To the POINT DN
Message from the Associate Editor
Coco for the culture
Tennis star Coco Gauf dedicated her victory in the recent French Open fnal to “people that look like me” in the U.S. and said she hopes it will bring “hope and light” to those who do not feel supported in the country. Te 21-year-old won her second grand slam title as she battled from behind to win a dramatic three-set fnal against the World No. 1 Aryna Sabalenka. “It means a lot, and obviously there’s a lot going on in our country right now with... like, everything,” Gauf said. “I remember afer the [2024] election and everything, it kind of felt [like a] down period a little bit,” Gauf added, alluding to the onslaught of Project 2025-inspired measures and executive orders that have eroded life as we know it. Gauf said her mother told her, “Just try to win the tournament just to give something for people to smile for.” And Coco responded… for the culture.
LA is a preview
the Ujima Village, Martin Luther King Jr. Hospital and Charles Drew University. In other words, 2,000 troops won’t stop LA’s long tradition of fghting for POC rights. But know that similar scenarios will be popping of across the country. How will H-Town respond when it comes our way?
Enemies of the State
Los Angeles residents refused to allow ICE to run roughshod over their civil and human rights and chose to peacefully and forcefully resist. Te result: the Trump administration deployed 2,000 California National Guard troops and labeled the protesters as “lawless,” expecting to crush their will. But like Dr. Xavier Buck reminded the world via IG (@historyin3), just like Homey the Clown, LA’s people of color don’t play that. In 1785, Tongva women pushed colonizers and their missions of their land. Afer 18 Chinese males were lynched in 1871, Chinatown residents didn’t run; they rebuilt. In the 1930s, thousands of LA Latina garment workers went on strike for 26 days and won a 40-hour work week and fair pay. In 1943, when white sailors attacked Chicano youth, the Zoot Suit Rebellion was on, with Latinos, Blacks and Filipinos standing together. When the 1965 Watts Rebellion jumped of in protest of police violence, 14,000 National Guard troops stormed in. Blackfolk responded by building Black strongholds,
The current White House administration declared DEI the enemy, firing thousands of Black people at all levels of government and slapping them with the label “unqualifed.” However, their replacements epitomize entitled, inept and incompetent. FEMA head David Richardson told his staf he didn’t know the U.S. had a hurricane season. Te head of Social Security, Frank Bisignano, admitted he had to Google info on the Social Security Commissioner role afer being ofered the position. Former National Security Advisor Mike Waltz put national security at risk with Signal Gate, and for his incompetence, was named Ambassador to the UN. U.S. Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth might as well have tweeted classifed war plans while focusing more on culture wars than actual defense. Department of Education head Linda McMahon confused AI (artifcial intelligence) with A-One (the steak sauce). U.S. Attorney General Pam Bondi, the nation’s “top cop,” has put partisan attacks above the rule of law so ofen that her home state (Florida) is suing to disbar her. Meanwhile, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. spreads anti-vaxxer pseudoscience from the helm of HHS, undermining public trust in medicine with reckless abandon. Americans (Republicans, Independents and Democrats) deserve better.
ON THE WEB
• Te Heritage Society ofers two Juneteenth tours honoring Black history.
• Hurricane season is upon us. Is Houston ready?
• Remember these 5 June Black History moments.
Coco Gauff wins the 2025 French Open, according to her, for the culture. Credit: Getty Images.
Aswad Walker
How the Houston city budget impacts Blacks
By Tannistha Sinha
Houston’s newly adopted $7 billion budget took weeks of workshops and public hearings. It sets the tone for how the city’s priorities will shape services, infrastructure and equity in the year ahead. For Black Houstonians, many of whom have faced historical neglect in flood mitigation and economic development, the real question is not just where the money goes, but whether this spending will meaningfully close the gaps that persist across neighborhoods.
Mayor John Whitmire’s first budget, passed by a 14-3 vote, is being marketed as a fiscally responsible investment in public safety, homelessness prevention infrastructure and fiscal reform. His administration boasts $74 million in general fund savings through departmental budget reductions, a voluntary retirement incentive and a deal made with plaintiffs in the Jones and Watson lawsuit over the city’s drainage budget.
However, residents in historically Black neighborhoods asked him: Where is the equity in that plan?
“Houston is underserved, so we’re reorganizing city government,” Whitmire said. “We’re putting the savings from efficiency into more services. So everybody should expect better services in solid waste and parks. We are gonna have to be smarter, cut out our waste, conflicts of interest and downright corruption. We have a lot of work to do.”
Breakdown of the budget
The budget is structured around four core priorities:
Public safety: $1.7 billion to the Houston Police Department and $659 million to the
Fire Department—25.8% of the total budget.
Infrastructure: $1.6 billion (22.9%) to mitigate the impact of natural disasters and the city’s aging infrastructure, air quality and flooding.
“Government that Works”: $3.3 billion (47.7%), including $1.6 billion for Houston Public Works and $508 million in debt service.
Quality of life: $252 million (3.6%) to protect laws and ordinances encouraging diversity and equity and provide parks and recreation centers.
Throughout May, the city’s Committee on Budget & Fiscal Affairs, led by councilmembers Sallie Alcorn and Mario Castillo, hosted departmental workshops on finance, legal, housing, public works, police and more. Alcorn also launched a public survey, YOUR TWO CENTS, which received about 1,200 responses on residents’ spending priorities on city programs. A majority of responses supported increased spending on infrastructure, addressing homelessness, solid waste management, neighborhood enforcement and the Houston Police Department.
“For underserved communities, I’d say health and housing are really two of the departments that rely heavily on federal grants,” Alcorn said. “They wanna see services, improved parks, better security. So we need to make sure that we’re getting those resources out in an equitable fashion.”
Community leaders like Super Neighborhood #57 president Bridgette Murray have expressed concerns about equitable funding in Black neighborhoods.
“We have been underserved and underfunded,” Murray said. “We have threats from reduced funding from both the state
and federal governments. Large employer groups in our city: education, healthcare and the port are threatened right now by budget cuts and tariffs. How is the city positioned to address some of these threats to communities already economically depressed? And are we at risk for additional fees for city services?”
A major point of contention is the new addition of $67 million to the $1.1 billion allocated to the HPD and an $832 million five-year contract recently approved by the City Council. While the mayor and councilmembers praised the increase, some see it as a missed opportunity to invest in the city’s underserved communities.
