From That to This

FROM THAT TO THIS

From That to This is published under Erudition, a sectionalized division under Di Angelo Publications, Inc.

Erudition

Erudition is an imprint of Di Angelo Publications. Copyright 2023. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

Di Angelo Publications 4265 San Felipe #1100 Houston, Texas 77027

Library of Congress From That to This ISBN: 978-1-955690-28-7 Paperback

Words: Nemat Saidi Lavasani

Cover Design: Savina Deianova Interior Design: Kimberly James Editors: Cody Wootton, Willy Rowberry

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FROM THAT TO THIS

CONTENTS

PREFACE / 13

ONE / 15

Mass Matters

Five Revelations of Proving the Big Bang Theory

A Short Review of This Section Stellar Classificiation System Sizes of the Stars Our Galactic Address What is One Parsec?

TWO / 31

Milky Way Galaxy Solar System Sun

The Planets Formation of Earth The Earth’s Five Major Spheres

THREE / 47

The Earth’s Atmosphere

The Five Layers of the Earth’s Atmosphere Excess Greenhouse Gases, Global Warming, and the

Ozone Hole

FOUR / 55

Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum

The Seven Bands of EM Radiation

Human’s Five Senses: Under the Umbrella of EM Radiation

FIVE / 67

The Periodic Table of Elements

What is an Element? What is an Isotope? History of the Atom

SIX /

73

The Standard Model

What is an Elementary Particle? Fermions

Bosons Hadronization Different Types of Hadrons

SEVEN / 89

Electron Configuration

The Four Quantum Numbers The Three Principles/Rules

EIGHT / 101

Stable Elements vs. Radioactive Elements

The Optimal Ratio of Protons and Neutrons The Physical Half-Life Different Modes of Radioactive Decays

NINE / 113

Fusion and Fission

The History of Nuclear Fission Nuclear Reactor: Main Parts

TEN / 121

The Nuclear Age Development of the Atom Bomb

The United Nations Charter

The Use of EM Radiation in Medical Fields Department of Radiology

ELEVEN / 129

Bone Scan

Brain Scan

Renal Scan

PET Scan

NINETEEN / 183

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Occupational Radiation Exposures

Use of Radioactive Materials and Radiation in Other Industries

EPILOGUE / 187

INDEX OF FIGURES / 189 A NOTE FROM THE AUTHOR / 191 ABOUT THE AUTHOR / 193

PREFACE

13.8 billion years ago, the Big Bang was the conception of life in the universe, and 9.2 billion years after that, the first thermonuclear fusion in the heart of our sun was the birth of humanity itself.

From That to This is a journey through the evolution of cosmic gases and dust, into the simple element of hydrogen, and later into heavier elements such as uranium, neptunium, and plutonium. But our nuclear physicists did not stop there and made some twenty more heavier elements in their laboratories, which now are part of the periodic table of elements—the periodic table of elements that was invented by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Then, it only contained ten elements and four predicted ones.

However, the whole spectrum of electromagnetic (EM) radiations has been practically unchanged since the Big Bang. As a matter of fact, cosmic microwave background radiations (CMBR) still linger around the whole universe from the time of the Big Bang, from which astrophysicists

can measure and calculate the authenticity of the Big Bang theory.

This book will take you through the macro world of stars, galaxies, and how our astronomers build bigger and better telescopes to look deeper and deeper into heaven, while our nuclear physicists delve into the micro world of quantum mechanics.

Quantum physics was practically started in 1865 by James Clerk Maxwell, who formulated the theory of electromagnetic radiation. Thereafter, the discoveries of X-ray, radioactivity, and other constituents of the atom, such as alpha, beta, gamma, electrons, protons, and neutrons, opened the floodgate to the discoveries of the elementary particles to finally formulate the Standard Model of the elementary particles. Nowadays, the Standard Model of elementary particles is the bible of quantum physics.

In this book, I also talk about the creation of the atom bomb and its unimaginable destructive power, and later, through the end of WWII, how the scientists and the politicians came to their senses and dedicated the whole knowhow of the atomic industry to humanitarian efforts––such as lighting up thousands of cities, major environmental protection, and saving millions of lives in the medical field all around the world.

In the final chapter of the book, there is an emphasis on some of the procedures done in the Department of Nuclear Medicine in order to familiarize college students and some patients who may need some clarification on these procedures. I am sure the general public can benefit from

Nemat Saidi Lavasani

this information as well.

And lastly, I apologize for any shortcomings in this book and welcome any constructive criticism moving forward. God bless!

MY QUALIFICATIONS

I have a Master of Public Administration degree from California State University, Dominguez Hills.

I worked as a nuclear medicine technologist for over thirty years at UCLA Medical Center and Dignity HealthCalifornia Hospital Medical Center in Los Angeles.

