Materials, components, types of construction
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12
2
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9
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9 9
8
17 1 Fixed sash frame 2 Frame 3 Dibble (mullion) 4 Transom (cross bar) 5 Tilting sash 6 Glazing 7 Windowsill (window ledge) 8 Sash frame 9 Window fittings
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5
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7
11 14
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10 Turning sash 11 Vertical frame wood 12 Wooden top bar of the sash frame 13 Wooden top bar of the frame 14 Vertical sash frame 15 Bottom bar of the frame 16 Wooden bottom bar of the sash frame 17 Secondary sash
B 2.37
Multiple windows 1. Coupled window: • Two separate sashes combined (formerly main and ‘cleaning’ pane), one fixed right behind the other on one frame • ‘Cleaning pane’ can also be directly fixed to the main pane • Fixed pane is moved to open the window 2. Double-hung window: • Two separate single windows (frames / sashes), not structurally connected, no surrounding lining (no casement) 3. Casement window: • Two separate single windows (frames / sashes), structurally connected by a surrounding lining (casement) • Frame and sashes form a casement • Each single window can be opened separately • Larger space between the panes improves sound insulation • Space between the panes in the casement can also be used (e.g. for installing sun screen systems)
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Combinations of various sashes and glaz ing can improve both sound and thermal insulation in all types of multiple windows. The space between the sashes or glazing is not built to be gastight, so there is a risk of condensation forming, which can be minimised by ventilation to expel air. The geometric structure of double-hung and casement windows must allow the individual sashes to move appropriately (Fig. B 2.40 and Fig. B 2.42). Coupled windows are currently undergoing a renaissance as a highly integrated product, typically as a combination of a single-glazed outside opening sash and a double or tripleglazed inner sash. A moveable sunscreen can be integrated into the space between the panes (Fig. B 2.41), which, compared with exterior sunscreens on standard windows, does not impact the insulation in and around the lintel. Such windows can also be used as escape and emergency exit doors or windows in emergencies. Casing solutions consist of a case and spe cially adapted windows (Fig. B 2.39 g). These
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two components make it possible for different kinds of tradesmen to easily install windows without additional subsequent work. After installation is completed, the casing remains visible. Window casing frames a window on four sides, while door casing forms a frame on three sides of a door (top, left, right). Casing solutions are important elements in a building’s structural connections and are described in more detail in the section on “Casings and encased windows” (p. 126f.). A subframe (Fig. B 3.11 d, p. 124) for win dows and doors is a frame structure installed in the building shell that is no longer visible when the window is installed. Subframes were once always made of wood but are now made of metal or plastic and can offer certain advantages depending on the struc tural situation: • Protects the window during construction • Makes it easier to replace windows sub sequently • Simplifies installation in the insulation layer in front of masonry (with a plastic subframe as an alternative to mounting brackets).
B 2.40 c
e
f
g
h
d
e B 2.38
100
B 2.39
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B 2.41