Taxidermied Lions at the Natural History Museum in Al-Baq'a, Jerusalem, Palestine

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The taxidermied Lions (Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758) at the Natural History Museum in Al-Baq’a, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine and a note about the Historical Presence of the Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica Meyer, 1826) in Palestine ‫األسود المحنطة في متحف التاريخ الطبيعي في حي‬ ‫ فلسطين المحتلة‬، ‫البقعة في القدس الشريف‬ By: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher KhalafSakerfalke von Jaffa

The taxidermied Lion (Panthera leo) at the Museum of Natural History in Al-Baq'a, AlQuds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine ... My daughter Nora Norman Ali Khalaf is sitting on the right … Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa ...

27.07.2014. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15414931788/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

2 On Sunday 27 July 2014, I visited accompanied with my beloved daughter Nora Norman Ali Khalaf and the Palestinian Researcher Mr. Daoud Al-Hali the Natural History Museum in Al-Baq‟a Suburb, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. It exhibited many taxidermied Palestinian animal specimens and also some animals which became extinct in Palestine like the Lion (Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758). One Lion and a Lioness were presented to the City of Jerusalem

by ESI-Engineering Services International Jerusalem-Kampala.

The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica Meyer, 1826) is a subspecies of lion (Panthera leo). The last remnant of the Asiatic Lion, which in historical times ranged from Caucasus to Yemen and from Macedonia to India through Arabia and Iran (Persia), lives in the Gir Forest National Park of western India. About 350 lions (August 2005) live in a 1,412 km² (558 square miles) sanctuary in the state of Gujarat. In 1907 there were only 13 lions left in the Gir, when the Nawab of Junagadh gave complete protection to them (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The Asiatic lion was first described by the Austrian zoologist Johann N. Meyer under the trinomen Felis leo persicus. It is also known as the Persian lion (Wikipedia).

Persian Lion, is similar to a tiger in the length of body and tail, but differs in skin colour which is tawny overall without the appearance of dark vertical stripes.

Coat is thicker than African lions, with a longer black tail tassel and a more prominent tuft of hair on the elbows. Black patches are visible at the back of the ears. However, there is little variation in colour between the sides of its body and its abdomen, and between the inner surface of the limbs and the outer surface.

There is even one example of a melanistic Persian lion. The archaeologist Sir Austen Henry Layard reports that he saw a very big Persian lion, which was described as being "very dark brown in colour, in parts almost black."

Males are larger in size than females. The size of the mane varies from race to race with the Persian race having a smaller mane than the African one. The colouration of the manes varies from lion to lion. The only rare ones are the very dark manes, which according to a research done in Africa are the ones preferred by lionesses. The young are sometimes born with an even colour overall, but often a row of patches is visible on the upper surface of the body; seeming like a horizontal stripe. Patches usually disappear after 6 months but may still be visible up two or more years (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Lions mostly live in large prides. These prides can sometimes have up to 3 adult males but it is always one that is the dominant leader. The males are known for their laziness and lordship like behaviour. The females do all the hunting, with the males only rarely joining in when the prey is a very large animal like an aggressive buffalo. However, once the kill is made, the males always get the first go at the meal (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

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The taxidermied Lion (Panthera leo) at the Museum of Natural History in Al-Baq'a, AlQuds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine ... Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa ... 27.07.2014. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15593933582/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

4 The bonding among a family of lions is extremely strong with aunts and sisters helping in the bringing up of all young. Females stay with the pride all through life, whereas the males tend to set out on their own around the age of three. They mostly lead solitary lives then onwards but have been known to also roam territories in pairs and trios. These bachelors are known to be the main threats to the dominant males leading their prides. They are also known to kill cubs to try and get the females into estrus once again. These bachelors are mostly brothers that left a pride together, but individual bachelors have been known to team up with other individuals (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Lions, unlike the tiger, hunt in groups. They collectively stalk their prey and have been commonly seen applying strategies that would do any army commander proud. Very often some of the females pinpoint a particular individual prey and chase it in the direction of other lionesses waiting in ambush. The prey is mostly killed by a quick, powerful bite to the spine or with the help of a classic choke grip, with the strong jaws of the lion cutting off air supply to the lungs (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Although history shows the coexistence of lions and tigers, there is no prevalent example of this anywhere in the world at present. Lions do coexist even in the current era with leopards and cheetahs. However, they are extremely territorial and attempt to kill these leopards and cheetahs whenever their paths happen to cross. If the attempt at relocating lions to other parts of India is finally undertaken, it will also answer the question of whether it is possible for two such ferociously territorial and powerful large cats to inhabit the same jungle.

Unlike the tiger, which prefers dense forests with adequate cover, the lion inhabits the scrub-type deciduous forests. Asiatic lions seldom come into contact with Indian tigers, which don‟t live in the Gir region as this forest is hotter and more arid than the habitat preferred by the tiger (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The Asiatic Lion has been declared the most endangered large cat species in the world. Their numbers ranging between 250 – 350, all concentrated in the same area, they are under the constant threat of being wiped out by some deadly epidemic. It is hoped by all conservationists that the governing authorities settle their differences of opinion on the best possible plan and take some action before it's too late to save one of the most magnificent beasts to roam the planet (Khalafvon Jaffa, 2006).

Fact Sheet: Weight: Male 150-250 Kg; Female 120-180 Kg. Length (head and body): Male 170-250 cm; Female 140-175 cm.

Length (tail): 70-105 cm.

Shoulder height: Male 100-123 cm; Female 80-107 cm.

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5 Sexual Maturity: Male 5 years; Female 4 years.

Mating season: All year round.

Gestation period: 100-119 days.

Number of young: 1 to 6.

Birth interval: 18-26 months.

Typical diet: Deer, antelope, wild boar, buffalo.

Lifespan: 16-18 years (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Historical Range:

The Historic and Present Distribution of the Lion (Panthera leo). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion#mediaviewer/File:Lion_distribution.png Aristotle and Herodotus wrote that lions were found in the Balkans in the middle of the first millennium B.C. When Xerxes advanced through Macedonia in 480 B.C., several of his baggage camels were killed by lions. Lions are believed

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6 to have died out within the borders of present-day Greece in A.D. 80-100 (Guggisberg, 1961; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Lions were probably found in the Azerbaijan area up to the 10th century A.D. Their disappearance from the reed thickets and pistachio and juniper forests is primarily associated with an increase in human population and a change in environmental conditions, which in turn led to the decline of ungulates in the region (Heptner and Sludskii 1972; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The thickets of the Jordan River in Palestine were a preferred habitat. Lions could still be found in the vicinity of Samaria, Lejun (near Megiddo), Ramla, the area of Nahr (River) Al-Auja and the coastal forests in the early 14th century (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2001, 2006). The last recorded Palestinian Lion was in 1630 at Al-Shari‟a area (Jordan River) to the east of Jericho.

The Lions disappeared from the Moroccan coast by the mid-1800s. They may have survived in the High Atlas Mountains up to the 1940s; and the last known lion in Algeria was killed in 1893 near Batna, 97 km south of Constantine; and the last known lion killed in Tunisia was in 1891 near Babouch, between Tabarka and Ain-Draham; and Lions were extirpated from Tripolitania, western Libya as early as 1700 (Guggisberg, 1961; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The Last known lion in Turkey was killed in 1870 near Birecik on the Eurphrates (Üstay 1990); and Sir Alfred Pease reported that lions still existed west of Aleppo, Syria, in 1891 (Kinnear 1920; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The Lions occurred in the vicinity of Mosul, Iraq in the 1850s. The Turkish governor's bag of two in 1914 is the last report of them from the area (Kinnear 1920; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The Lions were reported to be numerous in the reedy swamps bordering the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers in the early 1870s. The last known lion in Iraq was killed in 1918 on the lower Tigris (Hatt 1959; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The valley of Dashtiarjan, 57 km west of Shiraz in Iran, was famous for its lions in the late 1800s. The last known report of lion presence in Iran was a 1942 observation of a pair near Dizful, by American engineers building a railway (Heaney 1943; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

There are no confirmed records of lion presence in central or eastern Iran, nor Afghanistan or Baluchistan (Guggisberg, 1961; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The last known lion in Pakistan was killed near Kot Deji in Sind province in 1810.

However, a British admiral travelling by train reported seeing a maneless lion near Quetta, north-western Pakistan in 1935, eating a goat: "It was a large lion, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

7 very stocky, light tawny in colour, and I may say that no one of us three had the slightest doubt of what we had seen until, on our arrival at Quetta. Many officers expressed doubts as to its identity, or the possibility of there being a lion in the district" (Guggisberg, 1961; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The lion's range may have extended as far east as Bihar and Orissa states in India: a lion was reportedly killed in the district of Palamau (Bihar) in 1814; and the last lion recorded from the southern end of its Indian range was killed at Rhyl in Damoh district, near the Narmada River, in the cold season of 1847-1848 (Kinnear 1920; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Fifty lions were killed in the district of Delhi, India between 1856 - 1858. Twentyfive years later Blanford (1891) wrote that "in India the lion is verging on extinction" (Guggisberg 1961; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The taxidermied Lion (Panthera leo) at the Museum of Natural History in Al-Baq'a, AlQuds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine … My daughter Nora Norman Ali Khalaf is sitting on the right … Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa ...

27.07.2014. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15415491300/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

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Asiatic Lions in Europe: The Asiatic lion used to live also in Europe. Aristotle and Herodotus wrote that lions were found in the Balkans in the middle of the first millennium B.C. When Xerxes advanced through Macedon in 480 B.C., several of his baggage camels were killed by lions. Lions are believed to have died out within the borders of present-day Greece in A.D. 80-100. And also there was a population in the Caucasus that became extinct in the 10th century. It remained widespread elsewhere until the mid 1800‟s when the advent of firearms led to its extinction over large areas (Guggisberg, 1961). By the late 1800s the lion had disappeared from Turkey (Üstay, 1990).

