building against low rise residential area around. The overall form of the building, resultant of balconies gives out the sense of modern living apartments.

2e.9. part section showing the openness of terrace achieved in a partly sheltered balcony

People People of Ranchi are not used to live in tightly enclosed dwellings but are used to live in individual houses with private gardens and open spaces. People aspire for a residential built form which provides the freedom to be outside or inside according to the mood, weather and social needs. (Buildofy, 2018) Technology The twisting the cubicle balcony provide a combination of sheltered and open to sky balcony, which is 2/3rd and 1/3rd respectively. Hence the architect has successfully created a sense of openness of a terrace within a balcony. These balconies are built with sunk slabs which provide an opportunity of personal gardens according to occupants agreement.

Inference

2e.10. Exotic facade of Ishatvam-9 amongst low rise residences around

Ishatvam-9 gives an exotic outlook amongst the low rise residential area of Ranchi. The exotic appearance is because of the twisted cuboidal balconies jutting out from interior spaces from all four sides of the building. The angular balconies give

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a sense of open terraces because of the angle of the ceiling in the double height balcony. However, the form of balconies practically cannot protect from heavy rains which may be considered as the core purpose of a semi-open space. Other than technical faults, these balconies provide ample amount of light, ventilation and great of the city from all sides and in every single space. Ishatvam-9 could successfully appeal to the residents of Ranchi because each space is connected to a balcony to provide freedom similar to a ground-level residence.

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5. Conclusion Semi-open space protects enclosed dwellings from heat, rain and wind or extreme outdoor conditions. Moreover, provide a layer of defense against external conditions where people are allowed to enjoy outdoors without suffering from its extremities.

It provides connection outwards to have a track of time. Also, semi-open spaces provide a platform for social interaction within the comfort of home. Semi-open spaces also provide a gradual hierarchy in the spatial organization hence makes dayto-day convenient, flexible and non-monotonous.

Semi-open spaces act as a social threshold of the residence.

As the level of confinement increases, intrusion becomes uncomfortable. Hence semi-open space becomes the mutual comfort zone.

In earlier times, small and slender windows act an interface in dark, dingy enclosed space filled with thick air which allowed insufficient light and ventilation to the indoors, which forced people to stay outside during the day. However, the outdoors have no confinement. Outdoors cannot satisfy the basic social needs of people which include a sense of privacy, territory and sense of belonging. As a result of unhygienic interior spaces, the era of epidemics and disease breakout was witnessed.

People realized the need for sun exposure and air ventilation in the tightly closed dwellings. The need challenged the limitations of form, structure, material and spatial organization to develop various forms of openings, semi-open and open spaces inbetween domestic enclosed spaces and outdoors.

With the advancement in the technology industry, the nature of the above mentioned open and semi-open spaces changed.

Space started becoming visually less massive and flexible. The development of materials, forms and mechanisms were evident to control the openness of a space and provide the occupant with the freedom to manipulate the nature of space according to their aspirations. The need for control over the confinement of the space also depends on the climatic and topographic conditions of the surrounding or the context.

The priority purpose of open and semi-open spaces changed

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from drawing ample sunlight and airflow towards socio-cultural trends and traditions Where the psychological effect of space became more important than the physical health because those requirements are taken care of since the era of epidemics.

However, later overpowering social needs with change in the notion of privacy, have confined the dwellings into tightly enclosed residential built forms where light and ventilation were taken care with the help of artificial mechanisms and electronic machines.

Since modernism, the semi-open spaces have been translated in multi-level dwellings as a result of rapid urbanization and industrialization. The balconies and terraces in highrise apartments have gone through many interpretations and explorations, which are evident from the above-studied examples of western and Indian context.

The multi-level housing in the west provide balconies, terraces and winter gardens as an integral part of living but with substantial control over the spatial permeability. The climatic conditions of the west have cold winters and sunny days in summers. Hence the balcony, terraces and summer rooms allow occupants to enjoy both extremes. Casa Rustici has utility and leisure balcony for private as well as common use. However, the narrow bridges accessed from living rooms are merely an architectural feature to connect two towers facing the busy street of Milan. In contrast, the balconies of Unite d'Habitation and Trelick tower creates an integrated relationship with the interior spaces, especially the living and dining area. The location of the balcony suggests the hierarchy of interior spaces, and that is evident in Le Corbusier's Unite d'Habitation and Erno Goldfinger's Trelick tower. The Mountain dwelling and adaptive use project of Grand Parc suggest the blurred spaces in open plan. Open plan dwelling can also have a hierarchy but blurred and flexible. The terrace and summer rooms in these projects let the inhabitants occupy the space as long as they desire as interior spas and semi-open spaces become united just by sliding a door.