“By law, local governments are not allowed to reduce police budgets,”City Controller Chris Hollins explained. “If you do reduce your police budget, then you have to reduce the rest of the budget by the same magnitude.”
Another sore spot is basic infrastructure. Vicky Martin, vice president of a super neighborhood in East Houston, said flood insurance is unaffordable for several Black residents. Martin explained that before the tropical storm Allison devastated Texas in 2001, residents were not sold flood insurance.
“Now insurance is based on the maintenance of your home and people are not able to maintain their homes,” she added. “The homes are older because we are in older communities. They don’t have the resilience to withstand storms… We live in communities where we don’t have a lot of sidewalks and curbs. We have open ditches, and if those open ditches are not maintained by the city properly, then the water is impeded from leaving the community.”
By ReShonda Tate
Starting in the 2026-27 school year, Prairie View A&M University will raise the bar for incoming students, following a vote by the Texas A&M University System Board of Regents.
Te decision comes as Prairie View experiences unprecedented growth. Located just 40 miles northwest of Houston in Waller County, the Historically Black University welcomed its largest-ever freshman class last fall, enrolling about 2,300 frst-year students.
According to PVAMU President Dr. Tomikia P. LeGrande, 600 students who met admissions criteria were turned away due to space limitations.
With enrollment nearing 10,000 students—hitting 9,893 in fall 2024—university ofcials are actively exploring ways to accommodate demand, including expanding student housing. As a result of continued interest, waitlists have already formed for the upcoming 2024-25 and 2025-26 academic years.
“We’ve been in really high demand for the last couple of years,” said LeGrande. “Tese changes will help ensure that students are better positioned for success once they get here.”
Tougher—but still inclusive— standards
The most significant shift involves the university’s automatic admissions policy. Currently, students qualify for automatic acceptance if they meet any one of the following: Rank in the top 50% of their high school class, earn a GPA of at least 2.8, or score 1060 on the SAT or 21 on the ACT.
Beginning in fall 2026, those standards will tighten. To be automatically admitted, students must now rank in the top 35% of their class or have a GPA of at least 3.2, though SAT and ACT score thresholds will remain unchanged.
Still, LeGrande emphasized that the university remains committed to access. Students who do not meet the new automatic criteria will undergo a holistic admissions review, considering factors such as academic performance, extracurricular activities, community service and work experience.
Prairie View officials say the interest in their school has soared, leaving them with no
The Houston City Council has approved Mayor John Whitmire’s $7 billion budget. Credit: City of Houston
Prices rise for braids, wigs, weaves
By ReShonda Tate
Black hairstylists and their clients are bracing for price hikes and supply shortages after the Trump administration announced new tariffs on imported Chinese goods, including the synthetic and human hair products that power the multibillion-dollar Black hair industry.
The back-and-forth tariff dance is still ongoing, but many merchants have already tacked on increases for what they consider the inevitable.
“Everything from the shampoo to the thread to sew the wigs have gone up because of tariffs,” said Houston stylist Davion Anderson, who specializes in custom wig making and weaves at his salon, Opulence. “The hair I usually buy for my clients to make their wigs has gone up 40%. I advise my clients to take great care of their hair so they can try to stretch out its usage.”
Earlier this year, the U.S. Trade Representative’s office levied tariffs as high as 145% on certain Chinese imports. Although that figure was later reduced to 30%, industry experts say the ripple effect is already being felt, particularly among Black women who rely on braids, wigs and weaves for beauty and cultural expression and protection.
A billion dollar business
In 2024, the U.S. imported more than $1.6 billion in wigs, weaves, and hairpieces, most of which were from China. This includes synthetic and human hair bundles, braiding hair, lace-front wigs, closures and even the packaging and tools required to create and maintain protective styles. According to a study by Market.us, Black women spend six times more on hair care
than other ethnicities.
For many Black women, protective styles like braids and wigs are not a luxury—they are essential. With Afro-textured hair requiring specialized care, these styles offer not just convenience but preservation. Yet many stylists say they’re now forced to choose between
NEED TO KNOW
raising prices or absorbing the cost.
“My business has tapered off,” said stylist Yana Lewison. “People are having to choose between essentials and getting their hair done. And Black women often put their needs on the back burner to take care of their families.”
Some stylists are getting creative—asking clients to bring their own hair or stocking up now on hair and hair products to avoid future surges. But for many, this is simply not sustainable.
“I have people who bought hair now before the prices rise even more. But what happens after that?” Anderson said. “Sooner or later, it’s going to catch up with all of us.”
Advocates are calling for more inclusive economic policy and for government officials to better consider the cultural and financial impact of trade decisions.
“These tariffs aren’t just about goods— they’re about our livelihoods, our self-worth and our communities,” Lewison said. “And for Black women especially, hair has always been political.”
What you can do
• Ask your stylist about care tips to extend the life of your wig or braids.
• Support local Black-owned beauty supply stores and stylists.
• Advocate for a fair trade policy that considers the cultural importance of Black hair.
Trump policies impacting Black Americans
The public feud between Donald Trump and Elon Musk over the GOP’s “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” has Republicans scrambling—but civil rights and other advocates warn that the drama may serve as a smokescreen, drawing attention away from harmful policies disproportionately targeting Black Americans. After Musk blasted the bill as a “disgusting abomination” that adds to the national debt, Trump fired back, accusing Musk of selfishness over lost
electric vehicle subsidies and threatening to terminate his government contracts. Meanwhile, House Speaker Mike Johnson criticized Musk’s posts as “surprising and disappointing,” and the White House dismissed Musk’s allegations linking Trump to Jeffrey Epstein.
While the headlines focus on personal attacks, the Congressional Budget Office reports that the GOP bill would add $2.4 trillion to the national debt and leave nearly 11 million people without health insurance. At the same time, the Trump administration has renewed travel bans targeting majority-Black nations, slashed federal agency budgets, gutted DEI efforts, and advanced fossil fuel projects in Black communities. The Congressional Black Caucus and others warn that these policies amount to a deliberate attack on marginalized groups under the guise of fiscal reform—while the public remains fixated on billionaire infighting.
Why Black Americans should pay close attention:
• Cuts to Medicaid and Medicare could leave millions—including a disproportionate number of Black Americans—without health coverage.
• Mass layoffs in federal agencies threaten jobs heavily held by Black workers.