A Replica Painting of “Louis Moullin” (1817-1876) seen in the Emirates Mall, Dubai in July 2006, which shows Arabian lion hunters killing two Arabian lions and taking the two cups. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. 21 July 2006. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15422903697/

North African relative (The Barbary or Atlas Lion): The Barbary Lion, Atlas lion or Nubian lion Panthera leo leo is a subspecies of lion that has become extinct at least in the wild. It was believed to be extinct in Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

9 captivity. However, stray possible Barbary lion individuals or descendants were located in zoos and circus populations within the last three decades. It is often considered to be the largest of the lion subspecies with males weighing between 400-650 lb (181 to 295 kg) and females 270-400 lb (120 to 181 kg), approximately the size of Bengal tigers. However, more recent research suggests that they were only slightly larger than today's African lion, which weighs approximately 420 lbs on average. The Barbary Lion also called the Atlas or Nubian lion, formerly ranged in the Atlas Mountains of North Africa and in territory from Morocco to Egypt. The last known Barbary Lion in the wild was shot in the Atlas Mountains in 1922 (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Unlike most African lions, the Barbary Lion was a mountain predator, preferring woodlands. The two other primary Atlas Mountain predators, the Barbary leopard and Atlas bear, are also now extinct, with no known individuals in the wild (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

There are several dozen individuals in captivity believed to be Barbary Lions; Port Lympne Wild Animal Park in Kent (England) has twelve specimens descended from animals owned by the King of Morocco; one of the lions is named Suliman. In addition, 11 animals believed to be Barbary Lions were found in Addis Ababa zoo, descendants of animals owned by the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

In the past, scientists believed that the "distinct" sub-specific status of the Barbary lion could be justified by their seemingly fixed external morphology. This morphology was used to identify them. However, now it is known that various extrinsic factors influence the colour and size of a lion‟s mane, like the ambient temperature. The cooler ambient temperature in e.g. European and North American zoos can result in heavy mane. Therefore, the heavy mane is an inappropriate marker for identifying Barbary lines (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Mitochondrial DNA research published in 2006 did support the "distinctness" of the Barbary lion. The results showed an mtDNA haplotype that is unique to the Barbary lion. This could be a good molecular marker for identifying Barbary lions. They revealed that five tested samples of lions from the famous collection of the King of Morocco are not maternally Barbary (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

In 1968, a study on the skulls of the extinct Barbary (North African), extinct Cape, Asiatic, and African lions showed that the same skull characteristics - the very narrow postorbital bar - existed in only the Barbary and the Asiatic lion skulls.

This shows that there may have been a close relationship between the lions from Northernmost Africa and Asia. It is also believed that the South European lion that became extinct at the beginning in A.D. 80-100 could have represented the connecting link between the North African and Asiatic lions. It is believed that Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

10 Barbary lions possess the same belly fold (hidden under that entire mane) that appears in the Asian lions today. The mane of "Scar," the villain of Disney's “The Lion King”, was based on a Barbary Lion (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The sign infront of the taxidermied Lion (Panthera leo) at the Museum of Natural History in Al-Baq'a, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine ... The Lions were presented to the City of Jerusalem by ESI-Engineering Services International JerusalemKampala … Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa ...

27.07.2014. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15414531269/ The former popularity of the Barbary Lion as a zoo animal provides the only hope to ever see it again in the wild in North Africa. After years of research into the science of the Barbary Lion and stories of surviving examples, WildLink International, in collaboration with Oxford University, launched their ambitious International Barbary Lion Project. They are using the very latest DNA techniques to identify the DNA 'fingerprint' of the Barbary Lion subspecies.

WildLink International has taken bone samples from remains of Barbary Lions in Museums across Europe, like those in Brussels, Paris, Turin and others. These samples are returned to Oxford University where the science team is extracting the DNA sequence that identifies the Barbary as a separate subspecies. Although the Barbary is officially extinct, WildLink International had identified a handful of lions in captivity around the world that is descended from the original Barbary Lion, like the royal lions in Temara Zoo in Rabat, Morocco. These descendants will be tested against the DNA fingerprint and the degree of any hybridization (from crossbreeding) can then be determined. The best candidates will then enter a selective breeding Programme that will 'breed back' the Barbary Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

11 Lion. The final phase of the project will see the lions released into a National Park in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Prophet Daniel in the Lions’ den. Painted by Peter Paul Rubens. ca. 1615. National Gallery of Art in Washington. www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienD/Daniel.htm

The Arabian Lion by the early Arabic and Islamic Zoologists: Abi „Othman Amr bin Bahar Al-Basri Al-Jahez (776-869), one of the Greatest Arabic and Islamic Zoologists, described in his Reference Book “Kitab AlHaywan” (The Animal Book), the lions‟ General appearance and uniform colour and the different body parts; and he wrote about the lions‟ behaviour. Al-Jahez wrote about “Sayed Alsiba‟” (Master of the Predators) and how they came around the villages in Iraq to attack and devour the wild boars, and the domesticated sheep, donkeys, cows and dogs. The lions came also to the water ponds and river banks to feed on crabs, toads, terrapins and turtles. The lion also attacks and feeds on cheetahs; and they feed on carrions too. The Iraqi lion can also attack and feed on domesticated Indian elephants, but wild elephants are strong and can defend themselves. Lions also attacks and feed on camels. AlJahez writes that old lions attacks and devour humans, because the old ones are weak and cannot hunt animals. He wrote also that the lion eats salt, because their body needs it; and they can bear hunger and thirst for a long time. Al-Jahez writes that the Indian Lions are weaker than Iraqi Lions; and he adds that the Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

12 lion is weak inside the deep water; even a boy can ride on his back and grasp his ears, pushing him under the water. Lions fear fire, and loud noises; and they can live peacefully (coexistence) with tigers, but their enemies are the leopards. Lions and Leopards can fight each other for a long period of time during the day, without killing each other. Lions and Tigers can even help each other, fighting the Leopard. Al-Jahez adds that wild boar may kill a lion with its tusks, and the buffalo can kill a lion with its horns (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Abi „Othman Al-Jahez wrote about the wide distribution of the lion in Iraq especially in Mosul, Alkufa, Siwad Al-Iraq and the banks of the Euphrates River.

He adds that lions can live for many long years (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Abi Abdullah Al-Hussain bin Ahmad bin Khalaweh bin Hamdan (died 980), a famous Arabic Linguist, mentioned in his Reference booklet “Asma‟ Al-Asad” (The Names of the Lion), about 500 names and descriptions for the lion, and some names for the lioness, the cubs and lion places. The Arabic Linguist “Ali bin Qassem bin Ja‟far Al-Laghawi” added another 130 names and descriptions in his booklet “Fae‟t Asma‟ Al-Asad” (The missing Names of the Lion). The two booklets were revised by Dr. Mahmoud Jassem Al-Darwish in 1989 (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Note: The two booklets (in Arabic) are published at the end of this article (pp. 3335).

Zakariya bin Mohammed bin Mahmoud Al-Qazwini (1203-1283), one of the Greatest Islamic Zoologists, mentioned in his Reference Book “Ajae‟b AlMakhluqat wa Gharae‟b Al-Mawjudat” (Marvels of Things Created and Miraculous Aspects of Things Existing), the presence of the lion in Qurna, on Naher (River) Ja‟far (in Iraq), and described how the lions were attacking the men (cane cutters) who killed a young lion, and how they (the men) defended themselves by cutting the tail of one lion, then this lion attacked the other lions, and then all the lions flew into the desert (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Al-Qazwini in his Reference Book “Ajae‟b Al-Makhluqat wa Gharae‟b AlMawjudat” writes about the lions‟ behaviour; and also on the medical benefits when using the different lion body parts in curing different diseases (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Kamal Al-Deen Mohammed bin Mousa bin „Issa bin Ali Al-Dumairi (1341-1405), one of the Greatest Arabic and Islamic Zoologists, wrote in his Reference Book “Hayat Al-Haywan Al-Kubra” (The Great Animal Life), that the lion has more than 630 names and descriptions in Arabic, like: Alasad , Usama, Albayhas, Alnaaj, Aljakhdub, Alharth, Haydara, Aldawas, Alri‟ebal, Zafar, Alsabe‟e, Alsa‟eb, Aldurgham, Aldaygham, Altaythar, Ala‟nbas, Alghadanfar, Alfarafisa, Qaswara [this name was mentioned in the Holy Qur‟an], Kahmas, Allaith, Almutaanes, Almutahayeb, Alhirmas, Alward, Abu Alabtal, Abu Hafs, Abu Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

13 Alakhyaf, Abu Alza‟faran, Abu Shibel, Abu Ala‟bas, Abu Alhareth.

Al-Dumairi mentioned also that Hamza bin Abd Almutaleb (Uncle of Prophet Mohammed Peace Be Upon Him) was named “Asadu Allah” (Allah‟s Lion) [because he was a brave man and a fierce warrior and a lion hunter in Mecca; and he was known wearing his famous lion coat] (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

According to Al-Dumairi the lion was living around Mecca, Arabia in the time of Hamza and Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him) in the 7th Century, and he mentions that a man („Utba bin Abi Lahab) was devoured by a lion in Al-Zarqa‟a, Ard Al-Sham (in Jordan); and tells about a story between safeena (Mawla [servant] of Prophet Mohammed [PBUH]) and a lion in Ard Al-Roum [Byzantine Empire] (in Turkey); Al-Dumairi also tells the story of Prophet Daniel in the lions‟ den in Babel [Babylon] (in Iraq), under the reign of the Persian King Darius (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Al-Dumairi in his Reference Book “Hayat Al-Haywan Al-Kubra” writes also about the lions‟ behaviour; and also on the medical benefits when using the different lion body parts in curing different diseases. He goes further and writes about the interpretation of dreams; when somebody dreams about a lion or a young lion in a certain situation (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine: ‫ صدق الله العظيم‬. ‫ فزت من قسورة‬. ٌ‫ كأنهُم حُمُزٌ مُستنفزة‬. ‫ فما لهُم عن التذكزة مُعزضين‬. ‫بسم الله الزحمن الزحيم‬ “Then what is wrong with them that they turn away from receiving admonition.

