Presence of the Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis) in the Sea of Kalba

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Presence of the Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) in the Sea of Kalba, Gulf of Oman, Arab Sea, Indian Ocean ،‫ بحر العرب‬، ‫ خليج عُمان‬، ‫تواجد الروبيان الجنسي في بحر كلباء‬ ‫الهندي‬ ِ ‫ال ُمحيط‬ By : Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa & Ola Mostafa Esmail Mostafa Khalaf

Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) from a depth of 20 meters in Kalba Sea, Gulf of Oman ... Photo by PADI Dive Instructor Ola Khalaf … 31.03.2017. http://marine-lifeuae.webs.com/sexy-shrimp

On Friday 31.03.2017, PADI Dive Instructor Ola Mostafa Khalaf managed to shoot magnificent photos of the Sexy Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) from the Car Cemetery Sea Ground, 20 meter deep in the Sea of Kalba, Gulf of Oman, Arab Sea, Indian Ocean.

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، ‫الروبٌان الجنسً ذو اللون البرتمالً والبمع البٌضاء معروف بهذا اإلسم ألنه ٌموم بأداء رلصات " مثٌرة " غٌر معهودة‬ . ‫ وذلن من أجل التموٌه أو تخوٌف الحٌوانات المفترسة‬، )‫وذلن بتحرٌن المنطمة البطنٌة عالٌا ً والتلوٌح بها (وكأنه غٌر مهتم‬ ً‫ وٌتواجد بٌن الطحالب واألعشاب البحرٌة وشمائك النعمان البحرٌة والت‬، ‫وهذا الروبٌان ٌعٌش فً المحٌطٌن الهندي والهادي‬ ، ‫ مترا ً فً بحر كلباء‬20 ‫ الصورة من تصوٌر غواصة األعماق والمحٌطات عال خلف من على عمك‬... ‫ٌختبئ بٌن لوامسها‬ 31.03.2017 ... ‫خلٌج عمان‬ The Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) is a distinctive orange coloured shrimp with a number of large white spots, ringed in blue. The common name is coming from its unusual dance, which involves holding its abdomen up in the air (like it just doesn’t care) and waving it all around. This behaviour is done for camouflage or warning. It lives between algae, sea grasses and sea anemone, gaining protection in the same manner as Clownfish ... Photo by PADI Dive Instructor Ola Khalaf in the Kalba Sea on a depth of 20 meters ... 31.03.2017… http://marine-lifeuae.webs.com/sexy-shrimp

Thor amboinensis, commonly known as the squat shrimp, sexy anemone shrimp or sexy shrimp, is a species of shrimp found across the Indo-West Pacific and in parts of the Atlantic Ocean. It lives symbiotically on corals, sea anemones and other marine invertebrates in shallow reef communities (Wikipedia).

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Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) from a depth of 20 meters in Kalba Sea, Gulf of Oman ... Photo by PADI Dive Instructor Ola Khalaf … 31.03.2017. http://marine-lifeuae.webs.com/sexy-shrimp

The Sexy or Squat shrimp, Thor amboinensis is a small, spotted shrimp found in shallow coral reef areas throughout Bermuda, the Caribbean and the Indo-Pacific region. Thor amboinensis is one of the most common species of shrimp seen throughout the IndoPacific, but is rarely seen in Bermuda or the Caribbean. These shrimp are distributed with respect to available host habitat. Thor amboinensis shares a symbiotic relationship with several species of anemones by living within their tentacles. Some Squat shrimp have even been observed providing cleaning service to Mantis shrimp, Lysiosquillina lisa. Thor amboinensis is sometimes nicknamed the sexy shrimp due to its tendency to vibrate its abdomen while walking. Even though Thor amboinensis is a very commonly sold decapod in the aquarium industry, it is still poorly understood (Ruzanski & Wood).

Taxonomy Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Subclass: Eumalacostraca Order: Decapoda Suborder: Pleocyemata Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

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Infraorder: Caridea Superfamily: Alpheoida Family: Hippolytidae Species: Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888

(Ruzanski & Wood).

Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) from a depth of 20 meters in Kalba Sea, Gulf of Oman ... Photo by PADI Dive Instructor Ola Khalaf … 31.03.2017. http://marine-lifeuae.webs.com/sexy-shrimp

Description Thor amboinensis is a small shrimp growing to a length of about 13 millimeters (0.5 in). It is an olive brown colour with symmetrically placed white patches edged with thin blue lines. It characteristically carries its abdomen curved upwards with its tail fan above its head (Wikipedia).

Thor amboinensis are usually less than 1.3 cm in size (Boyer, 2002). Being a member of the Hippolytidae family, these shrimp have short-stalked eyes that are not covered by their carapace (Sterrer, 1986). The rostrum is well developed and does not overreach the eyes or expand ventrally (Sterrer, 1986). Thor amboinensis are a deep brown color with bright white splotches outlined in blue. The abdomens and tails of these shrimp typically arch upwardly towards their heads (Boyer, 2002; Ruzanski & Wood).