• New travel bans target Black and brown nations, breaking families and stoking racism.
• Environmental deregulation fast-tracks toxic projects through Black communities.
• Voter suppression efforts and authoritarian executive actions threaten Black political power and civil rights hardwon over decades.
Activists listen to Rep. Greg Casar, Chair Congressional Progressive Caucus representing Texas’ 35 Congressional District, speak on Capitol Hill in response to the proposal to cut medicaid. Photo by Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images for People’s Action Institute
Houston stylist, Davion Anderson, has seen an increase in hair and hair products by 40%. Courtesy: Davion Anderson
One of Houston’s top hair distributors weighs in.
HESTER HOUSE
5th Ward residents doubt EPA claim
By Aswad Walker
Afer months of speculation and testing for soil contaminants, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Harris County Commissioner Rodney Ellis recently announced that the Julia C. Hester House and its surrounding grounds are safe. But many Fifh Ward residents remain skeptical, citing broader contamination concerns in the neighborhood.
Meeting synopsis
At a community meeting held at Hester House, Ellis and EPA representative Casey Luckett Synder presented the latest fndings. In February, elevated levels of dioxins—harmful chemicals found in industrial pollution and cigarette smoke—were detected in two areas on Hester House grounds, prompting the installation of fences to block access. However, the EPA’s most recent testing concluded the levels were not high enough to pose a health risk.
“I wanted the residents of Fifh Ward to know that this property at Hester House is safe,” said Ellis. “We’re going to take the fences down. Te dioxin levels are not high enough to warrant making it look like a prison.”
Fifth Ward residents like Erica Hubbard had questions about Hester House’s safety even after an EPA report declared the community center’s grounds contaminantfree during a June 3, 2025 meeting. Credit: Aswad Walker.
Luckett Synder added, “Te message to the community is that there is no reason to avoid the recreational area at the Hester House... Tere is no level of dioxin contamination that could potentially cause a health risk.”
Still, residents pushed back. They demanded expanded testing beyond Hester House, pointing to contamination concerns tied to the Union Pacifc Railroad (UPR) and past exposure to creosote, a toxic chemical
linked to cancer. In 2020, six cancer clusters were identifed in the Fifh Ward, with UPR named as a possible source.
“Tose issues related to creosote were not addressed tonight,” Ellis admitted. “But Hester House is safe and Hester House is going to be here for as long as you can think about it.”
Residents doubtful
Despite reassurances, community members voiced distrust.
Erica Hubbard, who manages the Hershey Street Community Garden near the former Houston Wood Preserving Works site, said her requests to include their garden in EPA testing were ignored. “So, the community got together and put funds together, and we got our own soil tested, and the results were horrendous,” she said. “It’s a false sense of security.”
Lizette Fernandez Prestwich, a nearby resident, expressed concern over broader health patterns in the area. “Despite the data they’re showing us, our community has increased levels of cancer, asthma, and rare skin diseases,” she said. “I fnd it a little jarring... we need to dive deeper.”
Longtime resident Sandra Edwards echoed
those concerns: “We as residents know that it’s way worse than they are letting on. I’m concerned about gardening and the safety of our food. Tey’re not going to tell us the complete truth.”
History
Te issue has a long history. In early February, dioxins were found in soil outside Hester House at levels exceeding EPA screening standards for children by fve times. Tese fndings came years afer the EPA ordered UPR to conduct neighborhood-wide testing, following the identifcation of cancer clusters.
In response to ongoing health concerns, Houston City Councilmember Letitia Plummer in March brought free cancer screenings for Fifh Ward residents, part of a national program in partnership with the National Minority Quality Forum. Meanwhile, the EPA continues to test soil and water near the former wood treatment site.
Prior to this, Houston’s former mayor Sylvester Turner launched a $5 million relocation plan to help residents living near UPR’s 4910 Liberty Road site move away from potential contamination.
TSU leads walking tour initiative
By Laura Onyeneho
Houston’s Tird Ward has long been the heart of Black culture, activism and resilience, a neighborhood that has shaped the city’s civil rights movement and nurtured generations of changemakers.
Tird Ward’s legacy is undeniable, from being a battleground for desegregation and voting rights to housing institutions that uplif Black voices. Yet, as the city evolves, there’s a growing urgency to preserve these stories before they fade into obscurity.
Texas Southern University Director of the Center for Africana Futures, Dr. Toniesha L. Taylor and her students are leading an initiative to ofer an immersive Walking Tour
that ensures the contributions of this historic community are honored and remembered.
Te tour, currently in development, will ofer two routes: A longer journey of approximately 10,000 steps for those eager to explore every corner and a shorter, more accessible 5,000-step route. Participants will also visit key sites, including Texas Southern University and Emancipation Park.
“We’re covering the full story of these places,” says Taylor. “From art and politics to community activism, we want people to experience the events that shaped Tird Ward.”
While Houston has its share of historic walking tours, Taylor and her students were surprised the Tird Ward had no structured, publicly available option.
Filling a gap in the city’s tour landscape
We want families with kids, elders and people of all abilities to enjoy this tour. That’s why we’re thinking about pacing, accessibility and engagement.”
DR. TONIESHA L. TAYLOR
“My students and I searched for an existing walking tour, but we couldn’t fnd one,” she says.
Drawing on her experience developing similar projects at Prairie View A&M University, Taylor saw an opportunity to merge historical research with digital humanities, all while giving students hands-on experience.
Tis initiative is part of Mapping Black Houston, a broader efort to document and preserve key Black historical sites across the city. Te idea for the walking tour emerged from conversations with faculty members who wanted to create an engaging way for locals and visitors to connect with Third Ward’s history.
While the tour will include historic markers, it will also introduce lesser-known stories that add depth to the neighborhood’s narrative.
“What’s historic about Texas Southern
beyond the official markers?” Taylor said. “Its role in the Tird Ward community, its legacy of activism, those are the stories we want to tell.”
Emancipation Park has been a gathering place for Black Houstonians since 1872, when formerly enslaved people purchased the land to celebrate Juneteenth.
The tour will be accessible to longtime Tird Ward residents, history enthusiasts and those new to Houston’s Black heritage. Taylor’s team also ensures the experience is inclusive, with multiple route options and designated rest points.
“We want families with kids, elders and people of all abilities to enjoy this tour,” she says. “Tat’s why we’re thinking about pacing, accessibility and engagement.”