Indian climatic conditions are hot as the residential spaces are permeable to absorb cool air. Multi-level dwellings in Indian cities respond to the climatic and socio-cultural conditions of

Casa Rustici

Unite d’Habitation

Trelick tower

Mountain dwelling

Adaptive use of Grand Parc

Please Note: Images shown here are from individual case studies of Chapter-04. Hence image numbers are not given.

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the Indian audience. The flats at Ramakrishnapuram responded to the need of porch like sleeping balconies for people shifting from ground level residences to high-rise apartments. The project by Habib Rehman may seem successful in interpreting the form of balconies. However, the placement in the layout allowed using balcony from bedrooms, but Indian residences tend to expand outdoors from common spaces like living and dining. The unconventional balcony and terrace forms were the result of the architectural process but eventually connected every interior spaces with open and semi-open spaces. Similarly, kanchanjanga apartments successfully interpret verandahs of bungalows in high-rise residences of Mumbai where common spaces are directly connected to the double-height terrace gardens and private spaces indirectly to the terrace garden and directly to private. Relatively small balconies.hence the terrace garden anchors enclosed spaces. Also, kitchen and servants rooms are connected to utility balcony separately, which separates dry to yet activities and haousehold chores to leisure activities. In contrast, all the interior spaces in Ishatvam-9 are separated;y connected to individual balcony spaces where living room anchored the dwelling and balconies become the end of every space outwards. All these semi-open spaces are privately owned and accessed by the residents nut the use of shared balcony in JSW housing addresses two primary purposes of circulation and a buffer space between dwelling units and open spaces. The sense of privacy is compromised in shared balconies; hence a small balcony accessed from private rooms can solve the issue.

The semi-open spaces like balcony and terraces in a multilevel dwelling are a result of an architectural process where the socio-cultural, physiological and psychological aspects are not sensibility addressed. Which eventually effect on the lives of inhabitants. At the same time, the aim of the interior design discipline to create healthy spaces which provide mental as well as physical health. The evolution in the form and structure of semi-open spaces over the years, health and hygiene has been the driving factors. However, in contemporary times, hygiene is not the problem but the insensibility towards mental health and physical health in long terms of the inhabitants. The sudden effect was evident during Covid-19 pandemic, where dwellings

Flats in Ramakrishnapuram

Asian games village

Kanchanjanga apartments

Ishatvam-9 apartments

JSW housing (Sublime Orsinariness)

Please Note: Images shown here are from individual case studies of Chapter-04. Hence image numbers are not given.

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became the only space responsible for providing mental and physical wellbeing, which can be considered the ultimate motto of interior spaces.

Hence the permeability of Dwelling spaces is forced to be rethought. Alison Brooks, a renowned architect and principal director of Alison Brooks Architects, addressed the change in the notion of design in a Dezeen interview as a part of Virtual Design Festival. She considered balconies and terraces as functional amenities of domestic space. The semi-open spaces need to be designed thoughtfully because of a significant shift in the spatial value as a consequence of the pandemic (Fairs, 2020).

Design of semi-open space is to challenge the spatial confinement of a dwelling without compromising everyday comfort.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

contemporary-architecture-mies-van-der-rohe-award#:~:text=Transformation%20of%20 530%20Homes%20%E2%80%93%20Grand,Mies%20van%20der%20Rohe%20Award.