As if they were frightened Wild Asses. Fleeing from a lion (Qaswara)." (The Holy Qur‟an, Suret Al-Muddather, Aya 49-51).

Lions are the most powerful of all carnivorous animals. Although not now found in Palestine, they must have been in ancient times very numerous there. They had their lairs in the forests (The Bible: Jeremiah 5:6; Jeremiah 12:8; Amos 3:4), in the caves of the mountains (Song of Solomon 4:8; Nahum 2:12), and in the canebrakes on the banks of the Jordan (Jeremiah 49:19; Jeremiah 50:44; Zechariah 11:3) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

"Wherefore a lion out of the forest shall slay them, and a wolf of the evenings shall spoil them, a leopard shall watch over their cities: everyone who goes out of them shall be torn in pieces: because their transgressions are many, and their backslidings are increased." (The Bible, Jeremiah, 5:6).

"Mine heritage is unto me as a lion in the forest; she has lifted up her voice against me: therefore have I hated it." (The Bible, Jeremiah, 12:8).

"Will a lion roar in the forest, when he hath no prey? Will a young lion cry out of his den, if he has taken nothing?" (The Bible, Amos, 3:4) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

"Come with me from Lebanon, my spouse, with me from Lebanon: look from the Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

14 top of Amana, from the top of Shenir and Hermon, from the lions' dens, from the mountains of the leopards." (The Bible, Song of Solomon, 4:8).

"The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his holes with prey, and his dens with ravin." (The Bible, Nahum, 2:12) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

"Behold, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan against the habitation of the strong: but I will suddenly make him run away from her: and who is a chosen man that I may appoint over her? For who is like me? And who will appoint me the time? And who is that shepherd that will stand before me?"

(The Bible, Jeremiah, 49:19 and 50:44) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The taxidermied Lioness (Panthera leo) at the Museum of Natural History in Al-Baq'a, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine … Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa ... 27.07.2014. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15601180745/ "There is a voice of the howling of the shepherds; for their glory is spoiled: a voice of the roaring of young lions; for the pride of Jordan is spoiled." (The Bible, Zechariah, 11:3) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

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15 "And the men of the city said unto him on the seventh day before the sun went down, what is sweeter than honey? And what is stronger than a lion? And he said unto them, if ye had not plowed with my heifer, ye had not found out my riddle." (The Bible, Judges, 14:18) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Felis leo persica), this proud symbol of strength and courage, must have been abundant in Biblical times. According to the Bible, in which it appears under several different names, the lion must have been quite common at that time. The species appears often on mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine periods. The thickets of the Jordan River were a preferred habitat. It became extinct after the time of the Crusaders. The last mention of them being by Arab writers of the 13th and 14th century, when lions still existed near Samaria and other areas. One specimen has been hunted at Lejun, near Megiddo, in the thirteenth century. Alfaras Bin Shawer, Wali of Ramla, wrote that he saw eleven dead lions after heavy rain in Ramla and the area of Nahr (River) Al-Auja in 1294. Sanqarshah Almansouri, Naib of Safad (1304-1307), killed in the coastal forests 15 lions. At this time, lions certainly roamed over parts of Syria and Arabia and along the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq, where in ancient times lions figured prominently in the great royal hunts in Assyria. It is clear that lions survived in Mesopotamia until the nineteenth century, and there are several references to them by travellers of that period (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006). The last recorded Palestinian Lion was in 1630 at Al-Shari‟a area (Jordan River) to the east of Jericho.

In Al-Jaleel (Galilee) there is a hill called Tel el Assad (Lion Hill in Arabic), and there is a village nearby called Deir el Assad (Monastery of the Lion), that may refer to a quite late occurrence of this species. Bie‟r Al-Sabe‟e (Well of the Lion) is a famous Palestinian city in the Naqab (Negev) desert (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Persian Lions in Persia: The Persian lion is now extinct in Iran, and there are no confirmed modern records of lion presence in central or eastern Iran, or Baluchistan, but it's believed that lions that still live in India are the same as lions that once were living in Iran.

According to one story, the last Iranian lion was killed by Zelolsoltan, the son of Naseredin Shah (before 1919); but on the other hand, the last reliable report of lion presence in Iran was a 1942 observation of a pair near Dezful, by American engineers building a railway (Heaney 1943, Harrington 1977, Khalaf-von Jaffa 2006).

The lion motif dates from ancient times in Iran, and it is found on innumerable objects of daily use such as seals, vessels, horse equipment, weapons, and in the decoration of palaces, tombs, and temples as far back as the 3rd millennium B.C. The lion was well known to the Achaemenians (6th-4th century B.C.) as it is Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

16 testified by numerous examples at Persepolis, showing bas-reliefs of a lion attacking a bull, and by lion headed stone capitals. The Sassanian kings visualized themselves in rock reliefs as fighting with the lion. The lion motif has been one of the most persistent in Iranian art and religion, albeit with changing connotations (Tanavoli, 1985; Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

In literature, art, stories, and the social life of the Iranians, lions have always been thought of as a symbol of power, courage and greatness. Kings and noblemen have demonstrated their greatness and glory through illustrations of lions on coins and swords (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The symbol of the old flag of Iran (Shahanshah time), is a lion holding a sword in his hand and with a half of the sun behind him.

It is interesting to know that the Iranian series of Chieftain Tanks built by the UK during the 1970s for the Imperial Iranian Army was named: "Shire-Iran" (Iranian lion) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

Lion was in the game category for royalty or they were just hunted for pleasure; and that's one of the main extinction reasons of this animal. Many miniatures show Kings going in lion-hunt trips, alone or with troops. As late as the 19th century, lion hunting was one of the favorite pastimes of the Iranian nomad Khans too (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

The Persian lion, once lived in the valley of Dasht-e Arzhan (57 km west of Shiraz), as well as the "Kam-Firuze" and "Gourab" hunting ground, south of Hamedan (in the late 1800s). It used to roam the oak forests of the Zagros Mountains and the riverine areas of Khuzistan (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2006).

References and Internet Websites : Al-Dumairi, Al-„Alama Al-Sheikh Kamal Al-Deen Mohammed bin Mousa bin „Issa bin Ali (born in 1341 [742 H.] in Cairo and died in 1405 [808 H.] in Cairo, Egypt). Hayat Al-Haywan Al-Kubra (The Great Animal Life). Two Parts.

Muasaset Al-A‟lami Lilmatbua‟t, Beirut, Lebanon, 2003, 1424 H. Part 1: pp. 464; Part 2: pp. 512. (in Arabic).

Al-Jahez, Abi „Othman Amr bin Bahar Al-Basri (born ca. 776 [160 H.] in Basra and died in 869 [255 H.] in Basra, Iraq). Kitab Al-Haywan (The Animal Book).

Eight Parts. Explained by Abd Al-Salam Muhammed Haroun. Dar Al-Jeel, Beirut, Lebanon, 1996, 1416 H. Part1: 428; Part2: 383; Part 3: 548; Part 4: 503; Part 5: 611; Part 6: 515; Part 7: 516; Part 8: 331. (in Arabic).

Al-Qazwini, Al-Imam Zakariya bin Mohammed bin Mahmoud (born in 1203 [600 H.] in Qazwin, Persia and died in 1283 [682 H.]). „Ajae‟b Al-Makhluqat wa Gharae‟b Al-Mawjudat (Marvels of Things Created and Miraculous Aspects of Things Existing). Introduced by Farouq Saad. Dar Al-Afaq Al-Jadida, Beirut, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

17 Lebanon, 1978. pp. 526. (in Arabic).

Aristotle (Aristoteles) (350 B.C.E.). Tiba‟o Al-Haywan (The History of Animals).

Translated from Greek into Arabic by Yohanna bin Al-Batriq. Explained by Dr. Abd Al-Rahman Badawi. Wakalet Al-Matbua‟t, Kuwait, 1977. pp. 563. (in Arabic).

Asiatic Lion Information Centre. www.asiatic-lion.org/ Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826). References. http://lynx.uio.no/lynx/catsgportal/cat-website/catfolk/asaleorf.htm Baidaba (Indian Philosopher) (Fourth Century A.D.). Kitab Kalila wa Dimna (Kalila and Dimna). Originally written in Sanskrit. Translated from Pehlavi (Old Persian) into Arabic by Abi Mohammed Abdullah Rawzeh bin Dathweh bin AlMuqaffa‟ (724 [106 H.] – 761 [144 H.]). Revised by Mustafa Lutfi Al-Manfaluti (1876-1924). Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, Beirut, Lebanon. 1984, 1404 H. pp. 397. (in Arabic).

Barnett, R., Yamaguchi, N., Barnes, I. & Cooper, A. )2006(. The origin, current diversity and future conservation of the modern lion Panthera leo. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273, 2119-2125.

Blanford, W.T. (1891). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Mammalia. London.

Burger, J., Rosendahl, W., Loreille, O., Hemmer, H., Eriksson, T., Götherström, A., Hiller, J., Collins, M. J., Wess, T. & Alt, K. W. )2004(. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30, 841-849.

Charles, R. & Jacobi, R. M. )1994(. The Lateglacial fauna from Robin Hood Cave, Cresswell: a re-assessment. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13, 1-32.

Chavan, S. (1993). Life history information on P.l. persica. Estimating the carrying capacity of lions in Gir. In: Asiatic lion PHVA and GASP briefing book, Captive Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota.

De Grossi Mazzorin, J. )1995(. La fauna rinvenuta nell‟area della Meta Sudans nel quadro evolutivo degli animali domestici in Italia. Padusa Quaderni 1, 309-318.

Diyab, Kawkab Deeb (1995). Qamus Al-Haywan, „Arabi/‟Arabi (Animal Dictionary, Arabic/Arabic). Jarous Press, Tripoli, Lebanon. 1995, 1415 H. pp. 638. (in Arabic).

Extinct European Leopard Remains Discovered. http://dalje.com/encroatia/extinct-european-leopard-remains-discovered/80169 Felid Taxon Advisory Group regional collection plan and IUCN Captive Breeding Specialist Group global felid action plan. National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia.