Since launching the project last December, students have been deeply involved in researching and shaping the tour’s storytelling approach. Taylor emphasizes that, beyond uncovering historical facts, students are learning how to present research engagingly.
“Te biggest skill they’re gaining is research,” she says. “Tey’re used to writing essays, but this project teaches them how to turn history into a compelling cultural experience.”
Texas Southern University Director of the Center for Africana Futures Dr. Toniesha L. Taylor Courtesy: Centers for Africana Futures
InFocus
KELVIN SAMPSON Makes his family
By Terrance Harris
University of Houston men’s basketball coach Kelvin Sampson chuckles at the memory of his young son, Kellen, putting tape down for the sidelines, baseline and halfcourt in their Pullman, Wash. Home. Then, donning a dress shirt and clip-on tie, he paced up and down the sidelines of the makeshif court in the basement as he had seen his father do most nights as the head coach at Washington State.
But fve-year-old Kellen wasn’t done emulating his father just yet. Kelvin and his wife Karen saw Kellen yank of his suit jacket and slam it to the ground in frustration, as his father made a habit of doing, usually within the frst two minutes of every game.
“I told Karen then: We have no choice. Tere is no chance that boy is not going to coach,” Kelvin recalled recently to the Defender. “He has fgured out that his dad throws his coat off at the start of games, whether he is mad or not. He is going to take the coat of.
“He’s taking his coat of, stalking the sidelines, pointing and saying stuf.”
Kelvin couldn’t have been more prophetic.
For 12 years, Kellen has been an assistant coach at UH, supporting his father. Kelvin’s daughter, Lauren, has also supported her dad as the Cougars’ basketball team’s chief of staf.
proud
a true family afair with both of Kelvin’s kids playing instrumental roles in elevating the Cougars back to national prominence.
“Honestly, the best. He has done this at a really high level,” said Kellen, now a father of two young children. “He was around as much as he possibly could growing up. But the job took him at times.
“So, 12 years to be able to rub shoulder to shoulder with him physically… 12 years we have been connected emotionally, we’ve been connected mentally, 12 years our thoughts have been collectively linked together. How do we elevate the program? How do we keep chasing down the titans of college basketball? To do that shoulder to shoulder with your hero, it’s a storybook. We are living in Camelot. I just never took it for granted.”
Lauren, who proudly refers to herself as the bulldog of the program, agrees with her brother. But she takes it a step further and says that coming to work every day with her father feels like the natural progression of the lives they have lived all of their lives as a coach’s kids.
“It’s so much a continuation of how Kellen and I grew up. Half of family dinners would be salt and pepper shakers dissecting a play, and the other half was how do we get people to a game? We have this former player, and how do we help him look for a job? So much of what we do now is how we grew up,” Lauren recalled. “My dad was a coach’s kid, so his memories were of going to his dad’s practices and being around his dad’s
players. Tat is very much how Kellen and I grew up, and that’s how Kellen’s kids are growing up.
“So, it’s just so much a continuation of our formative years.”
Kelvin’s kids are his inspiration
For Kelvin, coming to work and having his kids be part of it has given him even more inspiration to do what he does.
“It’s been the highlight of my career,” Kelvin told the Defender. “I’m not sure I’d still be coaching if it weren’t for my son and daughter.”
Tat sounds great to Kellen, but he isn’t quite buying it because he sees the energy and excitement his 69-year-old father still holds for the game, the competitiveness he harbors, and the love for coaching and preparing his teams afer 44 years working the sidelines as an assistant and head coach.
“Tat is so wrong. So wrong. It’s so amazing,” Kellen says with a big chuckle. “I think that he has got a lot of love for coaching. Tat fre still burns hot, it still burns bright. He still has a crazy, crazy intensity and excitement for doing what we are doing.
“Does he enjoy that Lauren and I are here? Yes. But that’s not the reason he is still coaching. He still loves to take his group, you take your group and `I’m going to do everything I can from June 1 to April 7 to kick your ass.’”
Kelvin was always the cool dad
Despite a demanding career as head basketball coach of big-time programs like Washington State, Oklahoma, Indiana and now UH, both Lauren and Kellen say Kelvin was always there and was everything they needed in a father.
Lauren remembers Kelvin as the fun dad who drove her and her friends to school as part of the carpool, giving her friends advice when their boyfriends acted up and creating an environment around the house that made it the hangout spot.
“Tat’s really who he was. He was the fun dad… Our house was the meeting ground house,” Lauren said. “Me and my friends would come in afer team flm and eat the remaining food or afer a recruiting visit, we would grab the barbecue that was lef over. It was such a meeting place.”
Sometimes you just need Dad
Just because he had basketball in common with his father, the dynamics between Kelvin and Kellen were, at times, a little bit diferent. Kellen initially played basketball before becoming a third-generation coach, following the paths of his father and grandfather, John W. “Ned” Sampson.
Kelvin was pretty much hands-of as Kellen grew up playing basketball in middle school and high school. But that changed once Kellen went on to play at the University of Oklahoma and the person who he was used to being his sounding board was now his head coach.
During his freshman season, Kellen struggled with the reality that he could no longer turn to his dad to vent because his dad was the problem. Ten, one day, things fnally came to a head.
“I remember I had had a particularly tough day, and the next day was a day of. I was alone in my thoughts. I was doing an awesome job of kicking myself in the butt,” Kellen said. “I remember I had called, and he was still upset at how I had played, and he kind of answered the phone like, `What do you want?’ I said this isn’t going good. I told him, I need to talk
to my dad. He said, `What do you mean?’ I said, ‘I don’t need my coach right now, I need my dad.’
“He asked what was going on. I said, ‘My coach is a real asshole.’ He got the biggest chuckle and biggest laugh. And in that moment, he said exactly what dad needed to tell his son about how to handle a tough coach. He said, ‘If he is on you he has probably seen something in you that you are not getting. Your not getting it because your efort and attitude are not at a high enough threshold to have the success that you want.’
“I needed dad… I needed somebody to still be an advocate for me in that moment.”
It’s bigger than basketball
As many great moments as Lauren and Kellen have shared with their father in basketball, both say their best memories have nothing to do with the game itself.