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Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) from a depth of 20 meters in Kalba Sea, Gulf of Oman ... Photo by PADI Dive Instructor Ola Khalaf … 31.03.2017. http://marine-lifeuae.webs.com/sexy-shrimp

Habitat Squat shrimp are found on anemones in shallow waters throughout the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific. These shrimp, although sparse are also located in Bermuda among inshore patch reefs to the terrace reefs (Sterrer 1986). Thor amboinensis lives protected from predators within an anemone’s tentacles which serve as protection and food for the shrimp, while the host anemone is unaffected (Wirtz 1997, Boyer 2002).

These shrimp are typically found in groups within a single anemone (Khan et. al. 2004).

Within host anemones, Thor amboinensis feed primarily on mucus-covered tentacles and on the planktonic organisms that are trapped upon them (Guo et. al. 1996). Thor amboinensis has been found on the Carpet anemone (Stichodactyla haddoni), Club tipped anemone (Telmatactis cricoides), the Adhaesive anemone (Cryptodendrum adhaesivum) and the Stinging anemone, (Lebrunea danae), as well as several other anemone species (Guo et. al. 1996, Sterrer 1986; Ruzanski & Wood).

Ecology Thor amboinensis forms a commensal relationship with another invertebrate, usually a shallow water sea anemone or mushroom coral. The species most often used as host in Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

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Bermuda include the carpet anemone (Stichodactyla haddoni), the stinging anemone (Lebrunia danae) and the adhesive anemone (Cryptodendrum adhaesivum). One or several shrimps live among the tentacles of their host, feeding on the tentacle tissue and on the mucus-trapped planktonic particles adhering to it. In the Bahamas, Thor amboinensis forms part of an assemblage of symbiotic invertebrates associated with the anemone Lebrunia danae. Each shrimp, crab and brittle star inhabits its own part of the sea anemone and Thor amboinensis is found hidden deep among the pseudo-tentacles (Wikipedia).

Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) from a depth of 20 meters in Kalba Sea, Gulf of Oman ... Photo by PADI Dive Instructor Ola Khalaf … 31.03.2017. http://marine-lifeuae.webs.com/sexy-shrimp

To avoid predation, Thor amboinensis relies on host anemones to keep them sheltered from predators. The shrimp select their host by visual distinction and chemical cues (Van den Spiegel et. al. 1998). In one study of crustacean symbionts in anemones in Madeira and the Canary Islands, Thor amboinensis was the most common shrimp found (Wirtz, 1997; Ruzanski & Wood).

Thor amboinensis does not commonly interact with other species; however, it is not unusual for many Squat shrimp to congregate on a single anemone (Khan et. al. 2004).

When Thor amboinensis was kept in an enclosed aquarium environment with other organisms, it showed no hostility towards its own species or other aquarium dwellers.

Vibrant camouflage colors are displayed on Thor amboinensis’ body to blend in with its Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

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environment. Squat shrimp are found typically in shallower waters with little wave disturbance (Wirtz, 1997; Ruzanski & Wood).

Thor amboinensis uses sexual reproduction to produce larvae. After intercourse, the female shrimp holds the fertilized eggs until they are ready to hatch before releasing them into the water column. Thor amboinensis larvae are vulnerable, slow-growing and require ample protection during maturation. Thor amboinensis displays sexual dimorphism with the females being significantly larger than the males (Van den Spiegel et. al., 1998; Ruzanski & Wood).

In the wild, the diet of the Squat shrimp consists of the host anemone’s mucus-covered tentacles and the planktonic organisms trapped upon them. However, when kept in saltwater aquariums, they consume algae and brine shrimp (Khan et. al 2004; Ruzanski & Wood).

Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) from a depth of 20 meters in Kalba Sea, Gulf of Oman ... Photo by PADI Dive Instructor Ola Khalaf … 31.03.2017. http://marine-lifeuae.webs.com/sexy-shrimp

Life Cycle The female Thor amboinensis carries the fertilised eggs under her abdomen until they are ready to hatch. The zoea larvae pass through several stages and, before undergoing metamorphosis, are attracted by both chemical cues in the water and visual cues which cause them to settle near potential host anemones. Researchers found that the larvae of Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

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Thor amboinensis were generalists, being attracted by and accepting several different species of anemone as hosts. In some experiments they had a preference for the species of anemone from which the parent shrimp had been collected (Wikipedia).

Distribution Though it is named for Ambon or Amboyna Island, one of the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, Thor amboinensis has a pan-tropical distribution being found in the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Wikipedia).

Aquaria Thor amboinensis is a popular species for marine aquaria. Sexy shrimp are often kept in groups of three or more, due to their small size, a quality that also makes them popular nano reef inhabitants. They will readily host in any anemones present in the aquarium and if an anemone is not available, may host in certain types of coral. Sexy shrimp will scavenge for meaty food scraps, like mysis shrimp, clam, and other prepared fish foods.

If a host cnidarian is present, they may feed on the host's mucous (Wikipedia).

Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) from a depth of 20 meters in Kalba Sea, Gulf of Oman ... Photo by PADI Dive Instructor Ola Khalaf … 31.03.2017. http://marine-lifeuae.webs.com/sexy-shrimp Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

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Recent Research Research by Khan et. al. (2004) using three shrimp: the Holthuis cleaner shrimp, Periclimenes holthuisi, Periclimenes brevicarpalis (no common name) and Thor amboinensis to display the spatial distribution of symbiotic shrimps on the sea anemone, Stichodactyla haddoni. It was found that all the shrimp highly depended on the anemones for shelter and food and preferred the outer tentacles of their hosts (Khan et. al. 2004).

This preference could be due to the increase in food availability (Khan et. al. 2004). This information is important to know about the shrimp in order for them to survive if their host is lost (Ruzanski & Wood).

In order to determine what type of anemones Thor amboinensis selects for its hosts, Guo (1996) performed an experiment on host selection using symbiotic shrimp and anemones. The data revealed that Thor amboinensis exhibited no specific preference in anemones, however, it was inferred that the shrimp were able to chemically and visually select their host (Guo 1996). Many shrimp displayed a chemical reaction to an anemone of a particular species (Guo 1996). This result was inferred because none of the shrimp in the experiment were able to locate their host anemone with vision alone, but all of the specimens were able to locate their host with both visual and chemical cues (Guo 1996). Many shrimp also displayed a chemical attraction to an anemone of a particular species (Guo 1996; Ruzanski & Wood).

Wirtz (1997) researched crustacean symbionts of the sea anemone Telmatactis cricoides in Madeira and the Canary islands. Thor amboinensis was the crustacean symbiont found most frequently in all the tested anemones (Wirtz 1997; Ruzanski & Wood).

Increasing interest in maintaining salt water tanks has heightened the demand for collectable aquarium fish and invertebrates (Calado et. al. 2006). A recirculation system on shrimp breeding was studied by Calado et. al. (2006) to improve the aquaculture of Thor amboinensis and other marine decapods (Ruzanski & Wood).

Commercial Importance Thor amboinensis is popularly sold around the world for use in personal aquariums because of its beauty, abundance, and easy maintenance (Calado et. al 2006). The Squat shrimp is considered one of the most heavily collected marine ornamental decapods (Calado et. al. 2006). Because of its popularity, it is important to ensure that this species is not over-collected (Ruzanski & Wood).

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Endemia. Dermatobranchus semistriatus (Baba, 1949). http://endemia.nc/faune/fiche6890.html Gastropods.com. Dermatobranchus semistriatus. http://www.gastropods.com/7/Shell_54307.shtml Gastropods. Hypselodoris pulchella. http://www.gastropods.com/5/Shell_50595.shtml Gbif. Hypselodoris pulchella (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828). www.gbif.org/species/6788165 Gohar, H. A. F., & I. A. Aboul-Ela (1957). The development of three chromodorids (with the description of a new species). Publications of the Marine Biological Station, Al-Ghardaqa, Egypt, 9: 203-228, pls. 1-5.

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Khalaf, Norman (Translator) (1982). Al-Miah Al-Mulawatha Tohaded Al-Asmak Bi’ilinqiraad (Water Pollution threatens the Fish Fauna with Extinction). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 18, Third Year, First Semester, Saturday 6.11.1982. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 7. (Translation from German into Arabic).

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Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist : The Scientific References (1980-2009). http://dr-norman-ali-khalafreferences.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Zwei.

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1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

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120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three.

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ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 107, November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. pp. 30-38. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/macropomoidespalaestina.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four.

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Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2016. ISBN 978-9950-383-92-0. Erste Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

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Auflage / First Edition : July 2015, Ramadan 1436 H. 448 pp. (English Part 304 Pages and the Arabic Part 144 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-books.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2016).

Haywanat Falastin (Fauna of Palestine) ‫ حيوانات فلسطين‬. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 144, December 2016, pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). http://animals-of-palestine-2.webs.com/fauna-ofpalestine-arabic Khalaf, Norman Ali (29.03.2017). Nudibranch Dermatobranchus semistriatus. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10155064934059831&type=1&l=0c20d27 dc7 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa & Ola Mostafa Esmail Mostafa Khalaf (2017). Presence of the Yellowish-Orange Spotted Chromodorid Nudibranch (Risbecia pulchella [Hypselodoris pulchella] Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) in the Sea of Fujairah, Gulf of Oman, Arab Sea, Indian Ocean. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 154, October 2017, pp. 1-19. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://marinelife-uae.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa & Ola Mostafa Esmail Mostafa Khalaf (2017). The Semi-Striated Arminid Nudibranch (Dermatobranchus semistriatus Baba, 1949) : First Record from the Sea of Fujairah, Gulf of Oman. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 155, November 2017, pp. 1-15. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://marine-life-uae.webs.com/dermatobranchus-semistriatus Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa & Ola Mostafa Esmail Mostafa Khalaf (2017). Presence of the Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) in the Sea of Kalba, Gulf of Oman, Arab Sea, Indian Ocean. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288.

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