1e.12. https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/echzz/transformation-of-530-homes--grandparc-bordeaux-wins-2019-mies-van-der-rohe-award.html 1e.13. https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/echzz/transformation-of-530-homes--grandparc-bordeaux-wins-2019-mies-van-der-rohe-award.html 1e.14. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/may/12/grand-parc-bordeauxlacaton-vassal-mies-van-der-rohe-award 1e.15. https://www.bmiaa.com/study-plus-transformation-as-an-architectural-manifesto-druotlacaton-vassal/03_agw_studie_plus/ 1e.16. https://worldarchitecture.org/article-links/echzz/transformation-of-530-homes--grandparc-bordeaux-wins-2019-mies-van-der-rohe-award.html 2a.1, 2a.2. https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-177944 2a.3, 2a.4. Jadeja, H. (2013). Architecture of Habib Rahman: a critical inquiry into the reinterpretation of his early influences into the context of India. (Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis). Faculty of Architecture, CEPT UNIVERSITY. Retrieved October 29, 2020, from https:// repository.cept.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/20.500.12725/7653 2a.5, 2a.6. https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-177944 2a.7, 2a.8. Jadeja, H. (2013). Architecture of Habib Rahman: a critical inquiry into the reinterpretation of his early influences into the context of India. (Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis). Faculty of Architecture, CEPT UNIVERSITY. Retrieved October 29, 2020, from https:// repository.cept.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/20.500.12725/7653 2b.1, 2b.2. https://architectopedia.com/asian-games-village-by-raj-rewal-architecture/ 2b.3. https://architectopedia.com/asian-games-village-by-raj-rewal-architecture/ 2b.4. http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Asian_Games_Village.html 2b.5, 2b.6, 2b.7 https://identityhousing.wordpress.com/2009/12/04/raj-rewal-asian-gamesvillage-new-delhi-1980/ 2b.8. https://archnet.org/sites/2848/media_contents/3285 2b.9. https://identityhousing.wordpress.com/2009/12/04/raj-rewal-asian-games-village-newdelhi-1980/ 2b.10, 2b.11, 2b.12, 2b.13. https://identityhousing.wordpress.com/2009/12/04/raj-rewal-asiangames-village-new-delhi-1980/ 2b.14. https://archnet.org/sites/2848/media_contents/3285 2c.1, 2c.2, 2c.3. Correa, C., & Frampton, K. (1996). Charles Correa. London: Thames & Hudson.

2c.4, 2c.5. http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Kanchanjunga_Apts.html 2c.6. Correa, C., & Frampton, K. (1996). Charles Correa. London: Thames & Hudson.

2c.7. https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dna-special-soon-you-can-peek-into-bombays-rare-balconies-thanks-to-photographer-ayesha-taleyarkhan-1893054

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

2c.8. http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Kanchanjunga_Apts.html 2c.9. https://identityhousing.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/charles-correa-kanchanjungaapartments-cumballa-hill-mumbai-1970-1983/ 2c.10. https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Zum_Tod_von_Charles_ Correa_4399749.html 2d.1 to 2d.13. https://www.archdaily.com/878651/sublime-ordinariness-housing-project-dcoop 2e.1. https://www.arch2o.com/ishatvam-9-sanjay-puri-architects/ 2e.2 to 2e.8 https://www.archdaily.com/869095/ishatvam-9-sanjay-puri-architects 2e.9. https://www.arch2o.com/ishatvam-9-sanjay-puri-architects/ 2e.10. https://www.archdaily.com/869095/ishatvam-9-sanjay-puri-architects *Diagrams with no numbers given are created by Author.

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

Glossary Aangan- (in Indian dialect) Open free space in front of Indian houses, a typical feature of groundlevel Indian homes.

Balconette- A pseudo balcony which is a large (French) window with railing on the outside reaching the floor. It gives the appearance of the balcony when the window is open. These are popularly seen in France, Spain, Portugal and Italy. Such balconettes can only be used to stand and enjoy the view outside.

Barsati- (in Indian dialect) A vestibule or verandah space in the entrance of the house, semi-open space covered from overhead which protects the immediate enclosed space from rains.

Bay window- A window projecting from the wall plane towards outwards, can be on ground level or upper level.

Boulevards- large and wide roads running through the cities.

Brise-soleil- sun baffle outside the windows or extending over the entire surface of a building’s facade. Many traditional methods exist for reducing the effects of the sun’s glare, such as lattices, pierced screens as used at the Tāj Mahal, or blinds of split bamboo as used in Japan, shades used outside the windows that are similar in effect to Venetian blinds.

Chajja- (in Indian dialect) An overhead projection which protects the area underneath from rain and sun, the projection above can be used as a balcony for an upper floor.

Chawl- (in Indian dialect) A community housing form of three to four floors, where dwelling units are arranged around an open courtyard. Living units are connected through a semi-open corridor.

Chawl is popular in Indian cities like Mumbai Domus- A typical townhouse occupied by wealthy and upper-class families in ancient Rome.