Fouraker, M. and Wildt, D. (1992). Genetic and reproductive studies of Asiatic lions at the Sakkarbaug Zoo and in the Gir Forest Sanctuary. pp. 38-40. in: D.E. Wildt, J.D. Mellen, and U.S. Seal, eds. Felid action plan, 1991 and 1992: AAZPA. Freudenberg, W. (1914). Die Säugetiere des älteren Quartärs von Mitteleuropa.

Geol. Paläont. Abh., 16 (N. F. 12), 455-670, Jena.

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The taxidermied Lion (Panthera leo) at the Museum of Natural History in Al-Baq'a, AlQuds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine ... Photo: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-von Jaffa ... 27.07.2014. https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/15414594319/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

19 Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1961). Simba: The Life of the Lion. Publisher: Howard Timmins, Cape Town.

Harrington, F.A. (1977). Fauna of the Touran Protected Area. Unpublished report. DOE, Tehran, Iran.

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Heaney, G.F. (1952). The Survey India since the Second World War. Geographical journal. 118:280-296.

Hemmer, H. (1974). Untersuchungen zur stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae). Teil III. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen Panthera (Panthera) leo (Linnaeus, 1758). Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München. 17, 167-280.

Hemmer, H. (1979). Fossil history of living Felidae. Carnivore. 2: 58-61.

Heptner , V.H. and Sludskii, A.A. (1972). [Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol III: Carnivores (Felidea).] Vyssha Shkola, Moscow (in Russian). Engl. transl. edited

by R.S. Hoffmann, Smithsonian Inst. and the Natl. Science Fndn., Washington DC, 1992.

Ja‟far Al-Laghawi, Ali bin Qassem bin (date unknown). Fae‟t Asma‟ Al-Asad (The missing Names of the Lion). Al-Fustat: The Historical Magazine Website. (in Arabic). www.fustat.com/adab/asad.shtml Johnsingh, A.J.T. and Ravi Chellam (1991). Asiatic lions. pp. 92-93. in: J. Seidensticker and S. Lumpkin, eds. Great Cats. London, Merehurst.

Joslin, P. (1973). The Asiatic lion: a study of ecology and behaviour. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.

Joslin, P. (1984). The evironmental limitations and future of the Asiatic lion. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 81:648-664.

Kappeler, Markus (1998). Asiatischer Löwe, Panthera leo persica. Groth AG (erschienen in der WWF Conservation Stamp Collection, Groth AG, Unteraegeri). www.markuskappeler.ch/tex/texs/asiatischerloewe.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1980). Tabie't Al-Talawon fi Al-Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (in Arabic).

Khalaf, Norman (1983). Al-Numour Fi Falestin (Leopards in Palestine). AlKhalisah Bulletin. The National Palestinian Assemblage. Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. First Year. Number 3. April 1983. pp.18 -19. (in Arabic).

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1985). Activity Patterns and Sexual Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Kingdom. Number 7. Third Year. September 1985. pp. 1-22.

Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1986). The Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

20 Republic of Germany. Fourth Year. Number 10. December 1986. pp. 1-9.

Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1987). The Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 11. January 1987. pp. 1-10.

Khalaf, Norman (1987). Al-Numour Fi Falestin (The Leopards in Palestine).

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 11, Jamadi Alaula 1407 AH, January 1987 AD. pp. 12-13. (in Arabic).

Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1987). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 12. February 1987. pp.1-9.

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). A Trip to Kuwait Zoo, State of Kuwait.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year, Number 13, Ramadan 1407 AH, April 1987 AD. pp. 1-5. (in Arabic).

Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1988). Activity Patterns and Reproductive Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775) at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia. Volume 5, pp. 61 - 71. Editor: Leif Blomqvist, Helsinki Zoo, Finland.

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1989). Notes on the Caracal Lynx Caracal caracal.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 19, Seventh Year, December 1989. pp. 1-2. (in Arabic).

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). A Trip to Zoo Budapest, Hungary.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 21, Ninth Year, January 1991. pp. 1-4.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 30, Tenth Year, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (in Arabic).

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement).

Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (in Arabic).

Acquaintance Card: Majallet Al-Ghazzal (Gazelle Magazine): The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn, Germany. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine.

Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 51-52. (in Arabic).

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21 Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Extinct and Endangered Animals in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Threatened Mammals. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Wild Cats in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. / Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin Webseite. (ISSN 0178-6288). http://gazelle.8m.net/contact.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Leopards in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. http://gazelle.8m.net/whats_new.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-0141219. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004: 460 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Leopards of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Arab Emirates. Number 41. Twenty Third Year. May 2005. pp. 1-9. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Der Arabische Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 42. Twenty Third Year. June 2005. pp. 1-8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopardpanthera-pardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2005).

Raubkatzen. Der Treffpunkt für Raubkatzen-freunde. Yahoo! Deutschland Groups. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Raubkatzen/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai City, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 45, September 2005. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by the Israeli Occupation Army.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 46, October 2005. pp. 1-11.

Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, November 2005. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (Member of PALESTA) (2005). Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 48. December 2005. pp. 1-9. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).

Khalaf, Norman Ali (Co-Author) (2005, 2006). Chapter 3: Geography, Flora and Fauna. Pages 32-39. in: Palestine: A Guide. By Mariam Shahin, Photography by George Azar. Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Publishing Group, 2005, 2006. xi + 471 pages. Appendices to page 500.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Persische Löwe (Panthera leo persica). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 49, January 2006. pp. 1-5. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatischer_Loewe.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 52, April 2006. pp.

1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.today/1Qih2 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Iranische Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 53, May 2006. pp. 1-7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/messag es/36 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Die Rohrkatze (Felis chaus). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 54, June 2006. pp. 1-8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/messag es/37 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada AlThania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/messag es/43 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 300-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006, 484 pp. Norman Ali Khalaf, RilchingenHanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-alikhalaf-books.webs.com/mammaliaarabica.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or Persian Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

23 Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 147-149. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Wild_Predators/conversations/topics /357 Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Eine Persönlichkeit aus Jaffa, Palästina / A Personality from Jaffa, Palestine: Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf (Abu Ali) (1938-2006). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 56, Twenty-fourth Year, August 2006. pp. 8-19. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://bassam-ali-taher-khalaf.webs.com Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826) in Palestine and the Arabian and Islamic Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 58, October 2006, Ramadan 1427 H. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Asiatic_Lion.html.tmp Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Ein Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland / A Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 59, November 2006. pp.1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabisch / Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Ein%20Besuch%20im%20Neunkircher%20Zoo%20Neunkirchen-%20Saarland-%20Deutschland Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 60, December 2006. pp. 1-10.

Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/chineseleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 61, January 2007, Thu Al-Hijja 1427 AH. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Behavioural%20Observations%20on%20the% 20Arabian%20Leopard%20in%20the%20Arabia-s%20Wildlife%20Centre-% 20Sharjah-%20UAE Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). A Recent Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Kuwaiti Desert, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 64, April 2007, Rabi'e Al-Awal 1428 AH. pp. 1-20.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

24 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; Abstract in English, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/A%20Recent%20Record%20of%20the%20Arabian %20Sand%20Cat%20from%20the%20Kuwaiti%20Desert%20State%20of%20Kuwait Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Qit Sahrawi (Desert Cat or Sand Cat). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 64, April 2007, Rabi'e Al-Awal 1428 AH. p. 21. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1% D8%A7% D9%88%D9%8A Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The First Sight Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. pp. 1-19. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in English; Abstract in English and Arabic, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Sand_Cat.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Presence of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni) in the State of Qatar. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. p. 20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Qatar_Sand_Cat.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 66, Juni 2007, Jamada Al-Ulla 1428 AH. Seiten 113. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (The Animals of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86% D8%A7%D8% AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Sanuriyat (Felidae). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D 8%A7%D8%AA Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Der Karakal Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

25 oder Wüstenluchs (Caracal caracal, von Schreber 1776). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 67, Juli 2007, Jamada Al-Akhera 1428 AH. Seiten 1-12. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Karakal.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Um Rishat (Caracal or Desert Lynx). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4% D8%A7%D8%AA Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Sand_Cat.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. 2007. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at Al Ain Zoo, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German).

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German).

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 19802007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN-13: 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007, 300 pp. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic, German and English). http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/felidaearabica.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 73, January 2008. pp. 1-20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Lioness_Sabrina.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008). Qisset Al-Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza (The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness). Gazelle: Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

26 The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Story in Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of%20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza %20Zoo%20Lioness Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008). Qisset Al-Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza / The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. First Edition. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Germany & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Publication in Summer 2008, in Arabic and English). ISBN 978-9948-03-603-6. English article Website: http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Lioness_Sabrina.html & Arabic Story Website: http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of% 20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza%20Zoo%20Lioness Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/zanzibarleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Nimer Zanjibar (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al- Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. Page 14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%86%D 8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008).

Leopard Stamps from Zanzibar and Tanzania. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 75, March 2008. pp. 1-4. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). The Sri Lanka leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala 1956). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. pp. 1-17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/srilankaleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. Page 18. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1% D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 77, May 2008. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/persianleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Royal White Tigers (Panthera tigris, Linnaeus 1758) at Zoo d'Amnéville (Amneville Zoo), Amneville, Lorraine, France. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

27 Number 78, June 2008. Pp. 1-26. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/White_Tiger_Amneville.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Nimer Farisi (Persian leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7% D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher. Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist: The Scientific References (1980-2009). http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-references.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008).

Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. 396 pps. Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 9789948-03-459-9. (In Arabic, English and German). http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008).

Carnivora Palaestina: The Carnivores of Palestine / Die Raubtiere Palästinas.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 82, October 2008, Shawal 1429 AH. pp. 1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/messag es/95 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Flora and Fauna in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://florafauna-palestine.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

28 Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-16667-2. 1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013).

Der Mosbacher Löwe (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906) / The Early Middle Pleistocene European Cave Lion (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906). Gazelle The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 101. January 2013.

Pp. 1-26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://lion-pantheraleo.webs.com/mosbacher-loewe & http://issuu.com/drnormanalibassamkhalaf/docs/mosbacher_l__we_european_cave_lion_ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013).