“It’s more the human side. I grew up wanting to be more like him as a human being,” Kellen said. “He is the most talented individual I’ve ever met. He made bedtime stories come to life. He was the best all-time pitcher in streetball games growing up. He was a
fantastic all-time quarterback. I grew up with a healthy admiration because he was my dad, not because of the profession.”
Kelvin dealing with low of 2008 inspired Lauren
Lauren says he has learned the most from her father, not in how he has handled the good times, but in how he has navigated the challenging moments.
One of those moments came in 2008 when Kelvin was forced to resign from the University of Indiana afer an NCAA investigation revealed that he had made illegal phone calls to recruits at both Oklahoma and IU and was not honest with the NCAA about his actions.
Indiana was placed on probation, and Sampson, who had moved on to working as an assistant NBA coach with the Milwaukee Bucks, was hit with a fve-year show-cause penalty, which efectively prevented him from coaching in college during that period. Sampson lef the Bucks and came to Houston to work as an assistant coach with the Rockets before landing the UH job.
Lauren observed her father during that difcult period and was inspired by how he
persevered and ultimately came out better than he has ever been as a coach.
“At his lowest, which would be 08, he just sat down and worked, got better,” she said. “I think a lot of people would wallow. I think a lot of people would yell to the sky about the injustice of it all, but he went to work and got better. He developed a new skill set. I think the result is the most epic part of his career is coming now because he got to work.
“Te lesson it taught Kellen and I was it’s going to go wrong sometime. I lovingly say to my interns sometimes, life is going to bitch slap you. It’s inevitable. Get back up. Go back and fght. He just showed fght, and that’s the biggest lesson I’ve taken.”
Happy Father’s Day
As Father’s Day approaches, Lauren has the same feeling about her dad that she has every year this time.
“I think sometimes, parents always tell their kids how proud they are, but I’m really proud,” she said while fghting back tears in her ofce. “I get teary-eyed, but every Father’s Day I say it; I’m so proud to be his daughter for everything that no one else gets to see.”
Lauren Sampson (middle) and brother Kellen Sampson (right) have walked in the footsteps of their father, University of Houston head basketball coach Kelvin Sampson (left). Credit: X
Kellen Sampson played for his father at the University of Oklahoma. Credit: Tulsa World
Lauren Sampson has gladly taken on the role of bulldog as the chief of staff of the basketball office at UH. Credit: Instagram.
The entire Sampson clan includes Lauren Sampson (left), Kellen Sampson (middle), Kellen’s wife, Tonya Sampson, matriarch Karen Sampson, and grandkids Kylen and Maisy. Courtesy: University of Houston athletic department
Best of Black Houston
Kicks off Juneteenth with 100+ categories
By Von Jiles
Houston is buzzing with anticipation for the Defender’s inaugural “Best of Black Houston” campaign, an initiative poised to spotlight and celebrate the remarkable achievements of individuals, organizations and Black-owned businesses shaping the future of Greater Black Houston. Tis groundbreaking campaign, the frst of its kind in the city, promises to be a true testament to Black excellence, innovation and resilience.
Te “Best of Black Houston” journey will unfold in three distinct phases over the coming months, inviting comprehensive community participation. Te excitement kicks of on Juneteenth, June 19th, with a six-week nomination phase. During this period, the community is encouraged to put forward deserving candidates across a diverse array of 12 comprehensive categories.
Tese 100+ categories span the scope of Black Houston’s vibrant landscape. “Art & Culture” will honor talent ranging from Best Author to Best Photographer to Best Teatre Company, while “Business & Professional” will recognize excellence in felds such as Best Lawyer, Best Banker and Best Principal. “Lifestyle & Beauty” spotlights professionals like Best Barber, Best Gym and Best Hair Stylist and “General Services” acknowledges vital community pillars, including
Best Non-proft Organization, Best Funeral Home and Best Childcare/Pre-School. Food enthusiasts will fnd a rich selection in “Food & Beverage,” covering everything from Best Caterer, Best Chef, to Best Gumbo. “Entertainment” will celebrate Best Black Radio Station, Best PR Professional and Best DJ, among others. “Home & Garden” will feature service providers from Best Interior Designer to Best Landscaping to Best Plumber. “Shopping” will highlight unique retail experiences like Best Cigar Shop, Best Men’s Clothing Store and Best Women’s Fashion Designer. Te “Church” segment is expected to be highly competitive, with categories like Best Choir, Best Deacon and Best Senior Pastor. “Health | Medical” encompasses a wide range of professionals from Best Dentist to Best Day Spa to Best Veterinarian. A new “Vehicle & Services”
NOTICE TO BIDDERS
category will focus on recognizing excellence in Best Auto Mechanic, Best Car Wash and Best Car Salesman. Finally, “Sports” will shine a light on the Best Black Athletes across high school, college, and professional levels in football, baseball, and basketball. “Tis campaign is squarely focused on Black-owned businesses,” states Sonny Messiah Jiles, CEO of the Defender. “We welcome them to nominate themselves or have their loyal customers place nominations on their behalf. We’ve even developed promotional materials to help them mobilize their friends, family, and clientele to get out and vote. Tis truly marks a historic moment for Houston.”
Clyde Jiles, COO of the Defender, emphasizes the profound importance of this initiative, especially in the current climate. “In the face of DEI backlash, the erasing of Black
CLASSIFIED
The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas (METRO) is planning to issue the procurement documents listed in this advertisement.
IFB No. Doc1560279003: 1910 Fannin Street Temporary Surface Parking Lot. Solicitation will be available on or about 06/03/2025. Prospective bidders/proposers can view and download these solicitations by visiting METRO's website at ridemetro.org/Open Procurements If you are unable to download the documents or are having difculty, please contact 713-615-6125 or email Contracts/ Property Services at propertyservices@ridemetro.org.
