A Leopard Trap “Al Lef” (The Roll) which was used by UAE Leopard, Wolves and
and
Mountains, and in the Omani
at the Heritage Area in
by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa .. 27.03.2014.
Stone Traps’
deserts of the Middle East. A
used before 5,000 years in Al
Leopard Trap
Traps, made from
in
was used before 5,000 years by
Naqab (Negev) Desert in southern Palestine.
Researchers with the Geological Survey of Israel discovered no fewer than 50 leopard traps scattered throughout the desert. In just about each case, they were positioned near areas where sheep and goat were kept (Laylin, 2013).
Once ancient nomadic people began to herd sheep and goat, they developed ingenious methods to curtail leopard and other predators, such as foxes, wolves, hyenas, and caracal, from snapping up their carefully tended livestock. Most surprisingly, the same kinds of traps were used for thousands of years, suggesting that the design was passed on through the generations. Geochronologist Naomi Porat said: “The most exciting thing is the antiquity of these carnivore traps, which is totally unexpected” (Laylin, 2013).
Ancient Leopard Trap which was discovered in Wadi ‘Uqfi (Uvda Valley) in Palestine’s southern Al Naqab (Negev) Desert. Front view. Note the large slaps covering the central cell and entrance. https://www.greenprophet.com/2013/09/5000 year old leopard-trap-discovered-in-israels-negev-desert/
A 1,600 year old trap was unearthed besides the “nearly identical” 5,000 year old trap, which means predators have been a topic of conversation among desert dwellers in southern Palestine for thousands of years. Porat said: “They look like a pile of stones, like a cairn, and you need a good eye and also some digging around to realize what it is”. A piece of meat on a piece of rope that is attached to a slab door lures the carnivore, which is then unable to escape the box trap (Laylin, 2013).
This discovery was published in the September issue of the journal Antiquity based in the UK (Laylin, 2013)
Today there are no more leopards left to hunt in Al Naqab (Negev) Desert. The last was seen one decade ago, and they are almost extinct in neighboring Jordan as well (Laylin, 2013).
Ancient Leopard Trap which was discovered in Wadi ‘Uqfi (Uvda Valley) in Palestine’s southern Al Naqab (Negev) Desert. Rear view. https://www.greenprophet.com/2013/09/5000 year old leopard trap discovered in israels negev desert/ Stone-built installations known as ‘leopard traps’ are found throughout the deserts of the Middle East. They have generally been considered to be recent in date, and to have been built by Bedouin or other local communities to trap carnivores that threatened their flocks. But how much older might they be? Survey in the hyper arid Wadi ‘Uqfi (‘Uvda Valley) of the southern Al Naqab (Negev) Desert in Palestine discovered 23 ‘leopard traps’, 19 of them clustered in a relatively small area. The 2013 study describes the architecture and function of these structures and presents the first optically stimulated luminescence ages for two of them. These results demonstrate that the traps are ancient and were already in use before the late fourth millennium BC, not long after the adoption of herding by the desert dwellers (Porat, Avner, Holzer, Shemtov & Horwitz, 2013).