Der Europäische Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969) / The European Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969). Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 102. February 2013. Pp. 1-17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/europeanleopard.htm & http://issuu.com/drnormanalibassamkhalaf/docs/europ__ische_leopard_panthera_pardu Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three.

Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Drei.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 – 2012. ISBN 978-9950-383-35-7.

Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013).

The Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013): A New Leopard Subspecies from South Africa. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 108, December 2013, Safar 1435 AH. pp. 26-42. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/pinkpanther.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. 456 Pages (English Part 378 Pages and the Arabic Part 78 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part-1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

29 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). Poisoning case of an Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at Wadi Noaman, North East of Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 118. October 2014. pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-of-makkah.webs.com/arabian-leopard-wadi-noaman Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Killing Incident of an Anatolian Leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) in Turkey. Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 121. January 2015. pp. 1-20. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/anatolianleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015).

Plants and Animals unique to Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 125, May 2015. pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine-2.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2016).

The taxidermied Lions (Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758) at the Natural History Museum in Al-Baq‟a, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine and a note about the Historical Presence of the Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica Meyer, 1826) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288.

Number 136, April 2016. pp. 1-35. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://carnivores-of-palestine.webs.com/lion-natural-history-baqa Khalaweh bin Hamdan, Abi Abdullah Al-Hussain bin Ahmad bin (born in Hamazan, Persia [date unknown] and died in Halab [Aleppo], Syria in 980 [370 H.]). Asma‟ Al-Asad (The Names of the Lion). Revised by Dr. Mahmoud Jassem Al-Darwish. Muasaset Al-Risala, Beirut, Lebanon. 1989, 1409 H. (in Arabic).

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120 Seiten. GRIN Verlag, München, 2010. ISBN 978-3-640-62372-3 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016

31 http://www.diplomarbeiten24.de/vorschau/150768.html Probst, Ernst (2011). Der größte Löwe jagte in Amerika. http://welt-deswissens.blogspot.ae/2011/09/der-grote-lowe-jagte-in-amerika.html Probst, Ernst (2011). Eiszeitliche Leoparden in Deutschland. Grin Verlag. 46 pages. http://books.google.ae/books?id=GinGMb3fxEEC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq#v =onepage&q&f=false Probst, Ernst (2011). Eiszeitliche Raubkatzen in Deutschland. Mit Zeichnungen von Shuhei Tamura. 160 Seiten. GRIN Verlag GmbH. www.amazon.com/Eiszeitliche-Raubkatzen-Deutschland-GermanEdition/dp/3640928547 Probst, Ernst (2011). Löwenfunde in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Mit Zeichnungen von Shuhei Tamura. GRIN Verlag, Sep 28, 2011. 151 pages. http://books.google.ae/books/about/L%C3%B6wenfunde_in_Deutschland_%C 3%96sterreich_u.html?id=bDQixd6FBpUC&redir_esc=y Rashid, M.A. (1984). Notes on conservation of the Asiatic lion. Pp 111-114 in: The plight of the cats: proceedings of the meeting and workshop of the IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group at Kanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India, 9-12 April 1984. Unpubl. report, IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Bougy-Villars, Switzerland.

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32 Geologie und Palaontologie. Band 134, Heft 2, 192-220, Stuttgart, November 1969.

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‫أسنبء األسد‬ ‫أبي عبد اهلل الحسيه به أحند به خبلويه به حنداه (النثوفي سوة ‪ 073‬هجرية)‬ ‫كبل اتً زبَهََِِّٖ‪ :‬هٖط فٕ جيٖق نالى اهلصة ّنخةِ اهوغج يً أظيبء األظسِ ئال يب كس نختخَُ هم‪ ُّٕ ،‬ضُبءُ زيطُ‬

‫يبئجِ اظىٍ ّؼفجٍ‪ ،‬فبكصفْ شهم‪:‬‬

‫زطٌ‪ّ ،‬جَيَلٌ سُتَّزْطٌ‪ ،‬هوؾزى اهغسٖس‪ ،‬غتَِّ تبألظس‪ّ .‬األظس ٖلبل هَ‪ :‬اهؾَّصِؾَىُ‪،‬‬ ‫زطُ‪ٖ ،‬لبل‪ :‬صجل سُتَّ ْ‬ ‫اهؾَّصِؾَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهسُّتَّ ْ‬ ‫ظَّ َصثُ‪،‬‬ ‫ظَّصُ‪ّ ،‬اه َل ِ‬ ‫زطُ‪ّ .‬األفؾَخُ‪ّ ،‬ظبكِ َسثُ‪ّ ،‬اهَِؼّص‪ّ ،‬اهيُِبؼِصُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُِ​ِؼِصُ‪ّ ،‬اهِبؼِ َصثُ‪ّ ،‬اهُِؼِ َصثُ‪ّ ،‬اه َل ِ‬ ‫ّاهسُّتَّ ْ‬ ‫ظَّصُ‪ّ ،‬األَغْؾَفُ‪ّ ،‬األَغَْوةُ‪ّ ،‬اهفِصٌِبطُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَصِكّطُ‪ّ ،‬اهؾَّيِؾَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهؾُّتبصِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهؾُّتبصِيَجُ‪ّ ،‬اهِ​ِصِيبطُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاه َت ِ‬

‫ّاهسَّهَِ​ِ َيطُ‪ّ ،‬اهلٌَْ َتطُ‪ّ ،‬األظِجَصُ‪ّ ،‬اهلٌُب ِتطُ‪ّ ،‬اهتبظِلُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُزْسِصُ‪ّ ،‬اهزبشِصُ‪ّ ،‬اهزَشِصُ‪ّ ،‬دَتٖلُ تَصَاحٍ‪ّ ،‬اهؼِّوْسِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهغَّخٖىُ‪،‬‬

‫ّاهغَؾّةُ‪ّ ،‬اه َغغُّىُ‪ّ ،‬اه َلغَ َصثُ‪ّ ،‬اه َغغَ ِيغَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَيُّػُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَيِلبىُ‪ّ ،‬اهلبسُِٔ‪ّ ،‬اهلَضَّاىُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُضَكِفُصُ‪ّ ،‬اهغَّصٌَْ َتدُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهيُسِهِفُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَِ​ِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهجَِ​ِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهٌَّدَّبىُ‪ّ ،‬اهتَُِّصُ‪ّ ،‬اهتَ ِ​َِّصُ‪ّ ،‬اهدَؿَّبىُ‪ّ ،‬اه َلؿُّةُ‪ّ ،‬اهنَصَُِٖ‪ّ ،‬اهَِؾَّبىُ‪ّ ،‬اهغَّسِكَىُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاه َلظِ َلطُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُؾَتَّصُ‪ّ ،‬اهؾَّ ِٖؿَصُ‪ّ ،‬اهسِّصِّاطُ‪ّ ،‬اهسَّ​َّّاطُ‪ّ ،‬اهسِّصِتبطُ‪ّ ،‬اهؾٌَّٖؿص‪ّ ،‬األغْجَقُ‪ّ ،‬اهسَّإُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُخَضٌَْجِصُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاألَغَ ىُّ‪ّ ،‬اه َلغَ ِيغَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهِّصِئْتبلُ‪ ،‬تِبهَِْيِضِ‪ّ ،‬اهصِّٖتبلُ‪ ،‬تال َُيِضٍ‪ّ ،‬اهفَسِغَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهؼُّيُلُ‪ّ ،‬اهَِِٖؼَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهغَّجِلَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَفَصٌَِٓ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهلِفْصَِٖجُ‪ّ ،‬اهٌِّفْصَِٖجُ‪ّ ،‬اهلِفْصٖحُ‪ّ ،‬اهٌَّفْصٖحُ‪ّ ،‬هَ ِٖدُ كِفِصًَِّٖ‪ّ ،‬هَ ِٖدُ اهوُُّّٖدِ‪ّ ،‬ؾُتبدُ‪ّ ،‬األؼِتَخُ‪ّ ،‬األَُِضَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهؼَّيُّحُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهؾَّيُّصُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُؼَوْزَسُ‪ّ ،‬اهؼِّوْزبسُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَفَصِ ٌَطُ‪ّ ،‬اهُِضاُِضُ‪ّ ،‬اهؾِّصِغبىُ‪ّ ،‬اهؾِّصِغبيَجُ‪ّ ،‬اهغَؾٌَْفَصُ‪ّ ،‬اهلََّّاطُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهِ​ِضَتِصُ‪ّ ،‬اهلُؼِلُػُ‪ّ ،‬اهلُؼبكِػُ‪ّ ،‬اهلُؼبكِؼَجُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُلَصِفِػُ‪ّ ،‬اهُِضاتِصُ‪ّ ،‬اهَِتَّبعُ‪ّ ،‬اهَِصُِبصُ‪ّ ،‬اهفُصافِصُ‪ّ ،‬اهيؾغىُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهٌظُّصُ‪ّ ،‬اهِ​ِلَىُّ‪ّ ،‬اهفُؼِفبػُ‪ّ ،‬اهفُؼبفِؼَجُ‪ّ ،‬اهيِنْخبىُ‪ّ ،‬اهٌََِّّبدُ‪ّ ،‬دَيِ َضثُ‪ّ ،‬اهضُّتُصُ‪ّ ،‬اهضَّتُّصُ‪ّ ،‬اهلٌَْ َتظَجُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهلَؼُّػُ‪َّ ،‬‬