Courtyard and porch around is a typical spatial feature of Domus house form.

Jharokha- (in Indian dialect) A window projected from the upper storey wall of Indian medieval buildings creating a buffer space act as seating and opening for the view outside. Brackets or corbels support the window projecting out of the façade of the building.

Loggia- A continuous colonnade space attached along the length of the building usually facing gardens. Loggia is open from one or two longer sides.

Long gallery- Long and narrow enclosed space with high ceiling, a spatial feature of Elizabethan and Jacobean houses. One side of the long gallery is attached to the house, and another side has

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The Transitioning of Semi-open Space in the Multilevel Domestic Realm

multiple windows and bay windows at the ends with garden looking views.

Oriel window- Oriel, in architecture, a bay window in an upper story, supported from below by projecting corbels, or brackets of stone or wood.

Otla- (in Indian dialect) Raised plinth around the house entrance, to differentiate residential builtform from streets. A significant architectural feature in Gujarati houses.

Pardah system- (in Indian dialect) A gender-biased system where women of the community have to cover themselves and cannot appear in front of outsiders or men. A system practised in Muslim and some Hindu communities.

Patio- Paved outdoor space Peristyle- a continuous porch formed by rows of columns surrounding gardens in courtyards of houses. A typical spatial feature of Roman Domus.

Porch- A overhead covered space on the ground level in front of the building.

Summer room- A room used during summers for sun exposure and view which provide a sense of enclosure with maximum possible permeability.

Verandah- Overhead covered extension from the entrance of the house or open space which levels with the ground floor.

Villa- A lavish country house owned by wealthy families in a suburban area in ancient Roman times. Villa has central courtyards as a significant spatial feature.

Winter garden- A garden of evergreen plantations or that flourish in winters or an indoor garden (room) providing a suitable environment throughout the year for plants to flourish.

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Appendix Review feedback and action taken Review 1 Role of balcony in covid-19 pandemic can be included as a segment but cannot be researched for thesis.

Consideration of by-laws and protocols of building a balcony in contemporary cities.

The change in nature of dwellings as a response to earlier pendamic s and disease breakout.

The balcony can be looked at as a spatial feature from inside and outside concerning its location in residence.

Helpful to address sudden change due to pandemic but the base research is still unknown.

Action taken Effect of the historical epidemic and social factors on change in nature of openings and semiopen space is taken into consideration.

Review 2 The selection of the case study can be from different locations and density of the neighbourhood to get a better understanding through a variety of examples.

Looking at the balcony and terraces is a modernist way to segregate the living system into fragments, but these fragments are integral to the whole system of living. Hence the same notion can be critically analyzed to prove the above belief.

Action taken Case studies selected from two different contexts built-in chronological order to understand the change in approach.

The case studies are analyzed with a rational approach and considered the failure of semiopen space being integral to the living system.

Review 3 The conclusion should not carry the Inferences of previous chapters unless it is trying to make a point or raise an issue like the spatial response to a hygiene The framework seems too elaborated for a 4-month research thesis. The research should be looked at through any single lens.

The conclusion can question or try to answer the role of interior designer in designing open and semiopen spaces.

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The conclusion can include the purpose of a semiopen space which has remained constant all these years and trends. Are these spaces responding to their responsibilities in today’s time? The conclusion can talk about the alternative for semiopen space in the domain of an interior designer.

Action taken The conclusion includes the spatial response towards mental and physical health, followed by hygiene and social driving factors. It also addresses the responsibilities of space and hence a responsibility of an Interior designer to create sensible semiopen spaces for a dwelling.

Final Viva The study can be made richer by understanding the essential interior aspects like furniture, materials which seems missing. The thesis can focus on four to five case studies only but in detail.

The balcony as space is not understood by its dimensions and ergonomics and the variations in the degree of openness through sections and interior elevations.

The balcony and terrace are not understood as a resultant of by-laws and climate and the reasons behind its decline in use to understand the current significance of balcony and terraces in multilevel apartments of mega cities.

Action taken The case studies are analyses in detail through usage and activity diagrams along with its dimensions. The diagrams also help to understand the furniture, materials, fenestrations and flooring. The balcony is understood concerning the degree of enclosure. The study of by-laws and reasons behind decline in balcony usage is left for dedicated future research.

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