BID NOTICE
The Harris Center for Mental Health and IDD will be accepting proposals for the following: Agency Wide Security Guard Services
Specifcations may be secured from The Harris Center website www.theharriscenter.org beginning Tuesday, June 17, 2025. The Harris Center utilizes Bonfre for their solicitations https://theharriscenter. bonfrehub.com/portal/?tab=openOpportunities . A Mandatory meeting with vendors will be held at 9401 Southwest Freeway., Houston, Texas, 77074 on Monday, June 23, 2025, at 11:00 AM. Deadline for prospective vendors to submit questions to this RFP is Friday, June 27, 2025. Proposals must be submitted by 11:00 a.m., Monday, July 14, 2025. Historically Underutilized Businesses, including Minority-Owned Businesses and Women-Owned Businesses are encouraged to participate. The Harris Center reserves all rights to reject any and/or all proposals, to waive formalities and reasonable irregularities in submitted documents as it deems to be in its best interests and is not obligated to accept the lowest proposal.
history, and the closing doors of opportunity that once granted us access, the ‘Best of Black Houston’ is more crucial than ever,” he explains. “We need to identify and uplif the friends and neighbors who are consistently providing high-quality service. Black folks are inherently resilient, and we possess an abundance of resources within our own community. It’s time to proudly showcase the very best the Black community has to ofer.” For a nominee category to advance to the voting phase, it must garner at least three other nominees. Te highly anticipated voting phase will run from August 25th to September 5th. In late October, the Defender will proudly announce the winners and the top two fnalists in each category. Don’t miss this unparalleled opportunity to acknowledge and celebrate those in our community who are truly making a diference.
NOTICE TO BIDDERS
The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas (METRO) is planning to issue the procurement documents listed in this advertisement.
IFB No. Doc1579683579: Asphalt and Concrete Paving Mobility Improvements Package 2 on an ‘As Needed Basis’. Solicitation will be available on or about 06/09/2025. Prospective bidders/ proposers can view and download these solicitations by visiting METRO's website at ridemetro.org/ Open Procurements. If you are unable to download the documents or are having difculty, please contact 713-739-6125 or email Contracts/Property Services at propertyservices@ridemetro.org.
Notice of Proposed Goal for the Participation of Disadvantaged Business Enterprises in Federal Transit Administration Assisted Contracts
As required by Section 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 26, the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County has determined a proposed overall goal of 21% for the participation of Disadvantaged Business Enterprises (DBEs) in its FY26 – FY28 contracts which are funded by U.S. Department of Transportation.
The proposed goal and its rationale are available for inspection during normal business hours at the Metropolitan Transit Authority’s Headquarters, 1900 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77002; and at https:// www.ridemetro.org/about/business-to-business/procurement-opportunities#program-documents. The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County and the Federal Transit Administration will accept written comments on the proposed goal through July 31, 2025.
Written comments may be directed to Metropolitan Transit Authority Ofce of Economic Business Opportunity, Attention: Karen Hudson, P.O. Box 61429, Houston, Texas 77208-1429 or Federal Transit Administration: Attention: Gail Lyssy, Regional Administrator, Region VI, Federal Transit Administration, 819 Taylor Street, Room 14A02, Fort Worth, TX 76102.
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DN Health
June is Men’s Health Month
By AYODELE OGUNMOLA, MD
Prioritize Your Health
June is Men’s Health Month, a time to spotlight the unique health challenges faced by men, especially Black men, who are disproportionately affected by hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and prostate cancer. Genetics, socioeconomic factors, and barriers to care contribute to these disparities.
The key to lowering these risks is taking a proactive approach to health at every stage of life. This Men’s Health Month, commit to regular check-ups, screenings, and healthy habits to support both physical and mental well-being.
Men’s Health at Every Age
• 20s and 30s: Build healthy habits like exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding tobacco and nicotine. Start screenings for blood pressure and cholesterol to establish a baseline for lifelong health.
Ayodele Ogunmola, MD, is a board-certified Family Medicine and primary care physician who cares for patients at Kelsey-Seybold’s Northwest Campus.
• 40s and 50s: Prioritize heart health and begin regular screenings for diabetes, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer. Stay active and manage stress to lower the risk of chronic diseases.
• 60s and Beyond: Maintain regular check-ups and stay socially and physically active to protect cognitive and overall health.
Steps Toward Better Health Preventive care and lifestyle changes can have a powerful impact:
• Get Your Check-Ups: Routine visits may catch health issues early, making them easier to treat.
• Stay Active: Regular exercise reduces chronic disease risks and boosts energy.
• Eat Well: A heart-healthy diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins supports weight control and lowers the risk of chronic disease.
Care
Don’t Overlook Mental Health
Mental health is as important as physical health, yet Black men face significant disparities in care. According to the American Psychiatric Association, only one in three Black Americans who needs mental health care receives it, often due to stigma, distrust of the healthcare system, or limited access to culturally competent providers. Breaking these barriers starts with open conversations about mental health and seeking culturally competent care.
Take Action Today
Be alert to symptoms like fatigue, mood changes, or unexplained weight loss. Health concerns can arise at any age, so don’t wait — seek help if something feels wrong.
Visit kelsey-seybold.com or call 713-442-0000 to schedule a check-up or mental health consultation.
Christopher Flix
Makes his mark as a blue-collar worker, gold star dad
By Aswad Walker
Working in the Security Department at Texas Children’s Hospital (TCH), Christopher Flix witnesses children facing medical struggles every day. Yet many visitors may never truly see him.
Flix serves in a role that’s ofen overlooked, but behind that quiet exterior is a father of eight who has cultivated something extraordinary: a legacy of academic success, emotional strength and strong character in his children.
All eight of the Flix children, aged 16 to 32, have achieved exceptional academic milestones.
“Tey’re just good, wholesome people,” Flix said. “And that’s absolutely a win in today’s society.”
Homeschooling
Danielle, the oldest, graduated fourth in her class at Yates High School. Her brother, Christopher Jeremiah, was the valedictorian of the Class of 2001. Te family began homeschooling in Tulsa, Oklahoma, due to the hostile environment Danielle faced at school.
“Being in a place like that, we [Black families] were few and far between,” Flix recalled. “It wasn’t really a good environment for our daughter... A friend suggested homeschooling, and it made it so much better for our children.”
Nicole, his wife, led the homeschooling, while Flix supported the children’s emotional development.
“I provided them with a solid foundation regarding how to treat people and carry yourself, but also, I helped them with their emotional needs,” he said.
When they moved back to Houston and transitioned into HISD schools, the shif was challenging, but the family thrived.
Successes
Jasher, 22, completed his education through homeschooling and made the honor roll at Houston Community College. Destani graduated from Cy Lakes High School with a 3.9 GPA. Jan-Ai, who just graduated Magna Cum Laude from Cy Lakes with an Associate’s Degree, will begin at the University of Houston in the fall.
Journey, a dual-credit student, is set to graduate in 2026. Te youngest, twins Joy-Tenee and Raine-Grace, will fnish high school in 2027.
