Indonesian Coelacanth Fish (Latimeria menadoensis) with Plastic Trash in its Stomach

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Indonesian Coelacanth Fish (Latimeria menadoensis Pouyaud et al. 1999) with Plastic Trash in its Stomach

‫وجود ُمخلفات بالستيكية في معدة سمكة ال ُجمبيزة اإلندونيسية‬ By: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa

Picture showing an Indonesian Coelacanth fish (Latimeria menadoensis) which was found with Lay's crisp packet and other plastic trash in its stomach. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article6041523/Fish-outlived-dinosaurs-choked-death-crisp-packet.html

On the 24th of May, 2012, an Indonesian/Japanese team of researchers reportedly "felt very sad" when they discovered plastic garbage in an Indonesian coelacanth fish specimen’s stomach. The specimen had been caught, July, 2011, in Indonesian waters.

The fish showed a preference for Lay's Classic Potato Chips! The news was aired by the Manado Tribune on May 29, 2012 (Two Fish Divers, 27 June 2012).

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Campaigners said the image summed up ‘exactly what is wrong with our society’ (Edkins, 2018).

John Hourston, founder of the Blue Planet Society, said: ‘There is no better example of the plastic pollution problem than this.’ He has called on crisp brands to bring in recyclable or biodegradable packets (Edkins, 2018).

The coelacanth, found deep in the Indian Ocean, can weigh more than 15 stone. In 1938, one was netted off South Africa and it was declared ‘resurrected’ from extinction (Edkins, 2018).

PepsiCo, which owns Lay’s crisps, said the picture was ‘upsetting’ and said it wanted 100 per cent recyclable, compostable or biodegradable packaging by 2025 (Edkins, 2018).

Chip bags are made from aluminum laminated with polypropylene, also known as metalized polypropylene, or low-density polyethylene film. This basically means it's a hot plastic and aluminum hybrid mess (Hancher, 2013).

Picture showing an Indonesian Coelacanth fish (Latimeria menadoensis) which was found with Lay's crisp packet and other plastic trash in its stomach. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article6041523/Fish-outlived-dinosaurs-choked-death-crisp-packet.html

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The Indonesian Coelacanth Fish (Latimeria menadoensis Pouyaud, Wirjoatmodjo, Rachmatika, Tjakrawidjaja, Hadiaty, Hadie, 1999) (In Indonesian: Raja Laut, translated as ‘King of the Sea’) is one of two living species of coelacanth, identifiable by its brown colour. It is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. The other species, Latimeria chalumnae Smith, 1939 (West Indian Ocean Coelacanth) is listed as critically endangered (Wikipedia).

Latimeria menadoensis is only known from three locations in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia and very few specimens have been seen. It is thought to be naturally rare with a population of less than 10,000 mature adults. This is a slow growing species with low fecundity, and therefore is naturally susceptible to over-exploitation. Major threats are bycatch in deep set shark nets and hook and line fishing for deepwater groupers.

There is no population information available and nothing is known about current trends. Due to small number of localities known, and the life history, suspected low population size, and threats from bycatch, Latimeria menadoensis is listed as Vulnerable under criteria D2 and C2a (ii) (IUCN Red List).

Discovery of the Indonesian Coelacanth On September 18, 1997, Arnaz and Mark Erdmann, traveling in Indonesia on their honeymoon, saw a strange fish enter the market at Manado Tua, on the island of Sulawesi. Mark Erdmann thought it was a Gombessa (Comoro Coelacanth), although it was brown, not blue. Erdmann took only a few photographs of the fish before it was sold. After confirming that the discovery was unique, Erdmann returned to Sulawesi in November, 1997 interviewing fishermen to look for further examples. In July 1998, a fisherman Om Lameh Sonatham caught a second Indonesian specimen, 1.2 meter in length and weighing 29 kg on July 30, 1998 and handed the fish to Erdmann. The fish was barely alive, but it lived for six hours, allowing Erdmann to photographically document its coloration, fin movements and general behavior. The specimen was preserved and donated to the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), part of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) (Wikipedia).

DNA testing revealed that this specimen differed genetically from the Comorian population. Superficially, the Indonesian coelacanth, locally called raja laut ("King of the Sea"), appears to be the same as those found in the Comoros except that the background coloration of the skin is brownish-gray rather than bluish. This fish was described in a 1999 issue of “Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des sciences Paris” by Pouyaud et al. It was given the scientific name Latimeria menadoensis. In 2005, a molecular study estimated the divergence time between the two coelacanth species to be 40–30 mya (Wikipedia).

On November 5, 2014 a fisherman found a specimen of this species in his net. It was the seventh Indonesian coelacanth found in Indonesian waters since 1998 (Wikipedia).

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Range This species is known from the Celebes Sea, north of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is only known only from three localities. The first two specimens were caught on Manado Tua in September 1997 and July, 1998. Another was caught in Manado Bay in May, 2007.

The third site is northern Sulawesi near Dondo Bay, slightly to the east on Tanjum Kandi. The animal from the Dondo Bay site was observed in the Jago submersible in November 1999. The Tanjum Kandi sighting was in June 2006 from the Fukushima Aquamarine Aquarium ROV (IUCN Red List).

The Indonesian Coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis Pouyaud, Wirjoatmodjo, Rachmatika, Tjakrawidjaja, Hadiaty, Hadie, 1999). Photo by Mark Erdmann. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/135484/0

Population The population status of this species is unknown. It is believed to be a naturally small population (suspected to be less than 10,000 mature adults) and rare. A population study has never been undertaken and the species is very rarely caught by fisherman.