‫ّاهيٌُْ ِ​ِحُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُنْفَِ​ِصُّ‪ّ ،‬فُصَا ٌِطُ‪ّ ،‬كُؼِلبػُ‪ّ ،‬اهيٌُْسَهِفُ‪ّ ،‬اهظِّصِدبًُ‪ّ .‬اهظِّصِدبًُ أٖؾبً‪ :‬اهشِّ ْئةُ‪ّ .‬اهلَلُّصُ‪ّ ،‬اهظِّ َتؿْصُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهَِ​ِيِبىُ‪ّ ،‬اهُِيُّىُ‪ّ ،‬اهُِيِ​ُِّىُ‪ّ ،‬اهٌََِّّبىُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُضِسَهِفُ‪ّ ،‬اهَِتَّبصُ‪ّ ،‬اهيَُِخْ ِ​ِحُ‪ّ ،‬اهصَّؼِٖسُ‪ّ ،‬اهشَّايِصًُ ّاهشِّفِصُ‪ّ ،‬اه َلظِ َلطُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهيُلْصٌَْفِػُ‪ّ ،‬اهغَِّ​ِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُلْصٌَْؼِفُ‪ّ ،‬اه ِيؿْدَصُ‪ّ ،‬اهغِّٖخُ‪ّ ،‬اهؿََّّٖبصُ‪ّ ،‬اهغُّساكِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهؿَِّٖذبصُ‪ّ ،‬اهجَّاهٖقُ أٖؾبً‪ّ ،‬اهلَذَيِذَىُ‪،‬‬ ‫ُّّ اهجَيَلُ أٖؾبً‪ّ ،‬اهفَِ​ِسُ‪ّ ،‬اهسِّهِْبدُ‪ّ ،‬فٕ اهٌبكجُ أٖؾبً‪ّ .‬اهلِصِؾبةُ‪ ُّّ ،‬اهظٖفُ أٖؾبً‪ّ .‬اهظَّ ِصؿُىُ‪ ،‬تفخخ اهظًٖ‬ ‫ألغْسَقُ‪ّ ،‬األٌَْ َنةُ‪،‬‬ ‫دَّلُ‪ّ ،‬ا َ‬ ‫ألغْ َصطُ‪ّ ،‬األَ ِ‬ ‫ّاهؿبء‪ ،‬فؤيّب اهظِّ ِصؿَىُ‪ :‬فبهزؿٖةُ اهفؼٖخُ‪ّ .‬اهََُّّبطُ‪ّ ،‬اهزٌَِلًُ ّاهيُفَصِفِصُ‪ّ ،‬ا َ‬

‫ّاهيِصِفبعُ‪ّ .‬اهؼَّيِؼبيَجُ‪ ُّّ ،‬اهظٖف أٖؾبً‪ّ .‬اهزٌُب ِتطُ‪ّ ،‬اهَّصِسُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَفْصَصُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَصُّطُ‪ّ ،‬اهؾَِّٖغَىُ‪ّ ،‬أُظبيَجُ‪.‬‬

‫ّاهَِصٖحُ‪ ُّٕ ،‬اهيصأث اهيُفْؾبثُ أٖؾبً‪ّ ،‬اهَِ ِصحُ‪ّ .‬اهََِّّاطُ‪ ُّّ ،‬اظى هِػٍّ أٖؾبً‪ّ .‬شُّ اهوِّتِ َسثِ‪ّ ،‬اهيَضِتَصَإٌُِّ‪ّ ،‬اهلَبٌٕ‪،‬‬ ‫ُّّ اهغَّسٖسُ اهدُيِ َصثِ أٖؾبً‪ّ .‬اهيِلْساىُ‪ّ ،‬اهؾَّيِؾبىُ‪ّ ،‬اهزُتَلِذًُِ‪ّ ،‬اهزُتَلِذٌَِجُ‪ّ .‬اهلَوُّةُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَوٖةُ‪ ُّّ ،‬اهشِّ ْئةُ أٖؾبً‪.‬‬ ‫ج ِٖعُ‪ّ .‬اهلَسََّتطُ‪ ُّٕ ،‬اهنُخْوَجُ يً اهخَّيِصِ أٖؾبً‪.‬‬ ‫ّنشهم اهظِِّٖسُ‪ّ ،‬األَُِخَصُ‪ّ ،‬اهَِِٖؼَلُ‪ ،‬تبهؼَّبسِ‪ ،‬فؤيَّب اهَِِٖؾَلُ‪ ،‬تبهؾَّبس‪ :‬فبه َ‬

‫ّاه َِغَ ِيغَيَجُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُلِخَضِىُ‪ّ .‬اهدبسِصُ‪ ،‬تبهدبء غٖص يلجيجٍ‪ ُّّ ،‬اهظَّيًُٖ أٖؾبً‪ّ .‬اهٌََِّلُ ّاهيُصِضِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهَِ ِسةُ‪.‬‬

‫ّاألَزْذَىُ‪ ُّّ ،‬اهلصٖؽُ األٌفِ أٖؾبً يً اهصِّجبلِ‪ّ .‬اهزَذْلَىُ‪ ُّٕ ،‬أٖؾبً كتٖوَج‪ّ .‬اهجَوٌَْ َتؿُ‪ّ ،‬اهيَصُِ​ُّةُ‪ّ ،‬اهيَِٖةُ‪،‬‬ ‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016‬‬

‫‪34‬‬ ‫ظةُ‪ّ ،‬اهلبصِحُ‪ّ ،‬اهجٌَُّ​ّصُ‪ّ ،‬اه ُيغْتِلُ‪ّ ،‬اهيٌِْ َِطُ‪ّ ،‬اهصِّئبطُ‪ّ .‬اهجُزْ ُسةُ‪ ُّّ ،‬اهجَصاسُ‬ ‫ّاهيَُِّةُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُؼِيَغِسُّ‪ّ ،‬اهصَّا ِ‬ ‫ؾةُ‪ ُّّ ،‬غ َّسثُ اهدُيصث أٖؾبً‪.‬‬ ‫أٖؾبً‪ّ .‬اهلَجٌََّطُ‪ ُّّ ،‬اهجَيَلُ أٖؾبً‪ّ .‬اهظَّتٌَْسَْ‪ّ ،‬اهظَّتٌَْخَٓ‪ ُّّ ،‬اهٌَّيِصُ أٖؾبً‪ّ .‬اهغَ َ‬ ‫ّاهتََِٖؤطُ‪ ُّّ ،‬اهغسٖس يً نل غٕء‪ ،‬كبل اهلل خلبهٓ ‪ ":‬تِلَشاةٍ تَئٖطٍ " ‪ّ .‬اهيُِ​ِ ِٖطُ‪ّ ،‬األَصِ َكةُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُغِةُّ‪ّ ،‬اهزَتُّطُ‪،‬‬

‫َّطُ‪ّ ،‬اهتَصِتَصُ‪ّ ،‬اهٌَّبةُ‪ّ ،‬اهنَِ​ِ َيطُ‪ّ ،‬اهَِيُّطُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهِبسٔ‪ّ ،‬اهوَّدِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهغَّ ِصطُ‪ّ ،‬األَغْ َتطُ‪ّ ،‬اهجَِ​ِؾَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهسَّغْفَصُ‪ّ ،‬اهنَص َّ‬ ‫ألغْسَذُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاٗضِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَؾَىُ‪ّ ،‬اه َلِّفُ‪ّ ،‬اهْدَِٖسَ َصثُ‪ّ ،‬اهزَِٖخَلُّصُ‪ّ ،‬اهنَ ْوةُ‪ّ ،‬اهظَّتِقُ‪ّ ،‬اهظَّتُقُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَيَِٖذَلُ‪ّ ،‬اهضَّأْصُ‪ّ .‬ا َ‬ ‫ّاهغَّسٖرُ‪ّ ،‬اهغٌَّْسَذُ‪ّ .‬اهغَّيُّذُ‪ّ ،‬اهسِّصُِبطُ‪ّ ،‬اهجِصُِبطُ‪ّ ،‬اهلِفْصاطُ‪ّ .‬اهؼِّوْلبىُ‪ّ ،‬اهجِصُِبىُ‪ّ .‬اهدُيب ِصطُ‪ّ ،‬اهدَوْتَطُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهدُال ِتطُ‪،‬‬

‫ّاهدُوْ ُتطُ‪.‬‬

‫ّاهلُؾبكِؽُ‪،‬‬

‫ّاهفُصافِؽُ‪،‬‬

‫ّاهدجَّبرُ‬

‫تً‬

‫اهفُصافِؼجُ‬

‫أدسُ‬

‫اهلويبء‬

‫ّاهلتَّبس‪.‬‬

‫َصةُ‪،‬‬ ‫زطُ‪ّ ،‬اهفُصَا ٌِطُ‪ّ ،‬اهلُغبصِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهغُغب ِصةُ‪ّ ،‬اهلٌَب ِتطُ‪ّ ،‬اهضِّئْتَصُ‪ّ ،‬اه َلغْ َصةُ‪ّ ،‬اه َغغ َّ‬ ‫ّاهؾُّيبؾِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهفُصَاظًُِ‪ّ ،‬اهسُّتب ِ‬

‫ألغْ َِةُ‪،‬‬ ‫ظَّسُ‪ّ ،‬األديصُ‪ّ ،‬ا َ‬ ‫زغَفُ‪ ُّّ ،‬اهسهٖلُ اهدبشق أٖؾبً‪ّ .‬األ ِ‬ ‫ّاهصَّضَّاىُ‪ّ ،‬اهغُّصَا ِتدُ‪ّ .‬اهسَُِّ َيطُ يذلُ اهسَّهَِ​ِ َيطُ‪ّ .‬اهيِ ْ‬ ‫ألِّ َصقُ‪ّ ،‬األَسِصَفُ‪ّ .‬اتًُ األَسصَفِ‪ :‬اه َلؿَُّّٔ‪ ،‬ظُيَِّٕ تشهمَ ألٌَ كخَلَ أظساً‪ّ .‬األَكْ َِةُ‪ّ ،‬اهيَضِكَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُسَيِسَىُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاألَؼِدَصُ‪ّ ،‬ا َ‬ ‫دغْصِرُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُتِ​َِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيَُِيِ​َِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهٌَّآحُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُجَصِجِصُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُصخَجِضُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُضَيِضِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهضَّكَّبفُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَضَّافُ‪َ ّ ،‬ضِّٖصٌ‪ُّّ ،‬‬ ‫ّاهيُ َ‬