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A schematic cross section of a functioning ‘leopard trap’. (modified after Levi 1976; Porat, Avner, Holzer, Shemtov & Horwitz, 2013). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273293691_Fourth millennium BC_'leopard_traps'_from_the_Negev_Desert_Israel (After Porat, Avner, Holzer, Shemtov & Horwitz, 2013). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273293691_Fourth millennium BC_'leopard_traps'_from_the_Negev_Desert_Israel
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Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008d). The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. pp. 1 13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/zanzibarleopard.htm
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An Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in the Jerusalem Wilderness (Judean Desert) above the Dead Sea, Palestine. Photo by Eyal Bartov. https://www.eyalbartov.com/Israel Wildlife %D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99 %D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D %D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C/Israel and the Middle East %D7%97%D7%99%D7%95/Carnivores/Leopard in Israel/
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008f). Leopard Stamps from Zanzibar and Tanzania. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 75, March 2008. pp. 1 4. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008g). The Sri Lanka leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala 1956). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. pp. 1 17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/srilankaleopard.htm Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008h). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al Mawsu'a Al Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. Page 18. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1% D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (May 2008i). The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927). Gazelle:
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The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 77, May 2008. pp. 1 15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/persianleopard.htm & http://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Persian_Leopard.html.tmp
An Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Palestine. Photo by Eyal Bartov. https://www.eyalbartov.com/Israel-Wildlife-%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D %D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C/Israel and the Middle East %D7%97%D7%99%D7%95/Carnivores/Leopard in Israel/
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008j). Royal White Tigers (Panthera tigris, Linnaeus 1758) at Zoo d'Amnéville (Amneville Zoo), Amneville, Lorraine, France. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 78, June 2008. Pp. 1 26. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/WildCats_/conversations/topics/907 Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008k). Nimer Farisi (Persian leopard). Wikipedia, Al Mawsu'a Al Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7% D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zf). Carnivora Palaestina: The Carnivores of Palestine / Die Raubtiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 82, October 2008, Shawal 1429 AH. pp. 1 25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Fauna_Arabica/conversations/mes sages/31
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Der Europäische Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969) / The European Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969). Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 102. February 2013. pp. 1 17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/europeanleopard.htm & http://issuu.com/dr normanalibassamkhalaf/docs/europ__ische_leopard_panthera_pardu
Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (18.04.2013). UAE Leopard Hunters and the Leopard Trap “Al Lef”.
. Video by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6na7sfJQMzg
Leopard Trap in the Sinai Mountains, Egypt.
Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (03.05.2013). Arabian Leopard Rock Art Wadi Al Hail. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4R05rLDX_Q
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). The Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013): A New Leopard
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Subspecies from South Africa. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 108, December 2013, Safar 1435 AH. pp. 26 42. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/pinkpanther.htm
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Subspecies Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/adtaxon/id300734/
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/98287
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (27.03.2014). A Leopard Trap “Al Lef” (The Roll) which was used by UAE Leopard and other predator trappers, and is displayed at the Heritage Area in Sharjah .. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf von Jaffa .. 27.03.2014. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10152271121099831&set=a.101502119 08229831
An Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) cub in Palestine. Photo by Eyal Bartov. https://www.eyalbartov.com/Israel Wildlife %D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99 %D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D %D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C/Israel and the Middle East %D7%97%D7%99%D7%95/Carnivores/Leopard in Israel/ Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). Poisoning case of an Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at Wadi Noaman, North East of Makkah Al Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Gazelle The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 118. October 2014. pp. 1 18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals of
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makkah.webs.com/arabian leopard wadi noaman
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Killing Incident of an Anatolian Leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) in Turkey. Gazelle The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 121. January 2015. pp. 1 20. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/anatolianleopard.htm
Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (27.02.2015). Leopard Rock Art (1300 300 B.C.) Fujairah Museum. Video by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3f3gUlvEGII
Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at the Arabia’s Wildlife Center in Sharjah, UAE. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf von Jaffa. 09.01.2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arabian_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_nimr_i n_Sharjah_photo_by_Prof_Dr_Norman_Ali_Khalaf_2016.jpg
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (09.08.2016). YouTube. Searching for the rare Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in the UAE : Placing the Wildlife Trail
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infrared Camera at Wadi Shawqa in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvcwONftjW4
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (10.08.2016). YouTube. Searching for the rare Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in the UAE : Placing the Wildlife Trail infrared Camera at Wadi Shawqa in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE ... with Nora Norman Ali Khalaf ... 10.08.2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGxzt0FIuLY Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (August 2017). Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran on sale at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 152, August 2017, pp. 1 21. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus 2.webs.com/ Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (23.09.2017). A taxidermied Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at the Natural History Museum in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Arabian_Leopard_at _Natural_History_Museum_Muscat_Oman_Photo_by_Prof_Dr_Norman_Ali_Kh alaf.jpg Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (20.10.2020). ISBN Barcode 978 9948 15 172 2 for my 13th Book entitled: Leopards. 40 Years of Zoological Studies on Leopards between 1983 2023. By: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf von Jaffa .. The book will be published in Spring 2023 .. Inshallah .. Facebook. www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10158641342319831&set=a.127745184830 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (06.07.2022). Wait for my next article on the Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera) in North Africa. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/ Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (11.07.2022). The Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is a subspecies of leopard native to Java Island, Indonesia. Facebook. www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159890833139831&set=a.127745184830 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (12.07.2022). The Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) of Jaipur, Jhalana, Rajasthan. Facebook. www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159891886954831&set=a.127745184830 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (12.08.2022). Russian President Vladimir Putin strokes a Persian (Caucasian) leopard during his visit to the Persian Leopard Breeding and Rehabilitation Centre at Sochi National Park, Russia, on 04 February 2014. Facebook. www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159936495724831&set=a.127745184830
Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (12.08.2022). A Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) sleeping behind green vegetation in its enclosure at the Biblical Zoo Jerusalem in Al Quds (Jerusalem) Al Malha, Palestine. Facebook.
