[WEEK 1 – STUDIO]
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Structural Elements -‐ Strut: column under compression -‐ Tie: example suspension bridge. Works under tension. -‐ Beam: works under compression AND tension Member acting in tension = Tie Member acting in compression = Strut Strut: column under compression Tie: Works under tension. Beam: works under compression AND tension Mass Construction Stone: Hard, resist scratching, Stone, clay, concrete and earth materials are strong in compression but weak in tension. Modular: Standard size, mass-‐produced in that size. Rock types -‐ Igneous (Top) (Granite, Basalt, Bluestone). Impervious to water -‐ Sedimentary (Right) (Sandstone, Limestone). Sources: Erodible, but easier to carve and http://blessan.files.word create shapes. Lighter in color. press.com/2010/04/igne ous.jpg (Top) -‐ Metamorphic (Bottom) http://0.tqn.com/d/geolo (Marble, Slate). gy/1/7/t/y/graywacke50 Very strong. 0.jpg (Right) http://joberts11.wikis.bir mingham.k12.mi.us/file/
view/metamorphic.jpg/2 93827382/metamorphic.j pg (Bottom)
2 [WEEK 1 – STUDIO] Masonry Ashlar blocks: square edged stone blocks Although it means on site construction it also reduces transport costs because it isn’t necessary to transport large, heavy objects. Monolithic: large individual stones used for columns/beams. Sources:
Rubble: Used as they are found, requires a skilled tradesperson to build.
http://www.oxfordscientificfilms.tv/wp-‐ content/uploads/2013/03/5StonehengeLandscapedaytime.jpg http://www.everettandsonbuilders.co.uk/wp-‐content/uploads/2012/08/003.jpg
Bricks Courses, picture/sketch Joints, picture/sketch -‐ Approx 2-‐2.5 denser than water -‐ Durable -‐ Re-‐usable -‐ Generally locally produced (Sustainable?) -‐ Bricks are permeable (not impervious), this leads to the joints expanding so they require expansion joints to stop cracking. -‐ Approx 2.5-‐3 denser than water -‐ Very durable -‐ Weep hole = cavity construction = 1940+
[WEEK 1 – STUDIO] Examples of a lack of expansion joints. Standard brick notation Equilibrium ΣFV = 0, ΣFH = 0 & ΣFM = 0 -‐ Pin resists vertical and horizontal but not rotational forces. -‐ Roller resists vertical Center of gravity must align with base 3 ways to get stability in a frame: Bracing (pictures) Shear panel Rigid Joint Footings/Foundations -‐ Footings are a substructure put into the earth. -‐ Dead Load: Doesn’t change (example weight of the building) -‐ Live Load: variable, example furniture people moving around etc.
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4 [WEEK 1 – STUDIO] -‐ All loads must be transferred to the ground through the footings and foundations. -‐ Generally made of reinforced concrete -‐ Shallow foundations used on most builds, deep foundations used when soil is unstable, in this case the foundations are extended to the bedrock level. Types of shallow footing (picture): -‐ Pad footing, disperses load over a larger area. -‐ Strip footing, linear -‐ Raft foundation, joins the individual strips together to form a stronger footing. Used in earthquake zones. -‐Retaining/foundation walls: pressure loads of the earth behind it need to be considered. Membrane = Skin of the building (eg. Rubber coating to stop water destroying walls). Efforvescence