‫أٖؾبً صئٖط اهلظنص‪ُّٖ.‬نٌٓ أتب اهدبصد‪ّ ،‬اظيَ اهدبصِد‪ّ .‬أتب اهضَّكفصاًِ‪ّ ،‬أتب اهؾَِّٖغَىِ‪ّ ،‬أتب اهيُدبصة‪ّ ،‬أتب صَضاحٍ‪،‬‬ ‫دؿَىٍ‪ّ ،‬أتب األغْتبلِ‪ّ ،‬أتب اهلَصًِٖ‪ّ ،‬أتب اهلتَّبطِ‪ّ ،‬أتب اهخؤْيُّ َصثِ‪ّ ،‬أتب اهيِدصاةِ‪ّ .‬يً األظيبء أٖؾبً‪:‬‬ ‫ّأتب فِصاطٍ‪ّ ،‬أتب يِ ِ‬ ‫اهفَصَا ٌِطُ‪ّ ،‬جُصا ِفطُ‪ّ ،‬جِصِفبطُ‪ّ ،‬جُصائِؽُ‪ّ ،‬جِصاؽُ‪ّ ،‬زُصاكٓ‪ّ ،‬اهلِصِكُّعُ‪ّ ،‬اهلُصِكُّعُ‪ُّ ،‬يب أٖؾبً اهٌبكج‪.‬‬ ‫ّ​ّهسٍ‪ :‬اهغِّتِلُ‪ّ ،‬اهْدَفْػُ‪ّ ،‬اهغَِّٖقُ‪ّ ،‬اهجَِ ِصُّ‪ّ ،‬اهفُصُِ​ُّسِ‪ّٖ .‬لبل هِ َصِّذَِِ‪ :‬اه ِلـْصَىُ‪ّ .‬هِ َتِّهَِِ‪ :‬اهلَنِٖدُ‪ّٖ .‬لبل ألٌذٓ األظسِ‪:‬‬ ‫ألظَ َسثُ‪ّ ،‬اهٌَّبُِجَجُ‪ّ ،‬اهتبُِ َصثُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَذْيَجُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَلِذَيَجُ‪ّ ،‬اهدؼَّبءُ‪ّ ،‬اه ِيغْغبةُ‪ّ ،‬هَ ِل َّثُ‪،‬‬ ‫اهوَُّت َّثُ‪ّ ،‬اهوَّ ِت َّثُ‪ّ ،‬اهوَّتَّب َءثُ‪ّ ،‬اهوَّدَّبظجُ‪ّ ،‬ا َ‬

‫ّظَتُلَجُ‪ّ ،‬اهٌَّيِصاءُ‪ّ ،‬أىُّ اهلَتَّبطِ‪ُّٖ .‬لبلُ هِدَٖبءِ اهوُت َإثِ‪ :‬اهوِّ ْفحُ‪ّٖ .‬لبلُ هيّؾِلَِِ‪ :‬غبتَجٌ‪ّ ،‬يِزْسَصٌ‪ّ ،‬يِدصاةٌ‪ّ ،‬كَضٖضٌ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهذَّصْ‪ّ ،‬اهغَِٖلُ‪ّ ،‬اهزِٖطُ‪ّ ،‬األَجَيَجُ‪ّ ،‬اهضَّأْ َصثُ‪ّ ،‬اهخَّؤْيُّصُ‪ّ ،‬اهخَّؤْيُّ َصثُ‪ّ ،‬اهلِضِصالُ‪ّ ،‬اهلضصالُ أٖؾبً يّؾقُ اهدجصِ‪،‬‬ ‫ّيّؾقُ اهٌَّبؿّصِ‪ّ .‬اهضَّجَّبججُ‪ّ ،‬اهظَّتَِٖجُ‪ ،‬تال َُيضٍ‪ّ .‬يً ؼفبحِ األظس أٖؾبً‪ّ ،‬أظيبئَ أٖؾبً‪ :‬اهْيُؼَسَّصُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُزْخَ ٌِدُ‪،‬‬ ‫َيعُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَنب ِيعُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُدِ ِصةُ‪ّ ،‬اهغَّبسِزُِّٕ‪،‬‬ ‫َُّصِذَيَجُ‪ّ ،‬اهَّذَّبةُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَيُّػُ‪ّ ،‬اهيِ​ِ​ِضَفُ‪ّ ،‬اهيِ​ِ​ِضَافُ‪ّ ،‬اهيِنْخَلُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَن َّ‬

‫ّاهْيُؼبيِػُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَلِفبٌُّٕ‪ّ ،‬اهَِْجِفُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَظَّبطُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُزََِّٖطُ‪ّ ،‬اهظَّ​َّّاصُ‪ّ ،‬اهظَّبفِسُ‪ّ ،‬اهؿَّدَّبصُ‪ّ ،‬اهغََّٖبلُ‪ّ ،‬اهيِؼَمُّ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاألَُِ َٖةُ‪ّ ،‬شّ هِتسٍ‪ّ ،‬اهسِّهِْبىُ‪ّ ،‬اه ََِّاخِيَجُ‪ّ ،‬األَصَطُّ‪ّ ،‬اهغَّسَّاذُ‪ّ ،‬اهسِّهِْبذَجُ‪ّ .‬اهلَ ٌَ ِّؿَصُ‪ ُّّ ،‬أٖؾبً‪ :‬شَنَصُ اهظُّوْدَفبثِ‪.‬‬ ‫ّاهصُّيخُ‪ّ ،‬شّ اهلُفْ َصثِ‪ّ ،‬شّ اهزِ ِٖطِ‪ّ .‬هٖدُ اهلَصًِٖ‪ّ ،‬هٖدُ زَفَّبًَ‪ّ ،‬هٖدُ اهغبةِ‪ّ ،‬أظسٌ ٌَضِرٌ‪ّ ،‬أزْصَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهغَّب ِتمُ‪،‬‬ ‫ظمُ‪ّ ،‬األَت َغدُ‪ّ ،‬األَغْذٓ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهس ِّ َ‬ ‫ّاألكِفَصُ‪ّ ،‬اهيِسِالرُ‪ّ .‬اهْ َيِّتَذبًُ‪ ُّّ ،‬أٖؾبً‪ :‬يَِومُ دِيَِٖصَ اهشٔ ال ٖتصحُ ظَصٖصٍَ‪َّ .‬‬ ‫جَّفُ‪ّ ،‬اهجبفٕ‪،‬‬ ‫غدُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُضَكِفَصُ‪ّ ،‬اهغبسٔ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُفَصِفِصُ‪ّ ،‬اهزغَّبفُ‪ّ ،‬األَضَُِصُ‪ّ ،‬األَضِأَصُ‪ّ ،‬األ ِ‬ ‫ّاهغَ ِذدُ‪ّ ،‬اهغَذَِّذَصُ‪ّ ،‬اهغُذب ِ‬ ‫ّاهجبُلُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُلِوٌَْ ِنطُ‪ّ .‬اهْجَِٖفَصُ‪ّ ،‬جٖفصُ أٖؾبً‪ :‬يدسّد ٖصّٔ فؾبئل أُل اهتٖح‪ ،‬كوِٖى أفؾل اهظالى‪ّ .‬اهيبؾٕ‪،‬‬

‫ُّّ اهظٖف أٖؾبً‪ّ .‬اهلُؼِلُؼَجُ‪ّ ،‬اهؾَّبصٔ‪ ُّّ ،‬اهلِصقُ اهشٔ ال ٌٖلؿقُ سيَُُ‪ّ ،‬اهؼَّتُّصُ‪ّ ،‬اهؼَّ ِلةُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُدِخَجِضُ‪،‬‬ ‫ؾةُ‪ّ ،‬اهلِصِؾَىُّ‪ّ ،‬اهصُّضَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهَِْجَّبطُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُلَؼِيِلُ‪ّ .‬اهلٌَْخَصٖطُ‪:‬‬ ‫ألغْصَفُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَؾّؽُ‪ّ ،‬اهؾُّتب ِ‬ ‫ّا ْهيُسِلُّ‪ّ ،‬اهَِِْٖؾَيَجُ‪ّ ،‬ا َ‬ ‫األظسُ‪ّ ،‬اهٌبكجُ أٖؾبً‪ّ .‬اهغَِّٖرُ‪ :‬األظسُ‪ ،‬كبل أتّ ضُتٖس‪َّ :‬صِسًَِٖ كس أزشا أزالفَ غٖزِ​ِ​ِيب ففِٖيب كضِيَجُ اهـَّوْيبءِ ّاهجَغقُ‬ ‫النصدر ‪ :‬أظيبء األظس إلتً زبهَّٖ ّفبئح أظيبء األظس ‪ .‬اهفُظؿبؿ ‪ :‬اهيجوج اهخبصٖزٖج ‪.‬‬ ‫‪www.fustat.com/adab/asad.shtml‬‬ ‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016‬‬

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‫فبئت أسنبء األسد‬ ‫علي به قبسم به جعفر اللغوي‬ ‫َصةُ‪ .‬يَصِضُتبًُ اهضَّأْ َصثِ‪.‬‬ ‫َصةُ‪ .‬اهْيُس َّ‬ ‫َصةُ‪ .‬اهجب ِئةُ اهلًِٖ‪ .‬اهْيُخَد ِّ‬ ‫اهجصٔء ّاهْيُجِخَصِئ‪ .‬اهْيُفبجِئ‪ .‬اهج ْؤةُ‪ .‬جٌُْسُة‪ .‬اهْيُج ِّ‬ ‫ة‪ّ ،‬اهلُلب ٌِةُ‪.‬‬ ‫َضةُ‪ .‬اهلَةُّ‪ّ ،‬اهلَتَّبًُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُلَتِ ِلةُ‪ .‬اهلِ ِصغَةُّ‪ .‬اه َلظِ َصةُ‪ .‬اه َلؿُّةُ‪ .‬اهلَلٌَِ ُ‬ ‫اهْ ُيغِةُّ‪ .‬األَؼِ َِةُ‪ .‬اه َلغْ َضةُ‪ّ ،‬اه َلغ َّ‬