Beyond academics, the Flix children have excelled in sports, playing football, track, volleyball, sofball, and more. Jan-Ai stood out as an All-American sofball scholar.
Testimonies
Despite the many hours invested, Flix humbly credits their success to something higher.
“I would have to just contribute that to having a relationship with God, because, honestly, without Him, we wouldn’t be able to do it,” he said.
“It’s a lot—not only having that many children and some of them close together, but just in general with the world we live in… It takes Him to give us that mind and fortitude to be able to stay the course.”
Kalvin “Smoove” Young, a colleague and friend, admires Flix deeply.
“Flix is just a really solid brother, who is serious about his marriage, his kids, and just being an example of what it means to be an up-right brother,” he said. “You don’t know the depth of him until you talk to him.”
Young, once a football star at Yates, was stunned to learn Flix had eight children—and even more impressed by their achievements.
“Flix is serious about his kids getting that education,” he added.
Fatherly
advice
For young fathers, Flix’s advice is simple and profound: be there.
“Be personally involved with them and fnd out, emotionally, what are they going through,” he said. “Talk to them. Give them an opportunity to express what they’re feeling... so that you can be the support they need.”
He stresses the importance of emotional openness.
“Give them the love and afection they need. Hug them, tell them you love them, and that you’re there for them even when they don’t feel like talking,” Flix shared.
And especially for fathers of sons, Flix emphasizes vigilance.
“As a Black man, I think it’s so important for our sons to know that they have our undivided attention,” he said. “Mental health is such a challenge… because of all the stuf our children have to deal with, social media or just life in general.
“Check on them, and ask those hard questions, because many times we don’t want to talk about mental health because it’s so personal.”
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Visit our website or give us a call today.
Christopher and Nicole Flix. Courtesy Christopher Flix.
A dedicated blue-collar worker and father of eight, Christopher Flix, is serious about his children’s academic, emotional and spiritual well-being. Courtesy of Christopher Flix.
AFTER 22 SEASONS
Sports DN
Departs Furr
H.S., joins North Shore powerhouse
By Jimmie Aggison
COACH CORNELL GRAY
Afer more than two decades of shaping lives, building a football powerhouse and leaving a legacy at Furr High School, Coach Cornell Gray is embarking on a new journey.
END OF AN ERA
The longtime head football coach announced that he is stepping down from his post to join the nationally recognized North Shore High School program as their new assistant ofensive line coach.
“It’s bittersweet, but it’s time,” said Gray. Gray’s journey with Furr High School is deeply personal. A proud alumnus, he attended Furr from 1989 to 1993, where he was a standout three-sport athlete in football, basketball and baseball. Following his high school years, he attended Texas Southern University on a baseball scholarship, graduating in 1998.
But his story wasn’t just about personal athletic achievements—it was about giving back. In 1999, Gray returned to his alma mater as a teacher’s assistant. Tat same year, he received his certifcation in Special Education and began teaching while serving as the wide receiver’s coach.
His passion and football IQ propelled him up the coaching ladder quickly: quarterback coach in 2000, ofensive coordinator from 2001–2002 and head coach in 2003—a role he would hold with distinction for the next 22 seasons.
Under Gray’s leadership, the Furr Brahmans transformed. His most memorable season came in 2007 when the team fnished 5-1 and claimed the 4A Region III District 19 championship. Tat year, Gray was honored as 4A Region III District 19 Coach of the Year, Houston Coaches Association Coach of the Year, and Houston Texans 4A Coach of the Year.
“Winning those awards was a result of the kids having Brahman Pride,” said Gray. “A simple formula of perfection, respect, intensity, discipline and efort.
During his tenure, Gray accumulated over 120 victories and 14 playof appearances. Perhaps most importantly, he has sent over 100 athletes to college on athletic scholarships.
“I created a sense of pride and belief. It became a culture,” said Gray. “Te kids knew if they played football at Furr that they were going to become better players, students, and most importantly, better young men.”
Gray’s impact on his players is immeasurable. Gregory Watson, a recent class of 2025 graduate who played lef guard and defensive tackle/end for the Brahmans, will continue his football career at Bethel College.
“Coach Gray was amazing,” said Watson. “He was the coach who could build you not only as a player but as a young man. He doubled as a father fgure and that’s what a lot of us young men needed. He pushed us mentally and physically to help us get better, not only as players but as men.”
Avery Lazard, a standout wide receiver and cornerback who led the district in receiving yards, shared a similar sentiment.
“Coach Gray gave chances and opportunities for improvement where other coaches would have given up,” said Lazard, who will be playing at Washington University next season. “Freshman year, we fought a lot and he stayed patient with us, knowing there was a better side to us.”
For Gray, the decision to leave wasn’t made lightly. But a combination of personal
I have so many memories at Furr—from coaching my frst game as head coach, to seeing my frst group graduate, to kids receiving scholarships and winning our frst playof games. We changed the culture for sure. We went from being our opponents’ homecoming game every week to being one of the most respected programs in the city.”
COACH CORNELL GRAY
and professional opportunities made it the right time.
“What made it the right time to move on was the grace to take on a new challenge and
I couldn’t pass up the opportunity to be part of one of the best football programs in the nation,” Gray explained. “Also, my daughter, Madison Gray, will be a junior and plays volleyball at North Shore and that played a major part in my decision.”
At North Shore, Gray will work with the freshman squad as an assistant ofensive line coach.
“I just want to be someone the kids can believe in and trust while being the best assistant coach to Coach Willie Gaston and his staf that I can be,” he said.
As he closes this chapter, Gray refects fondly on his Furr legacy.
“I have so many memories at Furr—from coaching my frst game as head coach, to seeing my first group graduate, to kids receiving scholarships and winning our frst playof games,” said Gray. “We changed the culture for sure. We went from being our opponents’ homecoming game every week to being one of the most respected programs in the city.”
When asked how he hopes to be remembered, Gray responded with humility.
“I wanted to be remembered as a genuine man who did his best for every individual I came across at Furr HS and HISD,” said Gray. “It’s bittersweet because of all the relationships I’ve built with the community, co-workers and of course all of the students over the years. I will forever be a Furr Brahman.”
Feature DN BLACK COWBOY MUSEUM
By Laura Onyeneho
Larry Callies didn’t plan to open a museum. But in 2017, he says God gave him a vision to create a space to preserve and showcase the legacy of Black cowboys.