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www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159936646729831&set=a.127745184830
Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (03.09 2022). ISBN Barcode 978 9948 15 172 2 for my 13th Book entitled: Leopards. 40 Years of Zoological Studies on Leopards between 1983-2023
By: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf von Jaffa .. The book will be published in Spring 2023 .. Inshallah .. Facebook. www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159969034884831&set=a.127745184830
ISBN Barcode 978 9948 15 172 2 for my 13th Book entitled: Leopards. 40 Years of Zoological Studies on Leopards between 1983-2023
2023-1983
Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf
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panthera pardus 2.webs.com/ & https://issuu.com/dr norman ali khalaf/docs/persian_leopard_in_kurdistan_iraq & https://www.academia.edu/80193307/Rare_Records_of_the_Persian_Leopard_ Panthera_pardus_saxicolor_Pocock_1927_from_Kurdistan_Northern_Iraq_and_a _review_of_its_distribution_in_Western_Asia & https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360932055_Rare_Records_of_the_Pe rsian_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_saxicolor_Pocock_1927_from_Kurdistan_North ern_Iraq_and_a_review_of_its_distribution_in_Western_Asia
Leopard Trap from Umm Al Rishrash (Elat) Mountains area, southern Al Naqab (Negev) Desert, south Palestine. Photo by Saleh Khalaily. 04.02.2022. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=898931104108824&set=a.100469520621657 &type=3
Khalaf Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (September 2023). The Atlas Leopard or Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera Schreber, 1777) from North Africa. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Volume 41, Number 225, September 2023, pp. 1-81. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media,
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Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://leopard panthera pardus 2.webs.com/barbary leopard & https://issuu.com/dr norman ali khalaf/docs/barbary_leopard_from_north_africa & https://www.academia.edu/83015777/The_Atlas_Leopard_or_Barbary_Leopar d_Panthera_pardus_panthera_Schreber_1777_from_North_Africa & www.researchgate.net/publication/361933050_The_Atlas_Leopard_or_Barbary_ Leopard_Panthera_pardus_panthera_Schreber_1777_from_North_Africa
Khalaf Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (October 2023). The Iraqi Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) of King Faisal I of Iraq. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Volume 41, Number 226, October 2023, pp. 1 42. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. http://leopard panthera pardus 2.webs.com/ & https://issuu.com/dr norman ali khalaf/docs/leopard_of_king_faisal_of_iraq & https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362680425_The_Iraqi_Leopard_Pant hera_pardus_saxicolor_Pocock_1927_of_King_Faisal_I_of_Iraq & https://www.academia.edu/84639015/The_Iraqi_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_sa xicolor_Pocock_1927_of_King_Faisal_I_of_Iraq
Khalaf Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (November 2023). The Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine, and a review of the status of Panthera pardus in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Volume 41, Number 227, November 2023, pp. 1 69.
Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://issuu.com/dr-norman-alikhalaf/docs/persian_leopard_in_biblical_zoo_jerusalem & https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363415515_The_Persian_Leopard_P anthera_pardus_saxicolor_Pocock_1927_at_the_Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo_Al_Mal ha_Al_Quds_Jerusalem_Palestine_and_a_review_of_the_status_of_Panthera_par dus_in_Palestine & www.academia.edu/86370131/The_Persian_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_saxicolo r_Pocock_1927_at_the_Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo_Al_Malha_Al_Quds_Jerusalem_ Palestine_and_a_review_of_the_status_of_Panthera_pardus_in_Palestine Khalaf Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (December 2023). The Leopard in the Holy Quran and Prophet Mohammad’s Sunnah and in Arabic Scientific Heritage Books.
Bulletin
0178 6288). Volume 41,
Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 42, Number 229, January 2024
Number 228, December 2023, pp. 1 19. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine (In Arabic). https://issuu.com/dr norman ali khalaf/docs/leopard_in_holy_quran_and_sunnah & https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363768580_The_Leopard_in_the_Ho ly_Quran_and_Prophet_Mohammad's_Sunnah_and_in_Arabic_Scientific_Herita ge_Books & https://www.academia.edu/87118953/The_Leopard_in_the_Holy_Quran_and_ Prophet_Mohammad_s_Sunnah_and_in_Arabic_Scientific_Heritage_Books Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (January 2024). Leopard Traps in Palestine and the United Arab Emirates. يف رومنلا دئاصم ةدحتملا ةيبرعلا تاراملإاو نيطسلف Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Volume 42, Number 229, January 2024, pp. 1 20. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine (In English and Arabic). https://issuu.com/dr norman ali khalaf/docs/leopard_traps_in_palestine_and_uae
Saleh
from Umm Al Rishrash (Elat)
Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 42, Number 229, January 2024
Laylin, Tafline (in Travel) (30.09.2013). 5,000 Year Old Leopard Trap Discovered in Israel’s Negev Desert. Green Prophet. https://www.greenprophet.com/2013/09/5000 year old leopard trap discovered in israels negev desert/ Levi, S. (1976). Sinai Leopards: A tale of extinction. Teva Va’aretz. 19: 8 14 (in Hebrew). Porat, Naomi; Uzi Avner, Assaf Holzer, Rahamim Shemtov & Liora Kolska Horwitz (2013). Fourth millennium BC ‘leopard traps’ from the Negev Desert (Israel). Antiquity 87 (2013): 714 727. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273293691_Fourth millennium BC_'leopard_traps'_from_the_Negev_Desert_Israel Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech University Press. pps. 389. https://archive.org/details/mammalsofholylan00qums Raswan, C. R. (1935). The black tents of Arabia. Hutchinson Publ., London. 280 pp. Sinai: The Trekking Guide (13.11.2013). Old Leopard Trap in the mountains. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/sinaitrekkingguide/photos/a.335569503250578/33 5569513250577/?type=3
The National (11.10.2018). ‘Threatened’ Fujairah rock art offers insight into country’s history. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/threatened fujairah rock art offers insight into country s history 1.777440 Wikipedia. Arabian Leopard. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_leopard Wikipedia. Haywanat Filastin. نيطسلف تاناويح. by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa. (In Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86% D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Wikipedia. Leopard. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard Wikipedia. Nimer Farisi. يسراف رمن . https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7% D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A Wikipidia. Panthera pardus tulliana. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_pardus_tulliana YouTube (18.04.2013). UAE Leopard Hunters and the Leopard Trap “Al Lef”. فللا
Video by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6na7sfJQMzg YouTube (03.05.2013). Arabian Leopard Rock Art Wadi Al Hail. Video by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4R05rLDX_Q YouTube (27.02.2015). Leopard Rock Art (1300-300 B.C.) Fujairah Museum. Video by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3f3gUlvEGII
Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 42, Number 229, January 2024