‫ألظَسِ‪ .‬اهلَب ِئحُ‪ .‬اهنَفَّبحُ‪ .‬اهغٌَّْ َتدُ‪،‬‬ ‫ألظَس‪ .‬اهنَلِ ٌَةُ‪ّ ،‬اهنُلبٌِةُ‪ .‬اهْزَصَخبً‪ :‬ضُتِصَثُ ا َ‬ ‫اهيِلْ ٌَةُ‪ّ ،‬اهلٌبةُ ّاهلُ ٌْةُ‪ :‬يِزَْوةُ ا َ‬ ‫ؾؿَتدُ‪ .‬اهلب ِئدُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَٖ​ُّٖدُ‪ّ ،‬اهلََّٖبدُ‪ .‬اهٌَّآرُ‪ .‬اهْيُتٖخُ‪ .‬اهْيُجبهِخُ‪ .‬األَؼِسَحُ‪ .‬اهؼُّيبسِحُ‪ .‬اهؿَّدِؿبحُ‪.‬اهْيٌُٖرُ‪.‬‬ ‫ّاهغٌَّب ِتدُ‪ .‬اهْيُ ِ‬ ‫األَتَسُّ اهضٌَّٖىُ‪ .‬األَصِتَسُ ّاهْيُخَصَتِّسُ‪ .‬يَصِذَسُ‪ .‬اهصَّاؼِسُ‪ .‬شّ اهضَّ​ّائسِ‪ .‬اهغَّسٖسُ‪ .‬اهْيُؼِيَلِسُّ‪ .‬األَؼٖسُ‪ .‬اهْيُؾؿَِ​ِسُ‪ .‬اهْيُلٖسُ‪ .‬اهٌَِّ​ِسُ‪.‬‬ ‫اهس ِّظَصُ‪ .‬اهشَّيِصُ‪ .‬اهضٌَّْتَصُ‪ .‬اهظَّتِصُ‪ .‬اهظٌَّْسَصُّٔ‪.‬‬ ‫اهّاصِسُ‪ّ ،‬اهْيُ َخَّصِّسُ‪ .‬اه َِظَسُ‪ .‬اهيُتَصِتِصُ‪ .‬اهيُتؼِصُ‪ .‬اهتبكِصُ‪ .‬اهيُدِخَؼِصُ‪ .‬اهزَتّصُ‪َّ .‬‬ ‫اهيُ َخغَشِّصُ‪ .‬اه ُيغَ ِصغِصُ‪ .‬اهؾِّيِضَصُ‪ .‬اهلُشافِصُ‪ .‬اهلََّٖبصُ‪ .‬اهغَؾََّّصُ‪ .‬اهيَضٖصُ‪ .‬اهيَينُّصُ‪ :‬األظسُ اهيخوؿر تسيبء اهفصائِطِ نؤٌَ‬ ‫ؼُتِغَ تبهيَنْصِ‪ .‬اهيُخَيَِ​ِّصُ‪ :‬األظسُ اهدب ِشقُ تبالفخصاط‪ .‬اهؾِّصِضُّ‪ .‬اهؾِّغْضُ‪ .‬اهؾَّيِصَضُ‪ .‬اهلَؾَيَّضُ‪ .‬اهِ​ِتِضَصُِّٔ‪ .‬اهجََّّاطُ‪.‬‬ ‫َصطُ‪:‬‬ ‫اهسِّ َنطُ‪ .‬اهسَّدب ِيطُ‪ .‬اهسَُّ​ُّطُ‪ .‬اهصَّدب ِيطُ‪ .‬اهيُؾ ِّ‬ ‫زطِ‪ .‬اهسِّصٌِبطُ‪َّ .‬‬ ‫دطُ‪ ،‬نبهسُّتَّ ْ‬ ‫َّطُ‪ .‬اهزٌُب ِفطُ‪ .‬اهسُّتَّ ِ‬ ‫األَزْ ٌَطُ‪ّ ،‬اهزٌِ َّ‬

‫األظسُ ٖيؾغُ هدىَ فصٖظخَ ّال ٖتخولَ‪ .‬اهلَصٌَْ َسطُ‪ .‬اهلَنٌَْ َسطُ‪ .‬اهلَيبطُ‪ .‬اهفَ َسِّ َنطُ‪ .‬اهفبصِطُ ّاهفَصُّطُ ّاهفصَّاطُ‪.‬‬ ‫َيعُ‪ :‬األظس‪ ،‬ألٌَ ٖـوى ّٖجّص‬ ‫دطُ‪ .‬األَهْ َٖطُ‪ .‬اهيََّٖبطُ‪ :‬األظس اهيختزخص‪ .‬اهٌَّبيّطُ‪ :‬كِصِّٖظجُ األظس‪ .‬اهِصَّاطُ‪ .‬اه َغؿ َّ‬ ‫اهلَسا ِ‬ ‫ّٖنظص يب ٌبهَ‪ .‬اهلَلَّبػُ‪ :‬األظس ٖلخل ظصٖلبً‪ .‬اهصَّاتِؽُ ّاهصَّتَّبؽُ‪ .‬اهلِصِتبؽُ‪ :‬األظس اهذلٖل اهلـى‪ .‬اهغَِٖؽُ‪ :‬األظس‬ ‫أهِفَ اهغَِٖؾَجَ‪ .‬اهيُخَلَتِّؽُ‪ :‬األظسُ اهيظخلسُّ هوّذّة‪ .‬األضِهَىُ اهجَشَفُ‪ .‬اهظَّيٖق‪ .‬اهلَصِذَقُ‪ .‬اهيُيِخٌَِقُ‪ :‬األظس اهلّٔ‪ ،‬اهلضٖض فٕ‬ ‫ٌفظَ‪ .‬اهيِ​ِصافُ‪ .‬اهٌُِْتُقُ‪ .‬اهيُزَظَّفُ‪ .‬اهزَِٖفَجُ‪ :‬كصًُٖ األظس‪ .‬اهيُخَسَهِّفُ‪ :‬األظس اهيبغٕ كوٓ ٌَُِٖخَِِ‪ .‬اهضَّائِفُ ّاهضََّّٖبفُ‪.‬‬

‫اهغِسَفُّ‪ .‬اهفُصا ٌِقُ‪ .‬اهؾُّتب ِصمُ‪ .‬اهؾُّصامُ‪ .‬اهيُخَتَوِّلُ‪ .‬اهيُصَيِّلُ‪ّ ،‬اهيُصِيِلُ‪ .‬اهظَّتَدِوَلُ‪ّ :‬هسُ األظس‪ .‬اهلنبضٖلُ‪ :‬تصاذًُ األظس‪،‬‬ ‫(اهٖس يق األؼبتق)‪ .‬اه ِلظِيِلُ‪ّ :‬هسُ األظس‪ .‬اهلُفْؼُلُ‪ .‬اهزُغبىُ‪ .‬اهغَّ ِٖـَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهغَّ ِٖـَيُّٕ‪ .‬اهؼَّبصِىُ‪ .‬اهؼِّوِْبىُ‪ .‬اهؾَّتِذَىُ‪،‬‬ ‫ّاهؾُّتبذِىُ‪ .‬اهؾَِّٖذَىُ‪ .‬اهلَصِضَىُ‪ّ ،‬اهلُصاضِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهلِصِضاىُ‪ّ ،‬اهلِصِضَىُّ‪ .‬اهلُصاُِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهلَصَُِىُ‪ّ ،‬اهلِصَُِىُّ‪ .‬األكْسَىُ‪ .‬اه َلغْلَىُ‪ .‬اهلَّاذًُِ‪:‬‬ ‫األظسُ اهنذٖصُ اهغَّلص‪ .‬اهلبصًُِ‪ .‬اهيُسًُٖ‪ .‬اهيُجَِ​ِجَ​َُ‪ .‬اهصَّاسٔ‪ .‬اهيُضِسَصٔ‪ .‬اهيُخَلَسِّٔ‪ .‬اهيُّسٔ‪ .‬اهِبسٔ‪ .‬اإلذْيِسُ‪ .‬األَسِهَىُ‪.‬‬ ‫اهؼِّىُّ‪ .‬اهؼِّيَّجُ‪ .‬شّ كَلبفِقَ‪ .‬اهلِوِْبىُ‪ .‬اهنُصِسّطُ‪ .‬اهيُوْتِسُ‪ .‬اهُِيبىُ‪ .‬اهلؿبؿُ‪ :‬اهغجبف‪ّّٖ ،‬ؼف تَ األظس‪ .‬اهَِصِذَيَجُ‪:‬‬ ‫األظس‪ ،‬أٌفَ ّزؿيَ‪ .‬شّ كلبكقَ‪ :‬األظس ئشا يغٓ ظيلحَ هيفبؼوَ كلللجً‪ .‬اهزضصر‪ :‬األظس هغسَّخَ‪ .‬اهٌِتغ‪ .‬اهظتص‪.‬‬ ‫النصدر ‪ :‬أظيبء األظس إلتً زبهَّٖ ّفبئح أظيبء األظس ‪ .‬اهفُظؿبؿ ‪ :‬اهيجوج اهخبصٖزٖج ‪.‬‬ ‫‪www.fustat.com/adab/asad.shtml‬‬ ‫‪Reference: Khalaweh bin Hamdan, Abi Abdullah Al-Hussain bin Ahmad bin (born in‬‬ ‫‪Hamazan, Persia [date unknown] and died in Halab [Aleppo], Syria in 980 [370 H.]).‬‬ ‫‪Asma’ Al-Asad (The Names of the Lion). [& Fae’t Asma’ Al-Asad (The missing Names‬‬ ‫‪of the Lion) by Ali bin Qassem bin Ja’far Al-Laghawi]. Al-Fustat: The Historical Magazine‬‬ ‫‪Website. (in Arabic). www.fustat.com/adab/asad.shtml‬‬

‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 136 – April 2016‬‬