He didn’t know why at the time. What he did know was that Black cowboy history was rarely, if ever, taught in his 1960s segregated school, where he lived in Hungerford, Texas.
“I’m a Christian first and a cowboy immediately afer,” Callies says. “And I know when God closes one door, He’ll open a better one. He opened up this museum.”
His Black Cowboy Museum in Rosenberg, Texas, is now one of the only institutions in the country solely dedicated to this forgotten history. Trough memorabilia, photographs and personal storytelling, Callies brings to life the legacy of the Black cowboy, a legacy ofen overshadowed, whitewashed or erased altogether.
Born and raised in El Campo, Texas, Callies rode horseback and roped cattle alongside his father, uncle and cousins. His father supplied stock for local rodeos and passed down his cowboy skills and values. But when schools integrated, Callies’ cowboy boots made him a target.
“When people think people oughta be a certain way, they make fun of them,” he says.
Still, he stayed true to who he was. As a young man, he entered rodeo competitions and in 1971 became the second Black cowboy to reach the state fnals in
PRESERVING WESTERN CULTURE
bareback riding, just a few years afer his cousin, Tex Williams, made history as the frst Black high school rodeo champion in
in 1967.
While Callies competed in rodeos, he dreamed of becoming a country singer like his idol Charley Pride. He eventually opened for music legends like Selena and performed for dignitaries including President George H.W. Bush and Governor Ann Richards. But just as he was preparing to record an album, a neurological condition, vocal dysphonia, silenced his voice.
“My voice gave out right when it was my time,” Callies says. “But when I lost my voice, God gave me another.”
A chance encounter with history
Callies was a postal worker who retired in 2011. He decided to put on his gear once more to work as a historical reenactor at George Ranch Historical Park on the outskirts of Houston. As he cleared the barn, he stumbled upon a photo from the 1880s showing seven Black cowboys on horseback. Tat moment shifed everything.
“Tat was the frst proof I saw that cowboys like me weren’t just pretending,” he says. “We were the original.”
Tat image and his faith and deep pride in his heritage fueled the birth of the Black Cowboy Museum.
Today, Callies is not just the museum’s
founder; he’s also its lead guide and historian. Tousands of visitors from across the nation, including busloads each week, come to hear his voice tell the stories that history books leave out.
Tere was a point in time when pop culture whitewashed the stories of Black cowboys.
When you hear “cowboy,” you might associate it with Hollywood icons like John Wayne or Clint Eastwood, but historians suggest that one in four cowboys were Black. Te Lone Ranger television series (1949) was inspired by African-American escaped slave Bass Reeves.
Many have invested interests in these stories, notably with features in the New York Times and season one of the Netfix documentary High on the Hog: How African American Cuisine Transformed America, episode titled Freedom. With the return of cowboy culture in music, flm and fashion, Callies’ work is vital to the culture. Te “Yeehaw Agenda” is a movement coined by a young Black woman from Dallas, Bri Malandro, highlighting Black cowboys and cowgirls in popular culture. Tis is seen in the success of rapper Lil Nas X’s Uptown Road and Beyoncé’s Cowboy Carter album.
Texas
Larry Callies is the founder and operator of the Black Cowboy Museum. Credit: The Black Cowboy Museum
The Black Cowboy Museum is dedicated to honoring the history and contributions of Black cowboys in America. Credit: Black Cowboy Museum
Preserving Black Houston
By Laura Onyeneho
As Houstonians celebrate the 160th anniversary of Juneteenth, a new initiative is ensuring that Black Houstonians’ stories are remembered and preserved for future generations.
Juneteenth Houston is on a mission to preserve the holiday’s rich legacy through an expansive, community-driven archiving project. In the face of increasing commercialization and dilution of cultural traditions, a grassroots movement in Houston ensures that Juneteenth remains rooted in the community that birthed it. Te movement is led by a coalition of community leaders, residents and institutions from seven historic Black neighborhoods.
Juneteenth Houston coordinator John Nicklos says the efort began soon afer Juneteenth was declared a federal holiday in 2021.
“We came together and asked, ‘How do we make sure Juneteenth doesn’t become a generic national holiday with no cultural grounding in Texas or Galveston, where it all began?’” he said. “We wanted to make sure we owned our story.”
A signifcant piece of the project is the Historic Black Neighborhood Quilt Project, which Nicklos describes as a culturally rooted visual memorial. Inspired by the AIDS Memorial
Quilt, each panel in this quilt honors a Black neighborhood in Houston, capturing its unique stories through fabric and design.
“Te panels refect the stories we tell around the dinner table, at cookouts or during family reunions,” Nicklos said. “Tey allow people, especially those who’ve moved away, to reconnect with their roots, to celebrate where they’re from.”
Te initiative has a more formal side. Since Juneteenth Houston’s launch, organizers have documented everything from committee meeting notes and press conference transcripts to
art submissions and physical materials like window decals and signage. Tese items are being preserved in physical and digital capsules, some housed at the African American Library at the Gregory School, part of the Houston Public Library system.
“Te Gregory School has been a critical partner in this,” Nicklos said. “It’s the only institution dedicated to Black Houston history. We trust them to protect our stories and we know our children can access this archive without paywalls or algorithms fltering the truth.”
Sheena Wilson, manager of the African
American History Research Center, says the Center’s role in the archive felt natural and necessary.
“Te African American History Research Center has been involved in Juneteenth planning from the beginning,” Wilson said. “It just made sense for us to become the ofcial repository for these celebrations, especially because we’ve seen there’s not much in our collections that documents what early Juneteenth celebrations looked like.”
Wilson says the Gregory School collects planning documents, photographs, videos, fyers and marketing materials from the ofcial Houston Juneteenth events. But the project doesn’t stop there. Te archive also seeks community contributions—from church bulletins and family photos to personal mementos from neighborhood Juneteenth celebrations across the city and state.
“These smaller pieces go into the larger story,” Wilson said. “Even if it’s not from the ‘ofcial’ celebration, we want people to know that their traditions and stories matter. Maybe it’s a tattered program from a church event, or a family tradition passed down each year. Tose are invaluable.”
Martha Yates Jones and Pinkie Yates in a decorated buggy for Juneteenth, 1908. Reverend Jack Yates Collection, African American History Research Center. Courtesy: Houston Public Library.