I have spent the last four years of my retirement researching the path of radiation from the time of the Big Bang to today’s use of radiation in wireless communications and in departments of radiology in hospitals and other industries.

ONE

MASS MATTERS

Not long ago, I was watching the World Deadlift Championships on TV when I realized something profound: I was witnessing a miniature Big Bang happening right before my eyes.

One of the competitors, Miguel Siblicov, arrived at the arena, waving his hands in the air in response to his fans. There was a lot of noise—the type that creates a feeling of anticipation in you, that makes you know you are about to witness something extraordinary.

Miguel stood behind the bar of a huge weight that the electronic board read as weighing in at 426 kg, equal to 937 lbs.

“If you know not to which port you sail, no wind is favorable.”

—Lucius Annaeus Seneca

He looked up as if in prayer and slowly took in a long, deep breath. Then he bent down and grabbed the bar. Miguel gingerly turned his hands back and forth halfway around the bar before carefully tightening the leather straps around it. He then took a firm hold with both hands, delicately adjusted his feet under the bar, slowly lowered his butt, and, ever so cautiously, started to straighten his back . . . A moment of quiet fell.

He let out a loud scream as if to awaken all the sleepy cells in his body to help him in his endeavor!

Coaches clamored and fans methodically chanted, “Lift! Lift! Lift!”

Miguel released another guttural groan during the liftoff and launched the heavy weight four-fifths of the way up— but there was still another one-fifth to go. The weights on both sides of the bar teetered and shook wildly, almost as if they were stubbornly refusing to be defeated by Miguel.

Simultaneously, the whole arena seemed to be on steroids, screaming, “Up! Up! Up!” which encouraged Miguel not to give up. No, he wasn’t about to disappoint his fans. Not Miguel! He was pressing on. It was amazing to watch! You could see the fight in his red face, glistering with sweat. He was still fighting back as he pulled the weight, millimeter by millimeter, against his legs.

Then, among all the commotion and uproar, the piercing cry of a siren could be heard as the officials called out, “It was a good lift!”

The whole arena broke into a loud cheer, celebrating Miguel’s victory. Some people were high-fiving, hugging each other, and laughing.

Amid all that pandemonium, something unusual happened: a gush of blood streamed from Miguel’s nostrils. Miguel dropped the weights, triumphantly waved to his fans, and smiled ear to ear as he walked away with his coaches in good spirits.

So, what had just happened? It was a microscopic, miniature version of the Big Bang! In later chapters, we will read about the interesting life and death of all the stars. The processes of implosion and explosion of the stars are yet another demonstration of a miniature Big Bang.

In Miguel’s case, imagine that his entire body was the core of an accretion disk. An accretion disk is a galaxy-sized disk composed of accumulated interstellar media (dust and gases). When the accumulation reaches a certain point, the gravitational force and pressure at the core reaches a critical point that is ripe for the processes of a nuclear fusion reaction, and that is the moment that the explosion will take place. The explosion that took place at the beginning of the universe is called the Big Bang. In Miguel’s case, his was a bloody nose!

As the extra weight came upon Miguel’s strained body, his internal resistance could hold on for only so long. His red, sweaty face was a testimony to the magnitude of his body’s resistance, but at one point, his internal resistance was overcome by the external weight’s pressure and heat, causing the rupture of the capillary veins inside his nostrils.

Although a simple occurrence in comparison, a few milliliters of blood pouring out of Miguel’s nose mimicked the insanely complex processes of what is referred to as “The Big Bang.” The Big Bang explosion was an unimaginable

amount of hot sizzling plasma thrown into the space that became the seeds of all the galaxies in the universe! And that event took place 13.8 billion years ago.

Right after the Big Bang, cosmic inflation immediately occurred in a nanosecond. Following that, it took a period of 100 to 200 million years to allow for the dense and hot hydrogen plasma and radiation to sprawl out and cool down. Thereafter, cosmic inflation provided an ideal environment for protons and electrons to slow down and form hydrogen atoms, which, back then, constituted 99.99% of the universe.

Notably, the Big Bang is our most modern explanation of the origin of the universe—the subject of an age-old debate. There’s been a back-and-forth argument laced with rhetoric among theologians and scientists alike—and they have yet to come to a mutual understanding of the subject matter!

The reason it has taken such an unimaginably long time to come up with a reasonable agreement is simply this: there exists a huge discrepancy in opinions. On one hand, there are those who wholeheartedly believe in the preordained six holy days of the creation of the world by God Almighty. And on the other side, there are the scientists who believe data suggesting the universe took 13.8 billion years of evolution to create by the power of Mother Nature herself.

However, some prominent scientists have a different view of God. Paul Dirac, one of the greatest mathematicians of the twentieth century, said, “God used beautiful mathematics in creating the world.”

Albert Einstein was agnostic and still believed God could