One experienced fisherman informed that during his life as a fisherman this species was caught no more than 30 times, or not more than one or two times per year (M. Erdmann pers. comm.). The growth of its population is likely to be very slow, similar to Latimeria chalumnae. The shark fishermen at Manado Tua Island generally catch 1-2 individuals of L. menadoensis once every 5-10 years as bycatch (Erdmann and Kasim Moosa, pers.

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comm.). In northern Sulawesi, all fishermen are aware of this species and would report it if caught (IUCN Red List).

Habitat and Ecology Teams of researchers using submersibles have recorded live sightings of the fish in the waters of Manado Tua and Talisei islands in the Sulawesi as well as in the waters of Biak in Papua. These areas share similar steep rocky topography full of caves, which are the habitat of the fish. These coelacanths live in deep waters of around 150 meters or more, at a temperature between 14 and 18 degrees Celsius (Wikipedia).

Generally found at depths exceeding 300 feet (90 m), coelacanths occasionally show up in fish markets in Africa and Indonesia, usually captured as by-catch by fishermen seeking deepwater species. The fish are believed to be sexually mature at 20 years and live to 80-100 years old (Mongabay, 2007).

This is a demersal, non-migratory marine species found in deep water between 150-200 meters depth. It lives in water temperatures from 17-20°C. It is presumably found in rocky slopes and caves. Fricke et al. (2000) observed two specimens of 120 and 140 cm length in a deep carbonate cave at a depth of 155 m (water temp. 17.8-20.1°C). Latimeria menadoensis is presumed to be very slow growing and long lived, with very low fecundity (maximum of around 50 for congeneric species), similar to sharks. Females produce large, orange-sized eggs which hatch within the oviduct before the female gives birth to live young. The autopsy of the Sulawesi Coelacanth that was caught in May 2007 in Bunaken National Marine Park, showed that in fact the fish was pregnant.

Scientists in Indonesia, France and Japan are currently conducting research to better understand the reproductive biology of this fish (IUCN Red List).

Though scientists have never observed coelacanths feeding in their natural habitat, analyses of stomach contents of captured specimens have shown that their diet includes cuttlefish, squid, and various small to medium-sized benthic fishes – including lantern fishes, cardinal fishes and deepwater snappers (IUCN Red List).

Coelacanths can weigh up to 100 kg, though an average size is closer 30 kg. They may live to an age of at least 22 years (IUCN Red List).

There are many unanswered questions about the ecology of Latimeria manadoensis.

A unique combination of morphological features suggests that the coelacanth lineage is close to the origin of the evolution of early terrestrial, four-legged animals (tetrapods) like amphibians. The most remarkable of these features is the presence of seven lobed fins, unique among the living fishes. The paired fins move in an alternating fashion which resembles a horse in a slow trot. Other interesting features include a small secondary "epicaudal" lobe on its tail, an oil-filled notochord instead of a backbone, an intercranial joint which is thought to allow them to widen their gape when capturing Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 172 – April 2019

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prey, and a unique electrosensory rostral organ that may be used to detect prey. While their morphological features lead many scientists to believe the coelacanth lineage was the direct link to tetrapods, recent molecular evidence suggests that lung fish might be more closely related to tetrapods (University of California Museum of Paleontology, website) (IUCN Red List).

Major Threats Latimeria menadoensis has a very low population size and its life history makes it a species with higher extinction risk due to slow growth and low fecundity. This is not a commercial species and has no food value, but is caught as bycatch by deep shark nets and by hook and line targeting deepwater snapper (IUCN Red List).

This species is an extremely sought after aquarium fish, although no specimen has ever been successfully kept alive for aquarium display (IUCN Red List).

Conservation Actions This species is protected locally by Indonesian regulations and internationally by CITES, which includes all Latimeria species (CITES Appendix I, since 2000) (IUCN Red List).

This species needs further research in all aspects of its ecology and biology and to determine the extent of its distribution, population size and trends. However it is an extremely difficult and expensive animal to study due to its habitat time and deep water living (IUCN Red List).

Shark nets were outlawed in Bunaken National Park which includes Manado Tua where the first individuals were caught (IUCN Red List).

References and Internet Websites Association for the Preservation of the Coelacanth. http://gombessa.tripod.com/ Attenborough, David (1979). Life on Earth. Collins, London, Glasgow, Sydney, Auckland, Toronto, Johannesburg, and the British Broadcasting Corporation, London.

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BioLib. Classification: Taxon Profile: Species Roundhead-Roundtail Lebanon Coelacanth † Macropoma libanus Khalaf, 2014. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1141461/ Blancpain. Project Gombessa. http://www.blancpain.com/projet-gombessa Blue Planet Society. Facebook. Coelacanth with Lay’s Trash. https://www.facebook.com/plugins/post.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook .com%2FBluePlanetSoc%2Fposts%2F1806133112756652 Bone, Quentin and Moore, Richard H. (2008). Biology of Fishes. 3rd (third) edition.

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Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthussharjah.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Taxon Profile: Species Sharjah Coelacanth Coelacanthus sharjah Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1068520/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Sharjah Coelacanth (Coelacanthus sharjah Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/95987/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). † Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.

ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 107, November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. pp. 30-38. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/macropomoidespalaestina.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Taxon Profile: Species Palestine Coelacanth Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1075889/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Palestine Coelacanth (Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/97239 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). A Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) Model at the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig in Bonn, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 111, March 2014, Jumada Al Oula 1435 AH. pp. 1–9. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthmuseumkoenig.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) at the Educational Science Museum, Kuwait City, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 112, April 2014, Jumada Al Akhera 1435 AH. pp. 1-10. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthkuwait2013.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014).

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1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). † Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013: A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab, Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 126 - 138. Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine.

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